g20

The G20 is the latest in a series of post–World War II initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which include institutions such as the "Bretton Woods twins", the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization.See, e.g., {{harvnb|Woods|2006}}; {{harvnb|Gilpin|2001}}; {{harvnb|Markwell|2006}}.

The G20 was foreshadowed at the Cologne summit of the G7 in June 1999, and formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. Canadian finance minister Paul Martin was chosen as the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the

meeting.{{cite web|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/g20whatisit.html|title=What is the G20?|publisher=University of Toronto|year=2010|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901032607/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/g20whatisit.html|url-status=live}}

A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and Johannes F. Linn of the Brookings Institution asserted the group was founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7.{{cite web|author1=Colin I. Bradford|author2=Johannes F. Linn|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-economic-governance-at-a-crossroads-replacing-the-g-7-with-the-g-20/|title=Global Economics|publisher=Brookings Institution|year=2004|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511181704/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-economic-governance-at-a-crossroads-replacing-the-g-7-with-the-g-20/|url-status=live}} However, Bradford later described then-Finance Minister of Canada (and future Prime Minister of Canada) Paul Martin as "the crucial architect of the formation of the G20 at finance minister level", and as the one who later "proposed that the G20 countries move to leaders level summits".{{cite web|last1=Bradford|first1=Colin I.|title=Web Chat: Previewing the G-20 Summit|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2010/06/23/web-chat-previewing-the-g-20-summit/|publisher=Brookings Institution|access-date=7 July 2017|date=23 June 2010|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225153718/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2010/06/23/web-chat-previewing-the-g-20-summit/|url-status=live}} Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 as a project initiated by Martin and his American counterpart then-Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.{{cite web|last1=Kirton|first1=John|title=Explaining G20 Summit Success|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/biblio/kirton-aiia-2013.html|website=G20 Information Centre|publisher=Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto|access-date=7 July 2017|date=17 December 2013|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225154045/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/biblio/kirton-aiia-2013.html|url-status=live}}[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/07/01/who-gets-to-rule-the-world/ "Who gets to rule the world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221071945/http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/07/01/who-gets-to-rule-the-world/ |date=21 December 2013 }}. Sean Kilpatrick. Maclean's magazine (Canada). 1 July 2010{{cite news|last1=Ibbitson|first1=John|last2=Perkins|first2=Tara|title=How Canada made the G20 happen|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all|access-date=7 July 2017|work=The Globe and Mail|date=18 June 2010|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906200524/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all|url-status=live}}Thomas Axworthy. [https://www.thestar.com/opinion/eight-is-not-enough-at-summit/article_06b16fe1-c6a9-5359-ab12-210c978e12fb.html "Eight is not enough at summit."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329015901/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/eight-is-not-enough-at-summit/article_06b16fe1-c6a9-5359-ab12-210c978e12fb.html |date=29 March 2024 }} Toronto Star. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2011. All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive debt crises that had spread across emerging markets in the late 1990s, beginning with the Mexican peso crisis and followed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management in the autumn of 1998. It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.

The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy Caio Koch-Weser and Summers's deputy Timothy Geithner. According to the political economist Robert Wade:

{{Blockquote|"Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out."{{sfn|Wade|2009|p=553}}}}

The G20's primary focus has been governance of the global economy. Summit themes have varied from year to year. The theme of the 2006 G20 ministerial meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes.

In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with Trevor A. Manuel, South African Minister of Finance as chairperson of the G20.

In 2008, Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the G20 chairman and proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy, economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development.

On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G8 finance ministers, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008.

{{main|List of G20 summits}}{{Location map+|Earth|places={{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=38.907815|long=-77.033800|label=2008}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=51.509508|long=-0.129088|label=Apr 2009}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=40.440691|long=-79.998361|label=Sep 2009}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=43.653314|long=-79.378170|label=Jun 2010}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=37.547350|long=125.986772|label=Nov 2010}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=43.552242|long=7.016323|label=2011}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=23.063230|long=-109.702773|label=2012}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=59.850013|long=30.034831|label=2013}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-27.473660|long=153.026010|label=2014}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=36.863455|long=31.059269|label=2015}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=30.288661|long=120.149777|label=2016}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=53.550086|long=9.993717|label=2017}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-34.604351|long=-58.378397|label=2018}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=34.69372|long=135.5022|label=2019}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=24.686952411999155|long=46.7138671875|label=2020}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=41.883333|long=12.5|label=2021}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-8.491108|long=116.880592|label=2022}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=28.6139|long=77.2090|label=2023}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-22.911111|long=-43.205556|label=2024}}

{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=-26.2056|long=28.0337|label=2025}}|width=900|float=center|caption=Host cities of G20 summit}}

The Summit of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions, was created as a response both to the 2008 financial crisis and to a growing recognition that key emerging powers were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Additionally, G20 summits of heads of state or government were held.

After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm "US to host next G20 world meeting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531160335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm |date=31 May 2022 }}. BBC News. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2012.

