Doping at the Olympic Games#2024 Paris
{{Short description|Use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs at the Olympics}}
{{Lead too short|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Doping in sport sidebar|expanded=History}}
Doping at the Olympic Games refers to the use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances and methods by athletes competing in the Games. Throughout the history of the modern Olympics, doping has been a persistent and controversial issue, raising concerns about fair play, athlete health, and the integrity of sport. The pursuit of competitive advantage has led athletes to use a variety of banned substances, including anabolic steroids, stimulants, and erythropoietin (EPO), as well as methods like blood doping. Efforts to combat doping have evolved significantly, with the establishment of anti-doping organizations, the development of sophisticated testing methods, and the implementation of stricter penalties. High-profile doping scandals have tarnished the reputation of the Olympics and highlighted the ongoing challenge of maintaining a level playing field. The fight against doping remains a central focus of the Olympic movement, with continuous efforts to improve detection, prevention, and education.
History
The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men.{{cite web |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/ancient-greece/first-olympics3.htm|author=Gibson, Candace|title=How the First Olympics Worked|date=27 February 2008|publisher=Discovery Communications|access-date=5 January 2009}} Athletes were also known to drink "magic" potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of giving them an athletic edge on their competition.{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/63532314.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709071205/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/63532314.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2008| title=Ancient Olympics mixed Naked Sports, Pagan Partying| publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=5 January 2009|first=Stefan|last=Lovgren}} If they were caught cheating, their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium. In the modern Olympic era, chemically enhancing one's performance has evolved into a sophisticated science, but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance-enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.{{cite web|title=Tom Hicks|publisher=Sports-reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/tom-hicks-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417171703/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/tom-hicks-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|access-date=27 August 2008}}
During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to improve their athletic abilities by boosting testosterone. As their methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine, which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race.{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Anti-Doping|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=312|access-date=10 September 2008|archive-date=24 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524081153/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=312|url-status=dead}} Jensen's death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes.{{cite book|title=Rome 1960|last=Maraniss|first=David|year=2008|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-3407-5|author-link=David Maraniss|url=https://archive.org/details/rome1960olympics00mara}} By the mid-1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.{{cite news |first=Sharon|last=Begley|title=The Drug Charade|publisher=Newsweek|date=7 January 2008|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/86079/output/print|access-date=27 August 2008}}
The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use,{{cite web|title=Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall|publisher=123explore.com|url=http://www.123exp-biographies.com/t/00034345906/|access-date=28 August 2008|archive-date=6 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206065936/http://www.123exp-biographies.com/t/00034345906/|url-status=dead}} "two beers" to steady his nerves.{{Cite web |title=Mexico City 1968 |publisher=Swedish Olympic Committee |url= http://www.sok.se/?open&f=F16&id=98F7A&mid=200..expand& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040821204237/http://www.sok.se/?open&f=F16&id=98F7A&mid=200..expand& |archive-date=21 August 2004 }} Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics, but as the technology and testing techniques improved, the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L1209-0021, Kornelia Ender.jpg
The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990, documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff, accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games.{{cite news |first=Christine|last=Brennan |title=Babashoff had Mettle to Speak out about Steroids|date=14 July 2004|publisher=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/brennan/2004-07-15-brennan_x.htm|access-date=28 August 2008}} Babashoff's comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff, a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals, won three silver medals – losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thümer, and one gold medal in a relay. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds (out of a possible 12), six silvers, and one bronze in 1976. No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system.{{cite news |first=Jere|last=Longman|title=Just Following Orders, Doctors' Orders|work=The New York Times|date=22 April 2001|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/22/sports/just-following-orders-doctors-orders.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=28 August 2008}}{{cite web |title=Sports Doping Statistics Reach Plateau in Germany|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=26 February 2006|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,786574,00.html|access-date=28 August 2008}}
The report, titled "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today", details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping program. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.{{cite news |title=Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/08/03/report-west-germany-systematically-doped-athletes-olympics/2615323/ |work=USA Today |date=3 August 2013}} Doping of West German athletes was prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972, and at the 1976 Montreal Olympics.{{cite news |title=Report exposes decades of West German doping |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20130805-doping-rife-among-west-german-athletes-decades-says-report |work=France 24 |date=5 August 2013}}
According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0292739575 |title= Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping |first= Thomas M. |last= Hunt |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Texas Press |isbn= 978-0292739574 |page= 66 }} On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/the-1980-moscow-olympics-rank-as-the-cleanest-in-history-athletes-recall-how-the-u-s-s-r-cheated-the-system-/30741567.html |title=The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System. |last1=Aleksandrov |first1=Alexei |last2=Aleksandrov |first2=Grebeniuk |last3=Runets |first3=Volodymyr |publisher= |date=22 July 2020 |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=26 December 2021}}
Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/sports/olympics/soviet-doping-plan-russia-rio-games.html |title=The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics |last=Ruiz |first=Rebecca R. |date= 13 August 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=3 September 2016 }} The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.
China was accused of conducting a state sanctioned doping programme on athletes in the 1980s and 1990s.{{cite book|author=Jinxia Dong|title=Women, Sport, and Society in Modern China: Holding Up More Than Half the Sky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UC2cSAnrm8MC&pg=PT151|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|archive-date=12 August 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240812070319/https://books.google.ca/books?id=UC2cSAnrm8MC&pg=PT151&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live|isbn=978-0-7146-5235-1|pages=151–152|quote=Despite this fact, it is highly unlikely that China had a nationwide state-sponsored drug programme to enhance athletes' performances...based on an investigation in China in February 1998, the International Swimming Federation rejected the assumption that China had a national drug-taking programme.}} In a July 2012 interview published by the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper, Chen Zhangho, the lead doctor for the Chinese Olympic team at the Los Angeles, Seoul and Barcelona Olympics told of how he had tested hormones, blood doping and steroids on about fifty elite athletes.{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/olympics/news-london-2012/chinese-olympians-subjected-to-routine-doping-20120726-22v65.html|title=Chinese Olympians subjected to routine doping|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=28 July 2012}} Chen also accused the United States, the Soviet Union and France of using performance-enhancing drugs at the same time as China.
A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the Men's 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who had tested positive for stimulants at the U.S. Olympic Trials. The highest level of stimulant Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as a negative test. The acceptable level was later raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-23-sp-oly23-story.html|title=Just a Dash of Drugs in Lewis, DeLoach|work=Los Angeles Times|date=23 April 2003|author=Abrahamson, Alan|access-date=10 October 2019}}Wallechinsky and Loucky, The Complete Book of the Olympics (2012 edition), page 61. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance." The IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC followed the correct procedures in dealing with positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration.
Response
In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the "Olympic Standard") has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate.{{cite news |first=Zachary|last=Coile|title=Bill Seeks to Toughen Drug Testing in Pro Sports|date=27 April 2005|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/27/MNGMICG0SS1.DTL|access-date=3 September 2008}} During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing.{{cite web|title=Doping: 3667 athletes tested, IOC seeks action against Halkia's coach|date=19 August 2008|publisher=Express India Newspapers|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Doping-3667-athletes-tested-IOC-seeks-action-against-Halkias-coach/350677/|access-date=28 August 2008|archive-date=1 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201114743/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Doping-3667-athletes-tested-IOC-seeks-action-against-Halkias-coach/350677/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Anti-Doping|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=312|access-date=28 August 2008|archive-date=24 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524081153/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=312|url-status=dead}}
Prohibited drugs
{{main|List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency}}
Summer Olympic Games
What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission (IOC). In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances.{{cite book|first=David R.|last=Mottram|title=Drugs in Sport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2e4IUmuvrEC&pg=PA21|access-date=19 July 2012|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-55086-4|pages=21–}} Mandatory testing began at the following year's Games. In a few cases the IOC has reversed earlier rulings that stripped athletes of medals.
=1968 Mexico City=
{{main|1968 Summer Olympics}}
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall
|{{flagIOC|SWE|1968 Summer}} |{{Bronze3}} (team) |
In addition, the Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler Hristo Traykov was disqualified from his bout against David Hazewinkel for using concealed smelling salts during their bout.{{cite news |work=The Sydney Sun-Herald|location=Sydney, Australia|date=27 October 1968|title=Took a sniff — out!| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=lL5f5cZgq8MC&dat=19681027&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|page=57}}
=1972 Munich=
{{main|1972 Summer Olympics}}
As a 16-year-old, Rick DeMont qualified to represent the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He originally won the gold medal in the men's 400-meter freestyle, but following the race, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) disqualified DeMontNeil Amdur, [https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/09.04.html "Of Gold and Drugs"], The New York Times (4 September 1972). Retrieved 16 March 2015. after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was barred from any other events at the Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder.
Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's medical committee.{{cite web|title=SR/Olympic Sports |publisher=Sports-reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/rick-demont-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417183055/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/rick-demont-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|access-date=6 September 2020}} In 2001, his gold medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics was recognised by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC).{{Cite web |title=Dan Patrick:DeMont redeemed after 29 years |url=https://www.espn.com/talent/danpatrick/s/2001/0202/1057642.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.espn.com}} However, only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has, as of 2019, refused to do so.{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/news/2001/01/30/usoc_demont_ap/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010507004733/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/news/2001/01/30/usoc_demont_ap/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2001 |title=Better late than never |date=30 January 2001 |work=sportsillustrated.cnn.com |agency=Associated Press }}{{Cite web |title=IOC won't restore medal to swimmer |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/02/06/ioc-won-t-restore-medal-to-swimmer/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}
=1976 Montreal=
{{main|1976 Summer Olympics}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Anti-doping rule violation ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:30px;" class="unsortable" |{{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |
|---|
| Blagoi Blagoev
|{{flagIOC|BUL|1976 Summer}} |{{Silver2}} (82.5 kg) |
| Mark Cameron
|{{flagIOC|USA|1976 Summer}} | |
| Paul Cerutti
|{{flagIOC|MON|1976 Summer}} | |
| Dragomir Cioroslan
|{{flagIOC|ROU|1976 Summer}} | |
| Phil Grippaldi
|{{flagIOC|USA|1976 Summer}} | |
| Zbigniew Kaczmarek
|{{flagIOC|POL|1976 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (67.5 kg) |
| Valentin Khristov
|{{flagIOC|BUL|1976 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (110 kg) |
| Lorne Leibel
|{{flagIOC|CAN|1976 Summer}} | |
| Arne Norrback
|{{flagIOC|SWE|1976 Summer}} | |
| Petr Pavlasek
|{{flagIOC|TCH|1976 Summer}} | |
| Danuta Rosani
|{{flagIOC|POL|1976 Summer}} | |
Leibel was disqualified from the race that took place on the day that he provided the positive sample but was allowed to continue in the event.{{cite web | url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/62750 | title=Olympedia – Lorne Leibel }}
=1980 Moscow=
{{main|1980 Summer Olympics|Doping in Russia#Soviet era}}
Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts". A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner... who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".
