Climate change in Canada

File:Greenhouse gas emissions by gas, Canada, 1850 to 2022.png

File:Canada Per capita CO, emissions 1790-2022.png

Climate change is the result of greenhouse gas emissions, which are produced by human activity. Canada was the world's 7th largest greenhouse gas emitter in terms of GHG Inventory data, as of 2021.{{Cite web|title=Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data|url=https://di.unfccc.int/time_series|access-date=2020-11-25|website=di.unfccc.int|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224102533/https://di.unfccc.int/time_series|url-status=live}} In 2020, Canada emitted a total of 678 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq) into the atmosphere. This represents a decrease from 1.8% of global emissions (730 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq) in 2005 to 1.5% in 2020, but still an increase from 602 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq in 1990.{{cite web |last1=Environment and Climate Change Canada |title=Global greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html |website=Government of Canada |access-date=2 August 2024 |date= 2023-09-22}} In 2022, Canada’s GHG emissions were 708  Mteq, still below pre-pandemic (2019) emissions, but an increase of 9.3 Mt (1.3%) compared to 2021. The Canadian Climate Institute reported a net drop of about 1% in emissions during 2023, largely due to the electricity and housing sectors. In contrast, emissions from oil, gas and transportation continued to rise.{{cite web |title=Experts estimate modest drop in 2023 emissions, with big differences across sectors |url=https://climateinstitute.ca/news/experts-estimate-modest-drop-in-2023-emissions/ |website=Canadian Climate Institute |access-date=6 February 2025}}

The WRI's Climate Analysis Indicators Tool estimates that, between 1950 and 2000, Canada had the highest greenhouse gas emissions per capita of any first world countries.[http://cait.wri.org/ CAIT 4.0 database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022101027/http://cait.wri.org/ |date=October 22, 2011 }} (registration required) In 2020, of all the G20 countries, Canada was second only to Saudi Arabia for greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

Canada has one of the heaviest climate debts in the world, with a very long history of producing industrial greenhouse gas emissions.{{cite news |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |title=CO₂ emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Our World in Data |date=22 January 2024}} {{As of|2021}} Canada is the 10th heaviest cumulative emitter as assessed by model-based land-use mitigation measures, with 2.6% of cumulative emissions.{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/|access-date=2024-08-09|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=October 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026094104/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change|url-status=live}} Canada's 65.5 billion tonnes of carbon come roughly equally from use of fossil fuels and from deforestation and land use.{{cite news |last1=Woodside |first1=John |title=Any way you slice it, Canada is one of the worst emitters on the planet |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/10/07/news/any-way-you-slice-it-canada-one-worst-emitters-planet |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Canada's National Observer |date=7 October 2021 |language=en}}

Electricity consumption in Canada in 2017 accounted for 74 carbon dioxide equivalent Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq, or 10% of the country's emissions.{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=August 19, 2019|title=Greenhouse gas sources and sinks: executive summary 2019|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-emissions/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407201526/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-emissions/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2019.html|archive-date=April 7, 2020|access-date=April 6, 2020|website=aem}} This sector's climate footprint significantly reduced in recent decades due to the closure of many coal-fired power stations. As of 2017, 81% of Canada's electricity is produced by non-emitting energy sources, such as hydro, nuclear, solar or wind power.{{citation|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Electricity Facts|date=October 6, 2017|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/electricity/20068#L3|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501204710/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/facts/electricity/20068#L3|url-status=dead}}

Fossil fuels provide 19% of Canadian electric power, about half as coal (9% of the total) and the remainder a mix of natural gas and oil. Only five provinces use coal for electricity generation. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia rely on coal for nearly half their generation while other provinces and territories use little or none. Alberta and Saskatchewan also use a substantial amount of natural gas. Remote communities including all of Nunavut and much of the Northwest Territories produce most of their electricity from diesel generators, at high economic and environmental cost. The federal government has set up initiatives to reduce dependence on diesel-fired electricity.{{citation|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Reducing diesel energy in rural and remote communities|date=January 30, 2018|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/science/programs-funding/20542|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612181027/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/science/programs-funding/20542|url-status=dead}}

Canada is a large country with a low population density, so transportation – often in cold weather when fuel efficiency drops – is a big part of the economy. In 2017, 24% of Canada's greenhouse gases (GHG)s came from trucks, trains, airplanes and cars.

The vast majority of Canadian emissions from transportation come from road transportation, accounting for 144 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq, or 20% of total emissions. These originate for individual cars, but also from long-haul trucks, which are used to transport most goods across the country. In 2018, the Canadian truck industry delivered 63.7 million shipments. In 2019, Canadian factories produced 1.4 million new trucks, more than triple the Canadian car production.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Topic: Trucking industry in Canada|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/5047/trucking-industry-in-canada/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214044853/https://www.statista.com/topics/5047/trucking-industry-in-canada/ |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06|website=Statista|language=en}}

The Canadian domestic aviation industry, represented largely by the country's two main airlines (Air Canada and Westjet), produced 7.1 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq in 2017 and account for 1% of Canada's total greenhouse gas emission.

{{Main|Petroleum industry in Canada}}

The most pollutant industry in terms of GHG emissions in Canada is the oil and gas sector. This industry produces 195 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq every year, which is 27% of the national total. Driven by the high emissions required for the exploitation of the tar sands in Alberta, greenhouse gas emissions from this sector increased by 84% from 1990 to 2017.

In 2017, Canadian heavy industry emitted 73 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq, or 10% of Canada's total greenhouse gas emission. This represents a 25% drop in emissions in this category since 1990. This data is consistent with the rapid decline of manufacturing in Canada.{{Cite web|date=2016-11-22|title=Canadian Factories Fading Much Faster Than U.S. Ones Since NAFTA|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/11/22/manufacturing-canada-usa-nafta_n_13151136.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=HuffPost Canada|language=en|archive-date=March 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324014155/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/11/22/manufacturing-canada-usa-nafta_n_13151136.html|url-status=live}}

Canada's deforestation rate is one of the lowest in the world, at 0.02 percent per year. This rate of deforestation has been reducing every year since 1985.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2013-06-27|title=Deforestation in Canada: Key myths and facts|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/deforestation-canada-key-myths-and-facts/13419|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903095137/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/deforestation-canada-key-myths-and-facts/13419 |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.nrcan.gc.ca|publisher=Natural Resources Canada}}

According to Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), "Harvested wood products" in Canada account for 130 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq of greenhouse gas emissions. This would represent 18% of the country's emissions in 2017, but ECCC exclude this number from its national total. Also excluded from the total is ECCC's calculation that Canada's forests reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 150 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq. Before 2015, ECCC used to calculate a 160 Mt CO{{sub|2}}eq reduction from its forest, a sign of their slow but continued deterioration.

In recent decades, Canada has experienced increased average temperatures, increased precipitation, and more extreme weather events. These trends are expected to continue over the next century. ECCC determined it was extremely likely that these changes were the result of increased greenhouse gas emissions driven by human activity.{{Cite web |url=https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019 |title=CCCR 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235815/https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019/ |url-status=live }}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| total_width = 300

| image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map CAN present.svg

| caption1 = Köppen climate classification map for Canada for 1980–2016

| image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map CAN future.svg

| caption2 = 2071–2100 map under the most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=Cosmos |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn’t make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}

}}

Annual average temperatures in Canada increased by 1.7 °C between 1948 and 2016. These weather changes have not been uniform across regions. British Columbia, the Prairie provinces and Northern Canada experienced warming the most, with an annual increase of 2.3 °C for northern Canada. Meanwhile, some Maritime areas of southeast Canada experienced average warming of less than 1 °C during the same period. In addition, these trends were not uniform across the seasons. Average winter temperatures rose by 3.3 °C between 1948 and 2016 while average summer temperature only rose by 1.5 °C.{{cite book |last1=Bush |first1=E. |last2=Lemmen |first2=D.S. |title=Canada's Changing Climate Report |date=2019 |publisher=Government of Canada |location=Ottawa, ON |url=https://changingclimate.ca/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |page=125}}

According to Environment and Climate Change Canada "warming over the 20th century is indisputable and largely due to human activities"{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change|date=|title=Environment and Climate Change Canada – Publications – The Science of Climate Change|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/default.asp?lang=En&xml=CDFE86EB-E309-4C4E-80EE-9D2919EEE2F9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119094931/http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/default.asp?lang=En&xml=CDFE86EB-E309-4C4E-80EE-9D2919EEE2F9|archive-date=November 19, 2016|access-date=January 24, 2016|website=www.ec.gc.ca}} adding "Canada's rate of warming is about twice the global rate: a 2° C increase globally means a 3 to 4 °C increase for Canada".{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change|date=|title=Environment and Climate Change Canada – Climate Change – The Science of Climate Change|url=http://ec.gc.ca/sc-cs/Default.asp?lang=En&n=A5F83C26-1#_s01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124143850/http://ec.gc.ca/sc-cs/Default.asp?lang=En&n=A5F83C26-1|archive-date=January 24, 2016|access-date=January 24, 2016|website=ec.gc.ca}}

ECCC lists impacts of climate change consistent with global changes. Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees. Meteorological changes include an increase in precipitation and more snowfall in northwest Arctic.

