Gaza City#Ancient period

The name Gaza first appears in military records of Thothmes III of Egypt in the 15th century BC,{{cite journal |author= H. Jacob Katzenstein |title= Gaza in the Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 102 |issue= 1 |year= 1982 |pages= 111–113 |doi= 10.2307/601117|jstor= 601117 | issn = 0003-0279 }} and was mentioned in the Amarna correspondence as {{Transliteration|akk|Āl Ĥazzati|lit=city of Gaza⁠}} and other variant spellings.{{cite book|last=Rainey|first=Anson F.|title=The El-Amarna Correspondence|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|volume=1|year=2015|pages=1120–1121|isbn=978-90-04-28147-9}} In Neo-Assyrian sources, reflecting the late Philistine period, it was known as Hāzat.Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in André Lemaire, Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.)[https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312 The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception,] BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: The four city-states of the late Philistine period (Iron Age II) are Amqarrūna (Ekron), Asdūdu (Ashdod), Hāzat (Gaza), and Isqalūna (Ascalon), with the former fifth capital, Gath, having been abandoned at this late phase. It is clear the name originates from none of these languages, however.

Based on the city's modern Hebrew name, {{Script/Hebrew|עַזָּה}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻAzzā}}, a common folk etymology insists the name stems from the Hebrew root {{Script|Hebr|ע-ז-ז}} ʻayin-zayin-zayin, from which words related to strength and fierceness are derived,{{cite book |last1=Masalha |first1=Nur |author-link1=Nur Masalha |title=Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History |date=2018 |publisher=Zed Books Ltd. |isbn=9781786992758 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81}} but this is unlikely. The {{Script|Hebr|ע}} in the root {{Script|Hebr|ע-ז-ז}} corresponds to a Proto-Semitic *ʻ sound (compare Hebrew {{Script/Hebrew|עַז}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻaz}} with Arabic {{Script/Arabic|عَزَّ}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻazza}}, both meaning "to be strong, powerful, mighty"), while it is clear from city's name in Arabic ({{Script/Arabic|غَزَّة}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Ḡazza}}), Greek ({{Script/Greek|Γάζα}}, {{Transliteration|grc|Gáza}}), and Egyptian ({{Transliteration|egy|gꜣḏꜣtw}}) that the name of Gaza was likely originally pronounced with an initial /{{IPA|ʁ}}/ sound in Hebrew, and thus can't have been from the same {{Script|Hebr|ע-ז-ז}} root as {{Script/Hebrew|עַז}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻaz}}.

Historically, Muslims often referred to the city as Ḡazzat Hāŝim in honor of Hashim, the great-grandfather of Muhammad who, according to Islamic tradition, is buried in the city.Shahin, 2005, p. 414.

{{Main|History of Gaza|l1=History of Gaza City}}

{{See also|History of the Gaza Strip}}

Gaza's history of habitation dates back 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest cities in the world.Dumper et al., 2007, p. 155. Located on the Mediterranean coastal route between North Africa and the Levant, for most of its history it served as a key entrepôt of southern Palestine and an important stopover on the spice trade route traversing the Red Sea.{{cite news|author=Alan Johnston|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4365440.stm|title= Gaza's ancient history uncovered|work=BBC News|access-date=2009-02-16 | date=2005-10-22}}

Settlement in the region of Gaza dates back to the ancient Egyptian fortress built in Canaanite territory at Tell es-Sakan, to the south of present-day Gaza. The site was inhabited until about 3000 BC. In about 2600 BC, the settlement was re-founded and this time inhabited by the Canaanites. Tell es-Sakan was abadoned again about 2300 BC.de Miroschedji & Sadeq 2008 Another urban center known as Tell el-Ajjul began to grow along the Wadi Ghazza riverbed.{{cite web|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2564&ed=157&edid=157|title=The Other Face of Gaza: The Gaza Continuum|first1=Rania|last1=Filfil|first2=Barbara|last2=Louton|work=This Week in Palestine|date=September 2008|access-date=2009-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207121431/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2564&ed=157&edid=157|archive-date=2009-02-07|url-status=dead}}

During the reign of Tuthmosis III (r. 1479–1425 BC), the city became a stop on the Syrian-Egyptian caravan route and was mentioned in the 14th-century Amarna letters as "Azzati". Gaza later served as Egypt's administrative capital in Canaan.Michael G. Hasel (1998) Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300–1185 B.C. BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-10984-6}} p 258 Gaza remained under Egyptian control for 350 years until it was conquered by the Philistines in the 12th century BC.{{cite web |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/123discuss.html |title=Gaza – (Gaza, al -'Azzah) |date=2000-12-19 |publisher=Studium Biblicum Franciscanum – Jerusalem |access-date=2009-02-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728115614/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/123discuss.html |archive-date=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead }} In the 12th century BC Gaza became part of the Philistine "pentapolis". Gaza achieved relative independence and prosperity under the Persian Empire.

Alexander the Great besieged Gaza, the last city to resist his conquest on his path to Egypt, for five months before capturing it 332 BC; the inhabitants were either killed or taken captive. Alexander brought in local Bedouins to populate Gaza and organized the city into a polis (or "city-state").

In Seleucid times, Seleucus I Nicator or one of his successors renamed Gaza into Seleucia to control the surrounding area against the Ptolemies.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Greek culture consequently took root and Gaza earned a reputation as a flourishing center of Hellenistic learning and philosophy.Ring and Salkin, 1994, p.287. During the Third War of the Diadochi, Ptolemy I Soter defeated Demetrius I of Macedon in a battle near Gaza in 312 BC. In 277 BC, following Ptolemy II's successful campaign against the Nabataeans the Ptolemaic fortress of Gaza took control of the spice trade with Gerrha and Southern Arabia.

Gaza experienced another siege in 96 BC by the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus who "utterly overthrew" the city, killing 500 senators who had fled into the temple of Apollo.Patai, 1999, p. 149.

File:4551 - Istanbul - Museo archeol. - Zeus - sec. II d.C. - da Gaza - Foto G. Dall'Orto 28-5-2006.jpg that was unearthed in Gaza in the 20th century]]

Josephus notes that Gaza was resettled under the rule of Antipater, who cultivated friendly relations with Gazans, Ascalonites and neighboring cities after being appointed governor of Idumaea by Jannaeus.Shatzman, 1991, p. 79.

Rebuilt after it was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 63 BC under the command of Pompey Magnus, Gaza then became a part of the Roman province of Judaea. It was targeted by Jewish forces during their rebellion against Roman rule in 66 and was partially destroyed.Patai, 1999, p. 142. It nevertheless remained an important city, even more so after the destruction of Jerusalem during the First Jewish–Roman War.Dowling, 1913, p. [https://archive.org/stream/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich#page/33/mode/1up 33] Following this, and again at the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), captives were sold into slavery in Gaza.{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=William V. |date=1980 |title=Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238700 |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=36 |pages=128 |doi=10.2307/4238700 |issn=0065-6801 |jstor=4238700 |quote=Slaves were sold at Gaza after the fall of Jerusalem and at the end of the Jewish rebellion in 135, and it may perhaps have been an important slaving center even in ordinary times.}}