A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.{{cite book|first1=Wayne (Ph.D.)|last1=Wilson|first2=Ed|last2=Derse|title=Doping in Élite Sport: The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/dopinginelitespo00wils|url-access=registration|access-date=19 July 2012|year=2001|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-0329-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dopinginelitespo00wils/page/77 77]–}} The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.{{cite book|first=Arthur J.|last= Sytkowski|title=Erythropoietin: Blood, Brain and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v135CsEL_LQC&pg=PA187|access-date=19 July 2012|date=May 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60543-9|pages=187–}}
=1984 Los Angeles=
{{main|1984 Summer Olympics}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:30px;" class="unsortable" |{{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |
|---|
| Serafim Grammatikopoulos
|{{flagIOC|GRE|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Vésteinn Hafsteinsson
|{{flagIOC|ISL|1984 Summer}} | |
| Tomas Johansson
|{{flagIOC|SWE|1984 Summer}} |{{Silver2}} (super-heavy) | |
| Stefan Laggner
|{{flagIOC|AUT|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Göran Pettersson
|{{flagIOC|SWE|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Eiji Shimomura
|{{flagIOC|JPN|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Mikiyasu Tanaka
|{{flagIOC|JPN|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Ahmed Tarbi
|{{flagIOC|ALG|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Mahmoud Tarha
|{{flagIOC|LIB|1984 Summer}} | | |
| Giampaolo Urlando
|{{flagIOC|ITA|1984 Summer}} | |
| Martti Vainio
|{{flagIOC|FIN|1984 Summer}} |{{Silver2}} (10,000 m) |
| Anna Verouli
|{{flagIOC|GRE|1984 Summer}} | |
The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen.{{cite book|author=Thomas Mitchell Hunt|title=Drug Games: The International Politics of Doping and the Olympic Movement, 1960--2007|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-16219-3|pages=95–}} A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Mérode claimed that Tony Daly, a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records. Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC. Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo, President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy.
The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to "blood doping" at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.{{cite book|author=Steven B. Kayne|title=Sport And Exercise Medicine For Pharmacists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_MlPlBSS20C&pg=PA232|access-date=19 July 2012|year=2006|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85369-600-1|pages=232–}} Following the games it was revealed that one-third of the U.S. cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games, where they won nine medals, their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics. "Blood doping" was banned by the IOC in 1985 (at the time of the Olympics it was not banned), though no test existed for it at the time.
=1988 Seoul=
{{main|1988 Summer Olympics}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:30px;" class="unsortable" |{{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |
|---|
| Ali Dad
|{{flagIOC|AFG|1988 Summer}} | | |
| Kerrith Brown
|{{flagIOC|GBR|1988 Summer}} |Judo |{{Bronze3}} (71 kg) |
| Kalman Csengeri
|{{flagIOC|HUN|1988 Summer}} | | |
| Mitko Grablev
|{{flagIOC|BUL|1988 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (56 kg) | |
| Angell Guenchev
|{{flagIOC|BUL|1988 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (67.5 kg) | |
| Ben Johnson
|{{flagIOC|CAN|1988 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (men's 100 m) |
| Fernando Mariaca
|{{flagIOC|ESP|1988 Summer}} | | |
| Jorge Quesada
|{{flagIOC|ESP|1988 Summer}} | | |
| Andor Szanyi
|{{flagIOC|HUN|1988 Summer}} |{{Silver2}} (100 kg) | |
| Alexander Watson
|{{flagIOC|AUS|1988 Summer}} | | |
=1992 Barcelona=
{{main|1992 Summer Olympics}}
=1996 Atlanta=
{{main|1996 Summer Olympics}}
Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantan and were disqualified by the IOC, but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport: swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya, Greco-Roman wrestler Zafar Guliev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova, all from Russia, and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaitė. Dr. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team and team coach Boris Vasilyev were expelled from the games by the IOC for their role in the scandal.Stephen Wilson, Associated Press: [https://apnews.com/1c712015f2bce46a42c556882b94d089 IOC Official Says Bromantan Produced by Russian Army], AP News Archive, 31 July 1996Pat Butcher: [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/bromantan-is-russians-rocket-fuel-1307987.html Bromantan is Russians' 'rocket fuel'], The Independent, 3 August 1996[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/31/sports/atlanta-day-12-notebook-three-ejected-for-drug-use.html Atlanta: Day 12 -- Notebook; Three Ejected for Drug Use], The New York Times, 31 July 1996[http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv4n3/JOHv4n3o.pdf Olympic News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121735/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv4n3/JOHv4n3o.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, Sports Library The athletes and officials were reprimanded.[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-05-ss-31603-story.html Arbitrators Reinstate Russians and British Swimmer May Sue], Los Angeles Times, 5 August 1996{{cite journal | pmid = 9314900 | year = 1997 | last1 = Burnat | first1 = P | last2 = Payen | first2 = A | last3 = Le Brumant-Payen | first3 = C | last4 = Hugon | first4 = M | last5 = Ceppa | first5 = F | title = Bromontan, a new doping agent | volume = 350 | issue = 9082 | pages = 963–4 | journal = Lancet | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63310-7| s2cid = 34909949 | doi-access = free }}[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960806&id=apxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1592,857231&hl=no Special Court overturns IOC decisions vs. Russians], Manila Standard, 6 August 1996Matt Tabbi: [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russians-fume-as-3rd-olympian-disqualified/320740.html Russians Fume as 3rd Olympian Disqualified], The Moscow Times, 31 July 1996[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/02/sports/russians-want-a-drug-lifted-from-banned-list.html Russians Want a Drug Lifted From Banned List], The New York Times, 1 August 1996
The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon (Davenport) got a reprimand after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine,{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-02-ss-30488-story.html|title=Russian Is Ousted for Banned Drug|date=2 August 1996|website=Los Angeles Times}}[https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/reprieve-for-mcmahon-as-ioc-take-lenient-line-1.73223 Reprieve for McMahon as IOC take lenient line], The Irish Times, 2 August 1996 and Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimand after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide.
=2000 Sydney=
{{main|2000 Summer Olympics}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:30px;" class="unsortable" |{{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |
|---|
| Fritz Aanes
|{{flagIOC|NOR|2000 Summer}} |Norandrosterone and noretiochdandone | | |
| Lance Armstrong
|{{flagIOC|USA|2000 Summer}} |Cycling |Investigation by U.S. Anti-Doping Agency concluded in 2012: |{{Bronze3}} (Time trial) | |
| Ashot Danielyan
|{{flagIOC|ARM|2000 Summer}} |{{Bronze3}} (+105 kg) | |
| Izabela Dragneva
|{{flagIOC|BUL|2000 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (48 kg) | |
| Stian Grimseth
|{{flagIOC|NOR|2000 Summer}} | | |
| Ivan Ivanov
|{{flagIOC|BUL|2000 Summer}} |{{Silver2}} (56 kg) | |
| Marion Jones
|{{flagIOC|USA|2000 Summer}} |THG |{{nowrap|{{Gold1}} (women's 100 m)}}, {{nowrap|{{Gold1}} (women's 200 m)}}, |
| Alexander Leipold
|{{flagIOC|GER|2000 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (76 kg) | |
| Sevdalin Minchev
|{{flagIOC|BUL|2000 Summer}} |{{Bronze3}} (62 kg) | |
| Antonio Pettigrew
|{{flagIOC|USA|2000 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (men's 4 × 400 m relay) |
| Svetlana Pospelova
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2000 Summer}} | |[http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/sep/30drugs.htm rediff.com: Roll of dishonour]. Rediff (30 September 2000). Retrieved on 8 September 2015 |
| Oyuunbilegiin Pürevbaatar
|{{flagIOC|MGL|2000 Summer}} | | |
| Andreea Răducan
|{{flagIOC|ROU|2000 Summer}} |Pseudophedrine{{cite news|url=https://assets.espn.go.com/oly/summer00/news/2000/0925/776388.html|title=Raducan tests positive for stimulant|agency=Associated Press|date=26 September 2000|work=ESPN}} |{{Gold1}} (women's individual all-round) | |
| Andris Reinholds
|{{flagIOC|LAT|2000 Summer}} | | |
| Jerome Young
|{{flagIOC|USA|2000 Summer}} |{{Gold1}} (men's 4 × 400 m relay) |
=2004 Athens=
{{main|2004 Summer Olympics}}
=2008 Beijing=
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics}}
"Zero Tolerance for Doping" was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games.{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3530852,00.html|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Beijing Faces Big Challenge in Keeping Olympics Drug-Free|date=8 March 2008}} A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing.
Out of the 4,500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. The quality of the original testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July 2008.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7516484.stm|first=Matt|last=McGrath|work=BBC|title=Concerns over Olympic drug test |date=21 July 2008}} The initial rate of positive findings was lower than at Athens in 2004, but the prevalence of doping had not necessarily decreased; the technology for creating and concealing drugs had become more sophisticated, and a number of drugs could not be detected.{{cite journal|date=23 August 2008|title=Ukrainischer Gewichtheber Razoronov positiv getestet|url=http://www.spiegel.de/sport/sonst/0,1518,573934,00.html|journal=Der Spiegel|volume=|pages=|via=KNA}} Chinese crackdowns on doping athletes in 2010 included a two-year ban on 2008 Olympic judo champion Tong Wen after she tested positive for the clenbuterol.{{cite news|date=11 November 2010|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/China-cautious-about-doping-matters/article15682814.ece|title=China cautious about doping matters|work=The Hindu|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240807060713/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/China-cautious-about-doping-matters/article15682814.ece|quote=Olympic judo champion Tong Wen was slapped with a two-year ban after testing positive for the banned substance clenbuterol. Top sprinter Wang Jing, meanwhile, was banned from the Chinese team for life in April after she failed a doping test at the National Games.}}
In August 2015, the Turkish Athletics Federation confirmed that an in-competition test of Elvan Abeylegesse at the 2007 IAAF World Championships
in Athletics had been retested and found to be positive for a controlled substance, and that she had been temporarily suspended.{{cite web|date=13 August 2015 |url=http://www.taf.org.tr/elvan-abeylegesse-ilgili-kamuoyuna-duyuru/ |title=Elvan Abeylegesse tests positive |publisher=Turkish Athletics |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816011015/http://www.taf.org.tr/elvan-abeylegesse-ilgili-kamuoyuna-duyuru/ |url-status=dead }} On 29 March 2017, the IAAF confirmed the positive test, announced retroactive disqualifications and voided all of her results from 25 August 2007 until 25 August 2009, including the 2008 Summer Olympics.{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=a1f770c2-53e7-465c-900c-755d841adee1.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20181%20-%20March%202017|title=IAAF March 2017 Newsletter}} As a result, she was stripped of two silver medals she had won in the women's 5,000 and 10,000 meter races.
