Demographics of Lebanon#Muslims

{{Main|Lebanese people}}

Ethnic identity revolves increasingly around aspects of cultural self-identification more than descent. To an extent, religious affiliation has also become a substitute in some respects for ethnic affiliation.{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/40.htm|title=Sectarian and Clan Consciousness – Lebanon|work=U.S. Library of Congress|publisher=Country Studies|access-date=2009-01-08}} Generally, the cultural and linguistic heritage of the People of Lebanon is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. Moreover, in a 2013 interview, the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another".{{cite journal|last=Maroon|first=Habib|title=A geneticist with a unifying message|journal=Nature|date=31 March 2013|doi=10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.46}}

{{Main|Religion in Lebanon}}

{{See also|Freedom of religion in Lebanon}}

File:Zahlefashion.jpg

{{Unreferenced section |date=June 2024}}

Lebanon's religious divisions are extremely complicated, and the country is made up by a multitude of religious groupings. The ecclesiastical and demographic patterns of the sects and denominations are complex. Divisions and rivalries between groups date back as far as 15 centuries, and still are a factor today. The pattern of settlement has changed little since the 7th century, but instances of civil strife and ethnic cleansing, most recently during the Lebanese Civil War, has brought some important changes to the religious map of the country. (See also History of Lebanon.)

Lebanon has by far the largest proportion of Christians of any Middle Eastern country, but both Christians and Muslims are sub-divided into many splinter sects and denominations. Population statistics are highly controversial. The various denominations and sects each have vested interests in inflating their own numbers. Shias, Sunnis, Maronites and Eastern Orthodox (the four largest denominations) all often claim that their particular religious affiliation holds a majority in the country, adding up to over 150% of the total population, even before counting the other denominations. One of the rare things that most Lebanese religious leaders will agree on is to avoid a new general census, for fear that it could trigger a new round of denominational conflict.{{Citation needed |date=June 2024}} The last official census was performed in 1932.

Religion has traditionally been of overriding importance in defining the Lebanese population. Dividing state power between the religious denominations and sects, and granting religious authorities judicial power, dates back to Ottoman times (the millet system). The practice was reinforced during French mandate, when Christian groups were granted privileges. This system of government, while partly intended as a compromise between sectarian demands, has caused tensions that still dominate Lebanese politics to this day.

The Christian population majority is believed to have ended in the early 1970s, but government leaders would agree to no change in the political power balance. This led to Muslim demands for increased representation, and the constant sectarian tension slid into violent conflict in 1958 (prompting U.S. intervention) and again in the grueling Lebanese Civil War, in 1975–90.

File:Natural Growth Rate in Lebanon throughout years.png

The balance of power has been slightly adjusted in the 1943 National Pact, an informal agreement struck at independence, in which positions of power were divided according to the 1932 census. The Sunni elite was then accorded more power, but Maronites continued to dominate the system. The sectarian balance was again adjusted towards the Muslim side but simultaneously further reinforced and legitimized. Shia Muslims (by now the second largest sect) then gained additional representation in the state apparatus, and the obligatory Christian-Muslim representation in Parliament was downgraded from a 6:5 to a 1:1 ratio. Christians of various denominations were then generally thought to constitute about 40% of the population, although often Muslim leaders would cite lower numbers, and some Christians would claim that they still held a majority of the population.

File:Lebanon religious groups.jpg

File:Lebanon religious groups distribution.jpg

The present Lebanese Constitution officially acknowledges 18 religious groups (see below). These have the right to handle family law according to their courts and traditions, and they are the basic players in Lebanon's complex sectarian politics.

• Alawite
• Armenian Catholic
• Armenian Orthodox
• Assyrian Church of the East
• Chaldean Catholic
• Copts
• Druze
• Greek Orthodox
• Isma'ili
• Jewish
• Latin Catholic
• Maronite Catholic
• Melkite Greek Catholic
• Protestant
• Sunni
• Shia
• Syriac Catholic Church
• Syriac Orthodox Church

{{hatnote|Note: stateless Palestinians and Syrians are not included in the statistics below since they do not hold Lebanese citizenship. The numbers only include the present population of Lebanon, and not the Lebanese diaspora.}}

The 1932 census stated that Christians made up 50% of the resident population. Maronites, the largest among the Christian denomination and then largely in control of the state apparatus, accounted for 29% of the total resident population.

