Burmese curry

{{short description|Dishes in Burmese cuisine made with curry base}}

{{Infobox food

|name=Burmese curry

|image=Myanma cuisine.jpg

|image_size=250px

|caption=A traditional meal featuring several Burmese curries.

|alternate_name=

|country=Myanmar (Burma)

|region=

|national_cuisine=Burmese cuisine

|creator=

|course=Entree

|type=Curry

|served= Hot or room temperature

|main_ingredient=Curry base (onions, garlic, chilis, ginger, and turmeric), meat, seafood, vegetables

|variations=Many; see list below

|calories=

|other=

}}

Burmese curry refers to a diverse array of dishes in Burmese cuisine that consist of meat or vegetables simmered or stewed in an aromatic curry base.{{Cite book|last=Duguid|first=Naomi|url=|title=Burma: Rivers of Flavor|date=2012-11-27|publisher=Random House of Canada|isbn=978-0-307-36217-9|location=|pages=|language=en}} Burmese curries generally differ from other Southeast Asian curries (e.g., Thai curry) in that Burmese curries make use of dried spices in addition to fresh herbs and aromatics, and are often milder.{{Cite web|title=Burmese curry restaurants|url=https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Austin Bush|language=en-US}} Burmese curries are readily available in curry houses throughout the country. They are traditionally accompanied with rice and a variety of side dishes, soups, and Burmese salads called athoke. Burmese curries may also be paired with Indian breads like nanbya, palata, aloo puri, and toshay.

Ingredients

A curry base of fresh aromatics including onions, shallots, garlic, chilis, ginger, and dried spices, in the form of turmeric powder and paprika, is typically used to prepare most Burmese curries.{{Cite book|last=DeWitt|first=Dave|url=|title=Precious Cargo: How Foods From the Americas Changed The World|date=2014-05-26|publisher=Catapult|isbn=978-1-61902-388-8|page=300|language=en}} Other dried spices such as chili powder and spice mixes like garam masala, generically called masala in Burmese ({{lang|my|မဆလာ}}), also feature in many Burmese curries. The Burmese masala spice blend typically consists of ground cinnamon or cassia, cardamon, cloves, and black pepper.{{Cite book |last= |first= |url= |title=To Myanmar with Love: A Travel Guide for the Connoisseur |date=2009 |publisher=ThingsAsian Press |isbn=978-1-934159-06-4 |language=en}}

The curry base and dried spices are then fried in heated oil, in a process called hsi that ({{lang|my|ဆီသတ်}}, {{lit|to kill the oil}}). Some Burmese curries also require the use of fresh herbs, such as lemongrass, curry leaf, pyindawthein, and fresh tamarind paste. Shan and Kachin curries make more liberal use of fresh herbs such as galangal and sawtooth coriander, while Mon curries often use marian plum as a souring agent. Burmese curries are generally seasoned with fish sauce, salt, and/or ngapi (fermented shrimp or fish paste), and are traditionally cooked in a blend of peanut oil and sesame oil.

Terminology

The Burmese language does not have a single word for "curry;" the closest approximation is the word hin ({{lang|my|ဟင်း}}), which is used to describe most protein-based dishes eaten with rice.{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=|title=Myanmar-English dictionary|date=1996|publisher=Dunwoody Press|isbn=978-1-881265-47-4|location=|pages=|language=en}} Burmese curries can be generally categorized by cooking technique, incorporated ingredients, or region.

The most common variety is called hsibyan ({{lang|my|ဆီပြန်}}; {{lit|oil returns}}), which is typified by a layer of oil that separates from the gravy and meat after cooked.{{Cite book|last1=Richmond|first1=Simon|url=|title=Myanmar (Burma)|last2=Eimer|first2=David|last3=Karlin|first3=Adam|last4=Louis|first4=Regis St|last5=Ray|first5=Nick|date=2017|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-78657-546-3|location=|pages=|language=en}} The name itself refers to the cooking technique that is used. In hsibyan, the curry ingredients are simmered in a combination of water and oil until the water has completely boiled off, leaving a layer of oil that separates and rises to the top, which enables the raw and potent curry paste ingredients to properly blend and become milder in taste. Another common variety of curries is called hnat ({{lang|my|နှပ်}}; {{Literal translation|tenderized}}), in which gamier proteins like goat are braised or slowly simmered. The names of other Burmese curries are typically suffixed with –hin ({{lang|my|–ဟင်း}}) or –chet ({{lang|my|–ချက်}}).

List of Burmese curries

File:Burma lunch.jpg) dip.]]