In May 2016, following the Russian doping scandal, the IOC announced that 32 targeted retests had come back positive for performance-enhancing drugs, of which Russian News Agency TASS announced that 14 were from Russian athletes, 11 of them track and field athletes, including 2012 Olympic champion high jumper Anna Chicherova. Authorities have sent the B-samples for confirmation testing. Those confirmed as having taken doping agents stand to lose records and medals from the 2008 games to 2016 under IOC and WADA rules.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/36391896|title=23 test positive from London Olympics|work=BBC Sport }}
On 18 June 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following seven weightlifters had returned positive results: Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia), Intigam Zairov (Azerbaijan), Alexandru Dudoglo (Moldova), gold medalist Ilya Ilyin (Kazakhstan), bronze medalist Nadezda Evstyukhina and silver medalist Marina Shainova (both from Russia), and Nurcan Taylan (Turkey). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes. Zairov and Ilyin had been serving previous suspensions.{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/2016/06/18/public-disclosures-2/ |title=Public Disclosures|author=International Weightlifting Federation| date=18 June 2016|access-date=7 October 2016}} In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the gold medal.{{cite news|title=Kazakh weightlifter Ilya Ilyin stripped of 2 Olympic gold medals|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/18122377/kazakhstan-weightlifter-ilya-ilyin-stripped-two-olympic-gold-medals|work=ESPN.com|date= 23 November 2016|agency=Associated Press|access-date=24 November 2016|quote=The Kazakhstan Olympic Committee said in a statement that it has received formal notification from the International Olympic Committee stripping Ilyin of the gold medals he won in 2008 and 2012, both in the 94-kilogram class.}}
On 22 July 2016, Sibel Özkan (TUR) was disqualified due to an anti-doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-turkish-weightlifter-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-beijing-2008|title=IOC sanctions Turkish weightlifter for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} Medals have not been reallocated as yet.
On 28 July 2016, it was announced that retests of samples from the 2008 Summer Olympics detected a positive sample for performance-enhancing drugs from Aksana Miankova of Belarus, who won a gold medal in the women's hammer throw.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenouvelliste.ch/sport/aksana-miankova-controlee-positive-et-privee-de-jo-561178|title=Aksana Miankova contrôlée positive et privée de JO|website=Aksana Miankova contrôlée positive et privée de JO}}{{cite web|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/featured/aksana-miankova-could-lose-2008-olympic-hammer-gold-reported-failed-retest-47786/|title=Aksana Miankova could lose 2008 Olympic hammer gold after reported failed retest|date=29 July 2016}} There have been no decisions about stripping and reallocation of medals as yet.
On 16 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 100 metres relay team was disqualified for doping. Russian teammates were stripped of their gold Olympic medals, as Yuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances.{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/08/17/russia-stripped-of-4x100-gold-medal-from-2008-olympics-because-of-doping/|title=Russia stripped of 4×100 gold medal from 2008 Olympics because of doping|first=Marissa|last=Payne|via=www.washingtonpost.com}} The IAAF was requested to modify the results accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-yulia-chermoshanskaya-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-beijing-2008|title=IOC sanctions Yulia Chermoshanskaya for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}}
On 19 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 400 metres relay team was disqualified for doping.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008|title=IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} Russian teammates were stripped of their silver Olympic medals, as Anastasiya Kapachinskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for the same two prohibited substances as Chermoshanskaya.{{cite news|title=IOC strips Russia of another 2008 track and field medal for doping violations|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/08/19/ioc-strips-russia-of-another-2008-track-and-field-medal-for-doping-violations/ |date=19 August 2016|access-date=20 August 2016|first=Scott|last=Allen}}
On 24 August 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following athletes had returned positive results: Nizami Pashayev (Azerbaijan), Iryna Kulesha, Nastassia Novikava, Andrei Rybakou (all from Belarus), Cao Lei, Chen Xiexia, Liu Chunhong (all from China), Mariya Grabovetskaya, Maya Maneza, Irina Nekrassova, Vladimir Sedov (all from Kazakhstan), Khadzhimurat Akkaev, Dmitry Lapikov (both from Russia), and Natalya Davydova and Olha Korobka (both from Ukraine). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes, who remain provisionally suspended in view of potential anti-doping rule violations until their cases are closed.{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/2016/08/24/public-disclosures-5/ |title=Public disclosures |publisher=Iwf.net |date= 24 August 2016|accessdate=28 February 2021}}
On 29 August 2016, some non-official reports indicated that Artur Taymazov of Uzbekistan had been stripped of the 2008 Olympic gold medal in the freestyle wrestling 120 kg event due to a positive test for doping.{{cite web|url = http://www.flowrestling.org/video/988575-wrestling-legends-besik-kudukhov-artur-taymazov-stripped-of-olympic-medals|title = Wrestling Legends Besik Kudukhov & Artur Taymazov Stripped Of Olympic Medals|website = FloWrestling.Org|access-date = 30 August 2016}}
On 31 August 2016, the IOC disqualified six sportspeople for failing doping tests at the 2008 Games. They included three Russian medalists: weightlifters Nadezhda Evstyukhina (bronze medal in the women's 75 kg event), Marina Shainova (silver medal in the women's 58 kg event), and Tatyana Firova, who finished second with teammates in the 4 × 400 m relay. Bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia (men's 69 kg event) and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo (9th place) of Moldova and Intigam Zairov (9th place) of Azerbaijan were also disqualified.
On 1 September 2016, the IOC disqualified a further two athletes. Cuban discus thrower Yarelys Barrios, who won a silver medal in the women's discus, was disqualified after testing positive for Acetazolamide and ordered to return her medal. Qatari sprinter Samuel Francis, who finished 16th in the 100 meters, was also disqualified after testing positive for Stanozolol.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-two-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008|title=IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}}
On 13 September 2016, four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses. Two of those were medalists from the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver medalist Mariya Abakumova in the women's javelin throw and Denis Alekseyev, who was part of the bronze medal team in the men's 4 × 400 m relay. Inga Abitova, who finished 6th in the 10,000 meters, and cyclist Ekaterina Gnidenko also tested positive for a banned substance and were disqualified.
On 23 September 2016, some non-official reports indicate wrestler Vasyl Fedoryshyn of Ukraine has been stripped of the 2008 Olympic silver medal in the freestyle 60 kg event due to a positive test for doping.{{cite web|url = http://www.flowrestling.org/video/993046-another-olympic-medal-stripped-fedoryshyn-of-ukraine-loses-medal|title = Another Olympic Medal Stripped, Fedoryshyn Of Ukraine Loses Medal|website = FloWrestling.Org|access-date = 11 October 2016}}
On 6 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Anna Chicherova of the Russian Federation for testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs. She won a bronze medal in the women's high jump. Russia would likely keep the bronze medal, as the fourth-place athlete in the competition was also from Russia.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-anna-chicherova-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-beijing-2008|title=IOC sanctions Anna Chicherova for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} Through 6 October 2016, the IOC has reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 25 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, all but three of whom tested positive for anabolic agents (three Chinese weightlifters were positive for growth hormones).{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/category/anti-doping-news/ |title = Anti-Doping News| publisher=International Weightlifting Federation |access-date=10 October 2016}}
On 26 October 2016, the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 Games. Among them were six medal winners: weightlifters Andrei Rybakou and Nastassia Novikava, both from Belarus, and Olha Korobka of Ukraine; women's steeplechase bronze medalist Ekaterina Volkova of Russia; and freestyle wrestlers Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan and Taimuraz Tigiyev of Kazakhstan. The others were men's 62 kg weightlifter Sardar Hasanov of Azerbaijan, long jumper Wilfredo Martinez of Cuba, and 100m-hurdler Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia of Spain.
On 17 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 16 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 10 medal winners: weightlifters Khadzhimurat Akkaev and Dmitry Lapikov and wrestler Khasan Baroev from the Russian Federation, weightlifters Mariya Grabovetskaya, Irina Nekrassova and wrestler Asset Mambetov from Kazakhstan, weightlifter Nataliya Davydova and pole vaulter Denys Yurchenko from Ukraine, long/triple jumper Hrysopiyí Devetzí of Greece and wrestler Vitaliy Rahimov of Azerbaijan. The others were women's 75 kg weightlifter Iryna Kulesha of Belarus, women's +63 kg weightlifter Maya Maneza of Kazakhstan, women's high jumper Vita Palamar of Ukraine, men's 94 kg weightlifter Nizami Pashayev of Azerbaijan, men's 85 kg weightlifter Vladimir Sedov of Kazakhstan, and women's high jumper Elena Slesarenko of the Russian Federation.
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 5 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 3 medal winners: gold-medalists 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan and hammer thrower Aksana Miankova of Belarus and silver-medalist shot putter Natallia Mikhnevich of Belarus. The others were shot putter Pavel Lyzhyn and 800m runner Sviatlana Usovich, both of Belarus.
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified five more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2008 Games. These included three Chinese women's weightlifting gold medalists: Lei Cao (75 kg), Xiexia Chen (48 kg) and Chunhong Liu (69 kg). Two women athletes from Belarus were disqualified: bronze medalist shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk and hammer thrower Darya Pchelnik, who did not medal.
On 25 January 2017, the IOC stripped Jamaica of the athletics gold medal in the men's 4 × 100 m relay due to Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine.{{cite web|title=IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-two-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-beijing-2008|publisher=IOC|access-date=25 January 2017}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/25/usain-bolt-jamaica-olympic-relay-gold-nesta-carter-drugs|title=Usain Bolt stripped of 2008 Olympic relay gold after Nesta Carter fails drug test|last=Ingle|first=Sean|date=25 January 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=25 January 2017}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/38744846|title=Usain Bolt loses one Olympic gold medal as Nesta Carter tests positive|date=25 January 2017|newspaper=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=25 January 2017}} The IOC also stripped Russian jumper Tatyana Lebedeva of two silver medals in women's triple jump and long jump due to use of turinabol.
On 1 March 2017, the IOC disqualified Victoria Tereshchuk of Ukraine due to use of turinabol and stripped her of the bronze medal in modern pentathlon.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-one-athlete-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-beijing-2008|date= 1 March 2017|access-date=1 March 2017|title=IOC Sanctions One Athlete for Failing Anti-Doping Test at Beijing 2008|publisher= International Olympic Committee}}
By April 2017, the 2008 Summer Olympics has had the most (50) Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 14 medals stripped.
==Disqualified==
==Did not start==
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
=2012 London=
{{main|2012 Summer Olympics}}
It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games at GlaxoSmithKline's New Frontiers Science Park site in Harlow, Essex.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18849517|title=London 2012: All medallists to be drugs tested at Olympics|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=28 July 2012|date=15 July 2012}} All medalists would also be tested. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.
