Pyay

The name "Pyay" means "Country" in Burmese, and refers to the ruins of the main city of the Pyu city-states, Sri Ksetra ({{langx|my|သရေခေတ္တရာ}}, Sanskrit Śrīkṣetra "blessed place, country"), which is located {{cvt|8|km}} to the south-east of modern Pyay and is in the village of Hmawza.

The north and north-east of the district is forest-covered, and contains numerous valleys and ravines, which unite in one large stream called the Nawin. The most important of the plains lie in the south and south-west portions of Pyay, and extend along the whole length of the railway that runs between. There are, in addition large tracts of land covered by jungle, which are available for cultivation. The principal river is the Irrawaddy River, which intersects the district from north to south; next in importance are the Thani and its tributaries and the Nawin system of rivers. In the hills near the capital the soil is of Tertiary formation, and in the plains it is an alluvial deposit.

Historical Context:

Historically, Pyay encompassed an area of approximately 18 square miles (47 square km) within its walled city.

This made it one of the largest walled cities in Southeast Asia during its peak.

Present Day:

The total area of Pyay City is now 34.48 square kilometers.

The urban area has expanded rapidly since 1990, growing from 21.76 square kilometers to 34.48 square kilometers in 2018.

This urban expansion has been concentrated in the eastern and southern parts of the city.

Location and Importance:

Pyay is located on the eastern bank of the Ayeyarwady River, 260 kilometers northwest of Yangon.

It serves as an important trade center for the Ayeyarwady Delta, Central and Upper Myanmar, and the Rakhine (Arakan) State.

Mucate surrounds the construction of Sri Ksetra. Htin Aung suggests that Pyu might have been founded in 78 CE, based on the Sanskrit / Pyu Era. D. G. E. Hall and Gordon Luce, however, claim that civilisation of the Irrawaddy Valley could not have been possible before the 4th century, thus, attributing the founding of Sri Ksetra to 638, from which the current Burmese Kawza Era begins.

Sri Ksetra was the capital of the Pyu dynasty of Vikrama. The city was circular with walls enclosing about {{cvt|46|km2}}, making it the largest walled city in Southeast Asia during its peak. The city contained both housing and farms, as is evident from the remains of waterways and tanks which have been discovered.

The Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing mentioned Sri Ksetra in their mid-7th-century accounts.{{sfn|Cœdès|1968|pp=62-63,77}} It is not known when precisely the Pyu abandoned Sri Ksetra and moved northward. It is speculated that their decline was due to the growth of the Irrawaddy river delta, cutting it off from coastal trade, and also from Mon and later Tai Shan incursions. Burmese chronicles state that when Anawrahta invaded the southern parts of modern-day Myanmar in 1057, he ordered the ruins of Sri Ksetra to be destroyed to prevent rebels from sheltering there. The Burmese came to call the old Pyu center Pyi. The extensive ruins have been the subject of intensive archaeological investigation.

File:Strand Road, Prome.jpg

Called Prome by the British (after the name that appears in the Portuguese texts of the 17th century), the city became part of British territory after the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1853. The town was taken by the British in 1825 during the Battle of Prome and again in 1852, on both occasions with hardly any opposition. In 1862, it was almost entirely destroyed by fire, and was afterwards relaid out in straight and broad streets. It was erected into a municipality in 1874, and since then great improvements have been made, including waterworks.

File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE4081.jpg

During World War II the city was the site of the Battle of Prome. The city was later retaken by the British Army in May 1945.

Pyay has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Temperatures are hot throughout the year, especially in the months before the monsoon from March to May when average maximum temperatures exceed {{cvt|36|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. The winter months from December to February are somewhat milder than the rest of the year. There is a winter dry season from December to April and a summer wet season from May to November, although rainfall during this wet season is much less extreme than in coastal cities like Yangon or especially Sittwe.

{{Weather box

| location = Pyay (1991–2020)

| single line = Y

| metric first = Y

| width = auto

|collapsed = Y

|Jan high C = 32.6

|Feb high C = 35.5

|Mar high C = 37.9

|Apr high C = 38.9

|May high C = 36.1

|Jun high C = 32.3

|Jul high C = 31.3

|Aug high C = 31.4

|Sep high C = 32.7

|Oct high C = 33.6

|Nov high C = 33.3

|Dec high C = 31.9

| year high C = 33.9

|Jan mean C = 24.4

|Feb mean C = 26.6

|Mar mean C = 29.5

|Apr mean C = 31.8

|May mean C = 30.8

|Jun mean C = 28.5

|Jul mean C = 27.9

|Aug mean C = 27.9

|Sep mean C = 28.5

|Oct mean C = 28.8

|Nov mean C = 27.5

|Dec mean C = 25.1

| year mean C = 28.1

|Jan low C = 16.3

|Feb low C = 17.7

|Mar low C = 21.2

|Apr low C = 24.6

|May low C = 25.5

|Jun low C = 24.7

|Jul low C = 24.5

|Aug low C = 24.5

|Sep low C = 24.4

|Oct low C = 24.1

|Nov low C = 21.7

|Dec low C = 18.2

| year low C = 22.3

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 4.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 0.7