The repertoire of Burmese curries has not been codified. Common variations of Burmese curries are listed below.

= Pork =

Pork sibyan ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားဆီပြန်}}) – classic Burmese curry with fatty cuts of pork{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-12-11|title=ဝက်သားသုံးထပ်သား ဆီပြန်ဟင်း|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/pork-belly-dish/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110013754/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/pork-belly-dish/ |archive-date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my}}
Pork hnat ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားနှပ်}}) – a sweetened pork curry braised with vinegar and soy sauce{{Cite book|last=Aye|first=MiMi|url=|title=Mandalay: Recipes and Tales from a Burmese Kitchen|date=2019-06-13|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4729-5948-5|location=|pages=|language=en}}
Pork and pickled mango curry ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားသရက်သီးသနပ်ချက်}}) – a sour and sweet pork curry cooked with pickled mangoes
Pork tripe sibyan ({{lang|my|ဝက်ကလီစာဆီပြန်}}) – a curry of pork intestines and viscera (kaliza)
Red braised pork curry ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားနီချက်}}) – a sweet braised curry of caramelized pork belly and soy sauce{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ဝက်သားနီချက်|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/pork-caramelized/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716184744/http://myfoodmyanmar.com:80/pork-caramelized |archive-date=2018-07-16 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my}} similar to Chinese red braised pork belly
Fermented bean paste pork curry ({{lang|my|ဝက်ပုန်းရည်ကြီး}}) – a curry of pork cooked with pon ye gyi (fermented bean paste)
Pork and bamboo shoot curry ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားမျှစ်ချဉ်}}) – a sour curry of pork and pickled bamboo shoots{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=အအီပြေ ဝက်သားမျှစ်ချဥ်ဟင်းတစ်ခွက်|url=https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/အအီပြေ-ဝက်သားမျှစ်ချဥ်ဟင်းတစ်ခွက်.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223357/https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1-%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%A5%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA.html |archive-date=2021-01-09 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=How to Cook|language=my}}
Pork meatball sibyan ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားလုံးဆီပြန်}}) – a curry of fried pork meatballs cooked in gravy
Fermented tea leaf pork hnat ({{lang|my|ဝက်သားလက်ဖက်နှပ်}}) – a sour and spicy curry of pork braised with lahpet (pickled tea leaves){{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Myanmar Pork Tenderloin with Pickle Tea Leaves Curry|url=http://www.citymart.com.mm/inspired/myanmar-pork-tenderloin-with-pickle-tea-leaves-curry/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105190118/http://citymart.com.mm:80/inspired/myanmar-pork-tenderloin-with-pickle-tea-leaves-curry/ |archive-date=2014-11-05 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=City Mart}}{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ဝက်လက်ဖက်|url=http://we.com.mm/detail/5134|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713035613/http://we.com.mm:80/detail/5134 |archive-date=2018-07-13 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=WE|language=my}}

= Poultry =

Chicken sibyan ({{lang|my|ကြက်သားဆီပြန်}}) – the classic Burmese curry, served with a thick gravy of aromatics{{Cite book|last1=Marks|first1=Copeland|url=|title=The Burmese Kitchen: Recipes from the Golden Land|last2=Thein|first2=Aung|date=1994-09-08|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-59077-260-7|location=|pages=|language=en}}
Bachelor's chicken curry ({{lang|my|ကြက်ကာလသားချက်}}) – a red and watery chicken curry cooked with calabash{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bachelor's Chicken Curry|url=https://theburmalicious.com/2015/12/08/chicken-bachelor-curry-kyetthar-karlathar-hinn/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030053207/https://theburmalicious.com/2015/12/08/chicken-bachelor-curry-kyetthar-karlathar-hinn/|archive-date=2020-10-30|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Burmalicious}}
Kachin-style chicken curry ({{lang|my|ကြက်ကချင်ချက်}}) – an herbal curry of chicken cooked with basil, sawtooth coriander, Vietnamese coriander, and dried metlin bark{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ကြက်ကချင်ချက် ချက်ပြုတ်နည်း|url=https://moea.gov.mm/%e1%80%80%e1%80%bc%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba%e1%80%80%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba-%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba%e1%80%95%e1%80%bc%e1%80%af%e1%80%90%e1%80%ba|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925131208/https://moea.gov.mm/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA |archive-date=2020-09-25 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=Ministry of Ethnic Affairs|language=my}}
Mon-style chicken curry ({{lang|my|ကြက်မွန်ချက်}}) – a watery chicken curry, cooked with dried marian plum, lemongrass stalks and sawtooth coriander{{Cite web|date=2020-02-27|title=ကြက်မွန်ဟင်း|url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/news/135908.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Myanmar Times|language=my}}
Chicken and potato curry ({{lang|my|ကြက်သားဟင်း}}) – an Indian-inspired curry of chicken and potatoes cooked with a masala spice mix{{Cite web|date=|title=မြန်မာဆန်ဆန် ကြက်သားနဲ့အာလူးဟင်းလေး ချက်စားကြမယ်|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/chicken-curry-with-potatoes/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323002311/http://myfoodmyanmar.com:80/chicken-curry-with-potatoes/ |archive-date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my}}
Chicken and chickpea curry ({{lang|my|ကြက်သားကုလားပဲချက်}})
Duck sibyan ({{lang|my|ဘဲသားဆီပြန်}}) – a curry of duck cooked with dried spices (e.g., star anise or cumin), and served with a thick gravy of aromatics{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=နူးနူးအိအိ ဘဲသားအချဉ်ဆီပြန်|url=https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/နူးနူးအိအိ-ဘဲသားအချဉ်ဆီပြန်.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109234829/https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD-%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA.html |archive-date=2021-01-09 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=How to Cook|language=my}}