ECCC summarized annual precipitation changes to support biodiversity assessments by the Canadian Council of Resource Ministers. Evaluating records up to 2007 they observed: "Precipitation has generally increased over Canada since 1950 with the majority of stations with significant trends showing increases. The increasing trend is most coherent over northern Canada where many stations show significant increases. There is not much evidence of clear regional patterns in stations showing significant changes in seasonal precipitation except for significant decreases which tend to be concentrated in the winter season over southwestern and southeastern Canada. While the previous sentence might be technically correct in part, all seasons show increased precipitation in Canada, especially in the Winter, Spring, and Fall months.{{Cite web|title = Precipitation change in Canada|url = https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/precipitation-change.html|access-date = 2018-03-05|first = Government of Canada, Environment|last = Canada|date = 2016-04-28|archive-date = December 17, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217023539/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/precipitation-change.html|url-status = live}} Also, increasing precipitation over the Arctic appears to be occurring in all seasons except summer."{{Cite web|title = biodivcanada.ca - Technical Reports|url = http://www.biodivcanada.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=137E1147-0|website = www.biodivcanada.ca|access-date = January 24, 2016|first = Government of Canada, Environment|last = Canada|date = January 27, 2011|archive-date = August 7, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180807125300/http://www.biodivcanada.ca/default.asp?lang=en|url-status = dead}}

ECCC climate specialists have assessed trends in short-duration rainfall patterns using Engineering Climate Datasets: "Short-duration (5 minutes to 24 hours) rainfall extremes are important for a number of purposes, including engineering infrastructure design, because they represent the different meteorological scales of extreme rainfall events." A "general lack of a detectable trend signal", meaning no overall change in extreme, short-duration rainfall patterns was observed in the single station analysis. In relation to design criteria used for traditional water management and urban drainage design practice (e.g., Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) statistics), the evaluation "shows that fewer than 5.6% and 3.4% of the stations have significant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively, in extreme annual maximum single location observation amounts." On a regional basis, southwest and the east (Newfoundland) coastal regions generally showed significant increasing regional trends for 1- and 2-hour extreme rainfall durations. Decreasing regional trends for 5 to 15 minute rainfall amounts were observed in the St. Lawrence region of southern Quebec and in the Atlantic provinces.{{Cite journal|title = Trends in Canadian Short-Duration Extreme Rainfall: Including an Intensity–Duration–Frequency Perspective|journal = Atmosphere-Ocean|date = October 20, 2014|issn = 0705-5900|pages = 398–417|volume = 52|issue = 5|doi = 10.1080/07055900.2014.969677|first1 = Mark W.|last1 = Shephard|first2 = Eva|last2 = Mekis|first3 = Robert J.|last3 = Morris|first4 = Yang|last4 = Feng|first5 = Xuebin|last5 = Zhang|first6 = Karen|last6 = Kilcup|first7 = Rick|last7 = Fleetwood|s2cid = 140571258|doi-access = free| bibcode=2014AtO....52..398S }}

{{see also|Weather extremes in Canada}}

The extreme weather events of greatest concern in Canada include heavy rain and snow falls, heat waves, and drought. They are linked to flooding and landslides, water shortages, forest fires, reduced air quality, as well as costs related to damage to property and infrastructure, business disruptions, and increased illness and mortality. Heat waves, including those in the summer of 2009, 2012, and 2021, are associated with increases in heat stroke and respiratory illness.

According to an 2015 study, the number of fire spread days in Canada, as a result of climate change, would increase by 35-400% by 2050, with coastal and temperate forests being most affected areas in terms of proportion.{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xianli |last2=Thompson |first2=Dan K. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ginny A. |last4=Tymstra |first4=Cordy |last5=Carr |first5=Richard |last6=Flannigan |first6=Mike D. |date=2015-06-01 |title=Increasing frequency of extreme fire weather in Canada with climate change |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-015-1375-5 |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=573–586 |doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1375-5 |issn=1573-1480|hdl=10.1007/s10584-015-1375-5 |hdl-access=free }}

Coastal flooding is expected to increase in many areas of Canada due to global sea-level rise and local land subsidence or uplift.[https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019 CCCR 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308235815/https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019/ |date=March 8, 2021 }}, p. 349 The country's sea level is expected to increase significantly, up to 1.6 m in some areas.{{Cite web |last=James |first=T.S. |last2=Robin |first2=C.M.I. |last3=Henton |first3=J. A. |last4=Craymer |first4=M. R. |date=2021 |title=Relative sea-level projections for Canada based on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and the NAD83v70VG national crustal velocity model. |url=https://ostrnrcan-dostrncan.canada.ca/handle/1845/138626 |access-date= |website=Canada.ca |doi=10.4095/327878}} The areas that are going to have the biggest strike is southwest and southeastern Canada and the waters north of Yukon.{{cite web | url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/169fdf04d3544b53acd15ff054a39106 | title=Rising Sea Levels in Canada: A major crisis | date=October 16, 2021 | access-date=February 22, 2022 | archive-date=February 22, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222161108/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/169fdf04d3544b53acd15ff054a39106 | url-status=live }} According to a Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) report, sea level changes associated with climate change could lead to significant submersion of parts of British Columbia.{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2023 |title=Climate change is posing a serious threat to Canada — and B.C. in particular, intelligence service says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/csis-climate-change-bc-impact-1.6773801 |website=CBC News}}

File:1983- Canada wildfires - area burned annually.svg

File:Northern_Forest_Trend_in_Photosynthetic_Activity.gif ]]

According to Environment Canada's 2011 annual report, there is evidence that some regional areas within the western Canadian boreal forest have increased by 2 °C since 1948.{{cite web|title=Annual Regional Temperature Departures|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/adsc-cmda/default.asp?lang=en&n=B49D9F0B-1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118125703/http://www.ec.gc.ca/adsc-cmda/default.asp?lang=en&n=B49D9F0B-1|archive-date=January 18, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2012|publisher=Environment Canada}} The rate of the changing climate is leading to drier conditions in the boreal forest, which leads to a whole host of subsequent issues.{{cite journal|last=Hogg|first=E.H.|author2=P.Y. Bernier|year=2005|title=Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada|journal=Forestry Chronicle|volume=81|issue=5|pages=675–682|doi=10.5558/tfc81675-5|doi-access=free}}

As a result of the rapidly changing climate, trees are migrating to higher latitudes and altitudes (northward), but some species may not be migrating fast enough to follow their climatic habitat.{{cite journal|last=Jump|first=A.S.|author2=J. Peñuelas|year=2005|title=Running to stand still: Adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=8|issue=9|pages=1010–1020|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00796.x|pmid=34517682|bibcode=2005EcolL...8.1010J }}{{cite journal|last=Aiken|first=S.N.|author2=S. Yeaman|author3=J.A. Holliday|author4=W. TongLi|author5=S. Curtis- McLane|year=2008|title=Adaptation, migration or extirpation: Climate change outcomes for tree populations|journal=Evolutionary Applications|volume=1|issue=1|pages=95–111|doi=10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x|pmc=3352395|pmid=25567494|bibcode=2008EvApp...1...95A }}{{cite journal|last=McLane|first=S.C.|author2=S.N. Aiken|year=2012|title=Whiteback pine (Pinus albicaulis) assisted migration potential: testing establishment north of the species range|journal=Ecological Applications|volume=22|issue=1|pages=142–153|doi=10.1890/11-0329.1|pmid=22471080|bibcode=2012EcoAp..22..142M }} Moreover, trees within the southern limit of their range may begin to show declines in growth.{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=P.B.|author2=J. Oleksyn|year=2008|title=Climate warming will reduce growth and survival of Scots pine except in the far north|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=11|issue=6|pages=588–597|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01172.x|pmid=18363717|bibcode=2008EcolL..11..588R }} Drier conditions are also leading to a shift from conifers to aspen in more fire and drought-prone areas.

Climate change creates more fire-prone conditions in the Boreal forest of Canada.{{Cite journal|date=2020-02-13|title=Intense Boreal Forest Fires a Climate Concern|url=https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/02/intense-boreal-forest-fires-climate-concern|access-date=2021-02-07|website=World Resources Institute|language=en|last1=Ruiz|first1=Sarah|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108161443/https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/02/intense-boreal-forest-fires-climate-concern|url-status=live}} In 2016, Northern Alberta witnessed the effects of climate change in a dramatic manner when a "perfect storm" of El Niño and global warming contributed to the Fort McMurray wildfire, which led to the evacuation of the oil-producing town at the heart of the tar sands industry.{{cite news|last1=McGrath|first1=Matt|date=May 5, 2016|title='Perfect storm' of El Niño and warming boosted Alberta fires|work=BBC News|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36212145|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419224522/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36212145|url-status=live}} The area has witnessed an increased frequency of wildfires, as Canada's wildfire season now starts a month earlier than it used to and the annual area burned is twice what it was in 1970.{{cite news|last1=Kahn|first1=Brian|date=May 4, 2016|title=Here's the Climate Context For the Fort McMurray Wildfire|work=Climate Central|url=http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-context-fort-mcmurray-wildfire-20311|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=May 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511125654/https://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-context-fort-mcmurray-wildfire-20311|url-status=live}} In 2023, fires in Canada were estimated to have burned seven times the average annual area of the previous 40 years,{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=B |last2=Liu |first2=J |last3=Bowman |first3=KW |last4=Pascolini-Campbell |first4=M |last5=Chatterjee |first5=A |last6=Pandey |first6=S |last7=Miyazaki |first7=K |last8=van der Werf |first8=GR |last9=Wunch |first9=D |last10=Wennberg |first10=PO |last11=Roehl |first11=CM |last12=Sinha |first12=S |title=Carbon emissions from the 2023 Canadian wildfires. |journal=Nature |date=September 2024 |volume=633 |issue=8031 |pages=835-839 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07878-z |pmid=39198654 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39198654/|pmc=11424480 }} releasing 480 megatonnes of carbon, 23% of the world's wildfire-related carbon emissions for the year.{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Canada produced 23% of the global wildfire carbon emissions for 2023 {{!}} Copernicus |url=https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/copernicus-canada-produced-23-global-wildfire-carbon-emissions-2023 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=atmosphere.copernicus.eu}} By 2024, wildfires in the northwest had shifted from a seasonal occurrence to a year-round phenomenon.{{cite web | title=Researchers expect year-long fire seasons in northwestern Canada | website=CBC | date=2024-09-25 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/federal-briefing-extreme-weather-bc-1.7333627 | access-date=2024-09-27}}

As to 2019, climate change has already increased wildfires frequency and power in Canada, especially in Alberta. "We are seeing climate change in action," says University of Alberta wildland fire Prof. Mike Flannigan. "The Fort McMurray fire was {{frac|1|1|2}} to six times more likely because of climate change. The 2017 record-breaking B.C. fire season was seven to 11 times more likely because of climate change."{{cite news|last1=Derworiz|first1=Colette|date=June 9, 2019|title='Can't be any more clear': Scientist says fires in Alberta linked to climate change|agency=CTV News|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/can-t-be-any-more-clear-scientist-says-fires-in-alberta-linked-to-climate-change-1.4458503|access-date=June 12, 2019|archive-date=June 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611144845/https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/can-t-be-any-more-clear-scientist-says-fires-in-alberta-linked-to-climate-change-1.4458503|url-status=live}}

The mountain pine beetle epidemic raged from 1996 to 2015 as a result of milder winters in the boreal forest, allowing for the proliferation of the parasite. It resulted in 18 million hectares of dead trees and economic impacts for forest-dependent communities.{{cite web|title=Mountain Pine Beetle|url=http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/mountain_pine_beetle/facts.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405011133/http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/mountain_pine_beetle/facts.htm|archive-date=April 5, 2013|access-date=April 4, 2013|publisher=Ministry of Forestry}}{{Cite web|date=2013-10-25|title=Mountain pine beetle (factsheet)|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13397|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.nrcan.gc.ca|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225023/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca:80/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13397 |archive-date=September 28, 2015 }}{{Cite web|date=2013-10-25|title=Mountain pine beetle|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/top-forest-insects-diseases-cana/mountain-pine-beetle/13381|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.nrcan.gc.ca|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913101359/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/wildland-fires-insects-disturban/top-forest-insects-diseases-cana/mountain-pine-beetle/13381 |archive-date=September 13, 2019 }}

{{Main|Climate change in the Arctic}}

Annual mean temperature over Northern Canada increased by 2.3 °C (likely range 1.7 °C–3.0 °C), which is approximately three times the global mean warming rate. The strongest rates of warming were observed in the northernmost regions of Yukon and the Northwest Territories where annual mean temperature increases of about 3.5 °C were observed between 1948 and 2016.{{Cite web|title=Chapter 4, Mean temperature, Observed changes — Canada's Changing Climate Report|url=https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019/chapter/4-0/|access-date=2021-08-19|archive-date=August 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819230206/https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019/chapter/4-0/|url-status=live}}

Climate change melts ice and increases the mobility of the ice. In May and June 2017 dense ice – up to 8 metres (25 ft) thick – was in the waters off the northern coast of Newfoundland, trapping fishing boats and ferries.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/14/canada-hudson-bay-climate-change-study-warm-temperaturesClimate change study in Canada's Hudson Bay thwarted by climate change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423235352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/14/canada-hudson-bay-climate-change-study-warm-temperaturesClimate |date=April 23, 2020 }} Guardian June 14, 2017

During the drought of 2002, Ontario had a good season and produced enough crops to send a vast amount of hay to those hit the hardest in Alberta. However this is not something that can or will be expected every time there is a drought in the prairie provinces.{{cite news|date=August 7, 2002|title=CBC News – Canada – Ontario hay arrives in drought-stricken Alberta|publisher=Cbc.ca|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ontario-hay-arrives-in-drought-stricken-alberta-1.310132|url-status=live|access-date=November 21, 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730211041/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/08/05/hay_wainwright020805.html|archive-date=July 30, 2012}} This causes a great deficit in income for many as they are buying heads of cattle for high prices and selling them for very low prices.{{cite news|date=June 17, 2009|title=CBC News – Edmonton – Alberta county declares 'state of agricultural disaster' over drought|publisher=Cbc.ca|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-county-declares-state-of-agricultural-disaster-over-drought-1.775915|url-status=dead|access-date=November 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626103119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-county-declares-state-of-agricultural-disaster-over-drought-1.775915|archive-date=June 26, 2009}} By looking at historical forecasts, there is a strong indication that there is no true way to estimate or to know the amount of rain to expect for the upcoming growing season. This does not allow for the agricultural sector to plan accordingly.{{cite web|date=July 27, 2004|title=The Atlas of Canada - Precipitation|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/climate/mcr4145?maxwidth=1200&maxheight=1000&mode=navigator&upperleftx=0&upperlefty=0&lowerrightx=4736&lowerrighty=5328&mag=0.0625|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002160358/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/climate/mcr4145?maxwidth=1200&maxheight=1000&mode=navigator&upperleftx=0&upperlefty=0&lowerrightx=4736&lowerrighty=5328&mag=0.0625|archive-date=October 2, 2012|access-date=November 21, 2009|publisher=Atlas.nrcan.gc.ca}}{{update inline|date=February 2021}}

In Alberta there has been a trend of high summer temperatures and low summer precipitation. This has led much of Alberta to face drought conditions.{{cite web|title=Alberta Environment: Alberta River Basins Precipitation Maps|url=http://www.environment.alberta.ca/forecasting/data/precipmaps/oct2009/pastprecipmaps.html|access-date=November 21, 2009|publisher=Environment.alberta.ca|archive-date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206015512/http://www.environment.alberta.ca/forecasting/data/precipmaps/oct2009/pastprecipmaps.html|url-status=live}} Drought conditions are harming the agriculture sector of this province, mainly the cattle ranching area.{{cite web|title=Agriculture Drought Risk Management Plan for Alberta – Strategic Plan|url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ppe3883|access-date=November 21, 2009|publisher=.agric.gov.ab.ca|archive-date=April 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409070448/http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/ppe3883|url-status=live}} When there is a drought there is a shortage of feed for cattle (hay, grain). With the shortage on crops ranchers are forced to purchase the feed at the increased prices while they can. Those who cannot afford to pay top money for feed are forced to sell their herds.{{cite news|date=August 18, 2009|title=Alberta ranchers forced to sell herds|publisher=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-ranchers-forced-to-sell-herds-1.854016|access-date=November 21, 2009|archive-date=August 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816033634/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-ranchers-forced-to-sell-herds-1.854016|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=July 9, 2002|title=Drought forcing Alberta ranchers to sell off cattle|publisher=Cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/drought-forcing-alberta-ranchers-to-sell-off-cattle-1.315111|access-date=November 21, 2009|archive-date=January 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143009/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/drought-forcing-alberta-ranchers-to-sell-off-cattle-1.315111|url-status=live}}{{Update inline|date=February 2021}}

File:Effects of Wildfire Smoke on Air Quality.jpg

The Public Health Agency of Canada reported that the number of reported Lyme disease cases in Canada increased from 144 cases in 2009 to 2,025 cases in 2017.{{Cite web |date=2015-01-27 |title=Lyme disease: Monitoring |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/lyme-disease/surveillance-lyme-disease.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Government of Canada}} Dr. Duncan Webster, an infectious disease consultant at Saint John Regional Hospital, links this increase in disease incidence to the increase in the population of blacklegged ticks. The tick population has increased due largely to shorter winters and warmer temperatures associated with climate change.{{cite news |title=Woman gets Lyme disease diagnosis after 13-year battle, as number of cases rises |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/lyme-disease-amanda-kenny-1.5455668 |access-date=February 21, 2020 |date=February 12, 2020 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213134218/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/lyme-disease-amanda-kenny-1.5455668 |url-status=live }}

Inuit who reside in Canada are facing significant difficulty maintaining their traditional food systems because of climate change. The Inuit have hunted mammals for hundreds of years.{{Cite journal |last=Wenzel |first=George W. |date=January 2009 |title=Canadian Inuit subsistence and ecological instability—if the climate changes, must the Inuit? |url=https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/2965 |journal=Polar Research |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00098.x |bibcode=2009PolRe..28...89W |s2cid=218989178 |issn=1751-8369 |doi-access=free |access-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185957/https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/2965 |url-status=live }} Many of their traditional economic transactions and cultural ceremonies were and still are centred around whales and other marine mammals. Climate change is causing the ocean to warm up and acidify, negatively impacting these species in these traditional areas and causing many to move elsewhere. While some believe a warming Arctic would cause food insecurity, already a problem for Canadian Inuit,{{cite web |url=https://www.itk.ca/nuluaq-mapping-project/inuit-food-insecurity-canada-background/ |title=Inuit Food Insecurity in Canada |publisher=Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami |access-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183937/https://www.itk.ca/nuluaq-mapping-project/inuit-food-insecurity-canada-background/ |url-status=live }} to increase by taking away some of their primary food sources, others point to the resilience they have displayed in the past to changing temperatures and believe they will likely be able to adapt. Although ancestors to the modern Inuit would travel to other places in the Arctic based on these animals and adapt to changing migration routes, modern geopolitical boundaries and laws would likely prevent this from happening to the extent necessary to preserve these traditional food systems. Regardless of whether they can successfully modify their marine food systems, they will lose certain aspects of their culture. To hunt these whales and other marine mammals, they have used the same traditional tools for generations. Without these animals providing them subsistence, a core part of their culture would become obsolete.

The Inuit are also losing their access to ringed seal and polar bears, two key animals that are essential to the traditional Inuit diet. Climate change has led to drastic drops in the ringed seal population, which has led to serious harm to the Inuit subsistence winter economy. The ringed seal is the most prevalent subsistence species in all of Nunavut, with respect to both land and water. Without the ringed seal, the Inuit would lose their sense of ningiqtuq, or their cultural form of resource sharing.{{Cite journal|last1=Harder|first1=Miriam T.|last2=Wenzel|first2=George W.|date=2012-09-19|title=Inuit Subsistence, Social Economy and Food Security in Clyde River, Nunavut|journal=Arctic|volume=65|issue=3|doi=10.14430/arctic4218|issn=1923-1245|doi-access=free}} Ringed seal meat is one of the core meats of this type of sharing and has been utilized in this system for hundreds of years. With climate change, ningiqtuq would be drastically altered. Also, the ringed seal embodies the ideals of sharing, unity, and collectivism because of ningiqtuq. Its decline signifies loss of Inuit identity. The polar bear population is also declining because of climate change. Polar bears rely on ringed seals for food, so both of their declines are correlated. This decline is also harming ningiqtuq as polar bear meat is shared among Inuit.

For the Gwichʼin people, an Anthabaskan-speaking First Nations in Canada, caribou are central to their culture.{{Cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Subhankar|title=Arctic Voices: Resistance at the Tipping Point|publisher=Seven Stories Press|year=2013|isbn=9781609804961|pages=1–22}} They have coexisted with the Gwichʼin for thousands of years. As a result, their entire culture is at immediate risk. Caribou numbers are rapidly declining due to warmer temperatures and melting ice. Sarah James, a prominent Alaskan Gwichʼin activist, said, "We are the caribou people. Caribou are not just what we eat; they are who we are. They are the stories and songs and the whole way we see the world. Caribou are our life. Without caribou, we wouldn't exist."

Climate change has led to increased costs from insurance claims from more severe wildfires and storms.{{cite web | title=FACTBOX Canada's 10 worst natural disasters totaled C$30 billion in annual insured losses | website=Reuters | date=2024-09-03 | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/canadas-10-worst-natural-disasters-totaled-c30-billion-annual-losses-2024-09-03/ | access-date=2024-09-03}} {{asof|2024|09}}, eight of Canada's 10 costliest natural disasters have occurred since 2013, though this does not account for the 2024 floods in Toronto and Montreal, nor a massive hailstorm in Calgary.{{cite web | title=Jasper wildfire caused $880M in insured losses: Insurance Bureau of Canada | website=CBC | date=2024-08-28 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/jasper-wildfire-ninth-most-expensive-1.7306622 | access-date=2024-09-03}} The most expensive loss has been the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire, which cost $5.96 billion.

Climate change causes challenges for the sustainable management and conservation of forests. It will have a direct impact on the productivity of the wood industry, as well as the health and regeneration of trees. The assisted migration of forests has been proposed as way to help the wood industry adapt to climate change.

{{See also|Politics of Canada}}

The Government of Canada Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change was passed by the Chretien government in its 36th Canadian Parliament incarnation as part of its implementation of the 1997 Kyoto Accord.{{cite news |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/M22-135-2000E.pdf |title=Information archivée dans le Web }}

{{See also|Environmental policy of the Stephen Harper government}}

Under the tenure of Stephen Harper, who was Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, the Clean Air Act was unveiled in October 2006.{{cite web | url=http://www.mcmillan.ca/Files/Made-In-Canada_0507.pdf | title=Made-in-Canada Clean Air Act – Stepping back from Kyoto? | publisher=Emissions Trading and Climate Change Bulletin | date=May 2007 | access-date=October 28, 2015 | author=McMillan Binch Mendelsohn | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143009/http://www.mcmillan.ca/Files/Made-In-Canada_0507.pdf | archive-date=January 29, 2016 }}

In 2009, Canada's two largest provinces, Ontario and Quebec, became wary of federal policies shifting the burden of greenhouse reductions on them in order to give Alberta and Saskatchewan more room to further develop their oil sands reserves.{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/sciencetech/environment/copenhagensummit/article/738400--ontario-and-quebec-fear-chill-over-climate-pact |title=Ontario and Quebec fear chill over climate pact |first=Allan |last=Woods |work=Toronto Star |location=Toronto |date=December 15, 2009 |access-date=January 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217081842/http://www.thestar.com/news/sciencetech/environment/copenhagensummit/article/738400--ontario-and-quebec-fear-chill-over-climate-pact |url-status=live }}

In 2010 Graham Saul, who represented the Climate Action Network Canada (CAN) – a coalition of 60 non-governmental organisations – commented on the 40-page CAN report "Troubling Evidence"{{cite web | title=Troubling Evidence: The Harper Government's Approach to Climate Science Research in Canada | url=http://www.bcsea.org/sites/default/files/Troubling-Evidence-The-Harper-Governments-Approach-to-Climate-Science_Research_in_Canada.pdf | publisher=Climate Action Network Canada (CAN) | date=March 2010 | access-date=October 28, 2015 | author=Cuddy, Andrew | pages=38 | archive-date=January 29, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143009/http://www.bcsea.org/sites/default/files/Troubling-Evidence-The-Harper-Governments-Approach-to-Climate-Science_Research_in_Canada.pdf | url-status=dead }} which claimed that,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/mar/18/climate-change-canada|title=Canadian government 'hiding truth about climate change', report claims|last=Leahy|first=Stephen|date=March 18, 2010|publisher=Guardian|access-date=October 28, 2015|location=London|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019155126/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/mar/18/climate-change-canada|url-status=live}}

{{blockquote|Canada's climate researchers are being muzzled, their funding slashed, research stations closed, findings ignored and advice on the critical issue of the century unsought by Prime Minister Stephen Harper's government.|Leahy The Guardian 2010}}

In 2011 the Kyoto Accord was abandoned.

By 2014 award-winning American/Canadian limnologist, David Schindler, argued that Harper's administration had put "economic development ahead of all other policy objectives", in particular the environment.{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/01/10/conservatives-science-canada-stephen-harper_n_4573828.html | title=Research Cutbacks By Government Alarm Scientists | work=CBC via Huffington Post | date=October 1, 2014 | access-date=October 28, 2015 | archive-date=January 29, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143009/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/01/10/conservatives-science-canada-stephen-harper_n_4573828.html | url-status=dead }}

{{blockquote|It's like they don't want to hear about science anymore. They want politics to reflect economics 100 per cent – economics being only what you can sell, not what you can save.|David Schindler 2014}}

File:Prime Minister Trudeau and Minister Catherine McKenna at COP21 (23592642111).jpg and Minister Catherine McKenna at the COP21 summit in Paris, on November 30, 2015]]

{{main|Environmental policy of the Justin Trudeau government}}

In its 2015 election platform, Justin Trudeau promised to tackle climate change, notably by phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, attending the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, developing a North American clean energy and environmental agreement with the United States and Mexico, and creating a $2 Billion Low Carbon Economy Trust. Trudeau made good on the three latter promises.Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Climate Change, [http://thenarwhal.ca/topics/justin-trudeau-climate-change-canada/ ,The Narwahl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524235006/https://thenarwhal.ca/topics/justin-trudeau-climate-change-canada |date=May 24, 2019 }},Unknown author, Retrieved May 20, 2019 However, he introduced new fossil fuel subsidies during his time in office.{{Cite web |title=Unpacking Canada's Fossil Fuel Subsidies |url=https://www.iisd.org/articles/unpacking-canadas-fossil-fuel-subsidies-faq |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=International Institute for Sustainable Development |language=en |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516204526/https://www.iisd.org/articles/unpacking-canadas-fossil-fuel-subsidies-faq |url-status=live }}

Trudeau's Foreign affairs Minister was Stéphane Dion from 2015 to 2017. Dion is known as being very supportive of climate change policies. Catherine McKenna was Trudeau's Minister to the Environment and Climate Change from 2015 to 2019. McKenna is known for her legal work surrounding social justice.

Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, Trudeau's national climate strategy, was released in August 2017.{{cite web|last1=Pan-Canadian Framework|title=PAN-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change.|url=https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/environment/documents/weather1/20170125-en.pdf|access-date=March 18, 2019|website=Pan-Canadian Framework|archive-date=February 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226071458/https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/environment/documents/weather1/20170125-en.pdf|url-status=live}} Provincial premiers (except Saskatchewan and Manitoba) adopted the proposal on December 9, 2016.{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=8 August 2019|title=Complete text for Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change second annual report|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pan-canadian-framework-reports/complete-text-for-second-annual-report.html|access-date=23 July 2020|work=aem|format=program results|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131713/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pan-canadian-framework-reports/complete-text-for-second-annual-report.html|url-status=live}} The core of the proposal is to implement carbon pricing regimes nationwide. The federal minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada, Catherine McKenna states that carbon taxes has been shown to be the most economical way of reducing emissions.

In April 2019, Environment commissioner Julie Gelfand described the country's lack of progress in reducing emissions as "disturbing" and noted that it was on track to miss its climate change targets.

In 2019, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) released a report called Canada's Changing Climate Report (CCCR). It is essentially a summary of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, customised for Canada.Canada's Changing Climate Report,[https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf Natural Resources Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422235552/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |date=April 22, 2019 }} , Retrieved May 20, 2019 The report states that coastal flooding is expected to increase in many areas due to global sea-level rise and local land subsidence or uplift.

The government of Justin Trudeau promised to step up the targets for the year 2030 and reach carbon neutrality in 2050. In 2020 it introduced a bill that will require the country to reach zero emission by 2050.{{cite web |last1=Bies |first1=Laura |title=Canadian government unveils new bill to tackle climate change |url=https://wildlife.org/canadian-government-unveils-new-bill-to-tackle-climate-change/#:~:text=A%20new%20bill%20introduced%20by,emissions%20reductions%20should%20be%20achieved. |website=The Wildlife Society |date=December 3, 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203180228/https://wildlife.org/canadian-government-unveils-new-bill-to-tackle-climate-change/#:~:text=A%20new%20bill%20introduced%20by,emissions%20reductions%20should%20be%20achieved. |url-status=live }} Even though fossil fuels will be phased out in "the medium term" Trudeau has stated that the Kinder Morgan Pipeline will be built. The federal government has also approved the [https://woodfibrelng.ca/ Woodfibre LNG Terminal] in Vancouver. The Trudeau government has introduced a carbon tax. This tax was set at $20 a tonne in 2018 and will increase by $10 a year until it reaches $50 in 2022.{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money {{!}} Dana Nuccitelli |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/oct/26/canada-passed-a-carbon-tax-that-will-give-most-canadians-more-money |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901040840/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/oct/26/canada-passed-a-carbon-tax-that-will-give-most-canadians-more-money |url-status=live }} It also places levies on natural gas, pump gas, propane, butane, and aviation fuel.Pricing Pollution. How it will work.,[https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pricing-pollution-how-it-will-work.html ECCC Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503052401/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pricing-pollution-how-it-will-work.html |date=May 3, 2019 }} , Retrieved May 20, 2019 Ontario Premier Doug Ford, Albertan Premier Jason Kenney (UCP) and Manitoba Premier Brian Pallister (PC) took the federal government to court on April 15, 2019, and the court ruled in favor (3–2) of the constitutionality of the carbon tax.

Following on a motion by prime minister Justin Trudeau, on June 12, 2019, the House of Commons voted to declare a national climate emergency.Vote No. 1366, [https://www.ourcommons.ca/Parliamentarians/en/votes/42/1/1366/ House of Commons of Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215042234/https://www.ourcommons.ca/Parliamentarians/en/votes/42/1/1366/ |date=December 15, 2019 }}, Retrieved July 4, 2019 In December 2020 the government of Justin Trudeau introduced a bill that will require the country to reach zero emission by 2050 (Climate Change Action Plan 2001).

{{See also|Canada and the Kyoto Protocol}}

File:Ursula von der Leyen attends the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (11).jpg and John Kerry at COP26]]

Canada is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. However, the Liberal government that later{{Clarify|reason=should this be "ratify" as signing has already been mentioned|date=February 2021}} signed the accord took little action towards meeting Canada's greenhouse gas emission targets. Although Canada committed itself to a 6% reduction below the 1990 levels for the 2008–2012 as a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the country did not implement a plan to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions. Soon after the 2006 federal election, the new minority government of Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Canada could not and would not meet Canada's commitments. The House of Commons passed several opposition-sponsored bills calling for government plans for the implementation of emission reduction measures.

Canadian and North American environmental groups feel that Canada lacks credibility on environmental policy and regularly criticize Canada in international venues. In the last few months of 2009, Canada's attitude was criticized at the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) conference,{{cite news|last=Cheadle|first=Bruce|date=November 14, 2009|title=Harper Criticized On Climate Change At APEC Summit|work=Canadian Press|publisher=CITY-TV|location=Toronto|url=http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/international/article/63318--harper-criticized-on-climate-change-at-apec-summit|url-status=dead|access-date=December 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604104526/http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/international/article/63318--harper-criticized-on-climate-change-at-apec-summit|archive-date=June 4, 2011}} at the Commonwealth summit,{{cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=November 26, 2009|title=Scientists target Canada over climate change|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/26/canada-criticised-over-climate-change|access-date=December 18, 2009|archive-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215105613/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/26/canada-criticised-over-climate-change|url-status=live}} and the Copenhagen conference.{{cite news|last=Cryderman|first=Kelly|date=December 6, 2009|title=Canada has target on its back headed into Copenhagen summit|work=Canwest News Service|publisher=Global TV|url=http://news.globaltv.com/technology/Canada+target+back+headed+into+Copenhagen+summit/2309960/story.html|access-date=December 18, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202733/http://news.globaltv.com/technology/Canada+target+back+headed+into+Copenhagen+summit/2309960/story.html|url-status=dead}}

In 2011, Canada, Japan and Russia stated that they would not take on further Kyoto targets.{{cite news|date=December 13, 2011|title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto protocol|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pulls-out-kyoto-protocol|access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217115504/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pulls-out-kyoto-protocol|url-status=live}} The Canadian government invoked Canada's legal right to formally withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol on December 12, 2011.{{cite news|date=December 12, 2011|title=Canada withdrawing from Kyoto|work=The Toronto Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1100802--canada-withdrawing-from-kyoto?bn=1#article|access-date=December 12, 2011|archive-date=January 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231408/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1100802--canada-withdrawing-from-kyoto?bn=1#article|url-status=live}} Canada was committed to cutting its greenhouse emissions to 6% below 1990 levels by 2012, but in 2009 emissions were 17% higher than in 1990. Environment minister Peter Kent cited Canada's liability to "enormous financial penalties" under the treaty unless it withdrew.{{citation|author1=David Ljunggren|title=Canada to pull out of Kyoto protocol|date=December 13, 2011|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/13/canada-to-pull-out-of-kyoto-protocol/|newspaper=Financial Post|access-date=January 9, 2012|author2=Randall Palmer|agency=Reuters|archive-date=January 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109011937/http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/13/canada-to-pull-out-of-kyoto-protocol/|url-status=live}} Canada's decision was strongly criticized by representatives of other ratifying countries, including France and China.

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international agreement. Its main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.{{Cite web|last=United Nations|first=United Nations Climate Change|title=The Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-10|website=unfccc.int|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418112645/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |archive-date=April 18, 2018 }} The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country.{{Cite web|title=NDC spotlight|url=https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions/ndc-spotlight|access-date=12 May 2021|website=UNFCCC|archive-date=May 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510083421/https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions/ndc-spotlight|url-status=live}} Every party in the agreement has different targets based on its own historical climate records and country's circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.{{cite web|title=Nationally Determined Contributions|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs#eq-5|access-date=15 May 2021|website=unfccc|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509122153/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs#eq-5|url-status=live}}

Climate action tracker (CAT) is an independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement. Climate action tracker found Canada actions to be "insufficient".{{Cite web|title=Canada {{!}} Climate Action Tracker|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/canada/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|website=climateactiontracker.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111062415/http://climateactiontracker.org/countries/canada |archive-date=November 11, 2014 }}

{{Bar box

|float=right

|title=Greenhouse gas emissions (t CO2Eq) per capita (2016)

|titlebar=#DDD

|left1=Jurisdiction

|right2=t CO2Eq

|width=400px

|bars=

{{bar pixel|{{QC}}|lightblue|9.55}}

{{bar pixel|{{ON}}|lightblue|11.82}}

{{bar pixel|{{PE}}|lightblue|12.60}}

{{bar pixel|{{BC}}|lightblue|13.34}}

{{bar pixel|{{flag|Nunavut}}|lightblue|13.91}}

{{bar pixel|{{YK}}|lightblue|16.73}}

{{bar pixel|{{MB}}|lightblue|17.21}}

{{bar pixel|{{NS}}|lightblue|17.32}}

{{bar pixel|{{NB}}|lightblue|18.74}}

{{bar pixel|{{NL}}|lightblue|19.24}}

{{bar pixel|{{can}}|red|20.14}}

{{bar pixel|{{NT}}|lightblue|28.72}}

{{bar pixel|{{AB}}|lightblue|67.12}}

{{bar pixel|{{SK}}|lightblue|71.02}}

}}

In the mid-2000s, mitigation measures in some provinces moved forward, though the federal government under Stephen Harper was did not develop a federal monitoring and credible reduction regime. Several provincial governments established programs to reduce emissions in their respective territories. These measure were later integrated in the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change under the premiership of Justin Trudeau.

Ontario premier Doug Ford has been very vocal about his opposition to these programs, and abolished them when he came to office in Ontario. He maintains that the federal carbon tax imposed on his province will cause a recession. Economists have studied the issue and do not agree, citing the example of British Columbia, which has had a carbon tax since 2008 causing no economic downturn for the province.Doug Ford warns of recession with carbon tax, economists disagree,[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-doug-ford-warns-of-recession-with-carbon-tax-economists-disagree/, The Globe and Mail], Laura Stone, Retrieved May 22, 2019

{{update-section|date=February 2021}}

Alberta has an established "Climate Change Action Plan",{{cite web|title=Climate Change Action Plan|url=http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7894.pdf|year=2008|author=Government of Alberta|access-date=September 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127164641/http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7894.pdf|archive-date=January 27, 2016}} released in 2008. The Specified Gas Emitters Regulation in Alberta made it the first jurisdiction in North America to have a price on carbon in 2007.{{citation | url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2007_139.cfm&leg_type=Regs&isbncln=9780779738151 | title=Climate Change and Emissions Management Act: Specified Gas Emitters Regulation | work=Alberta Queen's Printer | date=2007 | access-date=October 28, 2015 | pages=27 | location=Edmonton, Alberta | archive-date=September 26, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926001623/http://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2007_139.cfm&leg_type=Regs&isbncln=9780779738151 | url-status=live }} and was renewed to 2017 with increased stringency. It requires "large final emitters", defined as facilities emitting more than 100,000 t CO{{sub|2}}eq per year, to comply with an emission intensity reduction which increases over time and caps at 12% in 2015, 15% in 2016 and 20% in 2017. Facilities have several options for compliance. They may actually make reductions, pay into the Climate Change and Emission Management Fund (CCEMF), purchase credits from other large final emitters or purchase credits from non-large final emitters in the form of offset credits.{{citation |url=http://aep.alberta.ca/climate-change/guidelines-legislation/specified-gas-emitters-regulation/default.aspx |title=Specified Gas Emitters Regulation |access-date=October 28, 2015 |work=Alberta Environment and Parks (AEP) |date=2007 |archive-date=November 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101130032/http://aep.alberta.ca/climate-change/guidelines-legislation/specified-gas-emitters-regulation/default.aspx |url-status=live }} Criticisms against the intensity-based approach to pricing carbon include the fact that there is no hard cap on emissions and actual emissions may always continue to rise despite the fact that carbon has a price. Benefits of an intensity-based system include the fact that during economic recessions, the carbon intensity reduction will remain equally as stringent and challenging, while hard caps tend to become easily met, irrelevant and do not work to reduce emissions. Alberta has also been criticized that its goals are too weak, and that the measures enacted are not likely to achieve the goals. In 2015, the newly elected government committed to revising the climate change strategy.{{citation |url=http://alberta.ca/climate-leadership.cfm |title=Climate Leadership |date=2015 |access-date=October 28, 2015 |work=Government of Alberta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014180619/http://alberta.ca/climate-leadership.cfm |archive-date=October 14, 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{citation |url=https://www.alberta.ca/albertacode/images/Climate-Leadership-Discussion-Document.pdf |title=Climate Leadership Discussion Document |access-date=October 28, 2015 |date=August 2015 |work=Government of Alberta |pages=57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120222503/http://www.alberta.ca/albertacode/images/Climate-Leadership-Discussion-Document.pdf |archive-date=November 20, 2015 |url-status=dead }}

As of 2008, Alberta's electricity sector was the most carbon-intensive of all Canadian provinces and territories, with total emissions of 55.9 million tonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent in 2008, accounting for 47% of all Canadian emissions in the electricity and heat generation sector.{{cite book|author=Environment Canada|publisher=UNFCCC|title=National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada 1990–2008 (3 volumes)|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/application/zip/can_2010_nir_15apr.zip |date=April 15, 2010}}{{Update inline|date=February 2021}}

In November 2015, Premier Rachel Notley unveiled plans to increase the province's carbon tax to $20 per tonne in 2017, increasing further to $30 per tonne by 2018.{{cite news|last1=Bakx|first1=Kyle|title=Alberta's carbon tax: What we still don't know|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-climate-plan-tombe-carbon-tax-1.3548458|access-date=May 7, 2016|work=CBC News|agency=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=April 24, 2016|archive-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507134526/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-climate-plan-tombe-carbon-tax-1.3548458|url-status=live}} This policy shift came about partly because of the rejection of the Keystone XL pipeline, which the premier likened to a "kick in the teeth".{{cite news|last1=Giovanetti|first1=Justin|last2=Jones|first2=Jeffrey|title=Alberta carbon plan a major pivot in environmental policy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/alberta-to-release-climate-change-policy-at-edmonton-science-centre/article27433002/|access-date=May 7, 2016|work=The Globe and Mail|date=November 22, 2015|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220143540/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/alberta-to-release-climate-change-policy-at-edmonton-science-centre/article27433002/|url-status=live}} The province's new climate policies also include phasing out coal-fired power plants by 2030, and cutting emissions of methane by 45% by 2025.{{cite web|title=Climate Leadership|url=https://www.alberta.ca/climate.cfm|publisher=Alberta Government|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507085455/http://www.alberta.ca/climate.cfm|archive-date=May 7, 2016|url-status=dead}}

BC has announced many ambitious policies to address climate change mitigation, particularly through its Climate Action Plan,{{cite web |url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/cap.html#cap |title=Climate Action Plan |publisher=Climate Action Secretariat |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507063549/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/cap.html#cap |archive-date=May 7, 2013 |url-status=dead }} released in 2008. It has set legislated greenhouse gas reduction targets of 33% below 2007 levels by 2020 and 80% by 2050.{{cite web |url=http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_07042_01 |title=Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act |publisher=BC Laws |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216130342/http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_07042_01 |url-status=live }}

BC's revenue neutral carbon tax is the first of its kind in North America. It was introduced at $10/tonne of CO{{sub|2}}eq in 2008 and has risen by $5/tonne annual increases until it reached $30/tonne in 2012. In 2021, the carbon tax increased from $40/tonne to $45/tonne, and is scheduled to reach $50/tonne in 2022.{{Cite web|last=Strategy|first=Ministry of Environment and Climate Change|title=British Columbia's Carbon Tax - Province of British Columbia|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/clean-economy/carbon-tax|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www2.gov.bc.ca|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185937/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/clean-economy/carbon-tax|url-status=live}} It is required in legislation that all revenues from the carbon tax are returned to British Columbians through tax cuts in other areas.{{cite web |url=http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/carbon_tax.htm |title=Carbon Tax |publisher=Ministry of Finance |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329065145/http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/carbon_tax.htm |url-status=live }}

BC's provincial public sector organizations became the first in North America to be considered carbon neutral in 2010, partly by purchasing carbon offsets.{{cite web |url=http://www.livesmartbc.ca/carbonneutral |title=Carbon Neutral BC Public Sector |publisher=Province of BC |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307192135/http://www.livesmartbc.ca/carbonneutral/ |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/public-sector/cnar?keyword=carbon&keyword=neutral|title=Public sector Climate Change Accountability Reports - Province of British Columbia|access-date=November 15, 2018|archive-date=November 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113204/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/public-sector/cnar?keyword=carbon&keyword=neutral|url-status=live}} The Clean Energy Vehicles Program provides incentives for the purchase of approved clean energy vehicles and for charging infrastructure installation.{{cite web |url=http://www.livesmartbc.ca/incentives/transportation/ |title=Clean Energy Vehicle Incentives |publisher=Province of BC |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114150054/http://www.livesmartbc.ca/incentives/transportation/ |archive-date=November 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }} There has been action across sectors including financing options and incentives for building retrofits, a Forest Carbon Offset Protocol, a Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and landfill gas management regulation.

BC's GHG emissions have been going down, and in 2012 (based on 2010 data) BC declared it was within reach of meeting its interim target of a 6% reduction below 2007 levels by 2012. GHG emissions went down by 4.5% between 2007 and 2010, and consumption of all the main fossil fuels are down in BC as well while GDP and population have both been growing.{{cite web |url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/pdfs/2012-Progress-to-Targets.pdf |title=Making Progress on B.C.'s Climate Action Plan |publisher=Province of BC |access-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412120557/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/pdfs/2012-Progress-to-Targets.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}

In 2018 it was announced that the province "after stalling on sustained climate action for several years, admitted they could not meet their 2020 target", the 33% reduction target had stalled at 6.5%.{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-government-drops-greenhouse-gas-target-for-new-2030-goal-1.4653075| title = B.C. government drops greenhouse gas target for new 2030 goal {{!}} CBC News| access-date = November 15, 2018| archive-date = January 15, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190115220709/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-government-drops-greenhouse-gas-target-for-new-2030-goal-1.4653075| url-status = live}} Provincially BC is the second-largest consumer of natural gas at 2.3 billion cubic feet per day.{{cite web | url=https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/cda-eng.html | title=NEB – Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles – Canada | date=May 13, 2022 | access-date=November 15, 2018 | archive-date=November 15, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113040/https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/cda-eng.html | url-status=live }}

In August 2007, the Ontario government released Go Green: Ontario's Action Plan on Climate Change. The plan established three targets: a 6% reduction in emissions by 2014, 15% by 2020 and 80% by 2050. The government has committed to report annually on the actions it is taking to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change.{{cite web |url=http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STD01_076573.html |title=Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change |access-date=August 2, 2016 |quote= |archive-date=January 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125160100/http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STD01_076573.html |url-status=live }} With the initiatives currently in place, the government projects it will achieve 90% of the reductions needed to meet its 2014 target, and only 60% of those needed to meet the 2020 target.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STDPROD_101104.html |title=Climate Vision: Climate Change Progress Report. Technical Appendix. |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-date=March 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309205506/http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STDPROD_101104.html |url-status=live }}