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year.[http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf "Leaders' statement, the Pittsburgh Summit," p. 19 §50 (PDF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612200227/http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |date=12 June 2010 }}. G20.org. 25 September 2009. The 2016 summit was held in Hangzhou, China,{{cite web|url=http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g20.html|title=G20|publisher=Bond.org.uk|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624160605/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g20.html|url-status=dead}} the 2017 summit was held in Hamburg, Germany, the 2018 summit was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the 2019 summit was held in Osaka, Japan, the 2020 summit was scheduled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia but it was held virtually due to COVID-19, the 2021 summit was held in Rome, Italy, the 2022 summit was held in Bali, Indonesia and the 2023 summit was held in New Delhi, India. The 2024 Group of 20 (G20) Summit will take place from 18-19 November in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.{{Cite web |title=Summit Rio 2024 |url=https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/summit-rio-2024 |access-date= |website=www.g20.org |language=en}}

Several other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.{{cite web|title=G20 Ministerial Meetings|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/other.html|publisher=G20 Research Group|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821105143/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/other.html|url-status=live}}

In 2012, the G20 Ministers of Tourism and Heads of Delegation of G20 member countries and other invited States, as well as representatives from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and other organisations in the Travel & Tourism sector met in Mérida, Mexico, on May 16 at the 4th G20 meeting and focused on 'Tourism as a means to Job Creation'. As a result of this meeting and The World Travel & Tourism Council's Visa Impact Research, later on the Leaders of the G20, convened in Los Cabos on 18–19 June, would recognise the impact of Travel & Tourism for the first time. That year, the G20 Leaders Declaration added the following statement: "We recognise the role of travel and tourism as a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and development, and, while recognizing the sovereign right of States to control the entry of foreign nationals, we will work towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in support of job creation, quality work, poverty reduction and global growth."{{Cite web|title=G20 Los Cabos 2012: G20 Leaders Declaration|url=http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0619-loscabos.html|website=www.g20.utoronto.ca|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233607/http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2012/2012-0619-loscabos.html|url-status=live}}

In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, when Australia was hosting the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its annexation of Ukrainian Crimea.[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/canberra-considers-barring-vladimir-putin-from-g20-in-brisbane-over-crimea-crisis/story-fn59nm2j-1226859923271 "Canberra considers barring Vladimir Putin from G20 in Brisbane over Crimea crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326165708/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/canberra-considers-barring-vladimir-putin-from-g20-in-brisbane-over-crimea-crisis/story-fn59nm2j-1226859923271 |date=26 March 2014 }}. The Australian. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015. The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."

The 2015 G20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey, focused on "Inclusiveness, Investment, and Implementation," gathering leaders to address global economic challenges, development, climate change, and urgent issues like terrorism and refugees. Key outcomes included the Antalya Action Plan and commitments to financial stability, tax regulation, and energy policy.{{Cite web |title=Previous Summits |url=https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/previous-summit |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.g20.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye |title=G20 Leaders' Summit was held in Antalya |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/g20-leaders_-summit-was-held-in-antalya.en.mfa |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=www.mfa.gov.tr}}

In 2016, the G20 framed its commitment to the 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals in three key themes; the promotion of strong sustainable and balanced growth; protection of the planet from degradation; and furthering co-operation with low-income and developing countries. At the G20 Summit in Hangzhou, members agreed on an action plan and issued a high level principles document to member countries to help facilitate the agenda's implementation.{{Cite web|last=Observer Research Foundation|first=Tanu M. Goyal and Prateek Kukreja|date=4 November 2020|title=The Sustainable Development Agenda: Evaluating the G20 as a Stage for National and Collective Goals|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-sustainable-development-agenda/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Observer Research Foundation|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425162351/https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-sustainable-development-agenda/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=8 September 2016|title=G20 Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development|url=http://www.g20chn.org/English/Documents/Current/201609/P020160908661601548463.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061510/http://www.g20chn.org/English/Documents/Current/201609/P020160908661601548463.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2021|access-date=11 November 2020|website=G20 - 2016 China Summit}}

[https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/young-global-changers-blog/g20-and-current-global-challenges/ Japan hosted the 2019 summit],{{cite web| url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-20-summit/Japan-to-host-G-20-summit-in-2019-for-1st-time| title=Japan to host G-20 summit in 2019 for 1st time| date=9 July 2017| work=The Nikkei| access-date=8 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155420/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/G-20-summit/Japan-to-host-G-20-summit-in-2019-for-1st-time| archive-date=7 August 2017| url-status=dead}} The 2020 summit was to be held in Saudi Arabia,{{cite web| url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-arabia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2020-1.382504| title=Saudi Arabia to host G20 summit in 2020| date=8 July 2017| work=The National| access-date=8 July 2017| archive-date=28 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328152444/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-arabia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2020-1.382504| url-status=live}} but was instead held virtually on 21–22 November 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic under the presidency of Saudi Arabia. 2021 G20 Rome summit which was held in Rome, the capital city of Italy, on 30–31 October 2021.