The total population of Lebanon was reported to be 1,411,000 in 1956.{{cite journal|author=Jacob M. Landau|title=Elections in Lebanon |journal=The Western Political Quarterly|date=March 1961 |volume=14|issue=1|page=121|doi=10.2307/443935 |jstor=443935 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/443935.pdf}} The largest communities were Maronites (424,000), Sunni Muslims (286,000), Shiite Muslims (250,000), Greek Orthodox (149,000), Greek Catholics (91,000), Druzes (88,000), Armenian Orthodox (64,000), Armenian Catholics (15,000), Protestants (14,000), Jews (7,000), Syriac Catholics (6,000), Syriac Orthodox (5,000), Latins (4,000) and Assyrians of the Church of the East (1,000).

A 2010 study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million was estimated to be:{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/nea/208400.htm |title=2012 Report on International Religious Freedom - Lebanon |work=United States Department of State |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=9 January 2013}}

• 40.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Melkite Catholic, 6.5% belonging to smaller Christian groups (Protestant, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, Roman Catholic, Chaldean Catholic, Assyrian Church of the East, and Copt)
• At least 54% Islam (27% Shia, 27% Sunni, Alawites, Ismaili)
• 5.6% Druze (included with the Muslim group in the Lebanese constitution)

There is also a very small number of other religious minorities such as, Baháʼís, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and Mormons.

In 2022, the CIA World Factbook specified that of the citizen population (data do not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations), 67.8% are Muslims (31.9% Sunni, 31.2% Shia, with smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), 32.4% are Christians (mostly Maronites, and Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholics, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Syriac Catholic), and 4.5% are Druze.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society|title=CIA World Factbook (2021) - Lebanon|website=www.cia.gov|publisher=Centra Intelligence Agency|access-date=25 May 2021}}

File:Population map Syria & Liban (1935).jpg

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2021 the Muslim population was estimated at 60% within Lebanese territory and 20% of the over 4 million Lebanese diaspora population. In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Muslim sect in Lebanon was made:

• Shia Muslims are around 31.2% of the total population; the vast majority belong to the Twelver branch of Shi'ism.[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society "Lebanon: people and society"]{{cite web|title=Countries with more than 100,000 Shia Muslims|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=October 2009|access-date=21 September 2010|url=http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Orphan_Migrated_Content/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509021215/http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Orphan_Migrated_Content/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010}} The Speaker of Parliament is always a Shia Muslim, as it is the only high post that Shias are eligible for.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/lebanon/religious-sects.htm|title=Lebanon-Religious Sects |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=11 August 2010}}{{cite web|author=Hanin Ghaddar|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentary/march_for_secularism_religious_laws_are_archaic|title=March for secularism; religious laws are archaic|publisher=NOW Lebanon|date=25 April 2010|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718105206/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentary/march_for_secularism_religious_laws_are_archaic|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/story/891730DF9036DA65C22571F6005DFDF0?OpenDocument|title=Fadlallah Charges Every Sect in Lebanon Except his Own Wants to Dominate the Country|publisher=Naharnet|access-date=11 August 2010}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|url=http://hartsem.edu/aspects-christian-muslim-relations-contemporary-lebanon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827094237/http://hartsem.edu/aspects-christian-muslim-relations-contemporary-lebanon|archive-date=2012-08-27|title=Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon|publisher=Hartford Seminary|location=Hartford, CT, USA|author=George J. Hajjar|work=hartsem.edu|access-date=4 August 2012}} Shiites are largely concentrated in the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and in Dahieh (Greater Beirut).{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/?lid=5058&tmpl=printpage|title=Minority Rights Group International : Lebanon : Lebanon Overview|publisher=Minorityrights.org}}{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148830.htm|title=Statistics Lebanon Beirut-based research firm}}{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108487.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008 – Lebanon|date=September 19, 2008|work=2008 Report on International Religious Freedom|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=2009-01-08}}
• Sunni Muslims constitute about 31.9% of the total population. Sunnis are the only sect eligible for the post of Prime Minister{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108487.htm|title=Lebanon|publisher=United States Department of State|location=Washington, DC, USA|work=state.gov|access-date=4 August 2012}} Sunnis are mainly concentrated in West Beirut, North Lebanon, Sidon, Central and Western Beqaa, and Akkar in the north.
• Other Muslim sects have a small presence, with the Isma'ilis and Alawites combined comprising less than 1% of the population and are included among Lebanese Shia Muslims. Alawites are eligible for two seats in the Lebanese parliament, representing Alawites of Akkar and Tripoli.