|Mar precipitation mm = 4.9

|Apr precipitation mm = 36.5

|May precipitation mm = 145.9

|Jun precipitation mm = 260

|Jul precipitation mm = 218.5

|Aug precipitation mm = 232.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 219.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 130.8

|Nov precipitation mm = 30.2

|Dec precipitation mm = 4.1

| year precipitation mm = 1287.8

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 0.4

|Feb precipitation days = 0.1

|Mar precipitation days = 0.7

|Apr precipitation days = 2.1

|May precipitation days = 9.6

|Jun precipitation days = 18.9

|Jul precipitation days = 19.8

|Aug precipitation days = 19.7

|Sep precipitation days = 15.8

|Oct precipitation days = 10.1

|Nov precipitation days = 2.7

|Dec precipitation days = 0.4

|year precipitation days = 100.3

|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization{{cite web

| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Myanmar/CSV/Pyay_48077.csv

| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020

| publisher = World Meteorological Organization

| access-date = 16 October 2023}}

}}

Image:Pyay-welcome town sign.JPGThe main crop is rice, but some cotton and tobacco are grown, while the custard apples are famous. Sericulture is extensively carried on by a special class. The forests yield teak and cutch, cotton and silk-weaving are important industries; there are also manufactures of ornamental boxes, coarse brown sugar and cutch.

File:Shwesandaw Pagoda at Prome (Pyay) (NYPL Hades-2359580-4044344).jpg

For a town of its size, Pyay is well-renowned for a number of local delicacies.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-06-28 |title=ပြည် အစားအစာတွေ ရနိုင်တဲ့ ဗိုလ်အောင်ကျော်လမ်းက ဆိုင်သစ်လေး |url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/timeout/tea-break/27001-2017-06-28-10-56-35.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114043634/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/timeout/tea-break/27001-2017-06-28-10-56-35.html |archive-date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=The Myanmar Times |language=my }} It is reputed for the Pyay palata (ပြည်ပလာတာ), consisting of paratha, Burmese chicken and potato curry, and raw onions.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-03-17 |title=ပြည်ပလာတာ |url=https://htetfamily.com/2012/03/17/%e1%80%bb%e1%80%95%e1%80%8a%e1%80%b9%e1%80%95%e1%80%9c%e1%80%ac%e1%80%90%e1%80%ac/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401202237/http://htetfamily.com/2012/03/17/%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC/ |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Danuphyu Daw Saw Yee (London) |language=en }} It is also known for a number of Burmese salads, including the Pyay rice salad (ပြည်ထမင်းသုပ်) and Pyay assorted salad (ပြည်အသုပ်စုံ).{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=မနက်စောစောအတွက်အဆင်ပြေတဲ့ ပြည်ထမင်းသုပ် |url=http://blog.irrawaddy.com/2014/05/blog-post_8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114101513/http://blog.irrawaddy.com/2014/05/blog-post_8.html |archive-date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=my }}

Pyay also produces a local pickled delicacy called taw laphet ({{lang|my|တောလက်ဖက်}}; {{lit|rural laphet}}) or {{IAST|Nibbinda}} laphet ({{lang|my|နိဗ္ဗိန္ဒလက်ဖက်}}).{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=ပြည်လက်ဆောင် |url=https://ksetrapyay.com/%e1%80%95%e1%80%bc%e1%80%8a%e1%80%ba%e1%80%9c%e1%80%80%e1%80%ba%e1%80%86%e1%80%b1%e1%80%ac%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113094127/https://ksetrapyay.com/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA/ |archive-date=2021-01-13 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Ksetra Pyay |language=my }} Originating from Burmese nunneries in the hills surrounding Pyay, the laphet is fermented from the leaves of the naywe (နရွဲ) tree, or kyettet (ကြက်တက်), the Combretum pilosum plant.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-07-24 |title=ပြည်မြို့က တောလက်ဖက် |url=http://blog.irrawaddy.org/2014/07/blog-post_21.html|access-date=2021-01-12 |website=လွမ်းမပြေ သုတရပ်ဝန် |language=my}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=ပြည်မြို့ကတောလက်ဖက်ကို နှီးနဲ့ဘာဖြစ်လို့တင်းနေအောင်ချည်ထားကြတာလဲ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzgDMP5YMc4&ab_channel=MRTVTravelogue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzgDMP5YMc4&ab_channel=MRTVTravelogue |archive-date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=MRTV Travelogue (Travel Diary -5.1) |language=my }} The pulp is then tightly wrapped into dried banbwe (ဘန့်ပွေး) leaves and left soaking in regularly changed water for up to 2 years, before it is consumed. Taw laphet is otherwise consumed in an identical fashion to traditional laphet.