Indonesia held the 2022 summit in November 2022. During its presidency, Indonesia focused on the global COVID-19 pandemic and how to collectively overcome the challenges related to it. The three priorities of Indonesia's G20 presidency were global health architecture, digital transformations, and sustainable energy transitions.{{Cite web |title=G20 summit, 15-16 November 2022 |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2022/11/15-16/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119042132/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2022/11/15-16/ |url-status=live }} The G20 Presidency of Indonesia, in partnership with the Pandemic Fund secretariat, also officially launched the Pandemic Fund at a high-level event. The Pandemic Fund expected to be as a key part of the solution for reducing risks from epidemics and pandemics in the most vulnerable parts of the world and contributing to a healthier and safer world .{{Cite web|title=G20 hosts Official Launch of The Pandemic Fund|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/12/g20-hosts-official-launch-of-the-pandemic-fund|access-date=2024-03-05|website=www.worldbank.org|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114052331/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/12/g20-hosts-official-launch-of-the-pandemic-fund|url-status=live}} Indonesia’s 2022 G20 presidency highlighted its leadership in promoting international cooperation, sustainable development, and Islamic messages of peace, including hosting the R20 forum to foster interfaith dialogue.https://civilizationalvalues.org/media/2023/GIGA-Focus_Indonesia's-Islamic-Peace-Diplomacy_Crafting-a-Role-Model-for-Moderate-Islam_02-2023.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=May 2025}}{{Cite web |title=The G20's first religious summit is a bold move for global peace - Academia |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/02/the-g20s-first-religious-summit-is-a-bold-move-for-globalpeace.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}

File:G20 2023 summit assoumani modi.jpg

India held the 2023 summit in September 2023.{{Cite web |last=P |first=Rajesh |date=2023-08-26 |title=G20 Summit to Address Pressing Global Issues-2023 |url=https://newsvaadi.com/g20-summit-to-address-pressing-global-issues-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826142915/https://newsvaadi.com/g20-summit-to-address-pressing-global-issues-2023/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=newsvaadi.com }} The presidency's theme was {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam}} ({{langx|sa|वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्}}; English:"One Earth, One Family, One Future"{{efn|literally mean 'The World Is One Family'}}).{{cite news |title='One Earth, One Family, One Future' will be theme of G-20 Presidency: PM Modi |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/one-earth-one-family-one-future-will-be-india-s-theme-of-g-20-presidency-pm-modi-11668581666777.html |work=mint |date=16 November 2022 |language=en |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227111522/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/one-earth-one-family-one-future-will-be-india-s-theme-of-g-20-presidency-pm-modi-11668581666777.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |first1=Devjyot |last1=Ghoshal |title=Explainer: India G20 presidency 2023: what does it mean and what can we expect |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-g20-presidency-2023-what-does-it-mean-what-can-we-expect-2022-12-02/ |website=reuters.com |date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530103644/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-g20-presidency-2023-what-does-it-mean-what-can-we-expect-2022-12-02/ |url-status=live }} In an interview on 26 August 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed optimism about the G20 countries' evolving agenda under India's presidency, shifting toward a human-centric development approach that aligns with the concerns of the Global South, including addressing climate change, debt restructuring through the G20's Common Framework for debt, and a strategy for regulation of global cryptocurrencies. G20 expanded by the inclusion of African Union, it is also the first inclusion since 1999.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=PM Narendra Modi interview highlights: From G20 presidency to India as a manufacturing destination, PM lays out his expansive vision for the country |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/pm-narendra-modi-interview-highlights-from-g20-presidency-to-india-as-a-manufacturing-destination-pm-lays-out-his-expansive-vision-for-the-country-395743-2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828052845/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/pm-narendra-modi-interview-highlights-from-g20-presidency-to-india-as-a-manufacturing-destination-pm-lays-out-his-expansive-vision-for-the-country-395743-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Exclusive {{!}} PM Modi calls for global framework on cryptocurrency. Here's what he said |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/exclusive-pm-modi-global-framework-cryptocurrency-here-what-he-said-2426908-2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=India Today |date=26 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062356/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/exclusive-pm-modi-global-framework-cryptocurrency-here-what-he-said-2426908-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title='G20 की अध्यक्षता कर पूरी दुनिया को नई राह दिखा रहा भारत', Exclusive इंटरव्यू में बोले पीएम मोदी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/exclusive-interview-of-pm-narendra-modi-chairmanship-of-g-20-talks-on-russia-ukraine-war-and-china-ntc-1765996-2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062357/https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/exclusive-interview-of-pm-narendra-modi-chairmanship-of-g-20-talks-on-russia-ukraine-war-and-china-ntc-1765996-2023-08-26 |url-status=live }}

The Brazilian presidency launched the G20 Social, a place where for the first time the organization will bring the civil society into the debate where it can participate and contribute to discussions and policy formulations regarding to the summit.{{Cite web|title=Understand what the G20 is and what Brazil's responsibilities are|url=https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/e-book-brasil-na-presidencia-do-g20|date=1 December 2023|website=G20 org|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201191944/https://www.g20.org/en/about-the-g20/e-book-brasil-na-presidencia-do-g20|url-status=live}}

To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all country members are assigned to one of five different groupings, with all but one group having four members, the other having three. States from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:{{cite news |url=http://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process |title=The Future of the G20 Process |publisher=Centre for International Governance Innovation |first=Barry |last=Carin |date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001621/https://www.cigionline.org/publications/2010/11/future-g20-process |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=19 October 2011}}{{cite web |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2016/11/30/rotating-g20-presidency-how-do-member-countries-take-turns |title=The Rotating G20 Presidency: How do member countries take turns? |website=boell.de |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323212338/https://www.boell.de/en/2016/11/30/rotating-g20-presidency-how-do-member-countries-take-turns |url-status=live }}

To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.{{cite web |url=http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |title=G20 Members |website=g20.org.tr |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160634/http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}

