Cocos (Keeling) Islands#Geography

File:Lagoon Beach (25152057091).jpg

The islands have been called the Cocos Islands (from 1622), the Keeling Islands (from 1703), the Cocos–Keeling Islands (since James Horsburgh in 1805) and the Keeling–Cocos Islands (19th century).{{cite book |last1=Woodroffe|first1=C.D. |last2=Berry|first2=P.F. |title=Scientific Studies in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/stream/atollresearchbu399425smit#page/n14|series=Atoll Research Bulletin|volume=399|date=February 1994|publisher=National Museum of Natural History|location=Washington DC|pages=1–2|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410073158/https://archive.org/stream/atollresearchbu399425smit/#page/n14|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=live}} Cocos refers to the abundant coconut trees, while Keeling refers to William Keeling, who discovered the islands in 1609.

{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = Cocos Islands Act 1955

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act to enable Her Majesty to place the Cocos or Keeling Islands under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia, and for purposes connected therewith.

| year = 1955

| citation = 3 & 4 Eliz. 2. c. 5

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 29 March 1955

| commencement =

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976

| related_legislation =

| status = repealed

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text =

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| use_new_UK-LEG =

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| collapsed = yes

}}

John Clunies-Ross,{{cite web|title = Dynasties: Clunies-Ross |url = http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1227294.htm|website = www.abc.net.au|access-date = 2016-01-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140831132048/http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1227294.htm|archive-date = 31 August 2014|url-status = dead}} who sailed there in the Borneo in 1825, called the group the Borneo Coral Isles, restricting Keeling to North Keeling, and calling South Keeling "the Cocos properly so called".{{cite book|last=Horsburgh|first=James |author-link=James Horsburgh|title=The India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the interjacent ports of Africa and South America: comp. chiefly from original journals of the honourable company's ships, and from observations and remarks, resulting from the experience of twenty-one years in the navigation of those seas|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/indiadirectoryor01hors#page/142/mode/2up|edition=5th|volume=1|year=1841|publisher=W.H. Allen and Co.|location=London |pages=141–2|chapter=Islands to the Southward and South-eastward of Java; The Keeling or Cocos Islands}}{{cite book|last=Ross|first=J. C.|title=The Metropolitan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h3ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA220|date=May 1835|publisher=Peck and Newton|page=220|chapter=The Cocos' Isles}} The form Cocos (Keeling) Islands, attested from 1916,{{cite book|last1=Weber|first1=Max Carl Wilhelm|first2=Lieven Ferdinand |last2=de Beaufort|title=The Fishes of the Indo-australian Archipelago|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA286|access-date=26 August 2015|year=1916|publisher=Brill Archive|page=286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220345/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA286|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}} was made official by the {{visible anchor|Cocos Islands Act 1955}} (3 & 4 Eliz. 2. c. 5).{{failed verification|reason=Text says it became official from 1955, not that that act did it. Text of act is not public. Seems implausible that an act which gives up power over an island would also change its name, more likely that it was the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 that did it.|date=August 2024}}

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands consist of two flat, low-lying coral atolls with an area of {{convert|14.2|km2|sqmi}}, {{convert|26|km|mi}} of coastline, a highest elevation of {{convert|5|m|ft}} and thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation. The climate is pleasant, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year and with moderate rainfall. Tropical cyclones may occur in the early months of the year.

North Keeling Island is an atoll consisting of just one C-shaped island, a nearly closed atoll ring with a small opening into the lagoon, about {{convert|50|m|ft}} wide, on the east side. The island measures {{convert|1.1|km2|acre}} in land area and is uninhabited. The lagoon is about {{convert|0.5|km2|acre}}. North Keeling Island and the surrounding sea to {{convert|1.5|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} from shore form the Pulu Keeling National Park, established on 12 December 1995. It is home to the only surviving population of the endemic, and endangered, Cocos Buff-banded Rail.

South Keeling Islands is an atoll consisting of 24 individual islets forming an incomplete atoll ring, with a total land area of {{convert|13.1|km2|sqmi}}. Only Home Island and West Island are populated.{{cite web |last1=Mangan |first1=Sinead |title=Some 'inconvenient Australians' fear their slice of paradise will be ruined in the name of national security |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-02/cocos-islands-fearful-changes-defence-runway-upgrade/102761846 |website=ABC News |access-date=30 May 2024 |language=en-AU |date=1 September 2023}} The Cocos Malays maintain weekend shacks, referred to as pondoks, on most of the larger islands.

File:Cocos (Keeling) Islands-CIA WFB Map.png

File:Cocos Islands 1889.jpg

File:Cocos(keeling) 76.jpg

There are no rivers or lakes on either atoll. Fresh water resources are limited to water lenses on the larger islands, underground accumulations of rainwater lying above the seawater. These lenses are accessed through shallow bores or wells.

Reefs near the islands have healthy coral and are home to several rare species of marine life. The region, along with the Christmas Island reefs, have been described as "Australia's Galapagos Islands".{{cite web |last=Birch |first=Laura |date=20 March 2022 |title=Indian Ocean marine parks off Christmas Island and Cocos Islands get the go-ahead |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-20/two-marine-parks-to-be-set-up-christmas-cocos-islands/100924776 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326182102/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-20/two-marine-parks-to-be-set-up-christmas-cocos-islands/100924776 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

In the 2021 budget the Australian Government committed $A39.1M to create two new marine parks off Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The parks will cover up to {{convert|740,000|km2}} of Australian waters.{{cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Budget 2021–22 |url=https://budget.gov.au/2021-22/content/bp2/download/bp2_2021-22.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511093603/https://budget.gov.au/2021-22/content/bp2/download/bp2_2021-22.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |publisher=Government of Australia}} After months of consultation with local people, both parks were approved in March 2022, with a total coverage of {{convert|744,000|km2}}. The park will help to protect spawning of bluefin tuna from illegal international fishers, but local people will be allowed to practise fishing sustainably inshore in order to source food.

{{main|Flora of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Fauna of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}

Cocos (Keeling) Islands experience a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification; the archipelago lies approximately midway between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. The archipelago has two distinct seasons, the wet season and the dry season. The wettest month is April with precipitation totaling {{convert|262.6|mm}}, and the driest month is October with precipitation totaling {{convert|88.2|mm}}. Due to the strong maritime control, temperatures vary little although its location is some distance from the Equator. The hottest month is March with an average high temperature of {{convert|30.0|C}}, while the coolest month is September with an average low temperature of {{convert|24.2|C}}.