File:Shwesandaw Pagoda.jpg

To the south and south-east, the town is closed in by low pagoda-topped hills, on one of which stands the conspicuous gilded Shwesandaw Pagoda. The Shwesandaw Pagoda is a notable Buddhist pagoda in the center of Pyay.[http://www.ancientbagan.com/shwesandaw-pagoda.htm Bagan: Shwesandaw Pagoda, Myanmar(Burma)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517050444/http://www.ancientbagan.com/shwesandaw-pagoda.htm|date=2008-05-17}}

To the west of Pyay, crossing Irrawaddy river through Nawaday bridge, stands the Shwebontha Muni Pagoda. The Buddha statue is one of three replica of the Maha Myat Muni Buddha statue, believed to date back 554 B.C. when the king Sandar Thuriya ruled.{{Cite web |title=Shwe Bontha Muni Pagoda |url=https://www.touristinspiration.com/knowledge/things-to-see-and-do/shwe-bontha-muni-pagoda-149043.html |access-date=2019-02-27 |archive-date=2019-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182040/https://www.touristinspiration.com/knowledge/things-to-see-and-do/shwe-bontha-muni-pagoda-149043.html |url-status=live }}

File:Nawaday Bridge.jpg

File:Bawbawgyi Stupa 2019.jpg

Pyay City has three universities and one degree college. The universities are Pyay University (PU), Pyay Technological University (PTU), and Computer University, Pyay. Pyay University is situated near to the town centre of Pyay. PTU, which is one of the highest-ranked universities in Myanmar, is situated between Hnawgone and Latkhoukpin village, a few miles away from Pyay. CU, Pyay is situated near the new town. Pyay Education Degree College is located on Pyay-Magway Road near Titut Village.

• Pyay 500-bed General Hospital
• Pyay Traditional Medicine Hospital
• Aung Zaw Oo - 1 Private Hospital
• Aung Zaw Oo - 2 Private Hospital
• Myo Thuka Private Hospital
• Aung Tharaphu Private Hospital
• Lawkaparla Private Hospital
• Pyi Myanmar Private Hospital
• Paramishin Private Hospital
• Thanlwin Private Hospital

• U Nyi Pu (1900-1996), a Burmese actor and film director, the very first film actor in Burmese cinema
• A1 Tin Maung (1908-2000), a two-time Burmese Academy Award-winning film actor, director and producer, the youngest brother of U Nyi Pu
• General Thura Kyaw Htin (1925-1996), Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Union of Burma, former Deputy Prime Minister of Burma and Minister of Defence
• Khin One (1947-2000), Burmese painter, writer and singer
• Thukhamein Hlaing (1948), Burmese poet, songwriter and writer

{{Notelist}}

{{Wikivoyage|Pyay}}

{{Commons category|Pyay, Myanmar|Pyay}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Cœdès |first=George|author-link=George Cœdès |title=The Indianized States of South-East Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC |year=1968 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}
• {{cite book |author=Htin Aung|author-link=Htin Aung |title=A History of Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofburma0000htin|url-access=registration |year=1967 |publisher=Columbia University Press, 1967}}
• {{cite book |author1=Htin Aung|author-link1=Htin Aung |author2=Asoka Society |title=Burmese history before 1287: a defence of the chronicles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDILAQAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=the Asoka Society |isbn=9780718921149}}
• {{cite book |last=Stargardt |first=Janice |title=The Ancient Pyu of Burma: Early Pyu cities in a man-made landscape |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXZuAAAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=PACSEA |isbn=978-1-873178-00-3}}
• {{cite book |author=Thant Myint-U|author-link=Thant Myint-U |title=The River of Lost Footsteps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKq8fXbh8R8C |year=2011 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-26606-7}}

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{{s-bef|before=}}

{{s-ttl|title=Capital of Prome Kingdom|years=c. November 1482 – 19 May 1542}}

{{s-non|reason=Kingdom defeated by Toungoo forces}}

{{s-end}}

{{Bago Division}}

{{Most populous cities in Myanmar}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Capitals of Mon kingdoms

Category:Populated places in Bago Region

Category:Township capitals of Myanmar

Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium