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Friasian

{{Short description|South American land mammal age (SALMA)}}

The Friasian age is a period of geologic time (16.3–15.5 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Santacrucian and precedes the Colloncuran age.[https://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayInterval&interval_no=728 Paleo Database: Friasian]

Etymology

The age is named after the Río Frías Formation in the Aysén Basin, Patagonia, Chile.

Formations

{{Location map+ | South America

| relief = 1

| width = 300

| caption = Locations of Friasian formations

| places =

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 11.9468

| lon_deg = -71.332222

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Castilletes Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -20.9

| lon_deg = -66.3

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Cerdas Beds

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -14.1

| lon_deg = -75.7

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Chilcatay Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -37.7

| lon_deg = -71.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Cura-Mallín Group

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -40.4

| lon_deg = -65.3

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Gran Bajo de Gualicho Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 8.6

| lon_deg = -70.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Parángula Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -7.4

| lon_deg = -75.0

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Pebas Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -42.3

| lon_deg = -71.9

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Río Foyel Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 9.0

| lon_deg = -69.7

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Río Yuca Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -44.6

| lon_deg = -71.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 14

| link = Río Frías Formation

}}

}}

class="wikitable sortable"

! Formation
{{small|bold is type}}

! Country

! Basin

! class=unsortable | Notes

Río Frías Formation{{CHL}}Aysén Basin{{center|Marshall, 1990Marshall & Salinas, 1990}}
Castilletes Formation{{COL}}Cocinetas Basin{{center|Moreno et al., 2015, p.7}}
Cerdas Beds{{BOL}}Altiplano Basin{{center|Croft et al., 2016, p.2}}
Chilcatay Formation{{PER}}Pisco Basin{{center|De la Cruz, 2008, p.53Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13}}
Cura-Mallín Group{{CHL}}Cura-Mallín Basin{{center|Utgé et al., 2009}}
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation{{ARG}}Colorado Basin{{center|Reichler, 2010, p.181}}
Parángula Formation{{VEN}}Barinas-Apure Basin{{center|Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2}}
Pebas Formation{{BRA}}
{{COL}}
{{ECU}}
{{PER}}		Amazon Basin{{center|Antoine et al., 2016, p.56Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304}}
Río Foyel Formation{{ARG}}Patagonian Andes{{center|Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491}}
Río Yuca Formation{{VEN}}Barinas-Apure Basin{{center|Rincón et al., 2016, p.19}}

{{clear}}

Fossils

class="wikitable sortable"

! Group

! Fossils

! Formation

! class=unsortable | Notes

rowspan=4 | MammalsAbderites aisenense, A. meridionalis, Alloiomys friasensis, Astrapotherium hesperinum, Borhyaena tuberata, Cladosictis patagonica, Megathericulus friasensis, Microbiotherium tehuelchum, Parabderites bicrispatus, Palaeothentes intermedius, P. lemoinei, P. minutus, Pichipilus halleuxi, Pitheculites rothi, Prothylacinus patagonicus, Prototrigodon rothi, Sipalocyon gracilis, Adinotherium sp., Homalodotherium sp., Neonematherium sp., Nesodon sp., Pachyrukhos sp., Phoenixauchenia sp., ?Propalaehoplophorus sp., Protypotherium sp., Prozaedyus sp., Theosodon sp., Trachytypotherium sp., Platyrrhini indet.Río Frías{{center|Abello & Rubilar, 2012, p.180
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176666 Río Frías] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=139845 Alto Río Cisnes] at Fossilworks.org}}
Lycopsis padillai, ?Hyperleptus sp., Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, Leontinidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, SparassodontaCastilletes{{center|Suárez et al., 2015, p.4Amson et al., 2016, p.7
Moreno et al., 2015, p.35}}
Hegetotherium cerdasensis, Juchuysillu arenalesensis, Llullataruca cf. shockeyi, Microtypotherium cf. choquecotense, Protypotherium cf. attenuatum, "Plesiotypotherium" minus, Palyeidodon obtusum, Mcdonaldocnus bondesioi, Borhyaenoidea indet., Euphractini indet., Lagostominae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Megatheriinae indet., Mesotheriinae indet., Peltephilidae indet., Uruguaytheriinae indet.Cerdasalign=center | [https://paleobiodb.org/classic?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=91435 Cerdas] in the Paleobiology Database[https://paleobiodb.org/classic?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=204205 Cerdas-Atocha] in the Paleobiology Database
Adinotherium sp., Peltephilidae indet.Río Yuca{{center|Rincón et al., 2016, pp.6-10}}
rowspan=3 | ReptilesChelus colombiana, Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Boidae indet., Eusuchia indet., Gavialoidea indet., Podocnemididae indet.Castilletes{{center|
Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7–30Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190–196}}
Barinasuchus arveloiParángula{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=113145 Quebrada Socó] at Fossilworks.org}}
Purussaurus sp.Río Yuca{{center|}}
rowspan=2 | BirdsAves indet.Castilletes{{center|}}
Palaeospheniscus bergi, Spheniscidae indet.Río Foyel{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=152083 Cerro Plataforma] at Fossilworks.org}}
rowspan=3 | FishMegalodon, Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, Rhynobatidae, LepidosirenidaeCastilletes{{center|[https://web.archive.org/web/20170904203528/http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&taxon_no=202672&max_interval=Miocene&country=Colombia&is_real_user=1&basic=yes&type=view&match_subgenera=1 Kaitamana] at Fossilworks.org}}
Carcharodon hastalisRío Foyel{{center|}}
Phractocephalus sp., Platysilurus sp.Río Yuca{{center|}}