File:Lebanon religion map by municipality.png

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2021, the Christian population in Lebanon was estimated at 44%. In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Christian sect in Lebanon was made:

• Maronite Christians are the largest of the Christian groups who in total account for about 32.4% of the total population of Lebanon. They have had a long and continuous association with the Roman Catholic Church, but have their own patriarch, liturgy, and customs. Traditionally they had good relations with the Western world, especially France{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Lebanon/Government-and-society#toc23374|title=French Mandate|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 December 2015}} and the Vatican.[http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Fr.-Samir:-Benedict-XVI’s-courage-carries-the-Churches-of-the-Middle-East-and-the-Arab-Spring-25780.html Fr. Samir: Benedict XVI’s courage carries the Churches of the Middle East and the Arab Spring] After 1920 they traditionally dominated the Lebanese government and civil positions, although their influence significantly diminished following the Lebanese Civil War and Taif Agreement. Today the Maronites are believed to compose about 26% of the population, concentrated mainly in the province of Mount Lebanon and Eastern Beirut (Greater Beirut).
• The second largest Christian group is the Eastern Orthodox that constitute at least 9% of the population. The Orthodox church is existent in other parts of the Arab world, especially in Syria and among Palestinian Christians. Orthodox Christians were often noted for their Pan-Arab and Pan-Syrian leanings, and have close relations with Eastern Orthodox European countries like Greece, Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania. The positions of Deputy Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Prime Minister are reserved for Eastern Orthodox Christians.
• The Melkite Catholics are thought to constitute about 6% of the population.
• The Protestants are thought to constitute about 1% of the population.
• The remaining Christian churches are thought to constitute another 5% of the population (Roman Catholics, Armenian Apostolic, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, and Assyrians.)

The Druze constitute 5% of the population and are almost entirely concentrated in Aley and Chouf in southern Mount Lebanon, and in the Hasbaya and Rashaya districts. Even though the faith originally developed out of Isma'ili Shia Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims,{{cite book |last1=Abu Izzeddin |first1=Najla M. |title=The Druzes A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society |date=1993 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004097056 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BprjrZzee5EC}}{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam| first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad|year=2014| isbn=9780199862634| page = 142|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..}} and do not accept the five pillars of Islam.{{cite book|title= The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East|first=Ronald|last= De McLaurin|year= 1979| isbn= 9780030525964| page =114 |publisher=Michigan University Press|quote= Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..}}

Other religions account for only an estimated 0.3% of the population mainly foreign temporary workers, according to the CIA World Factbook. There was a large and vibrant Jewish population, traditionally centered in Beirut who fled to Israel in the 1940s and 1950s.

{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = Prominent Lebanese Figures
{{lang|ar|وجوه من لبنان}}

| image = {{Image array | perrow = 3

| image1 = StJohnMaron.jpg

| link1 = John Maron

| image2 = Charbel.jpg

| link2 = Charbel Makhlouf

| image3 = Estephane-Douaihi.jpg

| link3 = Estephan El Douaihy

| image4 = Peter Hoayek.JPG

| link4 = Elias Peter Hoayek

| image5 = Young Youssef Bey Karam.jpg

| link5 = Youssef Bey Karam

| image6 = Camille chamoun.jpg

| link6 = Camille Chamoun

| image7 = Fairuz in btd concert 2001.jpg

| link7 = Fairuz

| image8 = Kahlil Gibran 1913.jpg

| link8 = Khalil Gibran

| image9 = Carlos Slim Helú.jpg

| link9 = Carlos Slim

| image10= Sabah - Al Mawed.jpg

| link10= Sabah (singer)

| image11= Carlos Ghosn - India Economic Summit 2009.jpg

| link11= Carlos Ghosn

| image12= Elie Saab in Beirut 2005.jpg

| link12= Elie Saab

| image13= CharlesElachi.jpg

| link13= Charles Elachi

| image14= John Abizaid.jpg

| link14= John Abizaid

| image15= Elissar Zakaria Khoury.jpg

| link15= Elissa (Lebanese singer)