The head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to 19 June.{{cite news|first=Karolos|last=Grohmann|url=https://www.reuters.com/london-olympics-2012/articles/2012/07/24/testers-nab-more-100-athletes-prior-london-wada|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201104443/http://www.reuters.com/london-olympics-2012/articles/2012/07/24/testers-nab-more-100-athletes-prior-london-wada|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|title=Testers nab more than 100 athletes - WADA|work=Reuters|access-date=4 August 2012|date=24 July 2012}} The "In-competition" period began on 16 July. During the "In-competition" period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukad.org.uk/London2012/athletes/testing-during-Games-time|title=Testing during Games-time|publisher=UKAD|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803131737/http://www.ukad.org.uk/London2012/athletes/testing-during-Games-time|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead}}
British sprinter Dwain Chambers, cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19107547|title=Olympics shot put: Carl Myerscough out of London 2012|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=4 August 2012|date=3 August 2012}} competed in London after the British Olympic Association's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Russian Darya Pishchalnikova participated in the 2012 Olympics and was awarded a silver medal. However, she tested positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone in the samples taken in May 2012. In December 2012, she sent an email to WADA containing details on an alleged state-run doping program in Russia. According to The New York Times, the email reached three top WADA officials but the agency decided not to open an inquiry and instead sent her email to Russian sports officials.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/sports/olympics/world-anti-doping-agency-russia-cheating.html|title=Even With Confession of Cheating, World's Doping Watchdog Did Nothing |last1=Ruiz |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Macur |first2=Juliet |last3=Austen|first3=Ian|date=15 June 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=15 June 2016}} In April 2013 Pishchalnikova was banned by the Russian Athletics Federation for ten years, and her results from May 2012 were annulled, meaning she was set on track to lose her Olympic medal.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-doping-pishchalnikova-idUSBRE93T0EQ20130430|title=Pishchalnikova given 10-year doping ban|last=Fyodorov|first=Gennady|date=30 April 2013|publisher=Reuters|access-date=30 April 2013}} Her ban by the Russian Athletics Federation was likely in retaliation.
Gold medalists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov, the winner of the men's road race,{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19031543|title=Road race winner Alexander Vinokourov considers retiring|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=28 July 2012|date=28 July 2012}} Tatyana Lysenko, the winner of the women's hammer throw, Aslı Çakır Alptekin winner of the women's 1500 meters and Sandra Perković, winner of the women's discus throw.{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-discus-throw/phase=atw052100/index.html|title=Women's Discus Throw|date=4 August 2012|work=London2012.com|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209213046/http://www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-discus-throw/phase=atw052100/index.html|archive-date=9 December 2012|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|first=Mitch|last=Phillips|url=https://www.reuters.com/london-olympics-2012/articles/athletics/womens-1500m/2012/08/10/gold-medals-tainted-time-served-dopers|title=Gold medals tainted by time-served dopers|work=Reuters|access-date=12 July 2012|date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814021335/http://www.reuters.com/london-olympics-2012/articles/athletics/womens-1500m/2012/08/10/gold-medals-tainted-time-served-dopers|archive-date=14 August 2012}} Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt, and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/8240046.stm|title=Jamaicans given three-month ban|publisher=BBC News Online|date=14 September 2009|access-date=12 August 2012}}
Spanish athlete Ángel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer.{{cite web|url=http://www.cadenaser.com/deportes/articulo/angel-mullera-habria-consumido-epo-lograr-clasificacion-juegos-londres/csrcsrpor/20120719csrcsrdep_2/Tes|title=Ángel Mullera habría consumido EPO para lograr la clasificación para los Juegos de Londres|date=19 July 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|work=Cadenaser.com|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729065128/http://www.cadenaser.com/deportes/articulo/angel-mullera-habria-consumido-epo-lograr-clasificacion-juegos-londres/csrcsrpor/20120719csrcsrdep_2/Tes|url-status=dead}} Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate.{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/20120802/juegos-olimpicos-espana/abci-londres-2012-angel-mullera-201208022050.html|title=Ángel Mullera correrá definitivamente los 3.000 obstáculos|date=3 August 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|work=ABC.es}}
Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Debbie Dunn, and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping, as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltán Kővágó.[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/14/debbie-dunn-olympics-drugs-test Debbie Dunn withdraws from Olympics after positive drugs test]. The Guardian (14 July 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012.[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/26/london-2012-athletes-anti-doping London 2012: Two more athletes withdrawn over anti-doping tests]. The Guardian (26 July 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18985217 London 2012: Selsouli to miss Games after failed drugs test]. BBC Sport (25 July 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. At the Olympic competition, Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games.[http://www.scotsman.com/sport/athletics/london-2012-olympics-sprinter-tameka-williams-sent-home-over-drugs-1-2439746 London 2012 Olympics: Sprinter Tameka Williams sent home over drugs ]. Scotsman (30 July 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a retest of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics, where he won silver, was positive.[https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/trackandfield/story/_/id/8229049/2012-london-olympics-ivan-tsikhan-retests-samples-2004-athens-games-test-positive Ivan Tsikhan tests positive]. ESPN (3 August 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. Amine Laâlou,[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/03/london-2012-amine-laalou-doping London 2012: Amine Laalou, Moroccan 1500m runner, fails doping test]. The Guardian (3 August 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. Marina Marghieva,[https://archive.today/20130103013534/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/08/04/moldova-hammer-thrower-barred.ap/index.html Moldova hammer thrower tossed for doping test]. Sports Illustrated (4 August 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. Diego Palomeque,[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19236121 Olympics 400m: Colombian Diego Palomeque fails drugs test]. BBC Sport (12 August 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events.Anzolin, Elisa (8 August 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160123000427/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-dope-ita-schwazer-idUKBRE8770U720120808 Athletics - Tearful Schwazer relieved by doping ban]. Reuters. Retrieved on 13 August 2012.
Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample.[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/11/london-2012-positive-test-ghfran-almouhamad London 2012: Positive doping test for Syrian athlete Ghfran Almouhamad]. The Guardian (11 August 2012). Retrieved on 13 August 2012. Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women's shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone.Bryant, Tom (13 August 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/13/belarusian-shot-putter-nadzeya-ostapchuk-gold?newsfeed=true Belarus shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk stripped of gold for doping]. The Guardian. Retrieved on 13 August 2012. Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed.[https://archive.today/20130405123031/http://www.skynews.com.au/sport/article.aspx?id=828043 Two Olympians banned over doping]. Sky News Australia (19 December 2012) Retrieved on 3 March 2012
A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games "were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina.{{cite news|last1=Ruiz|first1=Rebecca R.|title=Drugs Pervade Sport in Russia, World Anti-Doping Agency Report Finds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/10/sports/russian-athletes-part-of-state-sponsored-doping-program-report-finds.html|work=The New York Times|date=9 November 2015}}{{cite web|title=The Independent Commission Report #1|url=https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/wada_independent_commission_report_1_en.pdf|publisher=Independent Commission Investigation|date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110035303/https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/wada_independent_commission_report_1_en.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2015|url-status=live}}
On 15 June 2016, it was announced that four London 2012 Olympic weightlifting champions had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. They include Kazakhstan's Ilya Ilyin (94 kg), Zulfiya Chinshanlo (53 kg), Maiya Maneza (63 kg) and Svetlana Podobedova (75 kg). If confirmed, Kazakhstan would drop from 12th to 23rd in the 2012 medal standings. Six other lifters who competed at the 2012 Games also tested positive after hundreds of samples were reanalysed. Among them are Russia's Apti Aukhadov (silver at 85 kg), Ukraine's Yuliya Kalina (bronze at 58 kg), Belarusian Maryna Shkermankova (bronze at 69 kg), Azerbaijan's Boyanka Kostova and Belarus duo Dzina Sazanavets and Yauheni Zharnasek.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/weightlifting/36545090|title=Four 2012 gold medallists test positive|work=BBC Sport }} On 27 July 2016, IWF has reported in the second wave of re-sampling that three silver medalists from Russia, namely Natalya Zabolotnaya (at 75 kg), Aleksandr Ivanov (at 94 kg) and Svetlana Tsarukaeva (at 63 kg), together with bronze medalists Armenian Hripsime Khurshudyan (at 75+ kg), Belarusian Iryna Kulesha (at 75 kg) and Moldovan Cristina Iovu (at 53 kg) have tested positive for steroid dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.{{Cite news|title=Eleven London 2012 weightlifters fail doping tests|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sport-doping-weightlifting-idUKKCN1072EG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731185642/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sport-doping-weightlifting-idUKKCN1072EG|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2016|work=Reuters|date=27 July 2016|access-date=8 August 2016}} Aukhadov was stripped of his silver medal by the IOC on 18 October 2016.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-two-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|title=IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012|date=7 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} On 27 October 2016 Maiya Maneza was stripped of her gold medal. In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the London gold medal.
On 13 July 2016, the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine had been disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event. Reanalysis of Kalina's samples from London 2012 resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-ukrainian-weightlifter-yulia-kalina-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|title= IOC sanctions Ukrainian weightlifter Yulia Kalina for failing anti-doping test at London 2012|publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=13 July 2016 | access-date=13 July 2016 }} The positions were adjusted accordingly.{{cite news|title=Results by Events|url=http://www.iwf.net/results/results-by-events/?event=214|work=IWF|date= July 2016}}
On 9 August 2016, the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-four-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008-and-london-2012|title=IOC sanctions four athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} Redistribution of medals has not yet been announced, but the likely case is the silver and bronze medals will be given to Finland and Czech Republic instead.{{cite news|title=IOC strips Ukrainian athlete of 2012 javelin silver|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-doping-idUSKCN10K2KV|publisher=Reuters|date=9 August 2016}}
On 20 August 2016, the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol) and ipamorelin.{{cite news|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-evgeniia-kolodko-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|title=IOC sanctions Evgeniia Kolodko for failing anti-doping test at London 2012|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} Medals are not reallocated yet.
On 29 August 2016, a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result (later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone). Kudakhov died in a car crash in December 2013. On 27 October 2016, the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. As a result, it said, Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected, which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward.{{cite web|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/IOC/Who-We-Are/Commissions/Disciplinary-Commission/LRT-II-011-Disciplinary-Commission-Decision-FINALE-Besik-Kudukhov.pdf|title=IOC Disciplinary Commission Decision Regarding Besik Kudukhov|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=27 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028152353/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/IOC/Who-We-Are/Commissions/Disciplinary-Commission/LRT-II-011-Disciplinary-Commission-Decision-FINALE-Besik-Kudukhov.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2016|url-status=live}}
On 13 September 2016, the IWF reported that the men's 94 kg weightlifting bronze medalist, Moldova's Anatolie Cîrîcu, had tested positive for the dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/2016/09/13/public-disclosures-6/ |title=IWF Anti-Doping news |publisher=International Weightlifting Federation|access-date=18 October 2016|date=13 September 2016}}
On 6 October 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2012 Olympic Games, a sample of Norayr Vardanyan, who represented Armenia, had returned a positive result. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon Vardanyan, who remains provisionally suspended until his case is closed.{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/2016/10/05/public-disclosure-76/ |title=Public Disclosure|author=International Weightlifting Federation| date=6 October 2016|access-date=6 October 2016}} On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified Vardanyan. Through 6 October 2016, the IOC had reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 23 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2012 London Olympic Games, all of whom tested positive for anabolic agents.