{{Weather box

|location = Cocos Islands Airport (averages 1991–2020; extremes 1952–present)

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 32.7

|Feb record high C = 32.8

|Mar record high C = 32.8

|Apr record high C = 32.8

|May record high C = 32.6

|Jun record high C = 32.0

|Jul record high C = 31.6

|Aug record high C = 31.0

|Sep record high C = 30.9

|Oct record high C = 31.0

|Nov record high C = 32.1

|Dec record high C = 33.2

|Jan high C = 30.1

|Feb high C = 30.2

|Mar high C = 30.2

|Apr high C = 30.0

|May high C = 29.5

|Jun high C = 28.8

|Jul high C = 28.3

|Aug high C = 28.1

|Sep high C = 28.3

|Oct high C = 28.8

|Nov high C = 29.2

|Dec high C = 29.5

|year high C = 29.2

|Jan low C = 25.2

|Feb low C = 25.4

|Mar low C = 25.5

|Apr low C = 25.7

|May low C = 25.5

|Jun low C = 25.0

|Jul low C = 24.4

|Aug low C = 24.3

|Sep low C = 24.3

|Oct low C = 24.6

|Nov low C = 24.9

|Dec low C = 24.9

|year low C = 25.0

|Jan record low C = 21.0

|Feb record low C = 20.1

|Mar record low C = 19.8

|Apr record low C = 19.6

|May record low C = 19.4

|Jun record low C = 20.1

|Jul record low C = 20.4

|Aug record low C = 18.3

|Sep record low C = 19.0

|Oct record low C = 20.6

|Nov record low C = 19.3

|Dec record low C = 20.4

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 151.7

|Feb rain mm = 207.1

|Mar rain mm = 234.4

|Apr rain mm = 248.9

|May rain mm = 187.7

|Jun rain mm = 187.3

|Jul rain mm = 180.9

|Aug rain mm = 102.0

|Sep rain mm = 86.2

|Oct rain mm = 84.8

|Nov rain mm = 86.9

|Dec rain mm = 121.4

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 13.7

|Feb rain days = 15.3

|Mar rain days = 19.2

|Apr rain days = 18.7

|May rain days = 18.8

|Jun rain days = 19.7

|Jul rain days = 21.3

|Aug rain days = 17.0

|Sep rain days = 15.3

|Oct rain days = 10.6

|Nov rain days = 10.1

|Dec rain days = 12.4

| source = Bureau of Meteorology{{cite web |url = http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=200284&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title = Climate statistics for Australian locations. Cocos Island Airport |publisher = Australian Bureau of Meteorology }}}}

File:AMH-5134-NA Compass chart of the Kokos islands.jpg

The archipelago was discovered in 1609 by Captain William Keeling of the East India Company, on a return voyage from the East Indies. North Keeling was sketched by Ekeberg, a Swedish captain, in 1749, showing the presence of coconut palms. It also appears on a 1789 chart produced by British hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple.{{cite book |year=2004 |title=Pulu Keeling National Park Management Plan |publisher=Australian Government |isbn=0-642-54964-8}}

In 1825, Scottish merchant seaman Captain John Clunies-Ross stopped briefly at the islands on a trip to India, nailing up a Union Jack and planning to return and settle on the islands with his family in the future.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ohwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293|title=Gleanings in Science, Volume 2|date=1830|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220345/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ohwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}} Wealthy Englishman Alexander Hare had similar plans, and hired a captain{{spaced ndash}} coincidentally, Clunies-Ross's brother{{spaced ndash}}to bring him and a volunteer harem of 40 Malay women to the islands, where he hoped to establish his private residence.Joshua Slocum, "[https://archive.org/stream/sailingalonearou00slocuoft#page/212/mode/2up Sailing Alone Around the World", p. 212] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226134257/https://archive.org/stream/sailingalonearou00slocuoft#page/212/mode/2up |date=26 December 2016 }} Hare had previously served as resident of Banjarmasin, a town in Borneo, and found that "he could not confine himself to the tame life that civilisation affords".

Clunies-Ross returned two years later with his wife, children and mother-in-law, and found Hare already established on the island and living with the private harem. A feud grew between the two. Clunies-Ross's eight sailors "began at once the invasion of the new kingdom to take possession of it, women and all".

After some time, Hare's women began deserting him, and instead finding themselves partners amongst Clunies-Ross's sailors.[http://www.clunies-ross.com/ The Clunies-Ross Chronicle] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222330/http://www.clunies-ross.com/ |date=5 September 2015 }} Disheartened, Hare left the island. He died in Bencoolen in 1834.Morning Post (London) 20 March 1835 Encouraged by members of the former harem, Clunies-Ross then recruited Malays to come to the island for work and wives.

Clunies-Ross's workers were paid in a currency called the Cocos rupee, a currency John Clunies-Ross minted himself that could only be redeemed at the company store.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6730047.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Programmes - From Our Own Correspondent - The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'|access-date=19 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927212633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6730047.stm|archive-date=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}

File:Chart of Cocos Keeling Islands.png

On 1 April 1836, {{HMS|Beagle}} under Captain Robert FitzRoy arrived to take soundings to establish the profile of the atoll as part of the survey expedition of the Beagle. To the naturalist Charles Darwin, aboard the ship, the results supported a theory he had developed of how atolls formed, which he later published as The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. He studied the natural history of the islands and collected specimens.{{citation |last=Keynes |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Keynes |year=2001 |title=Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=445 |pages=413–418 |access-date=20 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226134647/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=445 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live}} Darwin's assistant Syms Covington noted that "an Englishman [he was in fact Scottish] and HIS family, with about sixty or seventy mulattos from the Cape of Good Hope, live on one of the islands. Captain Ross, the governor, is now absent at the Cape."

The islands were annexed by the British Empire in 1857.Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 882 This annexation was carried out by Captain Stephen Grenville Fremantle in command of {{HMS|Juno|1844|6}}. Fremantle claimed the islands for the British Empire and appointed Ross II as Superintendent.{{cite journal|title=The Cocos Islands|journal=The Chambers's Journal|year=1899|volume=76|pages=187–190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddUXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA187|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220345/https://books.google.com/books?id=ddUXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA187|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}} In 1878, by Letters Patent, the Governor of Ceylon was made Governor of the islands, and, by further Letters Patent in 1886,S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XXI, 512. responsibility for the islands was transferred to the Governor of the Straits Settlement to exercise his functions as "Governor of Cocos Islands".

The islands were made part of the Straits Settlement under an Order in Council of 20 May 1903.S.R.O. 1903 No. 478, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XXI, 515 Meanwhile, in 1886 Queen Victoria had, by indenture, granted the islands in perpetuity to John Clunies-Ross.Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 883 The head of the family enjoyed semi-official status as Resident Magistrate and Government representative.

In 1901 a telegraph cable station was established on Direction Island. Undersea cables went to Rodrigues, Mauritius, Batavia, Java and Fremantle, Western Australia. In 1910 a wireless station was established to communicate with passing ships. The cable station ceased operation in 1966.{{cite web|url=https://www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au/home-2/history/money-22 |title=Timeline of major dates |access-date=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215033702/https://www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au/home-2/history/money-22 |archive-date=15 December 2013}}

File:WW1 Landing at Direction Island.jpg cruiser Emden leaves the Cocos (Keeling) Islands via this jetty on Direction Island on 9 November 1914.]]