Throughout the Roman period, Gaza was a prosperous city and received grants and attention from several emperors. A 500-member senate governed Gaza, and a diverse variety of Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians, Jews, Egyptians, Persians, and Bedouin populated the city. Gaza's mint issued coins adorned with the busts of gods and emperors.{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1958&ed=133&edid=133 |title=Gaza: Contested Crossroads |access-date=2009-01-30 |last=Doughty |first=Dick |date=November 2006 |publisher=This Week in Palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907165624/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1958&ed=133&edid=133 |archive-date=2011-09-07 |url-status=dead }} During his visit in 130 AD,{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/mah/expos/pdf/212/Gaza_timeline.pdf |title=Gaza at the crossroads of civilisations |access-date=2008-01-23 |author=Remondino |date=June 5, 2007 |work=Exhibition: Gaza at the crossroads of civilisations (27 April to 7 October 2007)|publisher=Art and History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland }} Emperor Hadrian personally inaugurated wrestling, boxing, and oratorical competitions in Gaza's new stadium.{{dubious|Probably stadium, unlikely for a Roman theatre, except for oratory.|date=December 2019}} The city was adorned with many pagan temples; the main cult being that of Marnas. Other temples were dedicated to Zeus, Helios, Aphrodite, Apollo, Athena and the local Tyche. Christianity began to spread throughout Gaza in 250 AD, including in the port of Maiuma.Jennifer Lee Hevelone-Harper (1997) Disciples of the Desert: Monks, Laity, and Spiritual Authority in Sixth-century Gaza (JHU Press) {{ISBN|0-8018-8110-2}} pp 11- 12Hagith Sivan (2008) Palestine in late antiquity Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-928417-2}} p 337Andrea Sterk (2004) Renouncing the World Yet Leading the Church: The Monk-bishop in Late Antiquity Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-01189-9}} p 207Gerald Butt (1995) Life at the crossroads: a history of Gaza Rimal Publications, {{ISBN|1-900269-03-1}} p 70

First evidence of a Bishop of Gaza is from early 4th century, when St. Sylvan served in that capacity.[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06399c.htm "Gaza" from the Catholic Encyclopedia]

Following the division of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century AD, Gaza remained under control of the Eastern Roman Empire that in turn became the Byzantine Empire. The city prospered and was an important center for the southern Palestine.Kaegi, W. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests, p. 95 A Christian bishopric was established at Gaza. Conversion to Christianity in Gaza was accelerated under Saint Porphyrius between 396 and 420. In 402, Theodosius II ordered all eight of the city's pagan temples destroyed, and four years later Empress Aelia Eudocia commissioned the construction of a church atop the ruins of the Temple of Marnas.Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208 208] It was during this era that the Christian philosopher Aeneas of Gaza called Gaza, his hometown, "the Athens of Asia."J.S. Tunison: "Dramatic Traditions of the Dark Ages", Burt Franklin, New York, p.11 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AB2ZqhFdZ4cC&pg=PA11] A large synagogue existed in Gaza in the 6th century, according to excavations.{{cite web |url= http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13127 |title= King David playing the lyre |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170517032359/http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13127 |archive-date= 2017-05-17 |url-status= dead}}

File:Umm ar-Rasas mosaic Gaza.png, circa 8th century AD during the Abbasid Caliphate]]

In {{circa|638}} Gaza was captured by Arab Muslim forces under Amr ibn al-As, in the years following the Battle of Ajnadayn between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in central Palestine.Kennedy, 2007, p. 88. It was captured by Amr's forces about three years later. Believed to be the site where Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf was buried, Gaza was not destroyed and its inhabitants were not attacked by Amr's army despite the city's stiff and lengthy resistance, though its Byzantine garrison was massacred.Filiu, 2014, pp. 18–19.

The arrival of the Muslim Arabs brought significant changes to Gaza; at first some of its churches were transformed into mosques, including the present Great Mosque of Gaza (the oldest in the city), which was later rebuilt by Sultan Baibars, who endowed it with a huge manuscript library containing over 20,000 manuscripts in the 13th century. A large segment of the population swiftly adopted Islam,Filiu, 2014, pp. 23.Ring and Salkin, 1994, p. 289. and Arabic became the official language. In 767 Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i was born in Gaza and lived his early childhood there; he founded the Shafi'i religious code, one of the four major Sunni Muslim schools of law (fiqh).Gil, 1992, p.292. Security, which was well-maintained during early Muslim rule, was the key to Gaza's prosperity. Although alcohol was banned in Islam, the Jewish and Christian communities were allowed to maintain wine production, and grapes, a major cash crop of the city, were exported mainly to Egypt.Sharon, 2009, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA17 17]-18

Because it bordered the desert, Gaza was vulnerable to warring nomadic groups. In 796 it was destroyed during a civil war between the Arab tribes of the area.Dowling, 1913, p. [https://archive.org/stream/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich#page/37/mode/1up 37] However, by the 10th century, the city had been rebuilt by the Abbasids; during Abbasid rule, the geographer al-Muqaddasi described Gaza as "a large town lying on the highroad to Egypt on the border of the desert."al-Muqaddasi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/442/mode/1up 442] In 978, the Fatimids established an agreement with Alptakin, the Turk ruler of Damascus, whereby the Fatimids would control Gaza and the land south of it, including Egypt, while Alptakin controlled the region north of the city.Gil, 1992, p.349.

The Crusaders conquered Gaza in 1100 and King Baldwin III built a castle in the city for the Knights Templar in 1149. He also had the Great Mosque converted back into a church, the Cathedral of Saint John. In 1154, Arab traveller al-Idrisi wrote that Gaza "is today very populous and in the hands of the Crusaders."Yaqut al-Hamawi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/442/mode/1up 442] In 1187 the Ayyubids, led by Sultan Saladin, captured Gaza and in 1191 destroyed the city's fortifications. Richard the Lionheart apparently refortified the city in 1192, but the walls were dismantled again as a result of the Treaty of Ramla in 1193. Ayyubid rule ended in 1260, after the Mongols under Hulagu Khan completely destroyed Gaza, which became his southernmost conquest.

Following Gaza's destruction by the Mongols, Muslim slave-soldiers based in Egypt known as the Mamluks began to administer the area. In 1277, the Mamluks made Gaza the capital of a province that bore its name, Mamlakat Ghazzah (Governorship of Gaza). This district extended along the coastal plain of Palestine from Rafah in the south to just north of Caesarea, and to the east as far as the Samarian highlands and the Hebron Hills. Other major towns in the province included Qaqun, Ludd, and Ramla.Sharon, 1997, pp.XII-XIII.{{full citation needed|date=June 2024}} Gaza, which entered a period of tranquility under the Mamluks, was used by them as an outpost in their offensives against the Crusaders which ended in 1290.Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA26 26] In 1294 an earthquake devastated Gaza, and five years later the Mongols again destroyed all that had been restored by the Mamluks. Syrian geographer al-Dimashqi described Gaza in 1300 as a "city so rich in trees it looks like a cloth of brocade spread out upon the land." Under the governorship of Emir Sanjar al-Jawli, Gaza was transformed into a flourishing city and much of the Mamluk-era architecture dates back to his reign between 1311 and 1320 and again in 1342.Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA87 87]Meyer, 1907, p. [https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofg00meyeuoft#page/83/mode/1up 83] In 1348 the bubonic plague spread to the city, killing the majority of its inhabitants and in 1352, Gaza suffered from a destructive flood, which was rare in that arid part of Palestine.Ring and Salkin, 1994, p.290. However, when Arab writer Ibn Battuta visited the city in 1355, he noted that it was "large and populous, and has many mosques."Ibn Battuta quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/442/mode/1up 442] The Mamluks contributed to Gazan architecture by building mosques, Islamic colleges, hospitals, caravansaries, and public baths.