On 11 October 2016, Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women's hammer throw, in which she won the gold medal. She had tested positive for a banned substance. The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly. The silver medalist Anita Włodarczyk of Poland would likely take the gold medal in her place.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-tatyana-lysenko-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|title=IOC sanctions Tatyana Lysenko for failing anti-doping test at London 2012|date=6 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}}
On 18 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Apti Aukhadov of the Russian Federation for doping and stripped him of the silver medal.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-two-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|title=IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012|date =18 October 2016|access-date=18 October 2016|publisher=International Olympic Committee}} The IOC requested the IWF to modify the results of this event accordingly; it has not yet published modified results.
On 18 October 2016, the IOC reported that Maksym Mazuryk of Ukraine, who competed in the Men's Pole Vault event, was disqualified from the 2012 London Games, in which he ranked 18th. Re-analysis of Mazuryk's samples resulted in a positive test for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.
On 27 October 2016 the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included four medal winners in weightlifting: Zulfiya Chinshanlo, Maiya Maneza and Svetlana Podobedova, all from Kazakhstan, and Maryna Shkermankova of Belarus. The others were hammer thrower Kirill Ikonnikov of Russia, women's 69 kg weightlifter Dzina Sazanavets of Belarus, pole vaulter Dmitry Starodubtsev of Russia, and men's +105 kg weightlifter Yauheni Zharnasek of Belarus.
On 21 November 2016 the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included 6 medal winners in weightlifting, including Alexandr Ivanov (Russia), Anatoli Ciricu (Moldova), Cristina Iovu (Moldova), Natalya Zabolotnaya (Russia), Iryna Kulesha (Belarus), and Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia).{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-12-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|title=IOC sanctions 12 athletes for failing anti-doping test at London 2012 |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=21 November 2016|access-date=21 November 2016}} Moldova has lost all its 2012 London medals. The others were hammer thrower Oleksandr Drygol and long jumper Margaryta Tverdokhlib, both of Ukraine, 85 kg weightlifter Rauli Tsirekidze of Georgia, 94 kg weightlifter Almas Uteshov of Kazakhstan, 94 kg weightlifter Andrey Demanov of Russia and 3000m steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova of Russia, who had previously been sanctioned in March 2016 by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
On 25 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 4 more athletes for failing drug tests at the 2012 games. They were gold medalist 94 kg weightlifter Ilya Ilin of Kazakhstan, hammer thrower Aksana Miankova and long jumper Nastassia Mironchyk-Ivanova, both of Belarus, and 58 kg weightlifter Boyanka Kostova of Azerbaijan.
On 29 November 2016 the Court of Arbitration for Sport issued a decision that all results achieved by 2012 Olympic heptathlon bronze medalist Tatyana Chernova of Russia between 15 August 2011 and 22 July 2013 are annulled. It also annulled all of Yekaterina Sharmina's results between 17 June 2011 and 5 August 2015, including her 33rd-place finish in the 2012 women's 1500m.{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1044208/russian-heptathlete-chernova-stripped-of-world-title-and-olympic-bronze-for-doping |title=Russian heptathlete Chernova stripped of world title and Olympic bronze for doping |publisher=insidethegames |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=29 November 2016}} CAS ruled that they "have been found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation ... of the International Athletic Association Federation (IAAF) Competition Rules after analysis of their Athlete Biological Passports (ABP) showed evidence of blood doping."{{cite web|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4463_4464_4469.pdf |title=The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) issues decisions in the cases of Tatyana Chernova, Ekaterina Sharmina and Kristina Ugarova|publisher=Court of Arbitration for Sport|date=29 November 2016|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201023306/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4463_4464_4469.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=live}}
On 12 January 2017, the IOC disqualified three weightlifters for failing drug tests at the 2012 games. Two competed in men's 94 kg weightlifting: Intigam Zairov of Azerbaijan and Norayr Vardanyan of Armenia. Women's 63 kg weightlifter Sibel Simsek of Turkey was disqualified. None was a medalist at these games.
On 1 February 2017, the IOC disqualified three athletes due to failed doping tests, all of whom tested positive for turinabol. Russian women's discus thrower Vera Ganeeva, who finished 23rd, Turkish boxer Adem Kilicci, who ranked 5th in men's 69–75 kg boxing, and Russian 400m runner Antonina Krivoshapka, who finished 6th, were disqualified. Krivoshapka also was part of the Russian silver medal-winning women's 4 × 400 m relay team, which was stripped of the silver medals.{{cite web|title=IOC Sanctions Three Athletes for Failing Anti-Doping Test at London 2012|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=1 February 2017|access-date=10 February 2017}}
In December 2014, a documentary aired on German TV in which 800m gold medalist Mariya Savinova allegedly admitted to using banned substances on camera.{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/11272052/Russias-London-2012-800m-champion-caught-in-doping-storm.html|title=Russia's London 2012 champion caught in doping storm|website=The Telegraph|date=3 December 2014 }} In November 2015, Savinova was one of five Russian runners the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended to receive a lifetime ban for doping during the London Olympics, along with 800m bronze medalist Ekaterina Poistogova. On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a four-year ban that effectively stripped Savinova of her Olympic gold and other medals.{{cite web|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4481.pdf|title=The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) Imposes Four-Year Period of Ineligibility On Russian Athlete Mariya Savinova-Farnosova |publisher=Court of Arbitration for Sport|date=10 February 2017|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211090907/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4481.pdf|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live}} On 7 April 2017, CAS refused to decide on disqualification from 2012, and disqualify Ekaterina Poistogova from 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4480_4486_4487_4655.pdf |title=CAS Media Release |date= |accessdate=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411221021/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4480_4486_4487_4655.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2017 |url-status=live }} Thus, Ekaterina Poistogova retained her Olympic 2012 medal at women's 800 metres athletic event. In 2024, the Russian Athleteics Federation cancelled Poistogova's results from July 2012 to October 2014 after analysing old samples. Poistogova stands to lose the Olympic 800m silver medal.{{cite web|title=Poistogova-Guliyev could lose Olympic medal in historic doping case|first=Gustavo|last= Muñana|date= 8 April 2024|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1144594/poistogova-guliyev-lose-olympic-silver|quote=Russian athlete Ekaterina Poistogova-Guliyev, 33, will almost certainly be stripped of her silver medal in the 800 metres at the London 2012 Olympic Games. The Russian athletics federation, RusAF, has banned the athlete, who now competes for Turkey, for four years for past doping. The Russian federation cancelled her results from July 2012 to October 2014 after analysing old samples.|access-date=2024-04-09|website=Insidethegames.biz}}
As of December 2022, the 2012 Summer Olympics has seen a record 40 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. Russia is the leading country with 17 medals stripped.
On 21 March 2022, the Athletics Integrity Unit of World Athletics issued a two-year ban for Russian racewalker Elena Lashmanova, starting from 9 March 2021, and also disqualified her results from 18 February 2012, to 3 January 2014, thus stripping her gold medal.
==Disqualified==
==Did not start==
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
=2016 Rio de Janeiro=
{{main|2016 Summer Olympics|Doping in Russia}}
Originally, Russia submitted a list of 389 athletes for competition. On 7 August 2016, the IOC cleared 278 athletes, and 111 were removed because of the state-sponsored doping scandal.{{cite web|url=http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/backgroundrussian-athletes-participating-in-rio-olympic-game-by-federation_475489.html |title=Russian athletes participating in Rio Olympic Game by federation |date=9 August 2016 |work=Europe Online Magazine |access-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809043949/http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/backgroundrussian-athletes-participating-in-rio-olympic-game-by-federation_475489.html |archive-date= 9 August 2016 }}
The Taiwanese weightlifter Lin Tzu-chi was withdrawn from the games hours before her event by her team's delegation for an abnormal drugs test.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/10/rio-olympics-weightlifting-world-record-nijat-rahimov-doping-controversy-kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan's weightlifting triumph clouded by doping controversy|date=11 August 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 August 2016}}
Kenyan athletics coach, John Anzrah who travelled to Rio independently of his country's delegation, was sent home after being caught posing as an athlete during a doping test,{{cite news|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Kenyan coach John Anzrah sent home after posing as athlete|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/37053928|access-date=11 August 2016|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 August 2016}} and was followed by Kenya's track and field manager, Michael Rotich, who was filmed by a newspaper offering to give athletes advanced notice of any pending drugs test in return for a one-off payment.{{cite news|title=Kenyan athletics official detained in doping bribery allegations|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37034252|access-date=11 August 2016|work=BBC News|date=10 August 2016}}
On 13 October 2016, the IWF reported that weightlifter Gabriel Sincraian of Romania, who won bronze in the men's 85-kg event, tested positive for excess testosterone in a test connected to the Rio Olympics.{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/17783940/romanian-weightlifter-gabriel-sincraian-lose-bronze-medal-failed-rio-olympic-drug-test|title=Weightlifter Gabriel Sincraian fails Rio Olympic drug test|date=13 October 2016|agency=Associated Press|access-date=14 October 2016}} On 8 December 2016, the CAS affirmed the disqualification of Sincraian and stripped him of the bronze medal.{{cite web|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_AD_16-10_and_16_11.pdf|title=CAS AD 16/10 and 16/11. The Anti-doping Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport Issues Decisions in the Cases of Gabriel Sincrain (ROM/Weightlifting-85kg) and Misha Aloian (RUS/Boxing-52kg)|date=8 December 2016|publisher=Court of Arbitration for Sport|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222120252/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_AD_16-10_and_16_11.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}} The CAS also disqualified silver medalist 52 kg boxer Misha Aloian of Russia after he tested positive for tuaminoheptane.
==Disqualified==
==Did not start==
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
=2020 Tokyo=
{{main|2020 Summer Olympics}}
==Disqualified==
==Did not start==
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
=2024 Paris=
{{main|2024 Summer Olympics}}
==Disqualified==
==Did not start==
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Details of test |
|---|
| Sajjad Sehen
|{{flagIOC|IRQ|2024 Summer}} |Judo |Disqualified from competing at the 2024 Olympics after a positive out-of-competition drug test. |
| Cynthia Ogunsemilore
|{{flagIOC|NGR|2024 Summer}} |Boxing |Provisional suspension for testing positive out-of-competition on 25 July 2024. Disqualified before first match.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/ced3qzdlz89o |title=Nigerian boxer fails drugs test at Olympics |work=BBC News |date=28 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024}}{{cite news |url=https://thesun.ng/its-set-up-to-tarnish-my-image-ogunsemilore-denies-doping/ |title=It's set up to tarnish my image – Ogunsemilore denies doping |work=The Sun |date=30 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024}} |
Winter Olympic Games
=1968 Grenoble=
{{main|1968 Winter Olympics}}
No athletes were caught doping at these Games.