{{main|Battle of Cocos}}

On the morning of 9 November 1914, the islands became the site of the Battle of Cocos, one of the first naval battles of World War I. A landing party from the German cruiser {{SMS|Emden|1906|6}} captured and disabled the wireless and cable communications station on Direction Island, but not before the station was able to transmit a distress call. An Allied troop convoy was passing nearby, and the Australian cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|1912|6}} was detached from the convoy escort to investigate.

Sydney spotted the island and Emden at 09:15, with both ships preparing for combat. At 11:20, the heavily damaged Emden beached herself on North Keeling Island. The Australian warship broke to pursue Emden{{'}}s supporting collier, which scuttled herself, then returned to North Keeling Island at 16:00. At this point, Emden{{'}}s battle ensign was still flying: usually a sign that a ship intends to continue fighting. After no response to instructions to lower the ensign, two salvoes were shot into the beached cruiser, after which the Germans lowered the flag and raised a white sheet. Sydney had orders to ascertain the status of the transmission station, but returned the next day to provide medical assistance to the Germans.

Casualties totaled 134 personnel aboard Emden killed, and 69 wounded, compared to four killed and 16 wounded aboard Sydney. The German survivors were taken aboard the Australian cruiser, which caught up to the troop convoy in Colombo on 15 November, then transported to Malta and handed over the prisoners to the British Army. An additional 50 German personnel from the shore party, unable to be recovered before Sydney arrived, commandeered a schooner and escaped from Direction Island, eventually arriving in Constantinople. Emden was the last active Central Powers warship in the Indian or Pacific Ocean, which meant troopships from Australia and New Zealand could sail without naval escort, and Allied ships could be deployed elsewhere.

During World War II, the cable station was once again a vital link. The Cocos were valuable for direction finding by the Y service, the worldwide intelligence system used during the war.McKay, S. 2012. The Secret Listeners. Aurum Press Ltd. {{ISBN|978 1 78131 079 3}}

Allied planners noted that the islands might be seized as an airfield for German planes and as a base for commerce raiders operating in the Indian Ocean. Following Japan's entry into the war, Japanese forces occupied neighbouring islands. To avoid drawing their attention to the Cocos cable station and its islands' garrison, the seaplane anchorage between Direction and Horsburgh islands was not used. Radio transmitters were also kept silent, except in emergencies.{{Cite web |date=2019-07-19 |title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands - Page 3 of 6 - Smoke Tree Manor |url=https://www.smoketreemanor.com/cocos-keeling-islands/3/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |language=en-US}}

After the Fall of Singapore in 1942, the islands were administered from Ceylon and West and Direction Islands were placed under Allied military administration. The islands' garrison initially consisted of a platoon from the British Army's King's African Rifles, located on Horsburgh Island, with two {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=4}} guns to cover the anchorage. The local inhabitants all lived on Home Island. Despite the importance of the islands as a communication centre, the Japanese made no attempt either to raid or to occupy them and contented themselves with sending over a reconnaissance aircraft about once a month.

On the night of 8–9 May 1942, 15 members of the garrison, from the Ceylon Defence Force, mutinied under the leadership of Gratien Fernando. The mutineers were said to have been provoked by the attitude of their British officers and were also supposedly inspired by Japanese anti-British propaganda. They attempted to take control of the gun battery on the islands. The Cocos Islands Mutiny was crushed, but the mutineers murdered one non-mutinous soldier and wounded one officer. Seven of the mutineers were sentenced to death at a trial that was later alleged to have been improperly conducted, though the guilt of the accused was admitted. Four of the sentences were commuted, but three men were executed, including Fernando. These were to be the only British Commonwealth soldiers executed for mutiny during the Second World War.{{cite book |last=Cruise |first=Noel |title=The Cocos Islands Mutiny |publisher=Fremantle Arts Centre Press |year=2002 |location=Fremantle |page=248 |isbn=1-86368-310-0}}

On 25 December 1942, the Japanese submarine I-166 bombarded the islands but caused no damage.{{cite web|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-166.htm|title=Imperial Submarines|access-date=25 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921203309/http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-166.htm|archive-date=21 September 2008|url-status=live}}

Later in the war, two airstrips were built, and three bomber squadrons were moved to the islands to conduct raids against Japanese targets in South East Asia and to provide support during the planned reinvasion of Malaya and reconquest of Singapore. The first aircraft to arrive were Supermarine Spitfire Mk VIIIs of No. 136 Squadron RAF.{{cite web|last=Fail|first=J.E.H.|title=FORWARD STRATEGIC AIR BASE COCOS ISLAND|url=http://www.rquirk.com/cocos/cocosart.htm|work=rquirk.com|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207075824/http://www.rquirk.com/cocos/cocosart.htm|archive-date=7 February 2013|url-status=live}} They included some Liberator bombers from No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF (members of exiled Dutch forces serving with the Royal Air Force), which were also stationed on the islands. When in July 1945 No. 99 and No. 356 RAF squadrons arrived on West Island, they brought with them a daily newspaper called Atoll which contained news of what was happening in the outside world. Run by airmen in their off-duty hours, it achieved fame when dropped by Liberator bombers on POW camps over the heads of the Japanese guards.

In 1946, the administration of the islands reverted to Singapore and it became part of the Colony of Singapore.Colony of Singapore. Government Gazette. (1 April 1946). The Singapore Colony Order in Council, 1946 (G.N. 2, pp. 2–3). Singapore: [s.n.]. Call no.: RCLOS 959.57 SGG; White paper on Malaya (26 January 1946). The Straits Times, p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Tan, K. Y. L. (Ed.). (1999). The Singapore legal system (pp. 232–233). Singapore: Singapore University Press. Call no.: RSING 349.5957 SIN.

On 23 November 1955, the islands were transferred from the United Kingdom to the Commonwealth of Australia. Immediately before the transfer the islands were part of the United Kingdom's Colony of Singapore, in accordance with the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act, 1946 of the United Kingdom9 & 10 G. 6, c. 37 and the British Settlements Acts, 1887 and 1945, as applied by the Act of 1946. The legal steps for effecting the transfer were as follows:Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. pp. 133–134

• The Commonwealth Parliament and the Government requested and consented to the enactment of a United Kingdom Act for the purpose.
• The Cocos Islands Act, 1955, authorised Her Majesty, by Order in Council, to direct that the islands should cease to form part of the Colony of Singapore and be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth.
• By the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act, 1955, the Parliament of the Commonwealth provided for the acceptance of the islands as a territory under the authority of the Commonwealth and for its government.
• The Cocos Islands Order in Council, 1955, made under the United Kingdom Act of 1955, provided that upon the appointed day (23 November 1955) the islands should cease to form part of the Colony of Singapore and be placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia.

The reason for this comparatively complex machinery was due to the terms of the Straits Settlement (Repeal) Act, 1946. According to Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray "any other procedure would have been of doubtful validity".Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 134 The separation involved three steps: separation from the Colony of Singapore; transfer by United Kingdom and acceptance by Australia.

H. J. Hull was appointed the first official representative (now administrator) of the new territory. He had been a lieutenant-commander in the Royal Australian Navy and was released for the purpose. Under Commonwealth Cabinet Decision 1573 of 9 September 1958, Hull's appointment was terminated and John William Stokes was appointed on secondment from the Northern Territory police. A media release at the end of October 1958 by the Minister for Territories, Hasluck, commended Hull's three years of service on Cocos.

