Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet

The non-IPA letters found in the extIPA are listed in the following table. VoQS letters may also be used, as in {{angbr IPA|ↀ͡r̪͆}} for a buccal interdental trill (a raspberry), as VoQS started off as a subset of extIPA.Ball et al. (2018)

Several letters and superscript forms were added to Unicode 14 and 15. They are included in the free Gentium Plus and Andika fonts.

The extIPA has explicitly endorsed some rarer uses of regular IPA diacritics, such as {{IPA|[ʰp]}} for pre-aspiration, and has added some new ones, such as {{IPA|[tʶ]}} for uvularization. Some of these extIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of Damin.

One extension of regular IPA is the use of parentheses around diacritics to indicate partial application of that diacritic: a pair of parentheses around a diacritic indicates that the diacritic only partially applies (in degree or duration), while a single parenthesis at the left or right of the diacritic indicates that the segment is partially affected at its beginning or end. These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times. Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing etc.). The following are examples; in principle, any IPA or extIPA diacritic may be parenthesized or displaced in this manner.

The transcriptions for partial voicing and devoicing may be used in either the sense of degrees of voicing or in the sense that the voicing is discontinuous. For the former, both parentheses indicate the sound is mildly (partially) voiced throughout, and single parentheses mean a partial degree of voicing at the beginning or end of the sound.

For the latter, both parentheses mean the sound is (de)voiced in the middle, while the single parentheses mean complete (de)voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. The implication is that such voicing or devoicing is atypical of the language being spoken. For example, {{angbr IPA|z̥}} would be used for the usual devoicing or partial devoicing of the language, while {{angbr IPA|z̥᪽}} would indicate that the transcriber found the devoicing to be atypical, as in pathological speech. Similarly, {{angbr IPA|z̥᫃}} would indicate atypical devoicing at the beginning of the segment.{{harvnb|Duckworth|Allen|Hardcastle|Ball|1990|pp=277-278}} However, some authors use the parentheses for typical devoicing in close transcription. For example, the Bardi word aamba 'man', with the usual initial and final devoicing of that language, has been transcribed {{IPA|[ɐ̥͡ɐmbə̥᫄]}}.Claire Bowern (2012) A Grammar of Bardi, p. 83

Altering the position of a diacritic relative to the letter indicates that the phonation begins before the consonant or vowel does or continues beyond it. The voiceless ring and other phonation diacritics can be used in the same way if needed. For example, {{angbr IPA|p˳a}} indicates that voicelessness continues past the {{IPA|[p]}}, more or less equivalent to {{angbr IPA|pʰa}}.

Other extIPA diacritics are:

Diacritics may be placed within parentheses as the voicing diacritics are above. For example, {{angbr IPA|m͊᪻}} indicates a partially denasalized {{IPA|[m]}}.

The arrow for sliding articulation was first used for {{IPA|[wɑət̪s̪͢θ]}} for 'watch' and {{IPA|[z̪͢ðɪpʊə]}} for 'zipper'. It is most commonly observed in quick changes from the blade to the tip of the tongue (laminal to apical) in plosives and fricatives, such as {{IPA|[t̪͢t]}} and {{IPA|[t͢θ]}}, or vice versa, but is not limited to that; the consonants may also be labial or dorsal, e.g. {{IPA|[ɸ͢f]}} and {{IPA|[k͢q]}}.Bernhardt & Ball (1993) Characteristics of Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA. JIPA 23:1, p. 35–36.

The slit-grooved distinction of the channel shape of front fricatives may be handled with these diacritics, with for example {{angbr IPA|s̪ z̪}} for grooved (sibilant) dental fricatives, and {{angbr IPA|θ͇ ð͇}} for ungrooved (non-sibilant) aveolar fricatives. This is a common topic in speech pathology, though {{angbr IPA|s̪ z̪}} occur in non-pathological speech in some languages.

Any IPA letter may be used in superscript form as a diacritic, to indicate the onset, release or 'flavor' of another letter. In extIPA, this is provided specifically for the fricative release of a plosive. For example, {{angbr IPA|k𐞜}} is {{IPA|[k]}} with a lateral-fricative release (similar to the velar lateral affricate {{IPA|[k͜𝼄]}}, but with less frication); {{angbr IPA|d𐞚}} is {{IPA|[d]}} with lateral-plus-central release. Combining diacritics can be added to superscript diacritics, such as {{angbr IPA|tʰ̪͆}} for {{IPA|[t]}} with bidental aspiration.

The VoQS (voice-quality symbols) take IPA and extIPA diacritics, as well as several additional diacritics that are potentially available for extIPA transcription. The subscript dot for 'whisper' is sometimes found in IPA transcription,{{harvnb|Laver|1994}} though in IPA the diacritic has also been used for apical-retroflex articulation.

