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Close-mid back unrounded vowel

{{For|the Cyrillic letter that looks similar|Uk (Cyrillic)}}

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɤ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɤ

|ipa number=315

|decimal=612

|xsampa=7

|kirshenbaum=o-

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0264.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=256

|braille2=o

}}

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

File:Spectrogram of close-mid back unrounded vowel (IPA ɤ).png

The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}, called "ram's horn." This symbol is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative, {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}, which has a descender, but some textsSuch as {{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Nowikow|2012}}. use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.

Before the 1989 IPA Convention, the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel was {{angbr|Image:IPA Unicode 0x0264 baby gamma.svg}}, sometimes called "baby gamma", which has a flat top; this symbol was in turn derived from and replaced the inverted small capital A, ⟨{{IPA|ᴀ}}⟩, that represented the sound before the 1928 revision to the IPA.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofinte00inteuoft|title=The principles of the International Phonetic Association|last=International Phonetic Association|date=1912|publisher=Paris, Association Phonétique Internationale|pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofinte00inteuoft/page/10 10]}} The symbol was ultimately revised to be {{angbr|Image:IPA Unicode 0x0264.svg}}, "ram's horn", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the Latin gamma {{IPAalink|ɣ}}.{{cite web|last=Nicholas|first=Nick|title=Greek-derived IPA symbols|url=http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_interloping.html#ipa|work=Greek Unicode Issues|location=University of California, Irvine|year=2003|access-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219023133/http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_interloping.html#ipa|archive-date=2013-12-19|url-status=dead}}

Unicode provides {{unichar|0264|LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN|html=}}, but in some fonts this character may appear as a "baby gamma" instead. The superscript IPA version is {{unichar|10791|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL RAMS HORN}}.{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}} As of Unicode {{Unicode version|version=16.0}}, there exists a capital ram's horn at {{Unichar|A7CB}} {{angbr|Image:Unicode 0xA7CB.svg}}.

Features

{{close-mid vowel}}

{{back vowel}}

{{unrounded vowel}}

Occurrence

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"

! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" | Aklanon

| {{lang|akl|saeamat}}

| {{IPA|[saɤamat]}}

| 'thanks'

|

colspan="2" | Bashkir

| {{lang|ba-Cyrl|туғыҙ}}/{{lang|ba-Latn|tuğïð}}

| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg|[tuˈʁɤð]}}

| 'nine'

|

colspan="2" |Biak{{sfn|van den Heuvel|2006|p=26}}

|ores

|{{IPA|[ɤres]}}

|'stand'

|

colspan="2" |Bulgarian

|бъз

|{{IPA|[bɤs]}}

|'elderflower'

|

Chinese

| Mandarin

| {{lang|cmn-Hani| 餓}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|è}}

| {{IPA|[ɤ˥˩]}}

| 'hungry'

|

rowspan="4" | English

| Cape Flats{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}}

| rowspan="4" | foot

| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[fɤt]}}

| rowspan="4" | 'foot'

| Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}; may be {{IPAblink|u}} or {{IPAblink|ʉ}} instead.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See South African English phonology

South African{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=956}}

| Possible realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}; may be a weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ʊ}} instead.{{sfnp|Mesthrie|2004|p=956}} See South African English phonology

Geordie

| Usual realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}}. See Geordie phonology

Birmingham and The Black Country

| Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in most other dialects.{{cite book |last1=Trudgill |first1=P |last2=Chambers |first2=J |title=Dialectology |date=1998 |page=110 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511805103 |isbn=978-0-521-59378-6 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/dialectology/3B5DB46311E1C43A8B15003717350F58}}

colspan="2" | Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}}

| {{lang|et|kõrv}}

| {{IPA|[kɤrv]}}

| 'ear'

| Can be close-mid central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} or close back {{IPAblink|ɯ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} See Estonian phonology

colspan="2" | Gayo{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}

| {{lang|gay|kule}}

| {{IPA|[kuˈlɤː]}}

| 'tiger'

| Close-mid or mid; one of the possible allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}

colspan="2" |Iaai{{Sfnp|Maddieson|Anderson|1994|p=164}}

|löö

| {{IPA|[lɤː]}}

| 'banana leaf'

Irish

| Ulster{{Harvcoltxt|Ní Chasaide|1999|pp=114–115}}

| {{lang|ga|Uladh}}

| {{IPA|[ɤl̪ˠu]}}

| 'Ulster'

| See Irish phonology

colspan="2" | Kaingang{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}}

| align="center" | mo

|{{IPA|[ˈᵐbɤ]}}

| 'tail'

| Varies between back {{IPA|[ɤ]}} and central {{IPAblink|ɘ}}{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}