Stokes served in the position from 31 October 1958 to 30 September 1960. His son's boyhood memories and photos of the Islands have been published.{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Tony |title=Whatever Will Be, I'll See: Growing Up in the 1940s, 50s and 60s in the Northern Territory, Christmas and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory |year=2012 |publisher=Tony Stokes |isbn=9780646575643 |page=238}} C. I. Buffett MBE from Norfolk Island succeeded him and served from 28 July 1960 to 30 June 1966, and later acted as Administrator back on Cocos and on Norfolk Island. In 1974, Ken Mullen wrote a small book{{cite book |title=Cocos Keeling, the Islands Time Forgot |year=1974 |author=Ken Mullen |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney |page=122 |isbn=9780207131950 |oclc=1734040}} about his time with wife and son from 1964 to 1966 working at the Cable Station on Direction Island.

In the 1970s, the Australian government's dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of {{currency|6,250,000|AUD}}, using the threat of compulsory acquisition. By agreement, the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. In 1983, the Australian government reneged on this agreement and told John Clunies-Ross that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that resumption of Oceania House was unlawful, but the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be granted to Clunies-Ross's shipping company, an action that contributed to his bankruptcy.{{cite web|title = Cabinet papers: The last King of Cocos loses his palace|url = https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/cabinet-papers-the-last-king-of-cocos-loses-his-palace-20151217-glqb6m.html|website = The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date = 2016-01-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101220559/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/cabinet-papers-the-last-king-of-cocos-loses-his-palace-20151217-glqb6m.html|archive-date = 1 January 2016|url-status = live|date = 30 December 2015}} John Clunies-Ross later moved to Perth, Western Australia. However, some members of the Clunies-Ross family still live on the Cocos.

Extensive preparations were undertaken by the government of Australia to prepare the Cocos Malays to vote in their referendum of self-determination. Discussions began in 1982, with an aim of holding the referendum, under United Nations supervision, in mid-1983. Under guidelines developed by the UN Decolonization Committee, residents were to be offered three choices: full independence, free association, or integration with Australia. The last option was preferred by both the islanders and the Australian government. A change in government in Canberra following the March 1983 Australian elections delayed the vote by one year. While the Home Island Council stated a preference for a traditional communal consensus "vote", the UN insisted on a secret ballot. The referendum was held on 6 April 1984, with all 261 eligible islanders participating, including the Clunies-Ross family: 229 voted for integration, 21 for Free Association, nine for independence, and two failed to indicate a preference.Kenneth Chen, "Pacific Island Development Plan: Cocos (Keeling) Islands- The Political Evolution of a Small Island Territory in the Indian Ocean" (1987): Mr Chen was Administrator, Cocos Islands, from December 1983 – November 1985. In the first decade of the 21st century, a series of disputes have occurred between the Muslim and the non-Muslim population of the islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/lost-in-transition/news-story/de35303c2eaa07c5ffd2a897e4a6e8a8|title=Lost in transition|date=2009-08-31|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|access-date=2018-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223114416/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/lost-in-transition/news-story/de35303c2eaa07c5ffd2a897e4a6e8a8|archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=live}}

The airstrip on West Island has an airstrip that is more than two kilometres long and is designed to accommodate Boeing 737 passenger flights and smaller military planes. In 2023, the Australian parliament approved plans to extend the airstrip by 150 metres so that it could take Boeing P-8 Poseidon aircraft capable of low-level anti-submarine warfare operations and high-tech military surveillance. Construction was scheduled to start in 2024 and be completed by 2026. Prior to the upgrade, the United States had been using the airstrip for several decades as a stopover point between Diego Garcia and Guam, and as a partial alternative to the Paya Lebar Air Base.{{cite web |last1=Bashfield |first1=Samuel |title=Australia's Cocos Islands Cannot Replace America's Troubled Diego Garcia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/australias-cocos-islands-cannot-replace-americas-troubled-diego-garcia/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=30 May 2024 |date=16 April 2019}}

Descendants of the Cocos Malays brought to the islands from the Malay Peninsula, the Indonesian archipelago, Southern Africa and New Guinea by Hare and by Clunies-Ross as indentured workers, slaves or convicts are {{as of|lc=yes|2019}} seeking recognition from the Australian government to be acknowledged as Indigenous Australians.{{cite web|website=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/a-group-of-southeast-asian-descendants-wants-to-be-recognised-as-indigenous-australians-98186|title=A group of Southeast Asian descendants wants to be recognised as Indigenous Australians|date=25 June 2018|first1=Nicholas|last1=Herriman|first2=David R.M.|last2=Irving|first3=Greg|last3=Acciaioli|first4=Monika|last4=Winarnita|first5=Trixie Tangit|last5=Kinajil|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726020326/https://theconversation.com/a-group-of-southeast-asian-descendants-wants-to-be-recognised-as-indigenous-australians-98186|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=dead}}

The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam, on Home Island.{{Cite web |title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cities Database {{!}} Simplemaps.com |url=https://simplemaps.com/data/cc-cities#:~:text=Notable%20Cities:%20The%20largest%20city,an%20urban%20population%20of%20448. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=simplemaps.com}}

Governance of the islands is based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955[http://www.weblaw.edu.au/weblaw/display_resource.phtml?rid=867 WebLaw – full resource metadata display] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722153525/http://www.weblaw.edu.au/weblaw/display_resource.phtml?rid=867 |date=22 July 2008 }}{{cite web|url= http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/D1D6D0EDD0A339E2CA25714100115B0A?OpenDocument| title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955|access-date=5 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000349/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/D1D6D0EDD0A339E2CA25714100115B0A?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=live}} and depends heavily on the laws of Australia. The islands are administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts through a non-resident Administrator appointed by the Governor-General. They were previously the responsibility of the Department of Transport and Regional Services (before 2007), the Attorney-General's Department (2007–2013), Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development (2013–2017) and Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities (2017–2020).{{cite web| title = Territories of Australia | url = http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories/index.aspx | access-date = 7 February 2008 | quote = As part of the Machinery of Government Changes following the Federal Election on 29 November 2007, administrative responsibility for Territories has been transferred to the Attorney General's Department. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216154140/http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories/index.aspx |archive-date = 16 December 2007}}{{cite web|author=First Assistant Secretary, Territories Division |title=Territories of Australia |url=http://www.ag.gov.au/territories |publisher=Attorney-General's Department |date=30 January 2008 |access-date=7 February 2008 |quote=The Federal Government, through the Attorney-General's Department administers Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Jervis Bay, and Norfolk Island as Territories. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206093322/http://www.ag.gov.au/territories |archive-date=6 February 2008 }}