References

{{reflist|3}}

= Bibliography =

;Río Frías Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Abello |first1=María Alejandra |last2=Rubilar Rogers |first2=David |year=2012 |title=Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata) |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/408/1134 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=164–184 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.v49i2(408) |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
  • {{citation |last=Bellosi |first=Eduardo S. |year=2014 |title=Ambientes asociados a la fauna Friasense (Mioceno Medio) en Alto río Cisnes (Aysén, Chile) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267096621 |publisher=XIV Reuñión Argentina de Sedimentología |pages=40–41 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}
  • {{citation |last=Bostelmann |first=J.E. |year=2012 |title=The Alto Río Cisnes Fossil Fauna (Río Frías Formation, Early-Middle Miocene, Friasian SALMA): A keystone and paradigmatic vertebrate assemblage of the South American Fossil Record |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306123402 |publisher=III Simposio Paleontología en Chile |pages=44–45 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}
  • {{citation |last=Marshall |first=Larry G. |year=1990 |title=Fossil Marsupialia from the type Friasian land mammal age (Miocene), Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile |url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/viewFile/V17n1-a02/1570 |journal=Revista Geológica de Chile |volume=17 |pages=19–55 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}
  • {{citation |last1=Marshall |first1=Larry G. |last2=Salinas |first2=Patricia |year=1990 |title=Stratigraphy of the Río Frías Formation (Miocene) along the Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile |url=http://www.rgeologica.equipu.cl/index.php/revista1/article/viewFile/1298/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021409/http://www.rgeologica.equipu.cl/index.php/revista1/article/viewFile/1298/pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 21, 2018 |journal=Revista Geológica de Chile |volume=17 |pages=57–87 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}