The Mamluks allowed Jews to return to the city, after being expelled by the Crusaders, and the Jewish community prospered during Mamluk rule. Towards the end of the Mamluk period, the Jewish community in Gaza was the third largest in Palestine, after the communities in Safad and Jerusalem.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} In 1481, an Italian Jewish traveller, Meshulam of Volterra, wrote of Gaza:

It is a fine and renowned place, and its fruits are very renowned and good. Bread and good wine is to be found there, but only Jews make wine. Gaza has a circumference of four miles and no walls. It is about six miles from the sea and situated in a valley and on a hill. It has a population as numerous as the sands of the sea, and there are about fifty (sixty) Jewish householders, artisans. They have a small but pretty Synagogue, and vineyards and fields and houses.{{cite book | author = Elkan Nathan Adler | title = Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages | url = https://archive.org/details/jewishtravellers00elka | url-access = registration | publisher = Dover | year = 1987 |orig-year= 1930 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/jewishtravellers00elka/page/180 180–181]| isbn = 9780486253978 }}

File:David Roberts - Gaza - 1927.138 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, 1839, in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]

File:1840–41 Royal Engineers map of Gaza.jpg after the Oriental Crisis of 1840]]

File:Gaza (1881-1884) (A).jpg with Gaza in the background, painting by Harry Fenn, circa 1884]]

File:Francis Frith, Gaza (The Old Town).jpg]]

In 1516 Gaza—at the time, a small town with an inactive port, ruined buildings and reduced trade—was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman army quickly and efficiently crushed a small-scale uprising,Ze'evi, 1996, p.2. and the local population generally welcomed them as fellow Sunni Muslims. The city was then made the capital of the Gaza Sanjak, part of the larger Province of Damascus.Doumani, 1995, p.35. The Ridwan family, named after governor Ridwan Pasha, was the first dynasty to govern Gaza and would continue to rule the city for over a century.Ze'evi, 1996, p.40. Under Ahmad ibn Ridwan, the city became a cultural and religious center as a result of the partnership between the governor and prominent Islamic jurist Khayr al-Din al-Ramli, who was based in the nearby town of al-Ramla.Ze'evi, 1996, p.53.

According to Theodore E. Dowling, writing in 1913, a Samaritan community existed in Gaza in 1584. They possessed a large synagogue and two bathhouses. "One of them still bears the name "the Bath of the Samaritans." It is believed the Samaritans were expelled from the city before the turn of the 16th century.Dowling, 1913, pp.38-39.

During the rule of Husayn Pasha, strife between the settled population and the nearby Bedouin tribes was dramatically reduced, allowing Gaza to peacefully prosper. The Ridwan period is described as a golden age for Gaza, a time when it served as the virtual "capital of Palestine."Dowling, 1913, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich#page/70/mode/1up 70]-71Meyer, 1907, p. [https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofg00meyeuoft#page/98/mode/1up 98] The Great Mosque was restored, and six other mosques constructed, while Turkish baths and market stalls proliferated. After the death of Musa Pasha, Husayn's successor, Ottoman officials were appointed to govern in place of the Ridwans. The Ridwan period was Gaza's last golden age during Ottoman rule. After the family was removed from office, the city gradually declined.Ze'evi, 1996, p.41.

Starting in the early 19th century, Gaza was culturally dominated by neighboring Egypt; Muhammad Ali of Egypt conquered Gaza in 1832. American scholar Edward Robinson visited the city in 1838, describing it as a "thickly populated" town larger than Jerusalem, with its Old City lying upon a hilltop, while its suburbs laid on the nearby plain.Robinson, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n396/mode/1up 374]-375 The city benefited from trade and commerce because of its strategic position on the caravan route between Egypt and northern Syria as well as from producing soap and cotton for trade with the government, local Arab tribes, and the Bedouin of Wadi Arabah and Ma'an.Robinson, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n399/mode/1up 377–378] The bazaars of Gaza were well-supplied and were noted by Robinson as "far better" than those of Jerusalem.Robinson, 1841, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n400/mode/1up 378] Robinson noted that virtually all of Gaza's vestiges of ancient history and antiquity had disappeared due to constant conflict and occupation.Robinson, 1841, p.38. By the mid-19th century, Gaza's port was eclipsed by the ports of Jaffa and Haifa, but it retained its fishing fleet.

The bubonic plague struck Gaza again in 1839 and the city, lacking political and economic stability, went into a state of stagnation. In 1840 Egyptian and Ottoman troops battled outside of Gaza. The Ottomans won control of the territory, effectively ending Egyptian rule over Palestine. However, the battles brought about more death and destruction in Gaza.

During the late Ottoman period, British ships docking in Gaza were loaded with barley, which was primarily intended for marketing in Scotland for whisky production. Due to the absence of a British consular agent, precise data on the financial value and quantities of the goods are unavailable.{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |title=Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=The Hebrew University Magness Press, Jerusalem |year=2004 |isbn=978-965-493-184-7 |location=Jerusalem |pages=8 |language=he}}

File:Gaza after WWI 2.jpg

While leading the Allied Forces during World War I, the British won control of the city during the Third Battle of Gaza in 1917. After the war, Gaza was included in Mandatory Palestine.{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/brit-mandate-pal-isr-prime.html|title=Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A Primer|access-date=2009-01-19|publisher=Middle East Research Information Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122095032/http://merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/brit-mandate-pal-isr-prime.html|archive-date=2009-01-22|url-status=dead}} In the 1930s and 1940s, Gaza underwent major expansion. New neighborhoods were built along the coast and the southern and eastern plains. International organizations and missionary groups funded most of this construction.Dumper and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.155.

In the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan, Gaza was assigned to be part of an Arab state in Palestine but was occupied by Egypt following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Gaza's growing population was augmented by an influx of refugees from nearby cities, towns and villages that were captured by Israel. In 1957, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser made a number of reforms in Gaza, which included expanding educational opportunities and the civil services, providing housing, and establishing local security forces.Feldman, 2008, pp.8–9.

Gaza was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War following the defeat of the Egyptian Army. Frequent conflicts have erupted between Palestinians and the Israeli authorities in the city since the 1970s. The tensions led to the First Intifada in 1987. Gaza was a center of confrontation during this uprising, and economic conditions in the city worsened.{{cite web|url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/sara-roy-the-gaza-economy/ |author-link=Sara Roy|title=The Economy of Gaza |access-date=2009-01-19 |last=Roy |first=Sara |date=4 October 2006|publisher=Palestine Information Center }}

{{See also|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Gaza Strip evacuations}}

File:Gaza City.JPG

In September 1993, the leaders of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords. The agreement called for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho, which was implemented in May 1994. Israeli forces withdrew from Gaza, leaving a new Palestinian National Authority (PNA) to administer and police the city. The PNA, led by Yasser Arafat, chose Gaza as its first provincial headquarters. The newly established Palestinian National Council held its inaugural session in Gaza in March 1996.

In 2005, Israel withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip and removed the thousands of Israelis who had settled in the territory. (See Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004.) Since the Israeli withdrawal, Hamas has been engaged in a sometimes violent power struggle with its rival Palestinian organisation Fatah. On January 25, 2006, Hamas won a surprise victory in the elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council, the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority. In 2007, Hamas overthrew Fatah forces in the Gaza Strip and Hamas members were dismissed from the PNA government in the West Bank in response. Hamas, recognized as a terror organization by most western countries, has de facto control of the city and Strip.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm |title=Abbas sacks Hamas-led government |access-date=2009-01-19 |date=2007-07-15 |work=BBC News}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 26.jpg

In March 2008, a coalition of human rights groups charged that the Israeli blockade of the city had caused the humanitarian situation in Gaza to have reached its worst point since Israel occupied the territory in the 1967 Six-Day War,{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/05/israel.gaza.crisis.ap/index.html |title=Human rights coalition: Gaza at worst since 1967 |access-date=2009-01-19 |date=2008-03-06 |publisher=CNN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080506111500/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/05/israel.gaza.crisis.ap/index.html |archive-date = May 6, 2008|url-status=dead}} and that Israeli air strikes targeting militants in the densely populated areas have often killed bystanders as well.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline |access-date=2009-06-16 |work=BBC News |date=2009-01-06}} In 2008, Israel commenced an assault against Gaza.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7811386.stm |title=Gaza conflict: Who is a civilian? |access-date=2009-01-19 |date=2009-01-05 |work=BBC News | first=Heather | last=Sharp}} Israel stated the strikes were in response to repetitive rocket and mortar attacks from the Gaza Strip into Israel since 2005, while the Palestinians stated that they were responding to Israel's military incursions and blockade of the Gaza Strip. In January 2009, at least 1,300 Palestinians were killed in the conflict.{{cite news |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=137286 |title=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers |work=The Jerusalem Post|date=March 26, 2009 |access-date=6 June 2012}}{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7835981.stm |title=Rocket salvo tests Gaza ceasefire |access-date=2009-01-19 |date=2009-01-16 |work=BBC News}}

In November 2012, after a week of conflict between Israel and Palestinian militant groups, a ceasefire brokered by Egypt was announced on November 21.Najjar, Nasser and Lynch, Sarah. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/21/cease-fire-gaza-resident-hope-reaction/1719997/ Cease-fire brings hope to weary residents of Gaza]. USA Today. 2012-11-21. In the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, 2,205 Palestinians (including at least 1,483 civilians) and 71 Israelis (including 66 soldiers) and one foreign national in Israel were killed, according to UN OCHA.{{cite web|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content.aspx?id=1010361 |title=Occupied Palestinian territory, Gaza Crisis |work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725191044/http://www.ochaopt.org/content.aspx?id=1010361 |archive-date=25 July 2015 }} During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, the 13-story Hanadi Tower, which contained a political office of Hamas, was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.{{Cite news|date=2021-05-11|title=Rockets target Tel Aviv after Gaza tower destroyed|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57066275|access-date=2021-05-12}}

In 2023, the city was again targeted during the Gaza war. On 2 November, the siege of Gaza City started.{{cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=IDF chief: Israeli forces have Gaza city surrounded |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-771374 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=12 November 2023}} As of January 2024, Israel’s offensive has either damaged or destroyed 70–80% of all buildings in northern Gaza.{{cite news |title=Over 50% of Gaza buildings damaged or destroyed in Israel's bombardment |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/01/14/gaza-building-damage-israel-war |work=Axios |date=5 January 2024}}{{cite news |title=The numbers that reveal the extent of the destruction in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/08/the-numbers-that-reveal-the-extent-of-the-destruction-in-gaza |work=The Guardian |date=8 January 2024}} Gaza was left largely deserted, with about only 300,000 people staying in the city.{{cite web |title=Many Gaza residents remain trapped in the north after short evacuation window |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/04/1210645183/israeli-military-announces-brief-window-people-in-northern-gaza-to-flee-south |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}} The remaining population was subjected to a humanitarian crisis and starvation brought on by the war.{{Cite web |title=U.S. aid official says famine has begun in northern Gaza |date=11 April 2024 |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/11/us-official-famine-northern-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412031951/https://www.axios.com/2024/04/11/us-official-famine-northern-gaza |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024}} Seventy percent of the city was destroyed by airstrikes,{{cite web |title=Gaza Strip in maps: How life has changed Published |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=bbc.com |date=22 November 2012 |publisher=BBC}} and more than 39,000 people were killed in the Strip.{{cite web |title=Israel-Gaza war in maps and charts: Live tracker |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/10/9/israel-hamas-war-in-maps-and-charts-live-tracker |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera}} Israel has been accused of committing a genocide of Palestinians in Gaza during the war, with South Africa initiating proceedings at the International Court of Justice against Israel.{{cite web |title=What is South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the ICJ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67922346 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=bbc.com |date=10 January 2024 |publisher=BBC}}

File:Gaza Beach.jpg

Central Gaza is situated on a low-lying and round hill with an elevation of {{convert|14|m|ft}} above sea level.{{cite web |title=Gaza |url=https://medcities.org/member/gaza-2/ |website=MedCities |access-date=1 October 2023 |date=20 July 2021}} Much of the modern city is built along the plain below the hill, especially to the north and east, forming Gaza's suburbs. The beach and the port of Gaza are located {{convert|3|km|mi}} west of the city's nucleus and the space in between is entirely built up on low-lying hills.

The municipal jurisdiction of the city today constitutes about {{convert|45|km2|sqmi}}.{{cite web| url=http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm |title=Gaza City|publisher=Gaza Municipality|access-date=2009-02-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080620101738/http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm |archive-date = June 20, 2008|url-status=dead}} Gaza is {{convert|78|km|mi}} southwest of Jerusalem, {{convert|71|km|mi}} south of Tel Aviv,[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=676 Distance from Gaza to Tel Aviv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204838/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=676 |date=2011-06-11 }} and [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=110 Distance from Gaza to Jerusalem] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204928/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=110 |date=2011-06-11 }} Time and Date AS. and {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of Rafah.[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome to Rafah] Palestine Remembered. Surrounding localities include Beit Lahia, Beit Hanoun, and Jabalia to the north, and the village of Abu Middein, the refugee camp of Bureij, and the city of Deir al-Balah to the south.{{cite web |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Gaza_526/SatelliteView.html |title=Satellite View of Gaza |access-date=2009-01-19 |publisher=Palestine Remembered}}

The population of Gaza depends on groundwater as the only source for drinking, agricultural use, and domestic supply. The nearest stream is Wadi Ghazza to the south, sourced from Abu Middein along the coastline. It bears a small amount of water during the winter and virtually no water during the summer. Most of its water supply is diverted into Israel.Lipchin, 2007, p.109. The Gaza Aquifer along the coast is the main aquifer in the Gaza Strip and it consists mostly of Pleistocene sandstones. Like most of the Gaza Strip, Gaza is covered by quaternary soil; clay minerals in the soil absorb many organic and inorganic chemicals which has partially alleviated the extent of groundwater contamination.Chilton, 1999, p.77. Excerpt from report by Mohammad R. Al-Agha from the Islamic University of Gaza.

File:Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg

A prominent hill southeast of Gaza, known as Tell al-Muntar, has an elevation of {{convert|270|ft|m}} above sea level. For centuries it has been claimed as the place to which Samson brought the city gates of the Philistines. The hill is crowned by a Muslim shrine (maqam) dedicated to Ali al-Muntar. There are old Muslim graves around the surrounding trees,Briggs, 1918, p.258. and the lintel of the doorway of the maqam has two medieval Arabic scriptures.

{{main|Old City of Gaza}}

The Old City forms the main part of Gaza's nucleus. It is roughly divided into two quarters; the northern Daraj Quarter (also known as the Muslim Quarter) and the southern Zaytun Quarter (which contained the Jewish and Christian quarters.) Most structures date from the Mamluk and Ottoman eras, and some were built on top of earlier structures. The ancient part of the Old City is about {{convert|1.6|km2|sqmi}}.

There were seven historic gates to the Old City: Bab Asqalan (Gate of Ascalon), Bab al-Darum (Gate of Deir al-Balah), Bab al-Bahr (Gate of the Sea), Bab Marnas (Gate of Marnas), Bab al-Baladiyah (Gate of the Town), Bab al-Khalil (Gate of Hebron), and Bab al-Muntar (Gate of Tell al-Muntar).Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209 209]

Some of the older buildings in Gaza's Old City use the ablaq style of decoration which features alternating layers of red and white masonry, prevalent in the Mamluk era. Daraj contains the Gold (Qissariya) Market as well as the Great Mosque of Gaza (oldest mosque in Gaza)Sheehan, 2000, p. 429. and the Sayed al-Hashim Mosque.Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA31 31] In Zaytun lies the Saint Porphryrius Church, the Katib al-Wilaya Mosque, and Hamam as-Sammara ("the Samaritan's Bathhouse."){{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1985&ed=134&edid=134 |title=Hammat al-Sammara/Hammam es-Samara/Sammara Public Baths |first=Laila |last=El-Haddad |author-link=Laila el-Haddad |date=December 2006 |work=This Week in Palestine |access-date=2009-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907170107/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1985&ed=134&edid=134 |archive-date=2011-09-07 |url-status=dead }}

File:غزة.jpg

Gaza is composed of thirteen districts (hayy) outside of the Old City.{{Cite map|title=Gaza Strip: Communities and Neighborhoods Map| publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs| edition=2009| url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_crisis_neighbourhoods_map_2009_01_26.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219092947/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_crisis_neighbourhoods_map_2009_01_26.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-19}} The first extension of Gaza beyond its city center was the district of Shuja'iyya, built on a hill just east and southeast of the Old City during the Ayyubid period.Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA30 30] In the northeast is the Mamluk-era district of Tuffah,Butt, 1995, p. 9. which is roughly divided into eastern and western halves and was originally located within the Old City's walls.

During the 1930s and 1940s, a new residential district, Rimal (currently divided into the districts of Northern Rimal and Southern Rimal), was constructed on the sand dunes west of the city center, and the district of Zeitoun was built along Gaza's southern and southwestern borders, while the Judeide ("the New") and Turukman neighborhoods of Shuja'iyya expanded into separate districts in the northeast and southeast, respectively.{{cite web|url=http://www.mideasttravelling.net/palestine/gaza/gaza_culture.htm |title=Travel in Gaza |publisher=MidEastTravelling |access-date=2009-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823050026/http://www.mideasttravelling.net/palestine/gaza/gaza_culture.htm |archive-date=August 23, 2013 }} Judeide (also known Shuja'iyyat al-Akrad) was named after the Kurdish military units who settled there during the Mamluk era, while Turukman was named after the Turkmen military units who settled there.

File:Gaza_port.jpg

The areas between Rimal and the Old City became the districts of Sabra and Daraj. In the northwest is the district of Nasser, built in the early 1950s and named in honor of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. The district of Sheikh Radwan, developed in the 1970s, is {{convert|3|km|mi}} to the north of the Old City and is named after Sheikh Radwan—the tomb of whom is located within the district.Bitton-Ashkelony, 2004, p. 75. Gaza has absorbed the village of al-Qubbah near the border with Israel, as well as the Palestinian refugee camp of al-Shati along the coast, although the latter is not under the city's municipal jurisdiction. In the late 1990s, the PNA built the more affluent neighborhood of Tel al-Hawa along the southern edge of Rimal.{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=35061 |title=Tel Al-Hawa: The invasion and then after |publisher=Ma'an News Agency |date=2009-01-17 |access-date=2009-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822045032/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=35061 |archive-date=2013-08-22 |url-status=dead }} Along the southern coast of the city is the neighborhood of Sheikh Ijlin.

Gaza has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with Mediterranean characteristics, featuring mild rainy winters and dry hot summers.{{cite report |last1=Sansur |first1=Dr. Ramzi M. |title=Environment and development in the WB and Gaza Strip-UNCTAD study |date=21 April 1995 |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-176121/ |access-date=1 October 2023}} Spring arrives around March or April and the hottest month is August, with the average high being {{convert|31.7|°C|°F|1|sp=us}}. The coolest month is January with temperatures usually peaking at {{convert|18.3|°C|°F|1|sp=us}}. Rain is scarce and falls almost exclusively between November and March, with annual rainfall totalling approximately {{convert|395|mm|in|1|disp=or}}.{{cite web | url =http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3a11884&q=Gaza%2c+Gaza+Strip&setunit=C | title =Monthly Averages for Gaza, Gaza Strip | publisher =MSN Weather | access-date =2009-01-15 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090210101355/http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx | archive-date =2009-02-10 | url-status =dead }}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Gaza

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan high C = 18.3

|Feb high C = 18.9

|Mar high C = 21.1

|Apr high C = 24.4

|May high C = 27.2

|Jun high C = 29.4

|Jul high C = 30.6

|Aug high C = 31.7

|Sep high C = 30.6

|Oct high C = 28.9

|Nov high C = 25.0

|Dec high C = 20.6

|year high C = 25.6

|Jan mean C = 13.9

|Feb mean C = 14.5

|Mar mean C = 16.4

|Apr mean C = 19.1

|May mean C = 21.8

|Jun mean C = 24.5

|Jul mean C = 26.0

|Aug mean C = 27.0

|Sep mean C = 25.6

|Oct mean C = 23.3

|Nov mean C = 19.8

|Dec mean C = 16.1

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 9.4

|Feb low C = 10.0

|Mar low C = 11.6

|Apr low C = 13.8

|May low C = 16.4

|Jun low C = 19.5

|Jul low C = 21.4

|Aug low C = 22.2

|Sep low C = 20.5

|Oct low C = 17.7

|Nov low C = 14.5

|Dec low C = 11.6

|year low C = 15.7

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 104

|Feb rain mm = 76

|Mar rain mm = 30

|Apr rain mm = 13

|May rain mm = 3

|Jun rain mm = 1

|Jul rain mm = 0

|Aug rain mm = 1

|Sep rain mm = 3

|Oct rain mm = 18

|Nov rain mm = 64

|Dec rain mm = 81

| Jan humidity = 85

| Feb humidity = 84

| Mar humidity = 83

| Apr humidity = 82

| May humidity = 84

| Jun humidity = 87

| Jul humidity = 86

| Aug humidity = 87

| Sep humidity = 86

| Oct humidity = 74

| Nov humidity = 78

| Dec humidity = 81

| year humidity = 83

| Jan sun = 204.6

| Feb sun = 192.1

| Mar sun = 241.8

| Apr sun = 264.0

| May sun = 331.7

| Jun sun = 339.0

| Jul sun = 353.4

| Aug sun = 337.9

| Sep sun = 306.0

| Oct sun = 275.9

| Nov sun = 237.0

| Dec sun = 204.6

|year sun = 3288.0

| Jand sun = 6.6

| Febd sun = 6.8

| Mard sun = 7.8

| Aprd sun = 8.8

| Mayd sun = 10.7

| Jund sun = 11.3

| Juld sun = 11.4

| Augd sun = 10.9

| Sepd sun = 10.2

| Octd sun = 8.9

| Novd sun = 7.9

| Decd sun = 6.6

|yeard sun = 9.1

|source 1 = Arab Meteorology Book{{cite web

| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf

| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data

| publisher = Springer

| access-date = October 25, 2015

| archive-date = March 4, 2016

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf

| url-status = dead

}}

|date=August 2010

}}

According to Ottoman tax records in 1557, Gaza had 2,477 male taxpayers.Cohen and Lewis, 1978. The statistics from 1596 show that Gaza's Muslim population consisted of 456 households, 115 bachelors, 59 religious persons, and 19 disabled persons. In addition to the Muslim figure, there were 141 jundiyan or "soldiers" in the Ottoman army. Of the Christians, there were 294 households and seven bachelors, while there were 73 Jewish households and eight Samaritan households. In total, an estimated 6,000 people lived in Gaza, making it the third largest city in Ottoman Palestine after Jerusalem and Safad.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p.52.

In 1838, there were roughly 4,000 Muslim and 100 Christian tax payers, implying a population of about 15,000 or 16,000—making it larger than Jerusalem at the time. The total number of Christian families was 57. Before the outbreak of World War I, the population of Gaza had reached 42,000; however, the fierce battles between Allied Forces and the Ottomans and their German allies in 1917 in Gaza resulted in a massive population decrease. The following census, which was conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities shows a sharp decrease in population which stood at 17,480 residents (16,722 Muslims, 701 Christians, 54 Jews and three Metawilehs). The 1931 census lists 17,046 inhabitants (16,356 Muslims, 689 Christians, and one Jew) and another 4,597 in the suburbs (4,561 Muslims and 36 Christians).{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=E. |title=Census of Palestine 1931 |publisher=Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses |year=1931 |location=Jerusalem |pages=3}}

The village statistics of 1938 list Gaza's population as 20,500 with 5,282 in nearby suburbs.{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=63}} The village statistics of 1945 list the population as 34,250 (33,160 Muslims, 1,010 Christians, and 80 Jews).

According to a 1997 census by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Gaza and the adjacent al-Shati camp had a population of 353,115, of which 50.9% were males and 49.1% females. Gaza had an overwhelmingly young population with more than half being 19 and under (60.8%). About 28.8% were between the ages of 20 and 44, 7.7% between 45 and 64, and 3.9% were over the age of 64.{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t1.aspx |title=Gaza Governorate: Palestinian Population by Locality, Subspace and Age Groups in Years |access-date=2009-01-19 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) |year=1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130075440/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t1.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-30 }}

File:Natives of Gaza. Palestine.jpg

File:Gaza Strip (997008872764505171.jpg

A massive influx of Palestinian refugees swelled Gaza's population after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. By 1967, the population had grown to about six times its 1948 size. In 1997, 51.8% of Gaza's inhabitants were refugees or their descendants.[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107152041/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t6.aspx |date=2008-01-07 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) The city's population has continued to increase since that time to 590,481 in 2017, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/617/default.aspx |title=FAQ |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020215833/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/617/default.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-20 |url-status=dead }} Gaza City has one of the highest overall growth rates in the world. Its population density is 9,982.69/km² (26,424.76/sq mi) comparable to New York City (10,725.4/km² – 27,778.7/sq mi), half of Paris density (21,000/km² – 55,000/sq mi).Gaza has a population of 449,221 (2009 census) and an area of {{convert|45|km2|sqmi||sigfig=2}} ([http://www.mogaza.org/index.php?page=gazacity Municipality of Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010900/http://www.mogaza.org/index.php?page=gazacity |date=2010-05-28 }} {{in lang|ar}}). This gives a population density of 9,982.69/km² (26,424.76/mi²). In 2007 poverty, unemployment and poor living conditions were widespread and many residents received United Nations food aid.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7266326.stm |title=Five militants die in Gaza strike |access-date=2009-01-19 |work=BBC News |date=2008-02-27}}

The population of Gaza is overwhelmingly composed of Muslims, who mostly follow Sunni Islam. During the Fatimid period, Shia Islam was dominant in Gaza, but after Saladin conquered the city in 1187, he promoted a strictly Sunni religious and educational policy, which at the time was instrumental in uniting his Arab and Turkish soldiers.

Gaza is home to a small Palestinian Christian minority of about 3,500 people.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7246454.stm |title=Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library |access-date=2009-01-19 |work=BBC News |date=2008-02-15}} The majority live in the Zaytun Quarter of the Old City and belong to the Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Baptist denominations.{{cite web |url=http://imeu.net/news/article007836.shtml |title=Gaza's Christian community – serenity, solidarity and soulfulness |access-date=2009-01-19 |last=Omer |first=Mohammed |date=2008-02-09 |publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122185050/http://imeu.net/news/article007836.shtml |archive-date=2009-01-22 |url-status=dead }} In 1906, there were about 750 Christians, of which 700 were Orthodox and 50 were Roman Catholic.

Gaza's Jewish community was roughly 3,000 years old, and in 1481 there were sixty Jewish households.[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=91&letter=G&search=gaza Gaza], Jewish Encyclopedia At the time of the 1929 Palestine riots, there were fifty families living in Gaza, most of whom fled after the riots. In Sami Hadawi's land and population survey, Gaza had a population of 34,250, including 80 Jews in 1945. Most of them left the city after the 1948 War, due to mutual distrust between them and the Arab majority.{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/gaza_settlements |title=A Brief History of the Gaza Settlements |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=2009-02-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016201938/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/gaza_settlements |archive-date = October 16, 2007|url-status=dead}} Today, there are no Jews living in Gaza.{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/MFADocuments/Pages/Disengagement%20Plan%20-%20General%20Outline.aspx|title=The Disengagement Plan-General Outline|access-date=28 April 2017}}

{{Main|Economy of Gaza}}

File:أحد شوارع غزة 2012.jpg

File:Gaza Park - منتزه بلدية غزة.jpg

File:منتجع الشاليهات.jpg

The major agricultural products are strawberries, citrus, dates, olives, flowers, and various vegetables. Pollution and high demand for water have reduced the productive capacity of farms in the Gaza Strip. Small-scale industries include the production of plastics, construction materials, textiles, furniture, pottery, tiles, copperware, and carpets. Since the Oslo Accords, thousands of residents have been employed in government ministries and security services, UNRWA and international organizations. Minor industries include textiles and food processing. A variety of wares are sold in Gaza's street bazaars, including carpets, pottery, wicker furniture, and cotton clothing. The upscale Gaza Mall opened in July 2010.[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/as-the-israeli-blockade-eases-gaza-goes-shopping-2035432.html "As the Israeli blockade eases, Gaza goes shopping"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810152602/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/as-the-israeli-blockade-eases-gaza-goes-shopping-2035432.html |date=2011-08-10 }}, Donald Macintyre, 26 July 2010, The Independent[http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3922441,00.html "1st Gaza mall attracts thousands; Despite siege, new shopping center in Strip opened its doors last Saturday to enthusiastic crowds, offering international brands, much-needed air-conditioning. Mall's manager promises affordable prices tailored for local residents"], Ali Waked, 07.20.10, Ynet.

A report by human rights and development groups published in 2008 stated that Gaza had suffered a long term pattern of economic stagnation and dire development indicators, the severity which was increased exponentially by the Israeli and Egyptian blockades. The report cited a number of economic indicators to illustrate the point: In 2008, 95% of Gaza's industrial operations were suspended due to lack of access inputs for production and export problems. In 2009, unemployment in Gaza was close to 40%. The private sector which generates 53% of all jobs in Gaza was devastated and businesses went bankrupt. In June 2005, 3,900 factories in Gaza employed 35,000 people, by December 2007, only 1,700 were still employed. The construction industry was paralyzed with tens of thousands of laborers out of work. The agriculture sector was hard hit, affecting nearly 40,000 workers dependent on cash crops.{{cite web |url=http://mediciconafrica.altervista.org/newsletter/gaza.pdf |title=The Gaza Strip: A Humanitarian Implosion |access-date=2009-01-19 |publisher=Oxfam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105507/http://mediciconafrica.altervista.org/newsletter/gaza.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-24 |url-status=dead }}

Gaza's food prices rose during the blockade, with wheat flour going up 34%, rice up 21%, and baby powder up 30%. In 2007, households spent an average of 62% of their total income on food, compared to 37% in 2004. In less than a decade, the number of families depending on UNRWA food aid increased tenfold. In 2008, 80% of the population relied on humanitarian aid in 2008 compared to 63% in 2006. According to a report by OXFAM in 2009, Gaza suffered from a serious shortage of housing, educational facilities, health facilities and infrastructure, along with an inadequate sewage system that contributed to hygiene and public health problems.