As of November 2023, the Administrator is Farzian Zainal, she is also the Administrator of Christmas Island.{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Farid |date=2023-11-06 |title=Malay Muslim engineer leads Christmas, Cocos Isles |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8414337/malay-muslim-engineer-leads-christmas-cocos-isles/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Canberra Times |language=en-AU}} These two territories comprise the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. The Australian Government provides Commonwealth-level government services through the Christmas Island Administration and the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts.{{cite web|url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/aao_20130918.pdf |date=18 September 2013 |title=Commonwealth of Australia Administrative Arrangements Order made on 18 September 2013 |publisher=Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014052331/http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/aao_20130918.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2013}} As per the Federal Government's Territories Law Reform Act 1992, which came into force on 1 July 1992, Western Australian laws are applied to the Cocos Islands, "so far as they are capable of applying in the Territory";{{cite web|url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004A04395|title=Territories Law Reform Act 1992|date=30 June 1992 |access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707074255/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004A04395|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=live}} non-application or partial application of such laws is at the discretion of the federal government. The Act also gives Western Australian courts judicial power over the islands. The Cocos Islands remain constitutionally distinct from Western Australia, however; the power of the state to legislate for the territory is power-delegated by the federal government. The kind of services typically provided by a state government elsewhere in Australia are provided by departments of the Western Australian Government, and by contractors, with the costs met by the federal government.{{Cite web |title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands governance and administration |url=https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regions-cities/territories/indian-ocean-territories/cocos-keeling-islands/governance-administration |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Australian Government}}

There also exists a unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council with seven seats. A full term lasts four years, though elections are held every two years; approximately half the members retire each two years.{{Cite web |title=Meet the Council |url=https://shire.cc/en/your-council/meet-the-council?format=html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=shire.cc}} {{as of|March 2024}} the president of the shire is Aindil Minkom.{{Cite web |title=Meet the Council |url=https://shire.cc/en/your-council/meet-the-council.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Shire of Cocos Islands}} The most recent local election took place on 21 October 2023 alongside elections on Christmas Island.{{Cite web |title=Council Elections |url=https://shire.cc/en/your-council/council-elections.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Shire of Cocos Islands}}

{{bar box

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{{bar percent|Labor|{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}|69.00}}

{{bar percent|Country Liberal|{{Australian politics/party colours|CLP}}|10.00}}

{{bar percent|Liberal Democrats|{{Australian politics/party colours|Rise Up Australia}}|8.36}}

{{bar percent|Greens|{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}|5.40}}

}}

{{bar box

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{{bar percent|Labor|{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}|68.70}}

{{bar percent|Liberal Democrats|{{Australian politics/party colours|Lib Dems}}|10.87}}

{{bar percent|Country Liberal|{{Australian politics/party colours|CLP}}|9.13}}

{{bar percent|Greens|{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}|0.87}}

}}

Cocos (Keeling) Islands residents who are Australian citizens also vote in federal elections. Cocos (Keeling) Islanders are represented in the House of Representatives by the member for the Division of Lingiari (in the Northern Territory) and in the Senate by Northern Territory senators.{{cite web|title=Profile of the electoral division of Lingiari (NT)|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nt/lingiari.htm|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425054016/http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nt/lingiari.htm|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}} At the 2022 Australian federal election the Labor Party received absolute majorities from Cocos electors in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Senate polling places:

• [http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/SenatePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8712.htm Home Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235124/http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/SenatePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8712.htm |date=19 January 2018 }}
• [http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/SenatePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-34176.htm Home Island PPVC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235147/http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/SenatePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-34176.htm |date=19 January 2018 }}
• [http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/SenatePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8736.htm West Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235120/http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/SenatePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8736.htm |date=19 January 2018 }}

House of Representatives polling places:

• [http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HousePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8712.htm Home Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235151/http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HousePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8712.htm |date=19 January 2018 }}
• [http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HousePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-34176.htm Home Island PPVC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235212/http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HousePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-34176.htm |date=19 January 2018 }}
• [http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HousePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8736.htm West Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235215/http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HousePollingPlaceFirstPrefs-20499-8736.htm |date=19 January 2018 }}

{{anchor | Defence | RAAF | Military }}

Defence is the responsibility of the Australian Defence Force. Until 2023, there were no active military installations or defence personnel on the island; the administrator could request the assistance of the Australian Defence Force if required.

In 2016, the Australian Department of Defence announced that the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport (West Island) would be upgraded to support the Royal Australian Air Force's P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft.{{cite web|url=http://defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf|title=2016 Defence White Paper (para. 4.66)|website=defence.gov.au|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301003400/http://defence.gov.au/WhitePaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2016}} Work was scheduled to begin in early 2023 and be completed by 2026. The airfield will act as a forward operating base for Australian surveillance and electronic warfare aircraft in the region.{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-16/adf-cocos-keeling-islands-384m-runway-cost-blowout-delay/101854906 |title=$384m cost blowout on ADF plan to upgrade airstrip, boost military presence on Cocos (Keeling) Islands |website=ABC |access-date=19 August 2023|date=15 January 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://blogs.griffith.edu.au/asiainsights/australian-defences-forgotten-indian-ocean-territories/ |title=Australian Defence's Forgotten Indian Ocean Territories |website=Griffith Asia Insights |access-date=19 August 2023|date=29 June 2023 |last=Layton |first=Peter }}

The Royal Australian Navy and Australian Border Force also deploy {{sclass2|Cape|patrol boat|5}} and {{sclass|Armidale|patrol boat|0}} patrol boats to conduct surveillance and counter-migrant smuggling patrols in adjacent waters.{{cite web|url=https://www.defence.gov.au/operations/resolute |title=Operation Resolute |website=Australian Government - Defence |access-date=20 August 2023}} As of 2023, the Navy's Armidale-class boats are in the process of being replaced by larger {{sclass|Arafura|offshore patrol vessel|1}}s.{{cite web|url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/third-asylum-seeker-boat-intercepted/video/97e609e4f60c961fdb0b2880dcf9cf2c |title=Third asylum seeker boat intercepted |website=Sky News |access-date=20 August 2023|date=14 June 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.navy.gov.au/fleet/ships-boats-craft/future/opv |title=Arafura Class OPV |website=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=20 August 2023}}

Civilian law enforcement and community policing is provided by the Australian Federal Police. The normal deployment to the island is one sergeant and one constable. These are augmented by two locally engaged Special Members who have police powers.

{{see also|Supreme Court of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}

Since 1992, court services have been provided by the Western Australian Department of the Attorney-General under a service delivery arrangement with the Australian Government. Western Australian Court Services provide Magistrates Court, District Court, Supreme Court, Family Court, Children's Court, Coroner's Court and Registry for births, deaths and marriages and change of name services. Magistrates and judges from Western Australia convene a circuit court as required.

Home Island and West Island have medical clinics providing basic health services, but serious medical conditions and injuries cannot be treated on the island and patients are sent to Perth for treatment, a distance of {{cvt|3000|km}}.