The largest emissions reductions to date have come from the phase-out of coal-fired power generation by Ontario Power Generation. In August 2007, the government issued a regulation that required the end of coal burning at Ontario's four remaining coal-fired power plants by the end of 2014.Ontario Regulation 496/07 – Cessation of Coal Use – Atikokan, Lambton, Nanticoke and Thunder Bay Generating Stations, issued under the Environmental Protection Act. Since 2003, emissions from these plants have dropped from 36.5 Mt to 4.2 Mt.[http://www.opg.com/pdf/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Report%202011.pdf Ontario Power Generation, 2011 Annual Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309054101/http://www.opg.com/pdf/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Report%202011.pdf |date=March 9, 2013 }} In January 2013, the government announced that coal will be completely phased out one year early, by the end of 2013.{{Cite web |url=http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2013/01/cleaner-air-and-more-green-space-for-ontarians-to-enjoy.html |title=Cleaner Air and More Green Space for Ontarians to Enjoy: McGuinty Government Closing Coal Plants Earlier, Growing Greenbelt. January 20, 2013 |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120092540/http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2013/01/cleaner-air-and-more-green-space-for-ontarians-to-enjoy.html |url-status=live }} The last coal generating station was closed on April 8, 2014, in Thunder Bay.{{cite web |url=http://www.opg.com/news-and-media/news-releases/Documents/140415TBGSBurnsLastCoal.pdf |title=Ontario Power Generation Moves to Cleaner Energy Future: Thunder Bay Station Burns Last Piece of Coal |publisher=Ontario Power Generation |access-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-date=July 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718213224/http://www.opg.com/news-and-media/news-releases/Documents/140415TBGSBurnsLastCoal.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Through the Green Energy and Green Economy Act, 2009{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/source/statutes/english/2009/elaws_src_s09012_e.htm |title=An Act to enact the Green Energy Act, 2009 and to build a green economy, to repeal the Energy Conservation Leadership Act, 2006 and the Energy Efficiency Act and to amend other statutes. |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-date=December 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220160209/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/source/statutes/english/2009/elaws_src_s09012_e.htm |url-status=live }} Ontario implemented a feed-in tariff to promote the development of renewable energy generation. Ontario is also a member of the Western Climate Initiative. In January 2013, a discussion paper was posted on the Environmental Registry seeking input on the development of a greenhouse gas emissions reduction program for industry.

Over the years, transportation emissions have continued to increase. Growing from 44.8 Mt in 1990 to 59.5 Mt in 2010, transportation is responsible for the largest amount of greenhouse gas emissions in the province. Efforts to reduce these emissions include investing in public transit and providing incentives for the purchase of electric vehicles.

The government also recognizes the need for climate change adaptation and, in April 2011, released Climate Ready: Ontario's Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2011–2014.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STDPROD_081665.html |title=Climate Ready: Ontario's Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2011–2014 |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-date=March 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314131356/http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STDPROD_081665.html |url-status=live }}

As required by the Environmental Bill of Rights, 1993, the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario does an independent review and reports annually to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on the progress of activities in the province to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

On June 7, 2018, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario under Doug Ford was elected to a majority government.{{Cite news |date=2018-06-07 |title=Doug Ford's Progressive Conservatives win majority in Ontario |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/doug-ford-s-progressive-conservatives-win-majority-in-ontario-1.3963986 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231203104009/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/doug-ford-s-progressive-conservatives-win-majority-in-ontario-1.3963986 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=CTVNews |language=en-CA}}{{Cite news |last=Denette |first=Nathan |date=2018-06-08 |title=Doug Ford has won Ontario’s election. What happens now? A guide |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-doug-ford-wins-ontario-election-explainer/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}} Since then there has been a great deal of controversy regarding the environmental policies of his government. Among the changes to environmental policy by Ford's government were the withdrawal of Ontario from the Western Climate Initiative emissions trading system, which had been implemented by the previous Liberal government, and eliminating the office of the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario, a non-partisan officer of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario charged with enforcing Ontario's Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR).Doug Ford government one of the most 'anti-environmental' in generations, says Green Party leader [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/doug-ford-climate-change-environment-plan-1.5104740, CBC News], Lisa Xing, Retrieved May 22, 2019 The Ford government released a report indicating that the duties of the Environmental Commissioner would be transferred to the Auditor General of Ontario.{{Cite news |last=Syed |first=Fatima |date=2019-01-04 |title=Ontario environment watchdogs say Doug Ford just gutted a law that protects your rights |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2019/01/04/news/ontario-environment-watchdogs-say-doug-ford-just-gutted-law-protects-your-rights |access-date=2025-03-28 |language=en |website=Canada's National Observer: Climate News}}Doug Ford's Climate Policy Is 'Very Frightening', Watchdog Says[https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2019/03/27/doug-fords-climate-policy-is-very-frightening-watchdog-says_a_23701437/, Huffington Post], Canadian Press, Retrieved May 22, 2019FAQs — Integrating the Work of the Environmental Commissioner into the Auditor General's Office,[http://www.auditor.on.ca/en/content/downloads/ECO_FAQs_update.pdf Government of Ontario PDF], Retrieved May 22, 2019 Other criticisms levelled by Mike Schreiner of the Green Party of Ontario include cuts to the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks as well as making unspecified changes to the Endangered Species Act.

Greenhouse gas emissions increased by 3.8% in Quebec between 1990 and 2007, to 85.7 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent before falling to 81.7 in 2015. At 9.9 tonnes per capita, Quebec's emissions are well below the Canadian average (20.1 tonnes) and accounted for 11.1% of Canada's total in 2015.{{cite report |title=Climate Change: Actions to Reduce GHGs, The Québec Economic Plan, Budget 2018–2019 |date=March 2018 |publisher=Government of Québec |pages=5–6 |url=http://www.budget.finances.gouv.qc.ca/budget/2018-2019/en/documents/ClimateChange_1819.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126005717/http://www.budget.finances.gouv.qc.ca/budget/2018-2019/en/documents/ClimateChange_1819.pdf |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |access-date =25 November 2018}}

Emissions in the electricity sector spiked in 2007, due to the operation of the TransCanada Energy combined cycle gas turbine in Becancour. The generating station, Quebec's largest source of greenhouse gas emissions that year, released 1,687,314 tonnes of CO{{sub|2}} equivalent in 2007{{cite web |title=Search Facility Data – Results |author=Environnement Canada |work=Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting on Greenhouse Gases |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/onlinedata/table_e.cfm?sortC=total_emission_eq&sortD=DESC&year=2007&gasorcas=gas&gas=A&cas=A&fac_name=&npri_id=&c_local=P&prov=11&city=169&postal=&naics=A |access-date=January 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130627101350/http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/onlinedata/table_e.cfm?sortC=total_emission_eq&sortD=DESC&year=2007&gasorcas=gas&gas=A&cas=A&fac_name=&npri_id=&c_local=P&prov=11&city=169&postal=&naics=A |archive-date=June 27, 2013 }} or 72.1% of all emissions from the sector and 2% of total emissions. The plant was closed in 2008{{cite news|title=Ratés dans la stratégie énergétique du Québec |url=http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/ecolastie/200901/06/01-689478-rates-dans-la-strategie-energetique-du-quebec.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115123124/http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/ecolastie/200901/06/01-689478-rates-dans-la-strategie-energetique-du-quebec.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |date=December 4, 2007 |work=La Presse |first1=Hélène |last1=Baril |access-date=May 13, 2009 |language=French }} in 2009{{cite news |title=Bécancour : Hydro-Québec devra verser près de 200 M$ |url=http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/ecolastie/200901/06/01-688822-becancour-hydro-quebec-devra-verser-pres-de-200-m.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115144730/http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/ecolastie/200901/06/01-688822-becancour-hydro-quebec-devra-verser-pres-de-200-m.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |first=Pierre |last=Couture |work=Le Soleil |date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=May 13, 2009 |language=French }} and in 2010.{{cite news|first=Pierre |last=Couture |work=Le Soleil |title=Hydro-Québec versera 250 millions $ à TransCanada Energy |date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=December 19, 2009 |url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-soleil/affaires/actualite-ecolastique/200907/09/01-882848-hydro-quebec-versera-250-millions-a-transcanada-energy.php |language=French}}

Between 1990 – the reference year of the Kyoto Protocol – and 2006, Quebec's population grew by 9.2% and Quebec's GDP of 41.3%. The emission intensity relative to GDP declined from 28.1% during this period, dropping from 4,500 to 3,300 tonnes of CO{{sub|2}} equivalent per million dollars of gross domestic product (GDP).{{cite web |title=Inventaire québécois des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2006 et évolution depuis 1990 |url=http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/changements/ges/2006/inventaire2006.pdf |date=November 2008 |author=Government of Quebec |publisher=Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs |access-date=May 15, 2009 |page=5 |language=French |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616023159/http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/changements/ges/2006/inventaire2006.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2011 }}

In May 2009, Quebec became the first jurisdiction in the Americas to impose an emissions cap after the Quebec National Assembly passed a bill capping emissions from certain sectors. The move was coordinated with a similar policy in the neighboring province of Ontario and reflects the commitment of both provinces as members of the Western Climate Initiative.{{cite news |first=Louis-Gilles |last=Francoeur |title=Le Québec et l'Ontario tiendront un registre conjoint des émissions de GES |work=Le Devoir |location=Montreal |date=May 12, 2009 |page=1 |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/2009/05/12/249992.html |access-date=May 12, 2009 |language=French |archive-date=May 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517112047/http://www.ledevoir.com/2009/05/12/249992.html |url-status=live }}

On November 23, 2009, the Quebec government pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% below the 1990 base year level by 2020, a goal similar to that adopted by the European Union. The government intends to achieve its target by promoting public transit, electric vehicles and intermodal freight transport. The plan also calls for the increased use of wood as a building material, energy recovery from biomass, and a land use planning reform.{{cite news |first1=Louis-Gilles |last1=Francoeur |title=Climat: le Québec vise haut |work=Le Devoir |location=Montreal |date=November 24, 2009 |page=1 |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/277871/climat-le-quebec-vise-haut |access-date=November 26, 2009 |language=French |archive-date=November 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130063427/http://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/277871/climat-le-quebec-vise-haut |url-status=live }}. As of 2015 the rate of emissions has been reduced by 8.8%. In order to encourage electrification of the transportation sector, Quebec has introduced numerous policies to promote the purchase of electric vehicles. In 2018, the proportion of electric vehicles among all new passenger car sales in Quebec rose to 9.8%.{{cite web |title=Electric Vehicles Sales Update Q3 2018, Canada |first=Eric |last=Schmidt |date=6 November 2018 |website=Fleetcarma |url=https://www.fleetcarma.com/electric-vehicles-sales-update-q3-2018-canada/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126010126/https://www.fleetcarma.com/electric-vehicles-sales-update-q3-2018-canada/ |archive-date=26 November 2018 | access-date=25 November 2018}}