| image16= Donna Shalala - Knight Foundation.jpg

| link16= Donna Shalala

| image17= Ray LaHood official DOT portrait.jpg

| link17= Ray LaHood

| image18= Michel Temer.jpg

| link18= Michel Temer

| image19= Naderspeak.JPG

| link19= Ralph Nader

| image20= Cardinal Nasrallah Peter Sfeir.jpg

| link20= Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir

| image21= Béchara-Raï.jpg

| link21= Bechara Boutros al-Rahi

| image22= Cristina Kirchner con Michel Sleiman 03.jpg

| link22= Michel Suleiman

| link23 = Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah 07 (1).jpg

}}

| caption = Prominent Lebanese people and people of Lebanese descent.

}}

{{Main|Lebanese diaspora}}

Apart from the four and a half million citizens of Lebanon proper, there is a sizeable Lebanese diaspora. There are more Lebanese people living outside of Lebanon (over 4 million), than within (4.6 million citizens plus 1.5 million refugees). The majority of the diaspora population consists of Lebanese Christians; however, there are some who are Muslim. They trace their origin to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria.

Under the current Lebanese nationality law, diaspora Lebanese do not have an automatic right of return to Lebanon. Due to varying degrees of assimilation and high degree of interethnic marriages, most diaspora Lebanese have not passed on the Arabic language to their children, while still maintaining a Lebanese ethnic identity.

Many Lebanese families are economically and politically prominent in several Latin American countries (in 2007 Mexican Carlos Slim Helú, son of Lebanese immigrants, was determined to be the wealthiest man in the World by Fortune Magazine), and make up a substantial portion of the Lebanese American community in the United States. The largest Lebanese diaspora is located in Brazil, where about 6–7 million people have Lebanese descent (see Lebanese Brazilian). In Argentina, there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 1.5 million people having Lebanese descent. (see Lebanese Argentine). In Canada, there is also a large Lebanese diaspora of approximately 250,000-500,000 people having Lebanese descent. (see Lebanese Canadians).

There are also sizable populations in West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and Senegal.

The large size of Lebanon's diaspora may be partly explained by the historical and cultural tradition of seafaring and traveling, which stretches back to Lebanon's ancient Phoenician origins and its role as a "gateway" of relations between Europe and the Middle East. It has been commonplace for Lebanese citizens to emigrate in search of economic prosperity. Furthermore, on several occasions in the last two centuries the Lebanese population has endured periods of ethnic cleansing and displacement (for example, 1840–60 and 1975–90). These factors have contributed to the geographical mobility of the Lebanese people.

While under Syrian occupation, Beirut passed legislation which prevented second-generation Lebanese of the diaspora from automatically obtaining Lebanese citizenship. This has reinforced the émigré status of many diaspora Lebanese. There is currently a campaign by those Lebanese of the diaspora who already have Lebanese citizenship to attain the vote from abroad, which has been successfully passed in the Lebanese parliament and will be effective as of 2013 which is the next parliamentary elections. If suffrage was to be extended to these 1.2{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} million Lebanese émigré citizens, it would have a significant political effect, since as many as 82% of them are believed to be Christian.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

{{see also|Lebanese Civil War}}

With no official figures available, it is estimated that 600,000–900,000 persons fled the country during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90). Although some have since returned, this permanently disturbed Lebanese population growth and greatly complicated demographic statistics.

Another result of the war was a large number of internally displaced persons. This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah (mainly 1982 to 2000).

Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut. After the war, the pace of Christian emigration accelerated, as many Christians felt discriminated against in a Lebanon under increasingly oppressive Syrian occupation.

According to a UNDP study, as much as 10% of the Lebanese had a disability in 1990.[http://www.irinnews.org/node/195086 LEBANON: Disabled remain marginalized, study finds], IRIN. Accessed August 6, 2009. Other studies have pointed to the fact that this portion of society is highly marginalized due to the lack of educational and governmental support of their advancement.