According to the 2021 Australian Census, the population of the Cocos Islands is 593 people.{{cite web |title=2021 Census QuickStats: Cocos (Keeling) Islands |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/POA6799 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au}} The gender distribution stands at an approximate 51% male and 49% female. The median age of the population is 40 years, slightly older than the median Australian population age of 38 years.{{cite web |title=2021 Census QuickStats: Australia |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au}} As of 2021, there are no people living on the Cocos Islands who identify as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander).

{{Pie chart

| thumb = right

| caption = Religion in Cocos Islands (2021)

| label1 = Islam

| value1 = 65.6

| color1 = Green

| label2 = Non-religious

| value2 = 14

| color2 = White

| label3 = Catholic

| value3 = 2

| color3 = Red

| value4 = 1.5

| label4 = Anglican

| color4 = Cyan

| value5 = 15.3

| color5 = Black

| label5 = Unspecified

| value6 = 1.6

| label6 = Other

| color6 = Grey

}}

The majority religion of the Cocos Islands is Islam, with 65.6% of the total population identifying as Muslim, followed by Unspecified (15.3%), Non-religious (14.0%), Catholic (2.0%), Anglican (1.5%). The remaining 1.6% of Cocos Islanders identify as secular or hold various other beliefs (including atheism, agnosticism and unspecified spiritual beliefs).

73.5% of the population were born in Australia - either on the mainland, on the Cocos Islands, or in another Australian territory. The remaining 26.5% come from other countries, including Malaysia (4.0%), England (1.3%), New Zealand (1.2%), Singapore (0.5%) and Argentina (0.5%), among others. 61.2% of the population speak Malay at home, while 19.1% speak English, and 3.5% speak another language (including Spanish and various Austronesian and African languages).

Kaum Ibu (Women's Group) is a women's rights organisation that represents the view of women at a local and national level.{{Cite book |last1=Jupp |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&dq=Kaum+Ibu+%28Women%27s+Group%29+cocos&pg=PA226 |title=The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins |last2=Jupp |first2=Director Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies James |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80789-0 |language=en}}

The population of the islands is approximately 600. There is a small and growing tourist industry focused on water-based or nature activities. In 2016, a beach on Direction Island was named the best beach in Australia by Brad Farmer, an Aquatic and Coastal Ambassador for Tourism Australia and co-author of 101 Best Beaches 2017.{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=Belinda|title=Cossies Beach, Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Beach expert Brad Farmer names Australia's best beach 2017|url=http://www.traveller.com.au/cossies-beach-wa-brad-farmers-best-beach-in-australia-in-2017-gt354u|access-date=4 December 2016|work=traveller.com.au|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203155158/http://www.traveller.com.au/cossies-beach-wa-brad-farmers-best-beach-in-australia-in-2017-gt354u|archive-date=3 December 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=Bonnor|first1=James|title=Australia appoints Brad Farmer to beach ambassador role|url=http://www.surfersvillage.com/content/australia-appoints-brad-farmer-beach-ambassador|website=www.surfersvillage.com|publisher=XTreme Video|access-date=4 December 2016|date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121210/http://www.surfersvillage.com/content/australia-appoints-brad-farmer-beach-ambassador|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}

Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but most food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia or elsewhere.

The Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage worker operations. Tourism employs others. The unemployment rate was 6.7% in 2011.{{cite web|url=http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary®ion=90102&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS&geoconcept=REGION&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA®ionLGA=REGION®ionASGS=REGION|title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands : Region Data Summary|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015212025/http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary®ion=90102&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS&geoconcept=REGION&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA®ionLGA=REGION®ionASGS=REGION|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live}}

On 2 April 2025, United States President Donald Trump announced a 10% tariff on the Cocos Islands.{{cite news |last1=Lendon |first1=Brad |title=An uninhabited island, a military base and a ‘desolate’ former whaling station. Trump’s tariffs include unlikely targets |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/03/business/trump-tariffs-uninhabited-islands-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=3 April 2025 |language=en}}

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands hold significant strategic value due to their location near vital shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean and their proximity to the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok Straits.This positioning allows for effective monitoring and control of maritime traffic between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

In recent years, both Australia and the United States have recognized the islands' strategic importance.Whitlock, Craig, "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-to-expand-ties-with-australia-as-it-aims-to-shift-forces-closer-to-se-asia/2012/03/19/gIQAPSXlcS_story.html U.S., Australia to broaden military ties amid Pentagon pivot to SE Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130209004219/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-to-expand-ties-with-australia-as-it-aims-to-shift-forces-closer-to-se-asia/2012/03/19/gIQAPSXlcS_story.html |date=9 February 2013 }}", The Washington Post, 26 March 2012. Euronews described the plan as Australian support for an increased American presence in Southeast Asia, but expressed concern that it was likely to upset Chinese officials.Grubel, James, "[http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1459124-australia-open-to-us-spy-flights-from-indian-ocean-island/ Australia open to US spy flights from Indian Ocean]." Euronews, 28 March 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527063046/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1459124-australia-open-to-us-spy-flights-from-indian-ocean-island/ |date=27 May 2012 }} After plans to construct airbases were reported on by The Washington Post,{{cite news |last1=Whitlock |first1=Craig |author1-link=Craig Whitlock |title=U.S., Australia announce deeper military ties amid Pentagon pivot to SE Asia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-to-expand-ties-with-australia-as-it-aims-to-shift-forces-closer-to-se-asia/2012/03/19/gIQAPSXlcS_story.html |access-date=9 December 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=26 March 2012}} Australian defence minister Stephen Smith stated that the Australian government views the "Cocos as being potentially a long-term strategic location, but that is down the track."{{cite web |last1=Hawley |first1=Samantha |title=Cocos Islands: US military base, not in our lifetime |url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2012/s3465894.htm |website=abc.net.au |date=28 March 2012 |publisher=ABC |access-date=9 December 2020}} In 2023, Indian aircraft from their Navy and Air Force paid a visit to the islands. Australia hopes to further advance relationships with India in order to grow their monitoring strength in the Indian Ocean.{{Cite web |last=Brewster |first=David |date=2023-07-06 |title=Indian aircraft visit Cocos Islands as Australia strengthens its maritime security network |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indian-aircraft-visit-cocos-islands-as-australia-strengthens-its-maritime-security-network/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=The Strategist |language=en-AU}}

Australia has initiated a project to upgrade the airfield on West Island to accommodate larger military aircraft, including the P-8A Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. This enhancement aims to bolster maritime surveillance capabilities in the region.{{Cite web |last=Menadue |first=John |date=2025-01-04 |title=Will the Cocos Islands become like Diego Garcia, hijacked by the US? |url=https://johnmenadue.com/will-the-cocos-islands-become-like-diego-garcia-highjacked-by-the-us-2/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Pearls and Irritations |language=en-AU}}{{Cite web |title=US military eyes Australia's Indian Ocean toe hold to deter China |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-military-eyes-australias-indian-ocean-toe-hold-deter-china-2024-08-05/}}{{Cite web |title=Australia's Indian Ocean islands |url=https://ipdefenseforum.com/2024/08/australias-indian-ocean-islands-considered-for-u-s-military-enhancements/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ipdefenseforum.com}}

The U.S. military is considering the Cocos Islands for infrastructure development under the Pacific Deterrence Initiative, reflecting their significance in countering regional threats and ensuring free navigation.{{Cite web |last=Saballa |first=Joe |date=2024-08-06 |title=US Military Eyes Australian Island for Pacific Deterrence Initiative |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2024/08/06/us-military-australian-island/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-US}}

In 2023, Indian Navy and Air Force aircraft visited the Cocos Islands, marking a step forward in defense collaboration between India and Australia. This visit underscored the islands' role in enhancing joint maritime security efforts in the Indian Ocean.{{Cite web |last=Brewster |first=David |date=2023-07-06 |title=Indian aircraft visit Cocos Islands as Australia strengthens its maritime security network |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indian-aircraft-visit-cocos-islands-as-australia-strengthens-its-maritime-security-network/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Strategist |language=en-AU}}

The islands' location offers several strategic advantages.