The Extended IPA has adopted bracket notation from conventions transcribing discourse. Parentheses are used to indicate mouthing (silent articulation), as in the common silent sign to hush {{IPA|(ʃːː)}}. Parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...); the length of the pause may be indicated, as in (2.3 sec). A very short (.) may be used to indicate an absence of co-articulation between adjacent segments, for instance {{IPA|[t(.)weɫv̥]}} rather than {{IPA|[tʷw̥eɫv̥]}}.{{harvnb|Duckworth|Allen|Hardcastle|Ball|1990|p=279}}

Double parentheses indicate that transcription is uncertain because of extraneous noise or speech, as when one person talks over another. As much detail as possible may be included, as in ⸨2 syll.⸩ or ⸨2σ⸩ for two obscured syllables.{{harvnb|Duckworth|Allen|Hardcastle|Ball|1990|p=278}} This is also IPA usage.{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=176,192}} Sometimes the obscuring noise will be indicated instead, as in ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩, as in the illustrative transcription below; this notation may be used for extraneous noise that does not obscure speech, but which the transcriber nonetheless wishes to notate (e.g. because someone says 'excuse me' after coughing, or verbally responds to the knock on the door, and the noise is thus required to understand the speech).

In the extIPA, indistinguishable/unidentifiable sounds are circled rather than placed in single parentheses as in IPA.{{efn|Unicode encodes a combining circle diacritic (U+20DD) that will work with any IPA letter, but as of 2020 it is not widely included in fonts. For example, {{angbr IPA|{{thin space}}σ⃝{{thin space}}}} combines U+20DD with σ to represent an unidentifiable syllable.}} An empty circle, ◯, is used for an indeterminate segment, ◯ σ  an indeterminate syllable, Ⓒ a segment identifiable only as a consonant, etc. Full capital letters, such as C in Ⓒ, are used as wild-cards for certain categories of sounds, and may combine with IPA and extIPA diacritics. For example, ◯ {{IPA|P̥}}   indicates an undetermined or indeterminate voiceless plosive. Regular IPA and extIPA letters may also be circled to indicate that their identification is uncertain. For example, ⓚ indicates that the segment is judged to probably be {{IPA|[k]}}. This is effectively a copy-edit mark, and may be elongated into an oval for longer strings of symbols. This was illustrated in the 1997 edition of the chart, where the circle was typeset as ( ̲̅) and longer strings as e.g. (a̲̅a̲̅a̲̅). There is no way to typeset this in Unicode that does not require spurious characters between the letters (as here), but it may be graphically approximated with an unused set of brackets, such as ⦇aaa⦈.

Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used for phonation and prosodic notation, such as {{IPA|[{_falsetto ˈhɛlp _falsetto}]}} and terms for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted within a {curly brace} notation to indicate that they are comments on the intervening text. The VoQS conventions use similar notation for voice quality. These may be combined, for example with VoQS {{angbr|F}} for 'falsetto':

:{_allegro I {F {_𝆏 didn't _𝆏} know that F} _allegro}

or

:{{IPA|[{_allegro ə {F {_𝆏 dɪn _𝆏} nəʊ ðæʔ F} _allegro}]}}

Three rows appear in the extIPA chart that do not occur in the IPA chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "fricative nasal" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "percussive". A denasal row is added here. Several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is the result of a standard-IPA diacritic. Dorso-velar and velo-dorsal are combined here, as are upper and lower alveolar.

{{further|Superscript IPA letters}}

The customary use of superscript IPA letters is formalized in the extIPA, specifically for fricative releases of plosives, as can be seen with {{angbr IPA|k𐞜}} in the lower-left of the full chart.

Speech pathologists also often use superscripting to indicate that a target sound has not been reached – for example, {{IPA|[ˈtʃɪᵏən]}} for an instance of the word 'chicken' where the {{IPA|/k/}} is incompletely articulated. However, due to the vague meaning of superscripting in the IPA, this is not a convention supported by the ICPLA. An unambiguous transcription would mark the consonant more specifically as weakened ({{IPA|[ˈtʃɪk͉ən]}}) or silent ({{IPA|[ˈtʃɪ(k)ən]}}).

A sample transcription of a written text read aloud, using extIPA and Voice Quality Symbols:

{{IPA|[ð\ðːə̤ {V̰ ə\ə\ə V̰} ˈhw̥əɹld ˈkʌp ˈf̆\faɪnəlz əv ˈnaɪntin eəti {↓_𝑝ˈtʉ̆ _𝑝↓} ˌɑɹ ˈh\hɛld ɪn sːp\ˈsːp\ʰeᵊn ˈðɪs jəɹ (3 sec) ð͈ːe wɪl ɪnv\ˈv͈ːɔlv ðə tˢˑ\tʴ̥ (.) {_𝑝 tʼ\tʼ _𝑝} ʩ \ {_𝑓 ʩ \ ʩ _𝑓}\ˈt͈ɒ̆p̚ ˈneʃənz əv ðə ˈwəɹld ɪnˑ ə̰ {_𝑝𝑝 tʰˑəʃ\t̆ʰə\təʃ _𝑝𝑝}\ˈt͈ʉɹnəmənt ˈlastɪn ˌoʊvər ˈfɔɹ ˈwiks (..) ˈh͈ɛld ə\ ʔat ˈf\fɔɹtin (...) {_𝑝𝑝 V̰ d\d V̰ _𝑝𝑝} \ ˈdɪfɹənt ˈsɛn{↓təɹʐ↓} ɪn ˈspeᵊn (3 sec) ə̰ (.) ˈɔl əv ðə fˑ\f ˈɔl əv ðə ˈfəɹʂt ˈɹaʉnd ˈɡeᵊmz wɪl bi (..) wɪl bi (.) ɪn ðə (.) w̰̆ə̰ː p\pɹəv\ˈvɪnʃəl {_𝑝 tʼ\tʼ _𝑝} \ {_𝑝𝑝 tʼ\tʼ _𝑝𝑝} (.) tʼ\tʼ (..) {_𝑝𝑝 tʼ\tʼ _𝑝𝑝} ʩ \ ʩ \ {↓ˈtãʉ̃nz↓} wɪð ðə s͢ːsʼ\sʼ\ˈs{↓ɛmi ˈfaɪnəlz↓} and ˈf\faɪnəlz ˈhɛld ɪn (.) ⸨knock on door⸩ bɑɹsə{_𝑝ˈloʊnə and ˈmədɹɪd _𝑝}]}}

Original text: "The World Cup Finals of 1982 are held in Spain this year. They will involve the top nations of the World in a tournament lasting over four weeks, held at fourteen different centers in Spain. All of the first-round games will be in the provincial towns with the semi-finals, and finals held in Barcelona and Madrid."{{harvnb|Ball|Lowry|2001|p=80}}

{{Notelist}}

• Voice Quality Symbols
• Sinological phonetic notation
• Phonetic symbols in Unicode

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last=Ball|first=Martin J.|authorlink=Martin J. Ball|year=1993|title=Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=23|issue=1|pages=39–41 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004783|s2cid=143614464 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232020952}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |last2=Esling |first2=John H. |last3=Dickson |first3=Craig |author1-link=Martin J. Ball |author2-link=John Esling |title=The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1995 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005181|s2cid=145791575 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |authorlink1=Martin J. Ball |authorlink2=Sara Howard (speech therapist) |last2=Howard |first2=Sara J. |last3=Miller |first3=Kirk |year=2018 |title=Revisions to the extIPA chart |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=155–164 |doi=10.1017/S0025100317000147 |s2cid=151863976}}
• {{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |last2=Lowry |first2=Orla M. |author1-link=Martin J. Ball |title=Methods in Clinical Phonetics |date=2001 |publisher=Whurr |location=London |isbn=9781861561848 |pages=25–40,80 |chapter=Transcribing Disordered Speech |doi=10.1002/9780470777879.ch3|s2cid=58518097 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=William G. |editor1-last=Sands |editor1-first=Bonny |title=Click Consonants |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-23268-6 |chapter=Click Phonology |series=Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory |volume=15 |pages=74–128 |doi=10.1163/9789004424357_003|s2cid=243697259 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Duckworth |first1=Martin |last2=Allen |first2=George |last3=Hardcastle |first3=William |last4=Ball |first4=Martin J. |author4-link=Martin J. Ball |title=Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech |journal=Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics |date=1990 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=273–280 |doi=10.3109/02699209008985489 |publisher=International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hesselwood |first1=Barry |last2=Howard |first2=Sara |author2-link=Sara Howard (speech therapist) |editor1-last=Ball |editor1-first=Martin J. |editor2-last=Perkins |editor2-first=Michael R. |editor3-last=Müller |editor3-first=Nicole |editor4-last=Howard |editor4-first=Sara |editor1-link=Martin J. Ball |editor3-link=Nicole Müller (linguist) |title=The handbook of Clinical Linguistics |date=2008 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=9781405135221 |chapter=Clinical Phonetic Transcription |doi=10.1002/9781444301007.ch23}}
• {{cite book |author1=International Phonetic Association |author1-link=International Phonetic Association |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9780521637510}}
• {{cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |title=Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics |date=1971 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |isbn=0-226-46787-2 |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |lccn=75-179318}}
• {{cite book |last1=Laver |first1=John |author1-link=John Laver |title=Principles of phonetics |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9781139166621 |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139166621}}
• {{cite journal |last1=van der Voort |first1=Hein |title=Kwaza in a Comparative Perspective |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |date=2005 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=365–412 |doi=10.1086/501245 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|s2cid=224808983 }}

• [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/extIPA_2016.pdf Chart of extended IPA symbols for disordered speech] (PDF, revised to 2015)
• [http://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/ipa/consonants-extra.html Pronunciation videos of consonants in the main extIPA chart as of 2008]

{{IPA navigation}}

Category:International Phonetic Alphabet

Category:Communication disorders

Category:1989 introductions