{{Main|Languages of Lebanon}}

Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of the country, but the Lebanese dialect of Levantine Arabic is used in conversations. French and English are taught in many schools from a young age. Among the Armenian ethnic minority in Lebanon, the Armenian language is taught and spoken.

File:PopulationPyramid of Lebanon.jpg

File:Lebanon Population 1950-2021 Forecast 2022-2032 UN World Population Prospects 2022.svg, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates]]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

• Population:

:Total population: 6,100,075 (July 2018 est.)

:Lebanese nationals: 4,680,212 (July 2018 est.)

:Syrian refugees: 944,613 (April 2019 est.) registered at the UNHCR (down from 1,077,000 in June 2014)

:Palestinian refugees: 175,555 (2018 est.)

:Iraqi refugees: 5,695 (2017 est.)

Age structure:

• 0–14 years: 23.32% (male 728,025/female 694,453) 15–24 years: 16.04% (male 500,592/female 477,784) 25–54 years: 45.27% (male 1,398,087/female 1,363,386) 55–64 years: 8.34% (male 241,206/female 267,747) 65 years and over: 7.03% (male 185,780/female 243,015) (2018 est.)
• Median age:

:Total: 31.3 years

:Male: 30.7 years

:Female: 31.9 years (2018 est.)

• Population growth rate:

:1.04% (2005 est.)

:0.96% (2011 est.)

:−3.13% (2018 est.)

• Net migration rate:

:−4.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

:−40.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

File:Life expectancy by WBG -Lebanon -diff.png in Lebanon]]

• Sex ratio:

:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

:under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

:15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

:65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

:total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

• Life expectancy at birth:

:total population: 77.9 years

:male: 76.6 years

:female: 79.3 years (2018 est.)

Notable events in demography of Lebanon:

• 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War
• 1982 Lebanon War
• 2006 Lebanon War
• 2011–2024 Syrian revolution

The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations.{{Cite web |title=Population & Demography Data Explorer |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?facet=none&Metric=Population&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~LBN |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Our World in Data}}

{{GraphChart

| width = 450

| height = 150

| xAxisTitle=year

| yAxisTitle= million

| yAxisMin=

| yGrid= 0,1

| xGrid= 10

| legend=

| type = line

| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 1.35,1.39,1.43,1.47,1.51,1.56,1.6,1.65,1.7,1.75,1.8,1.85,1.91,1.97,2.03,2.09,2.15,2.2,2.26,2.32,2.38,2.44,2.51,2.57,2.63,2.69,3.07,3.46,3.18,2.9,

2.96,3.03,3.07,3.11,3.16,3.23,3.31,3.39,3.46,3.53,3.59,3.67,3.75,3.82,3.89,3.96,4.03,4.11,4.18,4.25,4.32,4.39,4.45,4.51,4.58,4.64,4.72,4.81,4.89,4.95,

5,5.05,5.18,5.68,6.27,6.4,6.26,6.11,5.95,5.78,5.66,5.59

| y1Title= population (million)

}}

{{GraphChart

| width = 450

| height = 150

| xAxisTitle=years

| yAxisTitle= ‰

| yAxisMin=

| yGrid= 0,1

| xGrid= 10

| hAnnotatonsLine=

| hAnnotatonsLabel=

| legend=

| type = line

| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 28.2,28.2,28.4,28.6,28.8,28.6,29.0,29.2,28.2,29.2,29.0,28.8,28.5,28.3,27.8,27.3,26.8,26.4,26.0,25.7,25.5,25.2,25.1,25.0,24.8,20.8,0.6,21.0,20.9,

20.9,21.0,21.3,11.8,20.9,20.7,20.1,19.8,19.6,19.5,20.7,20.0,21.7,20.7,19.7,18.9,18.2,17.7,17.2,16.6,16.3,15.9,15.7,15.4,15.0,14.4,13.9,13.4,13.2,13.1,13.2,13.5,

13.8,13.8,13.7,13.7,13.5,13.1,12.4,11.6,10.6,9.1,6.7

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)

}}

{{GraphChart

| width = 450

| height = 150

| xAxisTitle=years

| yAxisTitle= ‰

| yAxisMin=

| yGrid= 0,1

| xGrid= 10

| hAnnotatonsLine=

| hAnnotatonsLabel=

| legend=

| type = line

| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 75.0,73.8,71.4,69.1,67.1,67.4,63.2,61.4,59.8,58.2,56.7,55.4,54.3,53.0,51.9,50.9,50.0,49.2,48.6,48.0,47.5,47.0,46.5,45.9,45.3,45.2,102.9,52.8,51.7,