=1972 Sapporo=
{{main|1972 Winter Olympics}}
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Alois Schloder
|{{flagIOC|FRG|1972 Winter}} | |
=1976 Innsbruck=
{{main|1976 Winter Olympics}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Anti-doping rule violation ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:30px;" class="unsortable" |{{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |
|---|
| Galina Kulakova
|{{flagIOC|URS|1976 Winter}} |{{Bronze3}} (5 km) |
| Frantisek Pospisil
|{{flagIOC|TCH|1976 Winter}} | |
| Dr. Otto Trefny
|{{flagIOC|TCH|1976 Winter}} |Ice hockey (Medical staff) |Administration of prohibited substances to Frantisek Pospisil. Banned from the Olympic Games for life. | |[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19760212&id=b4NVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8j8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5463,1188498&hl=en Czechs penalized], Reading Eagle, 12 February 1976[http://www.goironpigs.com/?p=5516 Pospisil Allowed To Play On], World Hockey, 7 February 2010 |
=1980 Lake Placid=
{{main|1980 Winter Olympics}}
No athletes tested positive at these Games.
=1984 Sarajevo=
{{main|1984 Winter Olympics}}
The Finnish cross-country skier Aki Karvonen admitted in 1994 that he'd had blood transfusions for the Sarajevo Games.[http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/09/26/hiihtaja-aki-karvonen-tunnusti-veritankkauksen-laakarien-paljastusten-jalkeen Hiihtäjä Aki Karvonen tunnusti veritankkauksen lääkärien paljastusten jälkeen], yle.fi, 26 September 2012 Blood transfusions weren't formally banned by IOC until 1986. Karvonen won a silver and two bronze at the games.
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Pürevjavyn Batsükh
|{{flagIOC|MGL|1984 Winter}} | |
=1988 Calgary=
{{main|1988 Winter Olympics}}
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Jarosław Morawiecki
|{{flagIOC|POL|1988 Winter}} | |
=1992 Albertville=
{{main|1992 Winter Olympics}}
No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in 2015 that the Russian biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games. Something went very wrong with his transfusion, and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150326192939/http://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/835844/ Сергей Тарасов: как я не умер], sport-express.ru, 13 February 2015
=1994 Lillehammer=
{{main|1994 Winter Olympics}}
No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games.
=1998 Nagano=
{{main|1998 Winter Olympics}}
No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati, winner of the men's giant slalom, was initially disqualified and stripped of his gold medal by the International Olympic Committee's executive board after testing positive for marijuana.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/hi/english/snowboarding/newsid_1647000/1647106.stm|title=Boarder skirmish in Japan|date=14 January 2002|work=BBC News Online|access-date=23 February 2014}} Marijuana was not then on the list of prohibited substances by the IOC, and their decision was reversed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and Rebagliati's medal reinstated.{{cite book |author=Holly Thorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9gjfqjY6FcC&pg=PA89 |title=Snowboarding |date=6 January 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37623-8 |pages=89– |author-link=Holly Thorpe}}{{cite book|author1=John E. Findling|author2=Kimberly D. Pelle|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA417|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32278-5|pages=417–}}
=2002 Salt Lake City=
{{main|2002 Winter Olympics}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Natalya Baranova-Masalkina
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2002 Winter}} |WADA pre-Games test: EPOJohn Morton: [http://vtsports.com/olympic-cheaters-an-update Olympic cheaters – an update], Vermont Sports, 1 July 2002 | |
| Alain Baxter
|{{flagIOC|GBR|2002 Winter}} |{{Bronze3}} (slalom) |
| Olga Danilova
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2002 Winter}} |{{Gold1}} (10 km pursuit), {{Silver2}} (10 km) |
| Larisa Lazutina
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2002 Winter}} |{{nowrap|{{Gold1}} (30 km)}}, {{nowrap|{{Silver2}} (10 km pursuit)}}, {{nowrap|{{Silver2}} (15 km freestyle)}} |
| Marc Mayer
|{{flagIOC|AUT|2002 Winter}} |Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/27/sports/plus-olympics-2-austrians-banned-for-blood-doping.html Plus: Olympics; 2 Austrians Banned For Blood-Doping], The New York Times, 27 May 2002[http://fasterskier.com/blog/article/nordic-skiing-austria-to-fight-coachs-life-ban/ Nordic skiing-Austria to fight coach's life ban], fasterskier.com, 13 May 2003 | |
| Walter Mayer
|{{flagIOC|AUT|2002 Winter}} |Cross-country skiing/Biathlon |Austrian cross-country/biathlon team coach, performed blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher. | |
| Johann Mühlegg
|{{flagIOC|ESP|2002 Winter}} |{{nowrap|{{Gold1}} (50 km)}}, {{nowrap|{{Gold1}} (30 km freestyle)}}, {{nowrap|{{Gold1}} (20 km pursuit)}} |
| Volker Müller
|{{flagIOC|AUT|2002 Winter}} |Cross-country skiing/Biathlon |German chiropractor working for the Austrian cross-country/biathlon team, involved in the blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher. | |
| Vasily Pankov
|{{flagIOC|BLR|2002 Winter}} | |
| Achim Walcher
|{{flagIOC|AUT|2002 Winter}} |Possession of blood-transfusion equipment | |
=2006 Turin=
{{main|2006 Winter Olympics}}
On 25 April 2007, six Austrian athletes were banned for life from the Olympics for their involvement in a doping scandal at the 2006 Turin Olympics, the first time the IOC punished athletes without a positive or missed doping test. The Austrians were found guilty of possessing doping substances and taking part in a conspiracy, based on materials seized by Italian police during a raid on the athletes' living quarters. The Austrians also had their competition results from Turin annulled. A seventh athlete, cross-country skier Christian Hoffmann, had his case referred to the International Ski Federation for further investigation, but IOC charges were dismissed.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/winter_sports/6592167.stm |title=Austria fined for Olympic doping|date=24 May 2007|access-date=24 October 2016|quote=The six athletes have also had their results in Turin annulled while charges against a seventh athlete, cross country skier Christian Hofmann, were dismissed.|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/crosscountry/story/_/id/7322093/ex-olympic-cross-country-ski-champ-christian-hoffman-gets-six-year-ban |agency=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|title= Christian Hoffmann gets 6-year ban| date= 6 December 2011|quote=In December 2011 the ski federation gave Hoffmann a six-year ban for having his blood taken for doping purposes at a Vienna lab between 2003 and 2006 and possessing a centrifuge for blood enrichment.}}
The IOC has retested nearly 500 doping samples that were collected at the 2006 Turin Games. In 2014, the Estonian Olympic Committee was notified by the IOC that a retested sample from cross-country skier Kristina Šmigun had tested positive. On 24 October 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency Athletes' Commission stated that Šmigun, who won two gold medals at the Turin Games, faces a Court of Arbitration for Sport hearing before the end of October. If Šmigun were to be stripped of her gold medals, Kateřina Neumannová of Czech Republic could be elevated to gold in the 7.5 + 7.5 km double pursuit event. Marit Bjørgen of Norway could acquire a seventh gold medal in the 10 km classical event.{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1042965/smigun-vahi-facing-cas-hearing-after-positive-retest-at-turin-2006 |title=Šmigun-Vähi facing CAS hearing after "positive" retest at Turin 2006|work=INSIDETHEGAMES.BIZ| first=Nick |last=Butler|date=24 October 2016|access-date=24 October 2016|publisher= Dunsar Media Company Limited}}
The case against Šmigun was dropped on 13 December 2017 without any charges being raised.{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1059102/estonian-cross-country-skier-looks-to-be-in-clear-as-ioc-announce-no-positive-results-in-turin-2006-re-analysis |title=Estonian cross-country skier looks to be in clear as IOC announce no positive results in Turin 2006 re-analysis|work=INSIDETHEGAMES.BIZ| first=Nick |last=Butler|date=13 December 2017|access-date=13 December 2017|publisher= Dunsar Media Company Limited}}
==Did not start==
On 13 February 2006, the Brazilian Olympic Committee announced that Armando dos Santos' preventive antidoping test, which had been done in Brazil on 4 January 2006, was positive for the forbidden substance nandrolone. Santos was ejected from the team, being replaced by former sprinter Claudinei Quirino, the team's substitute athlete.{{cite news|title=Dos Santos expelled from Brazilian bobsled team for doping|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/print?id=2330182&type=story|agency=Associated Press|access-date=22 February 2009}}
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Armando dos Santos
|{{flagIOC|BRA|2006 Winter}} | |
==Disqualified during the Games==
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals |
|---|
| Olga Pyleva
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2006 Winter}} |Carphedon{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,185095,00.html|title=Russian Biathlete Expelled From Torino for Doping|website=Fox News|date=16 February 2006|language=en-US|access-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120703025129/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,185095,00.html|archive-date=3 July 2012|url-status=dead}} |{{Silver2}} (15 km) |
==Disqualified after the Games==
=2010 Vancouver=
{{main|2010 Winter Olympics}}
On 23 December 2016, the IOC stated that it will re-analyse all samples from Russian athletes at the Olympic Winter Games of Vancouver 2010.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-starts-disciplinary-procedures-against-28-russian-athletes-from-sochi-2014|title=IOC Starts Disciplinary Procedures Against 28 Russian Athletes from Sochi 2014|date=23 December 2016|access-date=10 February 2017|publisher=International Olympic Committee|location= Lausanne, Switzerland|quote=The IOC will also re-analyse all samples from Russian athletes at the Olympic Winter Games Vancouver 2010.}} In October 2017, the IOC stated that one sole athlete was caught from retests of doping samples from the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Biathlete Teja Gregorin was confirmed as this athlete by the International Biathlon Union. A total of 1195 samples from Vancouver 2010 (70% of the 1700 available) were reanalyzed. This included all medalists and all of the 170 Russian athletes. The IOC requested all Russian samples from the 2010 Games be retested after the publication of the McLaren Report. Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver (11th in gold medal table with a total of 3 golds) is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1057117/biathlete-gregorin-confirmed-as-athlete-who-failed-vancouver-2010-doping-retest|title=Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest|first=Michael |last=Pavitt|date=26 October 2017|publisher=Inside the Games|access-date=27 October 2017}}
==Did not start==
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:130px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:150px;"|Details of test |
|---|
| Albina Akhatova