Following a significant easing of the closure policy in 2010, the economy of Gaza began to see a substantial recovery from anemic levels during the height of the blockade.{{cite news|title=Gaza Strip|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/gaza_strip/index.html|access-date=2012-10-18|newspaper=New York Times|date=28 August 2012}} The economy of Gaza grew by 8% in the first 11 months of 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-08/palestinians-lure-banks-with-first-sukuk-bills-islamic-finance.html |title=Palestinians Lure Banks with First Sukuk Bills: Islamic Finance - BusinessWeek |access-date=2010-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212090617/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-08/palestinians-lure-banks-with-first-sukuk-bills-islamic-finance.html |archive-date=2010-12-12 }} Economic activity is largely supported by foreign aid donations. There are a number of hotels in Gaza, including the Palestine, Grand Palace, Adam, al-Amal, al-Quds, Cliff, al-Deira and Marna House. All, except the Palestine Hotel, are located along in the coastal Rimal district. The United Nations (UN) has a beach club on the same street. Gaza is not a frequent destination for tourists, and most foreigners who stay in hotels are journalists, aid workers, and UN and Red Cross personnel. Upmarket hotels include the al-Quds and the al-Deira Hotel.Jacobs, 1994, p.454

Presence of hydrocarbon reserves around the region gives potential to Gaza, to develop as a leading industrial center.{{Cite web |date=2005-08-24 |title='This Genocide Is About Oil' |url=https://atmos.earth/this-genocide-is-about-oil/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Atmos |language=en}} Many of the region’s gas and oil fields are underneath Gaza.{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=The unrealized potential of Palestinian oil and gas reserves |url=https://unctad.org/news/unrealized-potential-palestinian-oil-and-gas-reserves |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=UN Trade and Development}} In 1999, natural gas reserves were discovered, offshore of the territory, known as Gaza Marine. It holds {{convert|1|e12cuft||abbr=off}} of natural gas, as a part of the Levant Basin, which itself holds {{convert|122|e12cuft||abbr=off}} of natural gas. The Levant Basin on the Mediterranean Sea, which includes coastal regions of Israel, Egypt, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, is estimated to have {{convert|1.7|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil. Gaza is the only coastal part of the State of Palestine. In 2000, exploration license were granted by the government to British Gas Group. However, the project was interrupted during the 2000–2005 uprisings, where supportive infrastructure, the seaport and airport was destroyed by Israel. In 2023, the work gain momentum again, until it was crashed in the ongoing war. A large number of people used to believe that, Gaza's oil and gas reserves is the reason for Israel's offensive on the territory, also described as a potential genocidal campaign.

File:مكتبة جواهر لال نهرو - جامعة الأزهر.jpg ]]

The Rashad Shawa Cultural Center, located in Rimal, was completed in 1988 and named after its founder, former mayor Rashad al-Shawa.[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1 Rashad Shawa Cultural Center] Gaza Municipality. A two-story building with a triangular plan, the cultural centers performs three main functions: a meeting place for large gatherings during annual festivals, a place to stage exhibitions, and a library.[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=1013 Rashad Shawa Cultural Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802011556/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=1013 |date=2009-08-02 }} Archnet Digital Library. The French Cultural Center is a symbol of French partnership and cooperation in Gaza. It holds art exhibits, concerts, film screenings, and other activities. Whenever possible, French artists are invited to display their artwork, and more frequently, Palestinian artists from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank are invited to participate in art competitions.Abdel-Shafi, Sami. [http://imeu.net/news/article007595.shtml Promoting culture and hope in Gaza] Institute for Middle East Understanding republishing of This Week in Palestine. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824001616/http://imeu.net/news/article007595.shtml |date=August 24, 2013 }}

Established in 1998, the Arts and Crafts Village is a children's cultural center with the objectives of promoting comprehensive, regular and periodic documentation of creative art. It interacted on a large scale with a class of artists from different nationalities and organized around 100 exhibitions for creative art, ceramics, graphics, carvings and others. Nearly 10,000 children from throughout the Gaza Strip have benefited from the Arts and Crafts Village.{{cite web|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1888&ed=130&edid=130|title=Arts and Crafts Village|publisher=This Week in Palestine|first=Amelia|last=Thomas|date=September 2006|access-date=2009-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234837/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1888&ed=130&edid=130|archive-date=2011-07-20|url-status=dead}}

The Gaza Theater, financed by contributions from Norway, opened in 2004.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/transcripts/2004/feb/040210.kenyon.html|title=Analasis: New Cinema Opening up in Gaza City|publisher=NPR|first=Bob|last=Edwards|date=2004-02-14|access-date=2009-02-16}} The theater does not receive much funding from the PNA, depending mostly on donations from foreign aid agencies. The A. M. Qattan Foundation, a Palestinian arts charity, runs several workshops in Gaza to develop young artistic talent and impart drama skills to teachers. The Gaza Theater Festival was inaugurated in 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0722/p11s02-wome.html|title=Theater thrives in Gaza, despite restrictions|work=The Christian Science Monitor|first=Amelia|last=Thomas|date=2005-01-22|access-date=2009-02-16}}

The Gaza Museum of Archaeology opened in the summer of 2008. The museum collection features thousands of items, including a statue of a full-breasted Aphrodite in a diaphanous gown, images of other ancient deities and oil lamps featuring menorahs.Bronner, Ethan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/middleeast/25gaza.html?_r=3&scp=2&sq=archaeology&st=cse&oref=slogin Museum Offers Gray Gaza a View of Its Dazzling Past]. New York Times, 2008-07-25.

{{Main|Palestinian cuisine#Gaza}}

Gaza's cuisine is characterized by its generous use of spices and chillies. Other major flavors and ingredients include dill, chard, garlic, cumin, lentils, chickpeas, pomegranates, sour plums and tamarind. Many of the traditional dishes rely on clay pot cooking, which preserves the flavor and texture of the vegetables and results in fork-tender meat. Traditionally, most Gazan dishes are seasonal and rely on ingredients indigenous to the area and its surrounding villages. Poverty has also played a role in many of the city's simple meatless dishes and stews, such as saliq wa adas ("chard and lentils") and bisara (fava beans mashed with dried mulukhiya leaves and chilies).El-Haddad, Laila. [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115&edid=115 The Foods of Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171358/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115&edid=115 |date=2011-07-24 }} This Week in Palestine. June 2006.