Many climate change adaptation policies are within provincial government's jurisdiction. However, adaptation is currently low in their list of environmental priorities, and most provinces have no climate adaptation plan at all.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-03-27|title=Perspectives on Climate Change Action in Canada—A Collaborative Report from Auditors General|url=https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_otp_201803_e_42883.html#ex6|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.oag-bvg.gc.ca|publisher=Office of the Auditor General of Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327190448/http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_otp_201803_e_42883.html |archive-date=March 27, 2018 }}

{{Main|Assisted migration of forests in North America}}

However, some provinces implemented assisted colonization policies to guide their forests to their future optimal range. As the climate gets warmer, tree species' become less adapted to the conditions of their historical southern or downhill range and more adapted to the climatic condition of areas north or uphill of their historical range.{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Mary I.|last2=Dumroese|first2=R. Kasten|date=2014|title=Assisted Migration: What It Means to Nursery Managers and Tree Planters|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2014_williams_m002.pdf|journal=Tree Planters' Notes|volume=57|issue=1|pages=21–26|access-date=February 28, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424034130/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2014_williams_m002.pdf|url-status=live}} In the late 2000s and early 2010s, the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia modified their tree reseeding guidelines to account for this phenomenon. British Columbia even gave the green light for the relocation of a single species, the Western Larch, 1000 km northward.{{Cite journal|last=Klenk|first=Nicole L.|date=2015-03-01|title=The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the politics of composing future forests|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837714002749|journal=Land Use Policy|language=en|volume=44|pages=101–109|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.12.003|bibcode=2015LUPol..44..101K |issn=0264-8377|url-access=subscription}}

According to data in 2021, for giving the world a 50% chance of avoiding a temperature rise of 2 degrees or more Canada should increase its climate commitments by 57%.{{cite journal|last1=R. Liu|first1=Peiran|last2=E. Raftery|first2=Adrian|date=9 February 2021|title=Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target|journal=Communications Earth & Environment|volume=2|issue=1|page=29|doi=10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8|pmid=33899003|pmc=8064561|bibcode=2021ComEE...2...29L|doi-access=free}}{{rp|Table 1}} For a 95% chance it should increase the commitments by 160%. For giving a 50% chance of staying below 1.5 degrees Canada should increase its commitments by 215%.

File:Global Climate Strike Ottawa 2019 03.jpg in Ottawa]]

The Canadian Wildlife Federation (CWF), one of the largest conservation organisations in the country, lobbies for climate change mitigation. According to CWF the organization recognized the need for action in 1977.{{citation|title=Climate Change Policy|url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/what-we-do/issues/issues-of-concern/climate-change/policy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721060957/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/what-we-do/issues/issues-of-concern/climate-change/policy.html|archive-date=July 21, 2010|url-status=dead}} It published Checkerspot, a now discontinued biannual climate change magazine.

Some Canadian groups have also lobbied for fossil fuel divestment.{{Cite web|date=2020-10-05|title=Divest Canada Coalition calls for nationwide blanket divestment from fossil fuels at universities|url=https://thevarsity.ca/2020/10/04/divest-canada-coalition-calls-for-nationwide-blanket-divestment-from-fossil-fuels-at-universities/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=The Varsity|language=en-US|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005528/https://thevarsity.ca/2020/10/04/divest-canada-coalition-calls-for-nationwide-blanket-divestment-from-fossil-fuels-at-universities/|url-status=live}}

According to a 2020 survey of the Canadian Nuclear Association, climate change concerns Canadians more than any other issue.{{cite web |title=Climate change is number one worry for Canadians, study finds |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Climate-change-is-number-one-worry-for-Canadians, |website=World Nuclear News |publisher=World Nuclear Association |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907214946/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Climate-change-is-number-one-worry-for-Canadians, |url-status=live }}

In a 2021 survey, Nanos Research found that 30% of Canadians reported that climate change was their top worry, 2nd place behind inflation (36%) and ahead of the COVID-19 pandemic (29%).{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Sarah |title=Inflation, climate change, pandemic top Canadians' list of worries: Nanos |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/inflation-climate-change-pandemic-top-canadians-list-of-worries-nanos-1.5691545 |access-date=11 December 2021 |agency=CTV News |date=December 2, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211224113/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/inflation-climate-change-pandemic-top-canadians-list-of-worries-nanos-1.5691545 |url-status=live }}

Canadians think the threat posed by climate change is higher than their United States counterparts do, but slightly below the median opinion of other nations included in a Pew Research Center survey in 2018.{{cite web |last1=Fagan |first1=Moira |last2=Huang |first2=Christine |title=A look at how people around the world view climate change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/18/a-look-at-how-people-around-the-world-view-climate-change/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=April 18, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902083221/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/18/a-look-at-how-people-around-the-world-view-climate-change/ |url-status=live }} However the majority of Canadians in every electoral riding of every province in Canada believe that climate is changing.{{cite web |title=Canadians in every riding support climate change action |url=https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/canadians-in-every-riding-support-climate-change-action/ |publisher=Macleans |access-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222082811/https://www.macleans.ca/society/environment/canadians-in-every-riding-support-climate-change-action/ |url-status=live }}

Rates of acceptance (belief) for ongoing climate change are highest in British Columbia and Quebec, and lowest in the prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In a survey published by the University of Montreal and colleagues, national belief that the earth was warming was at 83%, while 12% of respondents said the earth was not warming. However, when asked if this warming is due to human activity, only 60% of respondents said "yes".{{cite web |title=Changements climatique |url=https://www.umontreal.ca/climat/engl/index.html |publisher=Université de Montreal |access-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923154113/https://www.umontreal.ca/climat/engl/index.html |url-status=live }} These numbers are consistent with a 2015 survey that showed 85% of Canadians believed the earth was warming, while only 61% felt this warming was due to human activity. Canadian public opinion that human activity is responsible for global warming slightly declined overall from 2007 to 2015.{{cite web |title=Canadian public opinion about climate change |url=https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/focus-canada-2015-public-opinion-climate-change.pdf |publisher=David Suzuki Foundation |access-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525021916/https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/focus-canada-2015-public-opinion-climate-change.pdf |url-status=live }} When asked whether their province has already felt the effects of climate change, 70% of Canadians responded "yes". This result was based on a majority of respondents in almost all electoral ridings. At the same time, the three ridings in Alberta where opinion was lowest each polled at 49% "yes", which is just below a majority. National support for action to stop climate change sits at 58%, with similar levels of support for either a cap and trade system (58%) or a direct tax on carbon emissions (54%).

A December 2018 Ipsos-Reid poll was conducted to gauge the public's opinion of Doug Ford's environmental policies in Ontario. The poll results were as follows:{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Allison |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Internal poll finds voters have negative opinion of PCs environmental policies |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-environment-ford-poll-climate-carbon-tax-1.5079010 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230927165046/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-environment-ford-poll-climate-carbon-tax-1.5079010 |archive-date=2023-09-27 |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=CBC News |language=en-US}}Internal poll finds voters have negative opinion of PCs environmental policies,[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-environment-ford-poll-climate-carbon-tax-1.5079010, CBC News], Allison Jones, Retrieved May 22, 2019

• Negative – 45%
• Positive – 27%
• Neutral – 28%

In 2021, in the midst of the COP26, a poll concluded that 25% of Canadians were of the opinion that international conferences on climate change were useful to fight climate change.{{Cite web|last=QMI|first=Agence|title=Les Québécois sceptiques sur l'issue de la COP26, selon un sondage|url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/11/17/les-quebecois-sceptiques-sur-lissue-de-la-cop26-selon-un-sondage|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Le Journal de Montréal|date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126200854/https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/11/17/les-quebecois-sceptiques-sur-lissue-de-la-cop26-selon-un-sondage|url-status=live}}

A 2012 Canadian poll, found that 32% of Canadians said they believe climate change is happening because of human activity, while 54% said they believe it's because of human activity and partially due to natural climate variation. 9% believe climate change is occurring due to natural climate variation, and only 2% said they do not believe climate change is occurring at all.{{cite news |date=15 August 2012 |title=Only 2 per cent of Canadians don't believe in climate change: poll |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/only-2-per-cent-of-canadians-dont-believe-in-climate-change-poll/article4482183/}}

{{excerpt|Media coverage of climate change|Canada}}

{{portal|Climate change|Weather|Canada}}{{Commons category}}

• Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
• Climate change in the Arctic
• Climate change and indigenous peoples
• Environmental issues in Canada
• Hard Choices: Climate Change in Canada (2004 book)
• List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita
• Renewable energy in Canada
• Regional effects of global warming
• Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Bush, E. and Lemmen, D.S., editors (2019): [https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019 Canada's Changing Climate Report]; Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 444 p.

• [http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/ Canada's Action on Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610001809/http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/ |date=June 10, 2017 }} – Government of Canada
• [https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change.html Environment And Climate Change Canada] – Climate Change page

{{Climate change in Canada|state=expanded}}

{{Climate change regions|state=expanded}}

Category:Climate change by country