The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair (the presidency) rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. Together with the previous and following presidency a so-called troika is formed, to provide a smooth transition of secretariat functions.{{cite web | title=National Portal of India | website=National Portal of India | date=1 December 2022 | url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/group-twenty-g20 | access-date=19 October 2024}}

The 2022 summit was held in Bali, Indonesia. India was the chair in 2023 and hosted the 2023 summit. South Africa is the current chair and will host the 2025 Johannesburg Summit.{{Cite web|title=India to host G20 summit in 2023 after Italy, Indonesia; Brazil to hold presidency in 2024|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-after-italy-indonesia-brazil-to-hold-presidency-in-2024-1743128-2020-11-23|date=22 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426000703/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-after-italy-indonesia-brazil-to-hold-presidency-in-2024-1743128-2020-11-23|url-status=live}}

Additionally because of the lacking of a permanent secretariat the G20 has been relying on the OECD for more institutional competences substituting permanent secretariat functions.{{sfn|Wouters|Van Kerckhoven|2011}}

In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/15/2010111500563.html "Who Would Host a G20 Secretariat?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116195846/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/15/2010111500563.html |date=16 November 2010 }} Chosun Ilbo. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013. Brazil and China supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and Japan expressed opposition to the proposal. South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.

{{As of|2023}}, there are 21 members in the group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union. Guest invitees include, among others, Spain, the United Nations, the World Bank and ASEAN.{{cite web |title=G20 Members |url=http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |website=G20 2015 Turkey |access-date=2018-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160634/http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/g20-members/ |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=G20 2017 countries: Who are the members of the G20? |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/825533/G20-2017-who-are-members-summit-Hamburg-Germany-nations |author=Joe Tambini |date=7 July 2017 |website=Express |access-date=2018-12-04 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703132218/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/825533/G20-2017-who-are-members-summit-Hamburg-Germany-nations |url-status=live }}

Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union.

In addition, each year, the G20's guests include Spain;{{cite journal |last1=Henley|first1=Peter H.|last2=Blokker|first2=Niels M.|title=The Group of 20: A Short Legal Anatomy |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |journal=Melbourne Journal of International Law |volume=14|pages=568|access-date=23 October 2018 |quote=Spain's peculiar but seemingly secure position within the G20 also appears to have facilitated their greater participation in the G20's work: Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G20. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517045501/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2013/18.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live }} the Chair of ASEAN; a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.{{cite web|title=G20 Members|url=http://www.g20.org/about_g20/g20_members|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203221840/http://www.g20.org/about_g20/g20_members|archive-date=3 February 2014|access-date=15 January 2014|publisher=G20.org|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world |title=The G20 and the world |website=G20 Australia 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211194954/https://www.g20.org/g20_priorities/g20_and_world |archive-date=11 February 2014 |df=dmy }}{{cite web |url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |title=What is the G-20 |publisher=G20.org |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120040653/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2013 |df=dmy}}

The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their leaders, finance ministers and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organizations, such as the G7, BRICS and MIKTA. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

In September 2023, at the 18th G20 Summit, Indian PM Narendra Modi announced that the African Union has been included as a member of the G20, making it the 21st member.{{Citation |title=Inaugural Session Of The G20 Summit (English Audio) | date=8 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcY-J-o_w1U |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910051825/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcY-J-o_w1U |url-status=live }}{{clear}}

In addition to these 21 members, the chief executive officers of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20. These include the managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee.

The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 21 largest economies of the world in any given year; as the organization states:

{{Blockquote|In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. Because of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.}}

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee.{{cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html|title=Asia to play bigger role on the world stage, G20: ADB report|work=The People's Daily|date=26 April 2011|access-date=26 April 2011|archive-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112101150/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html|url-status=live}} The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.

File:G20 members and invited states 2024.svg

Typically, several participants that are not full members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Permanent guest invitees are: the government of Spain; the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development are invited in their capacities as leaders of their organisations and as heads of government of their home states. In addition, the leaders of the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.{{cite web|url=https://www.g20australia.org/about_g20/g20_members/international_organisations|title=International Organisations|publisher=G-20 Australia|year=2014|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703122350/http://www.g20australia.org/about_g20/g20_members/international_organisations|url-status=dead}}[https://g20.org/about-g20/g20-members/g20-world/ "G20 and the world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316051048/http://g20.org/about-g20/g20-members/g20-world/ |date=16 March 2015 }}. G20.org. 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its region. For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Governance Group (3G) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Previously, the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer during the 2009 summits).