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2010 Winter}} |Erythropoietin{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/skiing/news/story?id=4650931|date=13 November 2009|title=Biathletes lose doping ban appeals|agency=espn.com}} | | |
| Ekaterina Iourieva
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2010 Winter}} | | |
| Dmitri Yaroshenko
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2010 Winter}} | | |
| Natalya Matveyeva
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2010 Winter}} |Erythropoietin{{cite web|url=https://www.fis-ski.com/?actu_id_1614=2564&actu_page_1614=|title=FIS-SKI.com|website=www.fis-ski.com}} | | |
==Disqualified after the Games==
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:130px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:150px;"|Details of test |
|---|
| Kornelia Marek
|{{flagIOC|POL|2010 Winter}} |Erythropoietin{{cite news|date=17 March 2009|title=Test confirms Polish skier Marek doped at Olympics|first=Monika|last=Scislowska|agency=Associated Press}} | | |
| Teja Gregorin
|{{flagIOC|SLO|2010 Winter}} |Biathlon |GHRP-2 & Metabolite | |IOC re-analysis of sample in 2017{{cite web|url=https://www.biathlonworld.com/news/detail/ibu-press-release-positive-findings-from-ioc-retests-in-vancouver|title=IBU Press Release: Positive Findings from IOC Retests in Vancouver|website=International Biathlon Union - IBU}} |
=2014 Sochi=
{{main|2014 Winter Olympics|Doping in Russia}}
According to the director of the country's antidoping laboratory at the time, Grigory Rodchenkov, dozens of Russian athletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, including at least 15 medal winners, were part of a state-run doping program, meticulously planned for years to ensure dominance at the Games.[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/sports/russia-doping-sochi-olympics-2014.html?_r=2 Russian Insider Says State-Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold], The New York Times, 12 May 2016
In December 2016, following the release of the McLaren report on Russian doping at the Sochi Olympics, the International Olympic Committee announced the initiation of an investigation of 28 Russian athletes (the number later rose to 46) at the Sochi Olympic Games. La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 17 athletes, of whom 15 are among the 28 under investigation.{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Sport-Invernali/30-12-2016/ghiaccio-pattinaggio-scandalo-sochi-2014-sospetti-sotnikova-kostner-d-argento-180226631450.shtml |title=Ghiaccio, pattinaggio. Scandalo Sochi 2014. Sospetti sulla Sotnikova: Kostner d'argento?|date=30 December 2016|location=Milan, Italy| work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|access-date=16 January 2017}}{{cite web |url=https://greatest.info/media-reported-about-the-possible-deprivation-of-the-figure-skater-sotnikova-gold-sochi-2014/ |title=Media reported about the possible deprivation of the figure skater Sotnikova gold Sochi 2014 |access-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807080756/https://greatest.info/media-reported-about-the-possible-deprivation-of-the-figure-skater-sotnikova-gold-sochi-2014/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 }}
Three female figure skaters were named as being under investigation. They are Adelina Sotnikova, the singles gold medalist, as well as pairs skaters Tatiana Volosozhar and Ksenia Stolbova. Volosozhar and Stolbova won gold and silver medals, respectively, in pairs skating. Both also won gold medals in the team event, which also puts the other eight team medalists at risk of losing their golds.{{cite web|url=https://uawire.org/news/mcclaren-doping-report-may-affect-russian-figure-skaters|title=UAWire - McClaren doping report may affect Russian figure skaters|website=uawire.org}} In November 2017 the proceeding against Sotnikova was dropped.{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1057686/exclusive-olympic-figure-skating-champion-cleared-of-doping-charge-by-ioc-but-four-russian-skiers-disqualified | title=Exclusive: Olympic figure skating champion cleared of doping charge by IOC but four Russian skiers disqualified | first=Nick|last=Butler|date=9 November 2017|access-date=9 November 2017}}
Six cross-country skiers were suspended from competition on the basis of the McLaren Report: Evgeniy Belov, Alexander Legkov, Alexey Petukhov, Maxim Vylegzhanin, Yulia Ivanova and Evgenia Shapovalova. Legkov won a gold and silver medals, and Vylegzhanin won three silver medals.{{cite web|url=http://skitrax.com/alexander-legkov-headlines-6-russian-xc-skiers-and-2-biathletes-provisionally-suspended/|title=Six Russian XC Skiers and Two Biathletes Provisionally Suspended due to McLaren Report UPDATED|date=23 December 2016|website=SkiTrax}} The IOC disqualified all six from Sochi, imposed lifetime bans and, in the process, stripped Legkov and Vylegzhanin of the medals they had won in four events (three individual medals and one team medal). Nikita Kryukov, Alexander Bessmertnykh and Natalya Matveyeva were also disqualified on 22 December 2017.{{Cite news|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-11-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings|date=22 December 2017|work=International Olympic Committee|access-date=22 December 2017|language=en}}
The International Biathlon Union suspended two Russian biathletes who were in the Sochi games: Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova. Vilukhina won silver in sprint, and both women were on a relay team that won the silver medal.{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1046102/ibu-dismisses-cases-against-22-russians-named-in-mclaren-report|title=IBU dismisses cases against 22 Russians named in McLaren Report|date=21 January 2017|website=Inside the Games}} They were disqualified and stripped of their medals on 27 November 2017.{{Cite news|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-five-russian-athletes-and-publishes-first-full-decision-as-part-of-the-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions five Russian athletes and publishes first full decision as part of the Oswald Commission findings|date=27 November 2017|work=International Olympic Committee|access-date=27 November 2017|language=en}}
The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation suspended four Russian skeleton sliders. They were Alexander Tretyakov, Elena Nikitina, Maria Orlova and Olga Potylitsina. Tretyakov won a gold medal, and Nikitina won a bronze.{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/four-russian-skeleton-athletes-suspended-doping-2014-sochi-olympics/28206851.html|title=Four Russia Skeleton Athletes Suspended For Doping At 2014 Sochi Olympics|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=31 December 2016 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1045372/russias-nikitina-denies-knowledge-of-any-suspension-from-skeleton-competition|title=Russia's Nikitina denies knowledge of any suspension from skeleton competition|date=2 January 2017|website=www.insidethegames.biz}} On 22 November 2017, the IOC stripped these medals and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on all four.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-four-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions four Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings|date= 22 November 2017|access-date=22 November 2017|publisher=International Olympic Committee}} Skeleton racer Sergei Chudinov was sanctioned on 28 November 2017.
Seven Russian female ice hockey players were to have hearings before the Oswald Commission on 22 November 2017. Two of the seven were accused of submitting samples showing readings that were physically impossible to be held by a woman. The Russian women's ice hockey team finished sixth at Sochi 2014.{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1058172/fis-to-provide-update-on-russian-skiers-as-ice-hockey-players-set-to-appear-before-oswald-commission |title=FIS to provide update on Russian skiers as ice hockey players set to appear before Oswald Commission|first=Liam|last=Morgan|date=21 November 2017|access-date=22 November 2017|publisher=Dunsar Media Company Ltd.|work=Insidethegames.biz}} On 12 December 2017, six of them were disqualified.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-six-russian-athletes-and-closes-one-case-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate=December 12, 2017|access-date=13 December 2017|work=olympic.org}} Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later.
On 24 November 2017, the IOC imposed life bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a combined 3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver).{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-four-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings-2017-11-24|title=IOC SANCTIONS FOUR RUSSIAN ATHLETES AS PART OF OSWALD COMMISSION FINDINGS|date=24 November 2017|access-date=24 November 2017}} All their results were disqualified, meaning that Russia lost its first place in the medal standings. Bobsledders Aleksei Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified 3 days later. 3 other Russian athletes who didn't win medals were banned on 29 November 2017.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings|title=IOC sanctions three Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings|date=7 November 2020}} Biathlete Olga Zaitseva and 2 other Russian athletes were banned on 1 December 2017.{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-russian-athletes-as-part-of-oswald-commission-findings-2017-12-01|title=IOC sanctions three Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings|date=7 November 2020|website=International Olympic Committee}} Bobsledder Alexey Voyevoda who had been already stripped of his gold medals due to the anti-doping violations committed by his teammates was sanctioned on 18 December 2017.{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20171218-russian-bobsledder-banned-over-doping|title=Russian bobsledder banned over doping|work=France 24|date=18 December 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219054643/http://www.france24.com/en/20171218-russian-bobsledder-banned-over-doping|archive-date=19 December 2017|url-status=dead}} Speed skaters Ivan Skobrev and Artyom Kuznetsov, lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova, and bobsledders Liudmila Udobkina and Maxim Belugin were disqualified on 22 December 2017, bringing the total to 43. Demchenko and Ivanova were also stripped of their silver medals.
On 15 February 2020, the International Biathlon Union announced that because of a doping violation, Evgeny Ustyugov and Russian men's 4 x 7.5km relay team had been disqualified from the 2014 Olympics.{{cite web|title= IBU anti-doping hearing panel renders verdicts on Sleptsova and Ustyugov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215170333/https://www.biathlonworld.com/news/detail/ibu-anti-doping-hearing-panel-renders-verdicts-on-sleptsova-and-ustyugov|archive-date=15 February 2020|url= https://www.biathlonworld.com/news/detail/ibu-anti-doping-hearing-panel-renders-verdicts-on-sleptsova-and-ustyugov|url-status=dead|website= Biathlon World |publisher= International Biathlon Union |date=15 February 2020|access-date=2024-09-01}} The IOC results affirm the decision, but medals have not yet been reallocated.[https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014/results/biathlon/4x7-5km-relay-men Sochi 2014 Biathlon 4x7.5km relay men Results]
=2018 Pyeongchang=
After the Russian Olympic Committee was barred from competing at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Russian athletes deemed to be clean were allowed to compete as Olympic Athletes from Russia.