Korean

| Gyeongsang dialect

| {{lang|ko|거기}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|geogi}}

| {{IPA|[ˈkɤ̘ɡɪ]}}

| 'there'

| See Korean phonology

colspan="2" |Marathi

|मत

|{{IPA|[mɤːt̪]}}

|'opinion'

|See Marathi phonology

Northern Tiwa

| Taos dialect

| align="center" | mânpəumán

|{{IPA|[ˌmã̀ˑˈpɤ̄u̯mã̄]}}

| 'it was squeezed'

| May be central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} instead. See Taos phonology

colspan="2" |Samogitian

| {{lang|sgs|õlgs}}

| {{IPA|[ˈɤːl̪ˠgs]}}

| 'long'

| May be central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} instead.

colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic

| {{lang|gd|doirbh}}

| {{IPA|[d̪̊ɤɾʲɤv]}}

| 'difficult'

| See Scottish Gaelic phonology

rowspan="3" |Rusyn

|Lemko variety

| rowspan="3" |{{Lang|rue|часы}}

| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[t͡ɕaˈsɤ]}}

| rowspan="3" |'times'

| rowspan="3" |Used only in place of etymological praslavic sound *y{{Cite web |date=2016-06-02 |title=Фонетика :: Русинська Вебкнига |url=http://www.ruwega.com/news/fonetika/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602001057/http://www.ruwega.com/news/fonetika/ |archive-date=2016-06-02 |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}

Prešov variety
Subcarpathian variety
colspan="2" | Thai{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=25}}

| {{lang|gd|เธอ}}/thoe

| {{IPA|[tʰɤː]}}

| 'you'

|

colspan=2|Yaqay

| {{lang|jaq|khoro}}

| {{IPA|[xɤrɤ]}}

| 'frog'

| Uncommon pronunciation of {{IPA|/o/}}.

See also

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

References

{{refbegin|30em}}

  • {{Cite journal |last1=Asu |first1=Eva Liina |last2=Teras |first2=Pire |year=2009 |title=Estonian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=367–372 |doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x |doi-access=free}}
  • {{cite book |last=Booij |first=Geert |title=The phonology of Dutch |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-823869-X}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Eades |first1=Domenyk |title=Gayo |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=107–115 |year=2006 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002416 |last2=Hajek |first2=John |doi-access=free}}
  • {{cite book |last=Finn |first=Peter |title=A handbook of varieties of English |volume=1: Phonology |pages=934–984 |year=2004 |editor-last1=Schneider |editor-first1=Edgar W. |editor-last2=Burridge |editor-first2=Kate |editor-last3=Kortmann |editor-first3=Bernd |editor-last4=Mesthrie |editor-first4=Rajend |editor-last5=Upton |editor-first5=Clive |chapter=Cape Flats English: phonology |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017532-0}}
  • {{Cite thesis |last=van den Heuvel |first=Wilco |title=Biak: Description of an Austronesian language of Papua |date=2006 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1871/10282 |hdl=1871/10282}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble |journal=Anais do SETA |volume=3 |pages=675–685 |year=2009 |url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474 |place=Campinas |publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP}}
  • {{cite book |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |title=A handbook of varieties of English |volume=1: Phonology |pages=953–963 |year=2004 |editor-last=Schneider |editor-first=Edgar W. |editor-last2=Burridge |editor-first2=Kate |editor-last3=Kortmann |editor-first3=Bernd |editor-last4=Mesthrie |editor-first4=Rajend |editor-last5=Upton |editor-first5=Clive |chapter=Indian South African English: phonology |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017532-0}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Maddieson |first1=Ian |title=Phonemic Structures of Iaai |journal=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics |volume=87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II |pages=163–182 |year=1994 |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~vanderso/Iaai.pdf |place=Los Angeles |publisher=UCLA |last2=Anderson |first2=Victoria}}
  • {{cite book |last=Ní Chasaide |first=Ailbhe |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |pages=111–16 |year=1999 |chapter=Irish |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1}}
  • {{cite book |last=Nowikow |first=Wieczysław |title=Fonetyka hiszpańska |year=2012 |edition=3rd |place=Warsaw |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN |isbn=978-83-01-16856-8 |orig-year=First published 1992}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Tingsabadh |first1=M. R. Kalaya |title=Thai |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=24–28 |year=1993 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004746 |last2=Abramson |first2=Arthur S.|s2cid=242001518 }}

{{refend}}

External links

  • {{phoible|ɤ}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Close-Mid Back Unrounded Vowel}}

Category:Close-mid vowels

Category:Back vowels

Category:Unrounded vowels