50.6,49.4,48.2,70.1,39.9,38.6,37.4,35.8,40.1,38.7,27.8,26.7,25.7,24.8,23.7,22.5,21.5,20.6,19.6,18.7,17.9,17.0,15.9,14.9,13.9,13.0,12.0,11.2,10.4,9.7,9.2,8.7,8.4,8.0,7.8,7.5,7.2,6.8,6.6,6.4,6.2,6.0,5.8

| y1Title=Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)

}}

{{GraphChart

| width = 450

| height = 150

| xAxisTitle=years

| yAxisTitle= TFR

| yAxisMin=

| yGrid= 0,1

| xGrid= 10

| hAnnotatonsLine= 2.1

| hAnnotatonsLabel=

| legend=

| type = line

| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 5.81,5.80,5.80,5.80,5.81,5.81,5.81,5.81,5.81,5.82,5.82,5.81,5.80,5.78,5.72,5.65,5.57,5.49,5.38,5.28,5.17,5.04,4.93,4.81,4.69,4.56,4.42,4.31,

4.20,4.09,4.03,3.98,3.89,3.79,3.70,3.59,3.50,3.43,3.40,3.39,3.30,3.19,3.08,2.97,2.87,2.78,2.74,2.66,2.60,2.55,2.50,2.46,2.41,2.35,2.27,2.20,2.16,2.11,2.08,

2.09,2.13,2.16,2.17,2.17,2.18,2.18,2.18,2.17,2.15,2.13,2.10,2.09

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate

}}

There are substantial numbers of immigrants from other Arab countries (mainly Palestine, Syria, Iraq) and non-Arab-speaking Muslim countries. Also, recent years have seen an influx of people from Ethiopia{{cite news|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/newsArticleAF/cache/offonce?entryId=9427|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101034921/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/newsArticleAF/cache/offonce?entryId=9427|archive-date=2006-11-01|title=IOM Steps Up Evacuation of Stranded Migrants from Lebanon|date=July 26, 2006 |publisher=International Organization for Migration|access-date=2009-01-08}} and South East Asian countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka,{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast-crisis/canada-lebanon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721030419/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast-crisis/canada-lebanon.html|archive-date=2006-07-21|title=CBC News In Depth: Middle East in Crisis – Canada and Lebanon, a special tie|date=1 August 2006|publisher=CBC News|access-date=8 January 2009}} as well as smaller numbers of other immigrant minorities, including Colombians and Brazilians (many of Lebanese descent themselves). Most of these are employed as guest workers in the same fashion as Syrians and Palestinians, and entered the country to search for employment in the post-war reconstruction of Lebanon. Apart from the Palestinians, there are approximately 180,000 stateless persons in Lebanon.

File:Antelias - Armeni.jpg in north Beirut]]

{{Main|Armenians in Lebanon}}

Armenians have lived in Lebanon for centuries. According to Minority Rights Group International, there are 156,000 Armenians in Lebanon, around 4% of the population. Prior to the Lebanese Civil War, the number was higher, but the community lost a portion of its population to emigration.

{{Main|French people in Lebanon|Italians in Lebanon}}

{{see also|France–Lebanon relations}}

During the French Mandate of Lebanon, there was a fairly large French minority and a tiny Italian minority. Most of the French and Italian settlers left after Lebanese independence in 1943 and only 22,000 French Lebanese and 4,300 Italian Lebanese continue to live in Lebanon. The most important legacy of the French Mandate is the frequent use and knowledge of the French language by most of the educated Lebanese people, and Beirut is still known as the "Paris of the Middle East".