;Castilletes Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Amson |first1=Eli |last2=Carrillo |first2=Juan D. |author3-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |year=2016 |title=Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange |url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Amson_et_al-2016_Sloth_Castilletes.pdf |journal=Palaeontology |volume= |pages=1–20 |accessdate=2017-03-31}}
  • {{citation |last1=Cadena |first1=Edwin |author2-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last2=Jaramillo |first2=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia |url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Cadena_2015_turtles_Castilletes_Ameghin.pdf |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=188–203 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.10.11.2014.2835 |accessdate=2017-08-08 |author1-link=Edwin Cadena }}
  • {{citation |last1=Carrillo |first1=Juan D. |last2=Amson |first2=Eli |author3-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |last4=Sánchez |first4=Rodolfo |last5=Quiroz |first5=Luis |last6=Cuartas |first6=Carlos |last7=Rincón |first7=Aldo F. |last8=Sánchez Villagra |first8=Marcelo R. |year=2018 |title=The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates |url=https://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/book/172 |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |volume=101 |pages=1–67 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}
  • {{citation |last1=Carrillo Briceño |first1=Jorge D. |last2=Argyriou |first2=Thodoris |last3=Zapata |first3=Vladimir |last4=Kindlimann |first4=René |author5-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2016 |title=A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/124206/1/AMGH.26.10.2015.pdf |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=77–99 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.26.10.2015.2931 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last1=Hendy |first1=Austin J.W. |last2=Jones |first2=Douglas S. |last3=Moreno |first3=Federico |last4=Zapata |first4=Vladimir |author5-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia |url=https://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Hendy_2015_Castilletes_molluscs.pdf |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=45–75 |doi=10.1007/s13358-015-0074-1 |bibcode=2015SwJP..134...45H |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last1=Moreno |first1=F. |last2=Hendy |first2=A.J.W. |last3=Quiroz |first3=L. |last4=Hoyos |first4=N. |last5=Jones |first5=D.S. |last6=Zapata |first6=V. |last7=Zapata |first7=S. |last8=Ballen |first8=G.A. |last9=Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo |first9=Edwin |year=2015 |title=Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia |url=http://wwwprof.uniandes.edu.co/~cmontes/CamiloMontes/Publications_files/moreno_etal_2015_Guajira__stratigraphy.pdf |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.1007/s13358-015-0071-4 |bibcode=2015SwJP..134....5M |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last=Moreno Bernal |first=Jorge W |year=2014 |title=Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=geoscidiss |publisher=University of Nebraska |pages=1–66 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last1=Suárez |first1=Catalina |last2=Forasiepi |first2=AnalÍa M. |last3=Goin |first3=Francisco J. |author4-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia |url=http://stri-sites.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Suarez_C_et_al_2016_Insights_into-the-Neotropics_prior-to-the_GABI.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=e1029581 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1029581 |hdl=11336/53653 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}

;Cerdas Beds

  • {{citation |last1=Croft |first1=Darin A. |last2=Carlini |first2=Alfredo A. |last3=Ciancio |first3=Martín R. |last4=Brandoni |first4=Diego |last5=Drew |first5=Nicholas E. |last6=Engelman |first6=Russell K. |last7=Anaya |first7=Federico |year=2016 |title=New mammal faunal data from Cerdas, Bolivia, a middle-latitude Neotropical site that chronicles the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum in South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301689954 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=e1163574 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1163574 |bibcode=2016JVPal..36E3574C |hdl=11336/49745 |accessdate=2019-02-12 |author1-link=Darin A. Croft |hdl-access=free }}

;Chilcatay Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Bianucci |first1=Giovanni |last2=Bosio |first2=Giulia |last3=Malinverno |first3=Elisa |last4=De Muizon |first4=Christian |last5=Villa |first5=Igor M. |last6=Urbina |first6=Mario |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |year=2018 |title=A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=172302 |doi=10.1098/rsos.172302 |pmid=29765678 |pmc=5936943 |bibcode=2018RSOS....572302B }}
  • {{citation |last=De la Cruz |first=Aldo Alván |year=2008 |title=Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú) |url=http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtualdata/publicaciones/geologia/vol11_n21/a07vol11n21.pdf |journal=Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG |volume=11 |pages=51–59 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
  • {{citation |last1=Lambert |first1=Olivier |last2=De Muizon |first2=Christian |last3=Malinverno |first3=Elisa |last4=Di Celma |first4=Claudio |last5=Urbina |first5=Mario |last6=Bianucci |first6=Giovanni |year=2017 |title=A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319652698 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=981–1016 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2017.1359689 |hdl=11568/891482 |accessdate=2019-02-12|hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Lambert |first1=Olivier |last2=Bianucci |first2=Giovanni |last3=Urbina |first3=Mario |year=2014 |title=Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265606066 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=987–1004 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.858050 |bibcode=2014JVPal..34..987L |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