The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policymakers, was very much focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international financial organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global financial system.{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all |work=theglobeandmail.com |location=Toronto |title=How Canada Made the G20 Happen |first=John |last=Ibbitson |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906200524/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all |url-status=live }}{{cite journal|title=The End of the G-20|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=September 2016|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-09-14/end-g-20|last1=Liao|first1=Rebecca|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512185414/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-09-14/end-g-20|url-status=live}}{{subscription required|via=Foreign Affairs}}

Since inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have related in priority to global economic growth, international trade and financial market regulation.{{cite news |url=https://www.g20.org/Webs/G20/EN/G20/Agenda/agenda_node.html |work=G20.org |location=Berlin |title=The G20 Presidency 2017 at a Glance |first=of Germany |last=The Federal Government |date=1 December 2016 |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706224916/https://www.g20.org/Webs/G20/EN/G20/Agenda/agenda_node.html |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

The G20 has led the Debt Service Suspension Initiative, through which official bilateral creditors suspended debt repayments of 73 of the poorest debtor countries.{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Muyang |title=The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance |date=2024 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9781501775857 |location=Ithaca and London |jstor=10.7591/jj.6230186}}{{Rp|page=134}}

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of global carbon emissions.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title='Reckless': G20 states subsidised fossil fuels by $3tn since 2015, says report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/20/g20-states-subsidised-fossil-fuels-2015-coal-oil-gas-cliamte-crisis|access-date=2021-07-20|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903200917/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/20/g20-states-subsidised-fossil-fuels-2015-coal-oil-gas-cliamte-crisis|url-status=live}} After the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, more "issues of global significance"{{cite news |url=http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |work=Revue Analyse Financière |location=Paris |title=G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth |first=M. Nicolas J. |last=Firzli |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004444/http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live }} were added to the G20 agenda: migration, digitisation, employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women, development aid[https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gzwanzig-ergebnisse-105.html Abschlusserklärung steht – Dissens bleibt.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711040608/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gzwanzig-ergebnisse-105.html |date=11 July 2017 }} tagesschau.de. 8 July 2017, retrieved 12 July 2017. and stopping climate change.{{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Inger |title=The G20 is a global force for sustainability |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/g20-global-force-sustainability |website=UN environment programme |date=28 July 2023 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105201/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/g20-global-force-sustainability |url-status=live }}

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of the global carbon emissions and promised in 2009 to phase out 'inefficient subsidies'. Despite these promises G20 members have subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021, with several states increasing subsidies; Australia (+48.2%), the US (+36.7%), Indonesia (+26.6%), France (+23.8%), China (+4.1%), Brazil (+3.0%), Mexico (+2.6%). China alone generates over half of the coal-generated electricity in the world.{{cite news |title=China generated over half world's coal-fired power in 2020: study |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-china-coal/china-generated-over-half-worlds-coal-fired-power-in-2020-study-idUSKBN2BK0PZ |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=Reuters |date=28 March 2021 |quote=China generated 53% of the world's total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more than five years earlier |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901092323/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-china-coal/china-generated-over-half-worlds-coal-fired-power-in-2020-study-idUSKBN2BK0PZ |url-status=live }}

Wolfgang Schäuble, German Federal Minister of Finance, had insisted on the interconnected nature of the issues facing G20 countries, be they purely financial or developmental, and the need to reach effective, cross-cutting policy measures: "Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty, but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters […] development, [national] security and migration are all interlinked"

The G20 engagement groups and pre-conferences are independent collectives that are led by organisations of the host country. They represent a diverse group of stakeholders and work collectively to develop non-binding policy recommendations formally submitted to the G20 leaders for consideration.

For the 2022 G20 hosted by Indonesia, there are 10 engagement groups formed to facilitate independent stakeholders in developing proposals and policy recommendations for G20 leaders.

Startup20 and other few engagement groups initiated under the G20 India Presidency of 2023.{{Cite web |url=https://www.startup20india2023.org/ |title=Startup20 India Initiative by G20 India 2023 | Startup20 |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409145058/https://www.startup20india2023.org/ |url-status=live }}

The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20,{{cite web |first1=Kathrin |last1=Berensmann |first2=Thomas |last2=Fues |first3=Ulrich |last3=Volz |date=January 2011 |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml |website=D+C |title=Informal power centre |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160942/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/184899/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-01}} and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.{{cite web |first=Sachin |last=Chaturvedi |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml |website=D+C |title=Mainstream Heiligendamm |date=January 2011 |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101160819/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/190338/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-01}}

The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door.Daniele Archibugi. [http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion "The G20 ought to be increased to 6 Billion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121165534/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion |date=21 January 2010 }}. OpenDemocracy.net. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2013. In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.Stewart, Frances and Daws, Sam. [http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf "An Economic and Social Security Council at the United Nations"] (PDF). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040304135933/http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf |date=4 March 2004 }}. Oxford University. March 2001. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, opponents of fractional-reserve banking and anti-capitalists. In 2010, the Toronto G20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canada's history.{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Jill|author2=Ann Hui|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-related-mass-arrests-unique-in-canadian-history/article1621198/ |title=G20-related mass arrests unique in Canadian history |publisher=The Globe and Mail|date=2010-06-29|access-date=2022-03-17|location=Toronto| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100728172459/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/g20-related-mass-arrests-unique-in-canadian-history/article1621198/| archive-date= 28 July 2010 | url-status= live}}

Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system",[http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx "About G-20"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205130140/http://g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |date=5 February 2009 }}. G20.org. Retrieved 11 December 2012. its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.{{cite journal|last=Vestergaard|first=Jakob|url=http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-and-beyond_web.pdf|title=The G20 and Beyond: Towards Effective Global Economic Governance|journal=DIIS Report|date=April 2011|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509063916/http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-and-beyond_web.pdf|url-status=dead}} Concerning the membership issue, US President Barack Obama noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-to-usher-in-new-world-order-at-g-20|title=Obama to Usher In New World Order at G-20|last=Chernenkoff|first=Kelly|date=25 September 2009|publisher=Fox News|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116084947/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-to-usher-in-new-world-order-at-g-20|url-status=live}} Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.{{sfn|Cooper|2011}}