=2022 Beijing=
By the end of the Beijing Olympics, a total of five athletes were reported for doping violations: Spanish figure skater Laura Barquero, Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva, Iranian alpine skier Hossein Saveh Shemshaki, and two Ukrainians {{ndash}} cross-country skier Valentyna Kaminska and bobsledder Lidiia Hunko.{{cite web|title=Spanish skater caught in shock new scandal after Winter Olympics|url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/winter-olympics-2022-spanish-skater-fresh-doping-storm-195328933.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANGTb8Utg5Vkphu5PDMy3r4R8NVaj5E0gOiXTCa_wGhyNWALiHwUfYyQ-E6EGE6_ETsO01JhPf0zfwVOKKn1k3AgPgSWs9ankmurF0Xl4QEiRnl0fUMk585Uh5XjkFBqbpv1zhG24nUQ4rHZdLuOWop8PUXH6eJ07fGpV6Ebl44V|first=
Sam|last=Goodwin|date=22 Feb 2022|access-date=2024-04-04|website=Yahoo Sport Australia}}
==Controversy surrounding the ROC==
The medal ceremony for the team event in figure skating, where the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) won gold, originally scheduled for 8 February, was delayed over what International Olympic Committee (IOC) spokesperson Mark Adams described as a situation that required "legal consultation" with the International Skating Union.{{Cite web|date=9 February 2022|title=Olympic medals in team figure skating delayed by legal issue|url=https://apnews.com/article/winter-olympics-figure-skating-sports-international-olympic-committee-court-of-arbitration-for-sport-c49077705737be8a7d41a2847c2f355b|access-date=9 February 2022|website=AP News|language=en}} Several media outlets reported on 9 February that the issue was over a positive test for trimetazidine by the ROC's Kamila Valieva,{{Cite news|last1=Tétrault-Farber|first1=Gabrielle|last2=Axon|first2=Iain|last3=Grohmann|first3=Karolos|date=9 February 2022|title=Figure skating-Russian media say teen star tested positive for banned drug|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/figure-skating-medals-ceremony-delayed-over-legal-consultation-2022-02-09/|access-date=9 February 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/beijing/2022/02/09/olympic-figure-skating-team-medals-delayed-russian-drug-test/6717526001/|title=Positive drug test by Russian Kamila Valieva has forced a delay of Olympic team medals ceremony|first=Christine|last=Brennan|author-link=Christine Brennan|website=USA Today|date=9 February 2022}} which was officially confirmed on 11 February.{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Anna|date=11 February 2022|title=Winter Olympics: Kamila Valieva failed drug test confirmed|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-olympics/60329120.amp|work=BBC Sport|access-date=12 February 2022}} Valieva's sample in question was taken by the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) at the 2022 Russian Figure Skating Championships on 25 December, but the sample was not analyzed at the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) laboratory where it was sent for testing until 8 February, one day after the team event concluded.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/sports/olympics/kamila-valieva-trimetazidine.html|title=Star Russian Figure Skater Tested Positive for Banned Drug|first1=Juliet|last1=Macur|author-link1=Juliet Macur|first2=Andrew|last2=Keh|website=The New York Times|date=12 February 2022}}
Valieva was assessed a provisional suspension after her positive result, but upon appeal, she was cleared by RUSADA's independent Disciplinary Anti-Doping Committee (DAC) on 9 February, just a day after receiving the provisional suspension.{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1119148/rusada-beijing-2022-valieva-sample|title=RUSADA blames COVID-19 wave for delayed analysis of Valieva sample|first=Michael|last=Pavitt|website=Inside the Games|date=12 February 2022}} Following formal appeals lodged by the IOC, the International Skating Union (ISU), and WADA to review RUSADA DAC's decision, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) heard the case on 13 February, and removal of her provisional suspension was upheld on 14 February, ahead of her scheduled appearance in the women's singles event beginning 15 February.{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/russia/593979-russian-figure-skaters-drug-case-to-be-heard-sunday-in-beijing|title=Russian figure skater's drug test case to be heard Sunday|first=Lexi|last=Lonas|website=The Hill|date=12 February 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/10/sport/kamila-valieva-roc-drugs-test-olympics-spt-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Kamila Valieva: Russian anti-doping agency allowed teenage figure skater to compete in Olympics despite failed drug test|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Watson|first2=Angus|last3=Regan|first3=Helen|date=11 February 2022|website=CNN|access-date=12 February 2022}} Due to Valieva being a minor at the time, as well as being classified as a "protected person" under WADA guidelines, RUSADA and the IOC announced on 12 February that they would broaden the scope of their respective investigations to include members of her entourage (e.g. coaches, team doctors, etc.).{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/winter-olympics/news/30787/12539761/kamila-valieva-ioc-welcomes-investigation-of-russian-figure-skaters-entourage-as-15-year-old-awaits-cas-decision-at-winter-olympics|title=Kamila Valieva: IOC welcomes investigation of Russian figure skater's entourage as 15-year-old awaits CAS decision at Winter Olympics|author=PA Media|author-link=PA Media|website=Sky Sports|date=12 February 2022}}
On 14 February, the CAS declined to reinstate Valieva's provisional suspension issued the previous Monday and ruled that she would be allowed provisionally to compete in the women's singles event. The CAS decided that preventing her from competing "would cause her irreparable harm in the circumstances", while noting that any medals won by Valieva at the Beijing Olympics would be withheld pending the results of the continuing investigation into her doping violation. The temporary provisional decision from the court was made on three grounds: 1/ Due to her age, she is a "Protected Person" as per WADA Code, subject to different rules than adult athletes; 2/ Athlete "did not test positive during the Olympic Games in Beijing"; 3/ "There were serious issues of untimely notification of the results, ... which impinged upon the Athlete’s ability to establish certain legal requirements for her benefit".{{cite web|date=14 February 2022|title=Russian skater Kamila Valieva cleared to compete at Olympics|url=https://apnews.com/article/winter-olympics-kamila-valieva-doping-decision-0dd063b5092681697525b69cd0c7212d|access-date=14 February 2022|website=Associated Press|language=en}}{{cite press release|url=https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/CAS_Ad_Hoc_Media_Release_Beijing_8.pdf|title=The CAS Ad Hoc Division Declines to Impose a Provisional Suspension on the Russian Figure Skater Kamila Valieva|publisher=Court of Arbitration for Sport|date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054712/https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/CAS_Ad_Hoc_Media_Release_Beijing_8.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2022|url-status=live}} The IOC announced that the team event medal ceremony, as well as the women's singles flower ceremony and medal ceremony if Valieva were to medal, would not take place until the investigation is over, and there is a concrete decision whether to strip Valieva and the ROC of their medals. To allow for the possibility that Valieva's results may be disqualified, the IOC asked the ISU to expand the qualifying field for the women's singles free skating by one to 25.{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-eb-decides-no-medal-ceremonies-following-cas-decision-on-the-case-of-roc-skater|title=IOC EB decides no medal ceremonies following CAS decision on the case of ROC skater|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=14 February 2022}}
On 29 January 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ruled in Valieva's doping case involving the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA). The International Skating Union (ISU) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA){{Cite news |last= |date=22 June 2023 |title=CAS to hear Russian figure skater Valieva's case in September |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cas-hear-russian-figure-skater-valievas-case-september-2023-06-22/ |access-date=23 June 2023}} imposed a four year ban on Valieva backdated to 25 December 2021, and disqualified her of all competitive results from that date,{{cite news |title=Kamila Valieva: Russian figure skater given four-year drugs ban |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/winter-sports/68127536 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=BBC Sport |date=29 January 2024}} including the first place finishes at the 2022 European Figure Skating Championships and the 2022 Olympic team event.
==Disqualified after the Games==
| class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Medals ! style="width:180px;"|Details of test |
|---|
| Kamila Valieva
|{{flagIOC|ROC|2022 Winter}} |{{Gold1}} |Tested positive at Russian Championships in December 2021. Disqualified by CAS in January 2024 |
| Laura Barquero
|{{flagIOC|ESP|2022 Winter}} | |
| Lidiia Hunko
|{{flagIOC|UKR|2022 Winter}} | |
| Valiantsina Kaminskaya
|{{flagIOC|UKR|2022 Winter}} | |
==Did not start==
Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.
| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%; font-size:98%;" |
| style="width:150px;"|Name
! style="width:115px;"|Country ! style="width:115px;"|Sport ! style="width:180px;"|Banned substance ! style="width:180px;"|Details of test |
|---|
| Hossein Saveh-Shemshaki
|{{flagIOC|IRI|2022 Winter}} |Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone |Disqualified from competing at the 2022 Olympics after a positive out-of-competition drug test.{{cite web|title= THE INTERNATIONAL TESTING AGENCY (ITA) REPORTS THAT A SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM ALPINE SKIER HOSSEIN SAVEH SHEMSHAKI HAS RETURNED AN ADVERSE ANALYTICAL FINDING (AAF) |url= https://ita.sport/news/beijing-2022-the-ita-asserts-an-apparent-anti-doping-rule-violation-against-iranian-athlete-hossein-saveh-shemshaki/ |website= ita.sport |access-date= 12 February 2022|date=9 February 2022}} |
See also
References
{{reflist|refs=
| url =https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-four-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008-and-london-2012
| title =IOC sanctions four athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008 and London 2012
| website = olympic.org
| publisher = IOC
| access-date = 23 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160810202722/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-four-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008-and-london-2012
| archive-date = 10 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}
| url =https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008
| title =IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008
| website = olympic.org
| publisher = IOC
| access-date = 24 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820095942/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008
| archive-date = 20 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}
| title = IAAF ATHLETICS STATISTICS BOOK Games of the XXXI Olympiad Rio de Janeiro 2016
| url = http://www.iaaf.org/download/downloadresultinfo?filename=f0e8eb10-cb01-490a-ad69-e9b16a355816.pdf&urlSlug=rio-2016-olympic-games-athletics-statistics-h
| publisher = IAAF
| pages = 32–33
| access-date = 24 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160824104412/https://www.iaaf.org/download/downloadresultinfo?filename=f0e8eb10-cb01-490a-ad69-e9b16a355816.pdf&urlSlug=rio-2016-olympic-games-athletics-statistics-h
| archive-date = 24 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}
| title = Media Release Athletics the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) Upholds Six Appeals Filed by the Iaaf Against Russian Athletes
| url = http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_announce_decision.pdf
| publisher =The Court of Arbitration for Sport
| access-date = 24 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160406051939/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_announce_decision.pdf
| archive-date = 6 April 2016
| url-status = live
}}
|url=https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=bd16c1ec-fcea-4f2a-91b9-881226236991.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules
|title=Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 20.07.16
|website=iaaf.org
|publisher=IAAF
|access-date=19 August 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815091634/https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=bd16c1ec-fcea-4f2a-91b9-881226236991.pdf&urlslug=List+of+athletes+currently+serving+a+period+of+ineligibility+as+a+result+of+an+anti-doping+rule+violation+under+IAAF+rules
|archive-date=15 August 2016
|url-status=live
}}
| url =https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-six-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008
| title =IOC sanctions six athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008
| website = olympic.org
| publisher = IOC
| access-date = 1 September 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160831231910/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-six-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008
| archive-date = 31 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}
| url =https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-two-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008
| title =IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008
| website = olympic.org
| publisher = IOC
| access-date = 1 September 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160901225032/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-two-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008
| archive-date = 1 September 2016
| url-status = live
}}
}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030322190904/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_21.pdf Olympic Movement Anti-doping Code] (PDF)
- {{cite web|last=Mallon|first=Bill|title=An Update On London 2012 Doping Positives|work=OlympStats| date=18 January 2019|url=http://olympstats.com/2019/01/18/all-olympic-doping-positives-the-count-by-games/}}
- {{cite web|last=Mallon|first=Bill|title=All Olympic Doping Positives – the Count by Games|work=OlympStats| date=18 January 2019|url=http://olympstats.com/2019/01/18/all-olympic-doping-positives-the-count-by-games/}}
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Category:Olympic Games controversies