;Cura-Mallín Group

  • {{citation |last1=Flynn |first1=John J. |author2-link=Reynaldo Charrier |last2=Charrier |first2=Reynaldo |author3-link=Darin A. Croft |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip B. |last5=Herriott |first5=Trystan M. |last6=Wertheim |first6=Jill A. |author7-link=Andre Wyss |last7=Wyss |first7=André R. |year=2008 |title=Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile |url=http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/125201/Flynn_John.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=412–423 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2008.05.006 |bibcode=2008JSAES..26..412F |accessdate=2017-10-20}}
  • {{citation |last1=Shockey |first1=Bruce J. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |author3-link=Darin A. Croft |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip |author5-link=Andre Wyss |last5=Wyss |first5=André R. |year=2012 |title=New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232690741 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3737 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.1206/3737.2 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
  • {{citation |last1=Utgé |first1=Silvana |last2=Folguera |first2=Andrés |last3=Litvak |first3=Vanesa |author4-link=Víctor Alberto Ramos |last4=Ramos |first4=Víctor A. |year=2009 |title=Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222009000200005 |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=231–248 |accessdate=2017-10-01}}

;Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

  • {{citation |last=Reichler |first=Valeria A |year=2010 |title=Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v37n1/art08.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=31 |pages=177–219 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}

;Parángula Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Paolillo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Linares |first2=Omar J. |year=2007 |title=Nuevos cocodrilos Sebecosuchia del Cenozoico suramericano (Mesosuchia: Crocodylia) |url=http://www.paleobio.labb.usb.ve/Paleobio03.pdf |journal=Paleobiología Neotropical |volume=03 |pages=1–25 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Pebas Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Salas Gismondi |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Baby |first3=Patrice |last4=Tejada Lara |first4=Julia V. |last5=Wesselingh |first5=Frank P. |last6=Antoine |first6=Pierre-Olivier |year=2015 |title=A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272788328 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=282 |issue=1804 |pages=20142490 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.2490 |pmid=25716785 |pmc=4375856 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
  • {{citation |last1=Wesselingh |first1=F.P. |last2=Hoorn |first2=M.C. |last3=Guerrero |first3=J. |last4=Räsänen |first4=M.E. |last5=Romero Pittmann |first5=L. |last6=Salo |first6=J. |year=2006 |title=The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/41347

|journal=Scripta Geologica |volume=133 |pages=291–322 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Río Foyel Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=Carolina |last2=Griffin |first2=Miguel |last3=Asensio |first3=Marcos |last4=Cione |first4=Alberto Luis |last5=Tambussi |first5=Claudia |year=2013 |title=Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera |url=http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v40n3/art05.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=40 |pages=490–503 |accessdate=2017-10-26}}
  • {{citation |last1=Encinas |first1=Alfonso |last2=Folguera |first2=Andrés |last3=Bechis |first3=Florencia |last4=Finger |first4=Kenneth L. |last5=Zambrano |first5=Patricio |last6=Pérez |first6=Felipe |last7=Benarbé |first7=Pablo |last8=Tapia |first8=Francisca |last9=Riffo and Luis Buatois, Darío Orts, Sven N. Nielsen, Victor V. Valencia, José Cituño, Verónica Oliveros, Lizet de Girolamo Del Mauro and Víctor Alberto Ramos |first9=Ricardo |year=2018 |title=The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia in The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes |editor=Folguera, A., Contreras Reyes, E., Heredia, N., Encinas, A., B. Iannelli, S., Oliveros, V., M. Dávila, F., Collo, G., Giambiagi, L., Maksymowicz, A., Iglesia Llanos, M.P., Turienzo, M., Naipauer, M., Orts, D., D. Litvak, V., Alvarez, O., Arriagada, C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324183210 |publisher=Springer |pages=443–474 |accessdate=2018-09-11 |isbn=978-3-319-67774-3}}

;Río Yuca Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Rincón |first1=Ascanio D. |last2=Solórzano |first2=Andrés |last3=Macsotay |first3=Oliver |last4=McDonald |first4=H. Gregory |last5=Nüñez Flores |first5=Mónica |year=2016 |title=A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305953533 |journal=Geobios |volume=757 |issue=5 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2016.06.005 |bibcode=2016Geobi..49..395R |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

{{SALMA}}

Category:Miocene South America

Category:Neogene Chile

.016Friasian