{{Main|Palestinians in Lebanon}}

Around 175,555 Palestinian refugees were registered in Lebanon with the UNRWA in 2014, who are refugees or descendants of refugees from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Some 53% live in 12 Palestine refugee camps, who "suffer from serious problems" such as poverty and overcrowding.{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon|title=Where We Work: Lebanon|work=UNRWA|date=1 July 2014|access-date=6 December 2015}} Some of these may have emigrated during the civil war, but there are no reliable figures available. There are also a number of Palestinians who are not registered as UNRWA refugees, because they left earlier than 1948 or were not in need of material assistance. The exact number of Palestinians remain a subject of great dispute and the Lebanese government will not provide an estimate. A figure of 400,000 Palestinian refugees would mean that Palestinians constitute less than 7% of the resident population of Lebanon.

Palestinians living in Lebanon are considered foreigners and are under the same restrictions on employment applied to other foreigners. Prior to 2010, they were under even more restrictive employment rules which permitted, other than work for the U.N., only the most menial employment. Palestinian refugees, who constitute nearly 6.6% of the country's population, have long been denied basic rights in Lebanon. They are not allowed to attend public schools, own property or pass on inheritances, measures Lebanon says it has adopted to preserve their right to return to their property in what constitutes Israel now.{{cite news|author=Nada Bakri|author-link=Nada Bakri |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/18/world/middleeast/18lebanon.html?_r=0|title=Lebanon Gives Palestinians New Work Rights|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 August 2010|access-date=17 August 2010}}

Their presence is controversial, and resisted by large segments of the Christian population, who argue that the primarily Sunni Muslim Palestinians dilute Christian numbers. Many Shia Muslims also look unfavorably upon the Palestinian presence since the refugee camps have tended to be concentrated in their home areas. The Lebanese Sunnis, however, would be happy to see these Palestinians given the Lebanese nationality, thus increasing the Lebanese Sunni population by well over 10% and tipping the fragile electoral balance much in favor of the Sunnis. Late prime minister Rafiq Hariri —himself a Sunni— had hinted on more than one occasion on the inevitability of granting these refugees Lebanese citizenship. Thus far the refugees lack Lebanese citizenship as well as many rights enjoyed by the rest of the population, and are confined to severely overcrowded refugee camps, in which construction rights are severely constricted.

Palestinians may not work in a large number of professions, such as lawyers and doctors. However, after negotiations between Lebanese authorities and ministers from the Palestinian National Authority some professions for Palestinians were allowed (such as taxi driver and construction worker). The material situation of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon is difficult, and they are believed to constitute the poorest community in Lebanon, as well as the poorest Palestinian community with the possible exception of Gaza Strip refugees. Their primary sources of income are UNRWA aid and menial labor sought in competition with Syrian guest workers.

The Palestinians are majority Sunni Muslims with a Christian minority, though at some point Christians counted as high as 40% with Muslims at 60%. The numbers of Palestinian Christians has diminished in later years, as many have managed to leave Lebanon.

60,000 Palestinians have received Lebanese citizenship.

{{Main|Syrians in Lebanon}}

{{see also|Lebanon–Syria relations}}

In 1976, the then Syrian president Hafez al-Assad sent troops into Lebanon to fight PLO forces on behalf of Christian militias. This led to escalated fighting until a cease-fire agreement later that year that allowed for the stationing of Syrian troops within Lebanon. The Syrian presence in Lebanon quickly changed sides; soon after they entered Lebanon they had flip-flopped and began to fight the Christian nationalists in Lebanon they allegedly entered the country to protect. The Kateab Party and the Lebanese Forces under Bachir Gemayel strongly resisted the Syrians in Lebanon. In 1989, 40,000 Syrian troops remained in central and eastern Lebanon under the supervision of the Syrian government. Although, the Taif Accord, established in the same year, called for the removal of Syrian troops and transfer of arms to the Lebanese army, the Syrian Army remained in Lebanon until the Lebanese Cedar Revolution in 2005 ended the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.