In line with Norway's emphasis on inclusive international processes, the United Nations, and the UN system, in a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, the current prime minister of Norway Jonas Gahr Støre called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II"{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,702104,00.html|title=Norway Takes Aim at G-20: 'One of the Greatest Setbacks Since World War II'|work=Der Spiegel|date=22 June 2010|access-date=27 June 2010|archive-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129164309/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,702104,00.html|url-status=live}} as 173 states who are all members of the UN are not among the G20. This includes Norway, a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,{{cite news |url=http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/government-and-policy/peace/un/ |title=Norway and the UN |publisher=Norway.org |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603191120/http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/government-and-policy/peace/un/ |url-status=live }} which is not a member state of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly. Norway, like other such states, has little or no voice within the group. Støre argued that the G20 undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

{{Blockquote|The G20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G7 or the G8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.}}

However, Norway, has moderated this position in practice, and has contributed to a number of G20-work streams for years, in particular on health, energy and climate. Under the government of Erna Solberg, Norway attended the 2017 G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany.{{cite news |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/07/07/solberg-eager-to-speak-up-at-g20/ |title=Solberg eager to speak up at G20 |work=News in English.no |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707134514/http://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/07/07/solberg-eager-to-speak-up-at-g20/ |url-status=live }}

Spain is the world's twelfth largest economy by nominal GDP (the fifteenth largest by purchasing power parity), the fourth in the European Union, and the second among Spanish-speaking countries. In addition, since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status, and Spain is an important foreign investor worldwide. Its numbers{{clarify|date = January 2023}} exceed the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa. This has led to what Henley et al consider to be a de facto position as a member of the G20. However, Spain, a permanent guest, does not plan to request official membership.

In contrast with the Spanish position, the Polish government has repeatedly asked to join the G20.

Before the 2009 G20 London summit, the Polish government expressed an interest in joining with Spain and the Netherlands and condemned an "organisational mess" in which a few European leaders spoke in the name of the collective EU without legitimate authorisation in cases which belong to the European Commission.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

During a 2010 meeting with foreign diplomats, Polish president Lech Kaczyński said:

{{Blockquote|The Polish economy is according to our data the 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly – it results from the size of the Polish economy, secondly – it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.{{cite web |url=http://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/110121,polska-w-g-20-warto-sie-bic.html |title=Polska w G-20 – warto się bić? |language=pl |trans-title=Poland in the G-20 – is it worth the fight? |date=2 March 2010 |author=Kamila Wronowska |website=dziennik.pl |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193959/http://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/110121,polska-w-g-20-warto-sie-bic.html |url-status=live }}}}

In 2012, Tim Ferguson wrote in Forbes that swapping Argentina for Poland should be considered, claiming that the Polish economy was headed toward a leadership role in Europe and its membership would be more legitimate.{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timferguson/2012/04/09/g20-boot-argentina-include-poland/ |title=G20: Boot Argentina, Include Poland |first=Tim |last=Ferguson |website=Forbes |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729125842/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timferguson/2012/04/09/g20-boot-argentina-include-poland/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/19/who-would-replace-argentina-on-the-g20/|title=Who would replace Argentina on the G20?|first=David|last=Bosco|date=18 December 2023|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031172225/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/19/who-would-replace-argentina-on-the-g20/|url-status=live}} A similar opinion was expressed by Marcin Sobczyk in the Wall Street Journal.{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/02/03/g20-needs-poland/ |title=G20 Needs Poland |first=Marcin |last=Sobczyk |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709190225/https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/02/03/g20-needs-poland/ |url-status=live }} Mamta Murthi from the World Bank said: "To be in 'a club', what Poland can do is to continue working as if it already is in the club it wants to join."{{Cite web|title=World Bank in the Krynica Economic Forum – the 'Davos for Eastern Europe'|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/17/world-bank-in-the-krynica-economic-forum---the-davos-for-eastern-europe|access-date=2021-04-08|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813184650/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/17/world-bank-in-the-krynica-economic-forum---the-davos-for-eastern-europe|url-status=live}}

In 2014, consulting company Ernst & Young published its report about optimal members for G20. After analyzing trade, institutional and investment links Poland was included as one of the optimal members.{{cite web|url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3306/Artykul/1232256,Polska-w-grupie-G20-jesli-tam-nie-bedziemy-inni-beda-decydowac-za-nas|title=Polska w grupie G20: jeśli tam nie będziemy, inni będą decydować za nas|work=Polskie Radio|language=pl|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130148/http://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3306/Artykul/1232256,Polska-w-grupie-G20-jesli-tam-nie-bedziemy-inni-beda-decydowac-za-nas|url-status=live}}

