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Bothremydidae

{{Short description|Extinct family of turtles}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Galianemys cf. emringeri.jpg

| image_caption = Galianemys Skull

| image2 = Taphrosphys sulcatus Carapace Fossil.jpg

| image2_caption = Shell of Taphrosphys

| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Aptian|Miocene}}

| taxon = Bothremydidae

| authority = Baur, 1891

| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

| subdivision = See text

}}

Bothremydidae is an extinct family of side-necked turtles (Pleurodira) known from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. They are closely related to Podocnemididae, and are amongst the most widely distributed pleurodire groups, with their fossils having been found in Africa, India, the Middle East, Europe, North America and South America. Bothremydids were aquatic turtles with a high morphological diversity, indicative of generalist, molluscivorous, piscivorous and possibly herbivorous grazing diets,{{Cite journal |last1=Hermanson |first1=Guilherme |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B. J. |last3=Farina |first3=Bruna M. |last4=Ferreira |first4=Gabriel S. |last5=Langer |first5=Max C. |last6=Evers |first6=Serjoscha W. |date=November 2022 |title=Cranial ecomorphology of turtles and neck retraction as a possible trigger of ecological diversification |journal=Evolution |language=en |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=2566–2586 |doi=10.1111/evo.14629 |issn=0014-3820 |pmc=9828723 |pmid=36117268}} with some probably capable of suction feeding. Unlike modern pleurodires, which are exclusively freshwater, bothremydids inhabited freshwater, marine and coastal environments.

{{cite journal|author1=Joyce, WG |author2=Lyson, TR |author3=Kirkland, JI |date=September 28, 2016|title=An early bothremydid (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Utah, North America|journal=PeerJ|volume=4 |pages=e2502 |doi=10.7717/peerj.2502|pmc=5045886|pmid=27703852|doi-access=free }} Their marine habits allowed bothremydids to disperse across oceanic barriers into Europe and North America during the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian).{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-García|first1=A.|last2=Antunes|first2=M.T.|last3=Barroso-Barcenilla|first3=F.|last4=Callapez|first4=P.M.|last5=Segura|first5=M.|last6=Soares|first6=A.F.|last7=Torices|first7=A.|date=October 2017|title=A bothremydid from the middle Cenomanian of Portugal identified as one of the oldest pleurodiran turtles in Laurasia|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019566711730099X|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=78|pages=61–70|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.05.031|bibcode=2017CrRes..78...61P |url-access=subscription}} The youngest records of the group are indeterminate remains from Saudi Arabia and Oman, dating to the Miocene.{{Cite journal|last1=de Lapparent de Broin|first1=France|last2=Murelaga|first2=Xabier|last3=Pérez-García|first3=Adán|last4=Farrés|first4=Francesc|last5=Altimiras|first5=Jacint|date=2018-09-28|title=Supplementary information:The turtles from the upper Eocene, Osona County (Ebro Basin, Catalonia, Spain): new material and its faunistic and environmental context|url=https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/21/237/2018/|journal=Fossil Record|language=English|volume=21|issue=2|pages=237–284|doi=10.5194/fr-21-237-2018|s2cid=55783731 |issn=2193-0066|doi-access=free}}

Taxonomy

The family is split into two subfamilies and a number of tribes.[http://pbdb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=67318&is_real_user=0 The Paleontology Database Bothremydidae entry] accessed on 26 January 2011

Bothremydidae

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram by Gaffney et al. in 2006:

{{cite journal |last1 = Gaffney|first1=E. S.|author-link= Eugene S. Gaffney |last2= Tong |first2= H.|last3= Meylan|first3=P. A.|title= Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae |journal= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume= 300|pages= 1–700|publisher= American Museum of Natural History |location= New York |date= 2006-11-17| doi = 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2|hdl=2246/5824|s2cid=85790134 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15686/files/PAL_E2036.pdf |quote=The family Bothremydidae is a large and diverse group extending from the Albian to the Eocene in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and India. Its monophyly is supported by the presence of a wide exoccipital-quadrate contact, a eustachian tube separated from the incisura columellae auris usually by bone to form a bony canal for the stapes, absence of a fossa precolumellaris, a supraoccipital-quadrate contact (except in the tribe Taphrosphyini), and a posterior enlargement of the fossa orbitalis.}}

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%

|1=Chelidae

|2={{clade

|1=Pelomedusoides

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Araripemys

|2=Pelomedusidae }}

|2={{clade

|label1=Euraxemydidae

|1={{clade

|1=Dirqadium

|2=Euraxemys }}

|label2=Podocnemidioidea

|2={{clade

|1=Podocnemidinura

|label2=Bothremydidae

|2={{clade

|label1=Kurmademydini

|1={{clade

|1=Kurmademys

|2=Sankuchemys }}

|label2=Bothremydinae

|2={{clade

|label1=Cearachelyini

|1={{clade

|1=Galianemys

|2=Cearachelys }}

|label2=Bothremyodda

|2={{clade

|label1=Bothremydini

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Foxemys (=Polysternon)

|2=Polysternon }}

|2={{clade

|1=Zolhafah

|2={{clade

|1=Rosasia

|2={{clade

|1=Araiochelys

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Chedighaii hutchisoni

|2=Chedighaii barberi }}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bothremys cooki

|2=Bothremys magrhebiana }}

|2={{clade

|1=Bothremys kellyi

|2=Bothremys arabicus }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

|label2=Taphrosphyini

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Nigeremys

|2=Arenila }}

|2={{clade

|1=Azabbaremys

|2={{clade

|1=Labrostochelys

|2={{clade

|1=Taphrosphys

|2={{clade

|1=Rhothonemys

|2={{clade

|1=Phosphatochelys

|2=Ummulisani }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

References

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{{Testudines}}

Category:Extinct turtles

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