• Their proximity to critical maritime chokepoints makes them ideal for deploying surveillance assets to monitor naval activities and secure sea lines of communication.
• The islands can serve as a base for refueling and resupplying naval vessels and aircraft, extending operational reach in the region.{{Cite web |title=Strategic potential of the Cocos Islands |url=https://www.ausairpower.net/PDF-A/DT-Cocos-Christmas-Mar-2012.pdf}}

In late 2024, Google, in collaboration with partners, announced plans to build a subsea cable connecting Darwin, Australia, to Christmas Island. This project aimed to enhance digital resilience and connectivity, aligning with broader strategic objectives in the region.{{Cite web |title=Google to build subsea cable |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-build-subsea-cable-linking-australias-darwin-christmas-island-2024-11-25/}}

The islands feature approximately 15 kilometers of roads. The primary airport, Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport, is located on West Island and has a single 2,441-meter paved runway. Virgin Australia operates scheduled flights from Perth Airport twice a week, with some services also stopping at Christmas Island. Historically, from 1952 until 1967, the airport served as a refueling stop for flights between Australia and South Africa.

Local transportation includes a tourist bus on Home Island and a bus service on West Island operated by the Cocos Islands Cooperative Society, which also manages the inter-island ferry, Cahaya Baru, connecting West, Home, and Direction Islands.{{cite web|url=https://www.cocoscoop.cc/logistics-group/#marine |title=Logistics Group - Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd |publisher=Cocoscoop.cc |date= |accessdate=2022-02-19}}

There is a lagoon anchorage between Horsburgh and Direction islands for larger vessels, while yachts have a dedicated anchorage area in the southern lee of Direction Island. There are no major seaports on the islands.

Telecommunication services are integrated into Australia's system, utilizing the area code +61 8 9162 xxxx. Public telephones are available on both West and Home Islands. Mobile services are provided by Indian Ocean Territories Telecom (IOTT), offering 4G connectivity and various NBN plans, including Sky Muster Plus. SIM and recharge cards can be purchased locally.{{Cite web |title=Indian Ocean Territories Telecom |url=https://iot-businesses.com.au/directory/indian-ocean-territories-telecom/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=IOT Businesses |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=MultiWave Networks - nbn® for Cocos (Keeling) Islands |url=https://multiwavenetworks.com.au/cocos-islands-internet/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=MultiWave Networks |language=en-AU}}{{Cite web |title=IOTT – Internet Provider for the Cocos Islands |url=https://iott.cc/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |language=en-AU}}

Internet services are delivered via satellite, with providers like MultiWave Networks offering NBN Sky Muster Plus premium services. The territory's country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .cc, administered by VeriSign through its subsidiary eNIC.

Postal services, managed by Australia Post, use the postcode 6799. Post offices are situated on both West and Home Islands. Standard letters and express post items are dispatched by air twice weekly, while other mail is sent by sea, which can result in delivery times of up to two months.

Efforts are ongoing to enhance the islands' infrastructure. For instance, the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts is involved in projects like the Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant to improve the community's water supply.{{Cite web |title=Cocos Islands Airfield Upgrade Project |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=f581c282-1ab2-435d-b0da-a00b2c5b57e8&subId=726256}}

The National Broadband Network announced in early 2012 that it would extend service to Cocos in 2015 via high-speed satellite link.Kidman, Alex, "[http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/02/nbn-to-launch-satellites-in-2015/ NBN To Launch Satellites in 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912093443/http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/02/nbn-to-launch-satellites-in-2015/ |date=12 September 2012 }}." Gizmodo, 8 February 2012.

The Oman Australia Cable, completed in 2022, links Australia and Oman with a spur to the Cocos Islands.{{cite web|title=$300M Oman-Australia cable switched on|url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/702637/300m-oman-australia-cable-switched/|access-date=2023-09-02|website=www.arnnet.com.au|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Oman Australia Cable (OAC) Completes Final Landing in Oman|url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/asia-australia/oac/oac-completes-final-landing-in-oman|access-date=2023-09-02|website=www.submarinenetworks.com|language=en}}{{cite web|title=SUB.CO - Submarine Cable Infrastructure Development Specialists|url=https://www.sub.co/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=www.sub.co}}{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/us-china-tech-subcom/ |title=Inside the subsea cable firm secretly helping America take on China |last=Brock |first=Joe |publisher=Reuters |url-access=limited |date=6 July 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023}}

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands have access to a range of modern communication services.

The Cocos Islands Community Resource Centre publishes a fortnightly newsletter called The Atoll. It is available in paper and electronic formats.{{cite web |title=The Atoll Newsletter |url=https://shire.cc/en/your-community/the-atoll-newsletter.html |website=Shire of Cocos Keeling Islands |access-date=13 August 2020}}

{{Unsourced section|date=May 2025}}

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands receives radio stations from Perth and Broome. This includes ABC Kimberley, Triple J and Hit WA (Formerly Red FM).

A local radio station, 6CKI – Voice of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, is staffed by community volunteers and provides some local content.

; Australian

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands receives a range of digital channels from Western Australia via satellite and is broadcast from the Airport Building on the West Island on the following VHF frequencies: ABC6, SBS7, WAW8, WOW10 and WDW11{{cite web|title=List of licensed broadcasting transmitters|url=http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Broadcast/Television/List-of-TV-broadcasters|publisher=ACMA|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211224613/http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Broadcast/Television/List-of-TV-broadcasters|archive-date=11 February 2014|url-status=dead}}

; Malaysian

From 2013 onwards, Cocos Island received four Malaysian channels via satellite: TV3, ntv7, 8TV and TV9.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}{{Cite web |via=hitzdotfm |title=There's An Island in Australia Full Of Malays That Nobody Knew About |url=https://hitz.syok.my/trending/trending-on-hitz/island-in-australia-full-of-malays |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=hitz.syok.my}}

There is a school in the archipelago, Cocos Islands District High School, with campuses located on West Island (Kindergarten to Year 10), and the other on Home Island (Kindergarten to Year 6). CIDHS is part of the Western Australia Department of Education. School instruction is in English on both campuses, with Cocos Malay teacher aides assisting the younger children in Kindergarten, Pre-Preparatory and early Primary with the English curriculum on the Home Island Campus. The Home Language of Cocos Malay is valued whilst students engage in learning English.

{{main|Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}

Although it is an Australian territory, the culture of the islands has extensive influences from Malaysia and Indonesia due to its predominantly ethnic Malay population.

The West Island Mosque on Alexander Street is listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List.{{cite AHD|105219|West Island Mosque|fn=9/04/001/0013|access-date=15 May 2019}}

The Pulu Cocos Museum on Home Island was established in 1987, in recognition of the fact that the distinct culture of Home Island needed formal preservation.{{cite book|last=Conference|first=Museums Australia National|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv0SAQAAMAAJ&q=cocos+island+museum |title=Unlocking Museums: The Proceedings : 4th National Conference of Museums Australia Inc|date=1997|publisher=Museums Australia|isbn=978-0-949069-23-8|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shadow Puppets|url=https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/stamp-issues/cocos-keeling-islands-shadow-puppets |access-date=2021-09-04|website=Australia Post Collectables|language=en}} The site includes the displays on local culture and traditions, as well as the early history of the islands and their ownership by the Clunies-Ross family.{{cite web |title = Home Island {{!}} Cocos Keeling Islands |url = https://www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au/home-island |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au}}{{cite web |author=RACWA |title=Things To Do on Christmas Island and Cocos Keeling Islands {{!}} RAC WA |url = https://rac.com.au/travel-touring/info/cocos-keeling-christmas-island |access-date=2021-09-04 |website = RAC WA - For a better WA |language=en-AU }} The museum also includes displays on military and naval history, as well as local botanical and zoological items.{{cite web |title=Cocos Museum |url=https://www.commonwealthwalkway.com/place/cocos-museum/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Commonwealth Walkway Trust |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128171239/https://www.commonwealthwalkway.com/place/cocos-museum/ |url-status=dead }}

Rugby league is a popular sport on the islands.{{cite web | title=Indian Ocean adventures with rugby league | website=Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries | date=2021-10-11 | url=https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/department/news/news-article/2021/10/11/indian-ocean-adventures-with-rugby-league | access-date=2024-04-09}} The Cocos Islands Golf Club, located on West Island and established in 1962, is the only golf course in the world that plays across an international airport runway.{{cite web | last=Wynne | first=Emma | title=Cocos Islands international airport runway doubles as part of local golf course | website=ABC News | date=2019-06-22 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-23/cocos-islands-golf-course-on-international-runway/11222500 | access-date=2024-04-08}}

Unlike Norfolk Island, another external territory of Australia, the Cocos Islands do not participate in the Commonwealth Games or the Pacific Games.

A 2019 study led by Jennifer Lavers from the University of Tasmania's Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies published in the journal Scientific Reports estimated the volume of plastic rubbish on the Islands as around 414 million pieces, weighing 238 tonnes, 93% of which lies buried under the sand. It said that previous surveys which only assessed surface garbage probably "drastically underestimated the scale of debris accumulation". The plastic waste found in the study consisted mostly of single-use items such as bottles, plastic cutlery, bags and drinking straws.{{cite news |last=Smee |first=Ben |date=16 May 2019 |title=414 million pieces of plastic found on remote island group in Indian Ocean |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/16/414-million-pieces-of-plastic-found-on-remote-island-group-in-indian-ocean |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=The Guardian}}{{cite journal |author1=J. L. Lavers |author2=L. Dicks |author3=M. R. Dicks |author4=A. Finger |date=16 May 2019 |title=Significant plastic accumulation on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=Article number 7102 |page=7102 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7102L |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-43375-4 |pmc=6522509 |pmid=31097730}}{{cite news |last=McGrath |first=Matt |date=16 May 2019 |title=Plastic pollution: Flip-flop tide engulfs 'paradise' island |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48272920 |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=BBC News}}{{cite news |last=Kahn |first=Jo |date=17 May 2019 |title=Tonnes of plastic waste pollute Cocos Island beaches, and what you see is only a fragment |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-05-17/cocos-islands-millions-pieces-plastic-rubbish/11112784 |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport - RWY33.jpg|Aerial view of Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport (ICAO code: YPCC).

Cocos(Keeling)Islands HomeIsland02.jpg|Home Island

HMAS Sydney 1912 compass-stand Port Macquarie.JPG|Compass stand from the bridge of HMAS Sydney, which destroyed the SMS Emden, installed at Port Macquarie, New South Wales, in 1929.

SMS Emden 1914.jpg|A broadside view of the wrecked Emden after her encounter with HMAS Sydney. Crew huddle on the wreck, awaiting rescue by Sydney.

BRIG DURRANT WRITING CANCELLED.jpg|The last bombing raid of World War II by 99, 356 and 321 Squadrons is cancelled, 15 August 1945.Maj-General J. T. Durrant (SA Air Force, Commanding Officer, Cocos Islands), watched by Wing Commander "Sandy" Webster (Commanding Officer, 99 Squadron), Squadron Leader Les Evans (Acting Commanding Officer, 356 Squadron) and Lieutenant Commander W. van Prooijen (Commanding Officer, 321 Squadron).

H.M. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip at the Cocos Islands, April 1954.jpg|Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip arrive at the Cocos Islands, April 1954.

Prince Philip-Queen Elizabeth-John Clunies Ross@Coco Islands 1954.jpg|Prince Philip waves goodbye as he and Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by John Clunies-Ross, return to their ship from Home Island (1954).

Elizabeth garden part 1954-04.jpg|Queen Elizabeth at a garden party held in her honour at Home Island (1954).

{{portal|Geography|Islands||Asia||Australia|}}

• Banknotes of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
• Index of Cocos (Keeling) Islands-related articles
• Pearl Islands (Isla de Cocos, Panama; Cocos Island, Costa Rica).

{{NoteFoot}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{CIA World Factbook |year = 2003 }}
• Clunies-Ross, John Cecil; Souter, Gavin. The Clunies-Ross Cocos Chronicle, Self, Perth 2009, {{ISBN|9780980586718}}.
• {{cite book |last = McGrath |first = Tony |title = In Tropical Skies: A History of Aviation to Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands |year = 2019 |publisher = Hesperian Press |location = Carlisle, WA |isbn = 9780859057561 }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}

{{wikivoyage|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}

• [http://www.shire.cc/ Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands homepage]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327011339/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/497-508/505.pdf Areas of individual islets]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614165334/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/399-414/403.pdf Atoll Research Bulletin vol. 403]
• [http://www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au/ Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website]
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Keeling Islands | volume= 15 | page = 712 |short= 1}}
• [http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j34/cocosmutiny.htm Noel Crusz, The Cocos Islands mutiny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010911184409/https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j34/cocosmutiny.htm |date=11 September 2001 }}, reviewed by Peter Stanley (Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial).
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6730047.stm The man who lost a "coral kingdom"]
• [https://dxnews.com/vk9ec_cocos_keeling/ Amateur Radio DX Pedition to Cocos (Keeling) Islands VK9EC]

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