G20 membership has been part of the look program of Poland's Law and Justice party and President Andrzej Duda.{{cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17465365,Andrzej_Duda__Trzeba_wzmacniac_armie__zwiekszyc_obecnosc.html|title=Wyborcza.pl|website=wyborcza.pl|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716024208/http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17465365,Andrzej_Duda__Trzeba_wzmacniac_armie__zwiekszyc_obecnosc.html|url-status=live}} In March 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki took part in a meeting of G20 financial ministers in Baden-Baden as the first Polish representative.{{Cite news|url=http://tvn24bis.pl/ze-swiata,75/rzeczy-ktore-musisz-wiedziec-o-szczycie-g20,724315.html|title=Rzeczy, które musisz wiedzieć o szczycie G20|work=TVN24 BiS|access-date=31 March 2017|language=pl|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317125653/http://tvn24bis.pl/ze-swiata,75/rzeczy-ktore-musisz-wiedziec-o-szczycie-g20,724315.html|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.rp.pl/Gospodarka/303169812-Morawiecki-wsrod-ministrow-finansow-G20.html#ap-1|title=Morawiecki wśród ministrów finansów G20 – Gospodarka|work=rp.pl|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620110849/https://www.rp.pl/Gospodarka/303169812-Morawiecki-wsrod-ministrow-finansow-G20.html#ap-1|url-status=live}}

In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/global_governance_group/2010/201006/press_201006_3.html|title=Statement by Ambassador Vanu Gopala Menon, Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations|publisher=Singapore UN Mission|date=8 June 2010|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403123118/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/global_governance_group/2010/201006/press_201006_3.html|url-status=live}} Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the Global Governance Group (3G), an informal grouping of 30 non-G20 countries (including several microstates and many Third World countries) to collectively channel their views into the G20 process more effectively.{{cite web|title=Press Statement by the Global Governance Group (3G) on its Ninth Ministerial Meeting in New York on 22 September 2016|url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201609/press_20160923.html|website=mfa|access-date=23 July 2017|language=en-us|date=22 September 2016|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730082557/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201609/press_20160923.html|url-status=live}}[http://www.siiaonline.org/?q=programmes/insights/siia-welcomes-new-3g-initiative-small-states "SIIA welcomes new 3G initiative for small states"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035407/http://www.siiaonline.org/?q=programmes%2Finsights%2Fsiia-welcomes-new-3g-initiative-small-states |date=7 November 2021 }}. Singapore Institute of International Affairs. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2013.[https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/events/2010GAWGFC/7/Stmt_Singapore.pdf "Statement by Singapore on behalf of the Global Governance Group"] (PDF). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514061208/https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/events/2010GAWGFC/7/Stmt_Singapore.pdf |date=14 May 2011 }}. United Nations. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013. Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G20 summit in South Korea,[http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/65543/20100925/singapore-global-governance-group-invited-to-g20-seoul-summit.htm "Singapore among five non-G20 nations to attend Seoul Summit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120722142500/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/65543/20100925/singapore-global-governance-group-invited-to-g20-seoul-summit.htm |date=22 July 2012 }}. International Business Times. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013. as well as 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 summits.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G20 members and advances the notion that some states should not have membership in the first place. Furthermore, with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failures.{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/12/the_g_20_is_failing|title=The G-20 Is Failing|work=Foreign Policy|first=Edwin M.|last=Truman|date=12 April 2012|access-date=24 April 2012|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729024016/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/12/the_g_20_is_failing|url-status=dead}}

In March 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, U.S. President Joe Biden called for the removal of Russia from the group. Alternatively, he suggested that Ukraine be allowed to attend the G20 2022 summit, despite its lack of membership.{{Cite web |date=25 March 2022 |title=What is the G20 and could Russia be expelled? |last=Sommerlad |first=Joe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/g20-biden-russia-expelled-ukraine-b2043971.html |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325140134/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/g20-biden-russia-expelled-ukraine-b2043971.html |url-status=live }} Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also said the group should "re-evaluate" Russia's participation.{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Boisvert |date=31 March 2022 |title=Trudeau calls on G20 to reconsider Russia's seat at the table |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-g20-trudeau-1.6404249 |work=CBC News |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705201848/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-g20-trudeau-1.6404249 |url-status=live }} Russia claims it would not be a significant issue, as most G20 members are already fighting Russia economically due to the war.{{cite web |title=Biden says allies must stay united against Russia, expel it from the G-20 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-says-allies-must-stay-united-russia-expel-g20-rcna21381 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=25 March 2022 |date=24 March 2022 |first=Shannon |last=Pettypiece |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325000753/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-says-allies-must-stay-united-russia-expel-g20-rcna21381 |url-status=live }} China suggested that expelling Russia would be counterproductive. In November 2022, Indonesia and Russia stated that Vladimir Putin would not attend the G20 summit in person, but may attend virtually.{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russias-putin-will-not-attend-g20-summit-bali-indonesian-official-2022-11-10/ |title=Russia's Putin will not attend G20 summit in Bali in person |last=Teresia |first=Ananda |publisher=Reuters |date=2022-11-10 |access-date=2022-11-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110214553/https://www.reuters.com/world/russias-putin-will-not-attend-g20-summit-bali-indonesian-official-2022-11-10/ |url-status=live }} During the 2022 summit, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy appeared in a video statement and repeatedly addressed the assembly as the 'G19' as a means of indicating his viewpoint that Russia should be removed from the group.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-63632161/ |title=Ukraine: Zelensky snubs Russia as he addresses 'G19' at G20 |last=Wong |first=Tessa |publisher=BBC |date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115142312/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-63632161 |url-status=live }}Despite the group refusing criticism on Russia directly in 2023 for the war, Putin was not present at the G20 summit due to the arrest warrant issued by the ICC in 2024.{{Cite news |date=2023-09-10 |title=G20: How Russia and West agreed on Ukraine language |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-66768145 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=Russia’s Putin says presence at G20 in Brazil will ‘wreck’ summit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/18/russias-putin-says-presence-at-g20-in-brazil-will-wreck-summit |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