In 1994, the Lebanese government under the pressure of the Syrian government, gave Lebanese passports to thousands of Syrians.{{cite web |title=Citizenship requirements and procedures for an individual who was born in Lebanon to parents with Syrian citizenship, has a permanent residency permit, and whose spouse was granted Lebanese citizenship by Decree (2012-November 2013) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5481746f4.html |website=Refworld |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |language=en}}

After the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, Syrians began to flee the country, with many arriving in Lebanon. As of 2013, there were nearly 1.08 million registered{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486676.html|website=unhcr.org|title=UNHCR - Lebanon}} Syrian refugees in Lebanon{{cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122|title=Syria Regional Refugee Response - Lebanon|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)|work=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|date=31 October 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626091416/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122|url-status=dead}} but is estimated that the figure is closer 1.5 million.{{Cite web|title=The Plight of Syrian Refugees – PRIO Blogs|url=https://blogs.prio.org/2021/08/the-plight-of-syrian-refugees/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=blogs.prio.org|date=6 August 2021 |language=en}}

{{Main|Assyrians in Lebanon}}

There are an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Assyrian refugees in Lebanon. The vast majority of them are undocumented, with a large number having been deported or put in prison.{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Maureen Clare|date=2007-04-09|title=Invisible lives: Iraqis in Lebanon|url=https://electronicintifada.net/content/invisible-lives-iraqis-lebanon/6849|access-date=2021-10-30|website=The Electronic Intifada|language=en}}{{better source needed|date=December 2024}} They belong to various denominations, including the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, and Syriac Catholic Church.

{{Main|Iraqis in Lebanon}}

Due to the US-led invasion of Iraq, Lebanon received a mass influx of Iraqi refugees numbering at around 100,000. The vast majority of them are undocumented, with a large number having been deported or put in prison.{{better source needed|date=December 2024}}

{{Main|Kurds in Lebanon}}

There are an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Kurdish refugees from Turkey and Syria within Lebanese territory. Many of them are undocumented. As of 2012, around 40% of all Kurds in Lebanon do not have Lebanese citizenship.{{cite web|author=Brooke Anderson|url=http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/2/kurdsworld580.htm|title=Kurds in Lebanon endure poverty, grapple with assimilation|publisher=Ekurd Daily|date=9 February 2012|access-date=13 November 2014}}

{{Main|Turks in Lebanon}}

The Turkish people began to migrate to Lebanon once the Ottoman sultan Selim I conquered the region in 1516. Turks were encouraged to stay in Lebanon by being rewarded with land and money.{{citation|last=Orhan|first=Oytun|year=2010|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/2010110_sayi11_eng_web.pdf|title=The Forgotten Turks: Turkmens of Lebanon|publisher=ORSAM|page=7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181832/http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/2010110_sayi11_eng_web.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03}} Today the Turkish minority numbers approximately 80,000.{{cite web|author=Al-Akhbar|title=Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-turks-seek-political-and-social-recognition|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232105/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-turks-seek-political-and-social-recognition|archive-date=2018-06-20|url-status=dead}} Moreover, since the Syrian Civil War, approximately 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees arrived in Lebanon, and hence they now outnumber the long established Turkish minority who settled since the Ottoman era.{{citation|last=Ahmed|first=Yusra|year=2015|title=Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/11837.html|publisher=Zaman Al Wasl|access-date= 11 October 2016}}{{cite web|author=Syrian Observer|year=2015|title=Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/29920/Syria_Turkmen_Refugees_Face_Cruel_Reality_Lebanon|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055226/http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/29920/Syria_Turkmen_Refugees_Face_Cruel_Reality_Lebanon|url-status=dead}}

The Circassians migrated to the Ottoman Empire including Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th and 19th century. However, they are mostly located in Akkar Governorate, in which they have come to Berkail since 1754. Today the Circassian minority numbers approximately 100,000.{{cite web|url=https://www.nidaalwatan.com/article/2487-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%85-%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9|title=الشركس في لبنان: تمسّك بالأصول رغم صعوبة اللغة والتواصل|website=nidaalwatan.com|language=ar|date=3 August 2019}}{{cite web|url=http://www.apsnypress.info/en/news/circassians-from-lebanon-visited-abkhazia-for-the-first-time/|title=Circassians from Lebanon visited Abkhazia for the first time|website=apsnypress.info|date=10 May 2017|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111110/http://www.apsnypress.info/en/news/circassians-from-lebanon-visited-abkhazia-for-the-first-time/|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Doms in Lebanon}}

{{cite web|url=https://insanassociation.org/2011_TheDomPeopleLebanon.pdf|title=The Dom People and their Children in Lebanon}}

• Demographics of the Middle East
• Migrant domestic workers in Lebanon

{{Reflist|group=nb}}

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Demographics of Lebanon}}

{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}

{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}

{{Demographics of Lebanon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Lebanon}}