= Goat and beef =

Beef hnat ({{lang|my|အမဲနှပ်}}) – a braised beef curry similar to Indonesian rendang
Goat hnat ({{lang|my|ဆိတ်သားနှပ်}}) – a braised goat curry spiced with masala, cinnamon sticks, bay leaf, and cloves{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=မဆလာနံ့သင်းသင်း ဆိတ်သားဟင်းတစ်ခွက်|url=https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/မဆလာနံ့သင်းသင်း-ဆိတ်သားဟင်းတစ်ခွက်.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109163604/https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/%E1%80%99%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8-%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA.html |archive-date=2021-01-09 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=How to Cook|language=my}}
Goat and chickpea curry ({{lang|my|ဆိတ်သားကုလားပဲချက်}})

= Fish and seafood =

Fried fish curry ({{lang|my|ငါးကြော်ချက် or ငါးကြော်နှပ်}}) – a curry of deep-fried steak cuts of fish and tomatoes{{Cite web|last=Marry|date=2020-07-24|title=ဆီပြန်ဟင်းတစ်ခွက် ငါးကြင်းကြော်ချက်|url=https://www.marry.com.mm/cooking/fish-fried-curry|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110013955/https://www.marry.com.mm/cooking/fish-fried-curry |archive-date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=marry.com.mm|language=my}}
Steamed hilsa curry ({{lang|my|ငါးသလောက်ပေါင်း}}) – a curry of hilsa fish and tomatoes, which is slowly simmered to melt the fish bones{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=လျှာရင်းမြက်စေမယ့် နူးနူးအိအိ ငါးသလောက်ပေါင်း|url=https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/လျှာရင်းမြက်စေမယ့်-နူးနူးအိအိ-ငါးသလောက်ပေါင်း.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109170106/https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%94%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD-%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8.html |archive-date=2021-01-09 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=How to Cook|language=my}}
Sardine curry ({{lang|my|ငါးသေတ္တာချက်}}) – a curry of sardines cooked with tomatoes
Prawn sibyan ({{lang|my|ပုစွန်ဆီပြန်}}) – a curry of whole prawns cooked in a sibyan gravy and shrimp oil ({{lang|my|ပုစွန်ဆီ}}), similar to tomalley
Snakefish intestine sibyan ({{lang|my|ငါးရံ့အူဆီပြန်}}) – a curry of striped snakefish intestines{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ငါးရံ့အူဟင်း|url=https://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/cooking/fish-and-seafood/%e1%80%84%e1%80%ab%e1%80%b8%e1%80%9b%e1%80%b6%e1%80%b7%e1%80%a1%e1%80%b0%e1%80%9f%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b8/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919221340/https://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/cooking/fish-and-seafood/%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8/ |archive-date=2020-09-19 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=Food Magazine Myanmar|language=my}}
Eel sibyan ({{lang|my|ငါးရှဉ့်ဆီပြန်}})
Catfish and morinda sibyan ({{lang|my|ငါးခူရဲယိုရွက်ဆီပြန်}}) – a curry of walking catfish and morinda leaves