• Model G20
• G8
• G7
• Regional Power
• League of Nations
• MIKTA
• BRICS
• United Nations

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Cooper

|first=Andrew F.

|author-link=Andrew F. Cooper

|year=2011

|title=The G20 and Its Regional Critics: The Search for Inclusion

|journal=Global Policy

|volume=2

|issue=2

|pages=203–209

|issn=1758-5899

|doi=10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00081.x

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Gilpin

|first=Robert

|author-link=Robert Gilpin

|year=2001

|title=Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order

|location=Princeton, New Jersey

|publisher=Princeton University Press

|isbn=978-0-691-08676-7

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Markwell

|first=Donald

|author-link=Donald Markwell

|year=2006

|title=John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-829236-4

|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.001.0001

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Wade

|first=Robert

|author-link=Robert Wade (scholar)

|year=2009

|title=From Global Imbalances to Global Reorganisations

|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics

|volume=33

|issue=4

|pages=539–562

|issn=1464-3545

|doi=10.1093/cje/bep032

|doi-access=

|hdl=10.1093/cje/bep032

|hdl-access=free

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Woods

|first=Ngaire

|author-link=Ngaire Woods

|year=2006

|title=The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers

|series=Cornell Studies in Money

|location=Ithaca, New York

|publisher=Cornell University Press

|isbn=978-0-8014-4424-1

|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1ffjpgn

|url-access=registration

|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizersimfwo00wood

}}

• {{cite journal

|last1=Wouters

|first1=Jan

|author1-link=Jan Wouters (legal scholar)

|last2=Van Kerckhoven

|first2=Sven

|date=2011

|title=OECD and the G20: An Ever Closer Relationship

|url=http://docs.law.gwu.edu/stdg/gwilr/PDFs/43-2/6-%20Wouters%20Van%20Kerckhoven.pdf

|journal=George Washington International Law Review

|volume=43

|issue=2

|pages=345–374

|issn=1534-9977

|access-date=7 July 2017

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812093640/http://docs.law.gwu.edu/stdg/gwilr/PDFs/43-2/6-%20Wouters%20Van%20Kerckhoven.pdf

|archive-date=12 August 2017

|url-status=dead

}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Haas

|first=Peter M.

|author-link=Peter M. Haas

|year=1992

|title=Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination

|url=https://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/teaching/articles/IO-1992-Haas.pdf

|journal=International Organization

|volume=46

|issue=1

|pages=1–35

|issn=1531-5088

|jstor=2706951

|doi= 10.1017/S0020818300001442

|s2cid=145360263

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906050617/https://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/teaching/articles/IO-1992-Haas.pdf

|archive-date=6 September 2015

|url-status=dead

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Hajnal

|first=Peter I.

|year=2007

|title=The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation

|series=Global Finance Series

|location=Aldershot, England

|publisher=Ashgate Publishing

|isbn=978-0-7546-4550-4

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Kirton

|first=John J.

|author-link=John Kirton

|year=2013

|title=G20 Governance for a Globalized World

|series=Global Finance Series

|location=Abingdon, England

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-1-4094-2829-9

}}

• {{cite book

|year=1998

|editor1-last=Reinalda

|editor1-first=Bob

|editor2-last=Verbeek

|editor2-first=Bertjan

|title=Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations

|series=Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science

|volume=5

|location=London

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0-415-16486-3

}}

• {{cite book

|year=2007

|editor1-last=Samans

|editor1-first=Richard

|editor2-last=Uzan

|editor2-first=Marc

|editor3-last=Lopez-Claros

|editor3-first=Augusto

|title=The International Monetary System, the IMF and the G-20: A Great Transformation in the Making?

|location=Basingstoke, England

|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan

|isbn=978-0-230-52495-8

}}

• {{cite journal

|last1=Firzli

|first1=Nicolas J.

|author1-link=World Pensions & Investments Forum

|date=2017

|title=G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth

|url=http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf

|journal=Revue Analyse Financière

|volume=64

|issue=3

|pages=15–18

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004444/http://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/G20-Nations-Shifting-the-Trillions__RAF__Q3-2017.pdf

|archive-date=2 August 2017

|url-status=live

}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|G20}}

• {{Official website}}
• [http://www.oecd.org/g20 G20 website of the OECD]
• [http://www.g20.utoronto.ca G20 Information Centre] from the University of Toronto
• [http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/groups.htm A Guide To Committees, Groups, And Clubs] from the International Monetary Fund

{{International power}}

{{G20}}

{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}

{{List of Current Heads of Government of G20}}

{{Current G20 Leaders}}

{{G20-Foreign}}

{{G20-Finance}}

{{G20-CBGovernors}}

{{G-20 leaders' summits}}

{{Portalbar|Politics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:G-20}}

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Category:Multilateral relations of India

Category:Multilateral relations of Russia

Category:Multilateral relations of South Africa

Category:Multilateral relations of the United Kingdom

Category:Multilateral relations of the United States