= Other =

Egg curry ({{lang|my|ဘဲဥချဥ်ရည်ဟင်း}}) – a sour curry made with hardboiled duck or chicken eggs, cooked in tamarind paste and mashed tomatoes
Eggplant curry ({{lang|my|ခရမ်းသီးချက်}}) – a curry of slow-cooked eggplants and tomatoes
Lablab bean hnat ({{lang|my|ပဲကြီးနှပ်}}) – a curry of braised lablab beans{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=အိစိမ့်မွှေးပဲကြီးနှပ်|url=https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/အိစိမ့်မွှေးပဲကြီးနှပ်.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110000334/https://www.howtocook.com.mm/recipes/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA.html |archive-date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=How to Cook|language=my}}
Roselle curry ({{lang|my|ချဉ်ပေါင်ချက်}}) – a sour curry of roselle leaves, bamboo shoots, and dried shrimp{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ချဉ်ပေါင် စပ်ချဉ်ချက်|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/spicy-and-tasty-comroselle-dish/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109013911/http://myfoodmyanmar.com:80/spicy-and-tasty-comroselle-dish/ |archive-date=2019-01-09 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my}}
Khayan thi ngachauk chet ({{lang|my|ခရမ်းသီးငါးခြောက်ချက်}}) – aubergine cooked lightly with a small amount of oil, with dried fish and chilli
Kima palata ({{lang|my|ကီးမားပလာတာ}}) – a paratha stuffed with curried ground meat (keema)
Pyay palata ({{lang|my|ပြည်ပလာတာ}}) – a salad of paratha, chicken and potato curry, and raw onions{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2012-03-17|title=ပြည်ပလာတာ|url=https://htetfamily.com/2012/03/17/%e1%80%bb%e1%80%95%e1%80%8a%e1%80%b9%e1%80%95%e1%80%9c%e1%80%ac%e1%80%90%e1%80%ac/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401202237/http://htetfamily.com:80/2012/03/17/%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC/ |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2021-01-09|website=Danuphyu Daw Saw Yee (London)|language=en}}
Tofu curry ({{lang|my|တိုဟူးချက်}}) – Sliced Burmese tofu curried with fresh tomatoes, onions and garlic, cooked in peanut oil and fish sauce, and garnished with coriander and green chilli

= Noodle curries =

Specially prepared curries also form the base for several Burmese noodle dishes, including:

Ohn no khauk swe ({{lang|my|အုန်းနို့ခေါက်ဆွဲ}}) – a coconut milk noodle soup, served in a broth of chicken curry
Shwedaung khauk swe ({{lang|my|ရွှေတောင်ခေါက်ဆွဲ}}) – a dry noodle dish of egg noodles, served with chicken curry and coconut milk
Nangyi thoke ({{lang|my|နန်းကြီးသုပ်}}) – a salad of thick rice noodles, mixed with chicken curry and gravy
Panthay khauk swe ({{lang|my|ပန်းသေးခေါက်ဆွဲ}}) – a fried noodle dish of Chinese Muslim origin, served with a chicken curry cooked in a blend of spices including cardamom, cloves, star anise, and bay leaf{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ပန်းသေးခေါက်ဆွဲ (Pan Thay Fried Noodle)|url=http://we.com.mm/detail/11008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223191447/http://we.com.mm:80/detail/11008 |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2021-01-08|website=WE Media|language=my}}

Regional adaptations

=Kaeng hang le=

File:แกงฮังเล ที่ หลู้ลำ.jpg

Kaeng hang le is a pork curry and a regional specialty in Northern Thailand. It is a local adaptation of similar Burmese pork curries; the name "hang le" is derived from the Burmese word "hin lay" ({{lang|my|ဟင်းလေး}}, transcribed hang le), which means "heavy curry."{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Kaeng hang Le |url=https://lannainfo.library.cmu.ac.th/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=68 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Lanna Food {{!}} Northern Thai Information Center, Chiang Mai University Library}}{{Cite web |author=Thaw Kaung |author-link=Thaw Kaung |date=2014-05-08 |title=Myanmar Food: Traditional and Change |url=https://today-myanmar.com/myanmar-traditional-food/ |access-date=2019-11-15 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}} Many restaurants in Chiang Mai call it ‘Burmese curry.’

=Khow suey=

File:Khow suey.jpg

Khow suey, also known as khausa, is a South Asian adaptation of the Burmese coconut milk curry noodle soup called ohn no khao swè. It was introduced to the region by the Memon community of India who adapted this dish, likely coinciding with the emigration of South Asians from Burma in the 1960s, and is now a Memon specialty.{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/khausa-a-tale-of-two-cities---yangon-and-karachi-1.1541422747664|title=Khausa: A tale of two cities - Yangon and Karachi|website=gulfnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31}}