Seafood is a key aspect of Gaza life and a local staple,Farsakh, Mai M. [http://imeu.net/news/article001840.shtml The rich flavors of Palestine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416133124/http://imeu.net/news/article001840.shtml |date=2009-04-16 }} Institute for Middle East Understanding. 2006-06-11. Some well-known seafood dishes include zibdiyit gambari, literally, "shrimps in a clay pot", and shatta which are crabs stuffed with red hot chili pepper dip, then baked in the oven. Fish is either fried or grilled after being stuffed with cilantro, garlic, chillies and cumin, and marinated with various spices. It is also a key ingredient in sayyadiya, rice cooked with caramelized onions, a generous amount of whole garlic cloves, large chunks of well-marinated fried fish, and spices such as turmeric, cinnamon, and cumin. Many of the 1948-era refugees were fellahin ("peasants") who ate seasonal foods. Sumaghiyyeh, popular in Gaza not just on Ramadan but all year round, is a mixture of sumac, tahina and water combined with chard, chunks of beef and chickpeas. The dish is topped with crushed dill seeds, chillies and fried garlic and served in bowls. Maftool is a wheat-based dish flavored with dried sour plums that is served like couscous or shaped into little balls and steamed over stew or soup.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&q=gaza+levantine+food&pg=PA285|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|first=Ken|last=Albala|date=1 January 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313376269|access-date=28 April 2017|via=Google Books}}

Most Gaza restaurants are located in the Rimal district. Al-Andalus, which specializes in fish and seafood, is popular with tourists, as are al-Sammak and the upscale Roots Club.{{cite news|title=Israel's Gaza Blockade Baffles Both Sides|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israels-gaza-blockade-baffles-both-sides/|access-date=10 August 2010|newspaper=CBS News|date=28 May 2010|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511163813/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/28/world/main6526479.shtml|url-status=live}} Atfaluna is a stylish restaurant near Gaza port run and staffed by deaf people with the goal of building a society that is more accepting of people with disabilities.{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-palestinians-gaza-deaf/gaza-deaf-restaurant-a-chance-to-change-perceptions-idUSLNE89H01U20121018 |title=Gaza deaf restaurant a chance to change perceptions|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 October 2012|access-date=28 April 2017}}

Throughout the Old City there are street stalls that sell cooked beans, hummus, roasted sweet potatoes, falafel, and kebabs. Coffee houses (qahwa) serve Arabic coffee and tea. Gaza's well-known sweet shops, Saqqala and Arafat, sell common Arab sweet products and are located off Wehda Street. Alcohol is a rarity, found only in the United Nations Beach Club.Jacobs, 1994, p.456

{{See also|Palestinian costumes}}

File:Chest panel from Gaza dress (Palestinian Thobe).jpg

Gauze is reputed to have originated in Gaza. Cloth for the Gaza thob was often woven at nearby Majdal. Black or blue cottons or striped pink and green fabric that had been made in Majdal continued to be woven throughout the Gaza Strip by refugees from the coastal plain villages until the 1960s. Thobs here had narrow, tight, straight sleeves. Embroidery was much less dense than that applied in Hebron. The most popular motifs included: scissors (muqass), combs (mushut) and triangles (hijab) often arranged in clusters of fives, sevens and threes, as the use of odd numbers is considered in Arab folklore to be effective against the evil eye.{{cite web|title=Palestine costume before 1948: by region|publisher=Palestine Costume Archive|access-date=2008-08-01|url=http://www.palestinecostumearchive.org/regional.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913101705/http%3A//www%2Epalestinecostumearchive%2Eorg/regional%2Ehtm |archive-date= September 13, 2002 }}

Circa 1990, Hamas and other Islamic movements sought to increase the use of the hijab ("headscarf") among Gazan women, especially urban and educated women, and the hijab styles since introduced have varied according to class and group identity.Rema Hammami. "Women, the Hijab and the Intifada" in Middle East Report, No. 164/165, May–Aug., 1990. {{JSTOR|3012687}}

Palestine Stadium, the Palestinian national stadium, is located in Gaza and has a capacity for 10,000 people. Gaza has several local football teams that participate in the Gaza Strip League. They include Khidmat al-Shatia (al-Shati Camp), Ittihad al-Shuja'iyya (Shuja'iyya neighborhood), Gaza Sports Club, and al-Zeitoun (Zeitoun neighborhood).[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/pales06.html Palestina 2005/06] Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.

File:Sa'id al-Shawa.jpg, the first mayor of Gaza]]

{{See also|Palestinian Legislative Council|Politics of the Palestinian National Authority}}

Today, Gaza serves as the administrative capital of the Gaza Governorate.[http://www.gaza.gov.ps/englishVersion/default.asp Gaza Governorate Home Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309160721/http://www.gaza.gov.ps/englishVersion/default.asp |date=2005-03-09 }} Governorate of Gaza Official Website. It contains the currently defunct Palestinian Legislative Council building.

The first municipal council of Gaza was formed in 1893 under the chairmanship of Ali Khalil Shawa. Modern mayorship, however, began in 1906 with his son Said al-Shawa, who was appointed mayor by the Ottoman authorities.[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1 Former Presidents of the Municipality of Gaza]. Municipality of Gaza. Al-Shawa oversaw the construction of Gaza's first hospital, several new mosques and schools, the restoration of the Great Mosque, and the introduction of the modern plow to the city.[http://74.125.45.113/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/ex-mayors-1.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh8sFQSMFpVW1ggNf5j7ikrGkFWzQ Said al-Shawa, 1906]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Gaza Municipality. In 1922, British colonial secretary Winston Churchill requested that Gaza develop its own constitution under Mandatory Palestine. However, it was rejected by the Palestinians.{{cite book|author=Tessler M|chapter=Ch. 3: The Conflict Takes Shape|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=palestine+constitution+1922&pg=PA172|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0253208734}}

On July 24, 1994, the PNA proclaimed Gaza the first city council in the Palestinian territories.[http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm Palestine Facts Timeline] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729174648/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm |date=July 29, 2013 }} Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA). The 2005 Palestinian municipal elections were not held in Gaza, nor in Khan Yunis or Rafah. Instead, Fatah party officials selected the smaller cities, towns, and villages to hold elections, assuming they would fare better in less urban areas. The rival Hamas party, however, won the majority of seats in seven of the ten municipalities selected for the first round with voter turnout being around 80%.Anderson, John. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A44058-2005Jan28.html Hamas Dominates Local Vote in Gaza] Washington Post. 2005-01-29. 2007 saw violent clashes between the two parties that left over 100 dead, ultimately resulting in Hamas taking over the city.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6748621.stm How Hamas took over the Gaza Strip] BBC News.

Normally, Palestinian municipalities with populations over 20,000 and that serve as administrative centers have municipal councils consisting of fifteen members, including the mayor. The current municipal council of Gaza, however, consists of fourteen members, including the installed by Hamas mayor, Nizar Hijazi.[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=688460 New Gaza City mayor to start job Sunday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220243/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=688460 |date=2014-04-08 }}. Maan News Agency. 2014-04-09.

File:Girls lining up for class - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg

File:Islamic Uni Gaza.jpg]]

According to the PCBS, in 1997, approximately over 90% of Gaza's population over the age of 10 was literate. Of the city's population, 140,848 were enrolled in schools (39.8% in elementary school, 33.8% in secondary school, and 26.4% in high school). About 11,134 people received bachelor diplomas or higher diplomas.[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t3.aspx Palestinian Population (10 Years and Over) by Locality, Sex and Educational Attainment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119062953/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t3.aspx |date=2008-11-19 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).

In 2006, there were 210 schools in Gaza; 151 were run by the Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority, 46 were run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, and 13 were private schools. A total of 154,251 students were enrolled and 5,877 teachers were employed.{{cite web |url=http://www.mohe.gov.ps/downloads/pdffiles/statisticE.pdf |title=Statistics About General Education in Palestine |access-date=2008-04-24 |publisher=Education Minister of the Palestinian National Authority|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080529042912/http://www.mohe.gov.ps/downloads/pdffiles/statisticE.pdf |archive-date = May 29, 2008|url-status=dead}} The currently downtrodden economy has affected education in the Gaza Strip severely. In September 2007, a UNRWA survey in the Gaza Strip revealed that there was a nearly 80% failure rate in schools grades four to nine, with up to 90% failure rates in mathematics. In January 2008, the United Nations Children's Fund reported that schools in Gaza had been canceling classes that were high on energy consumption, such as information technology or science labs, and extra curricular activities.

Gaza has many universities. The four main universities in the city are al-Azhar University – Gaza, al-Quds Open University, al-Aqsa University and the Islamic University of Gaza. The Islamic University, consisting of ten facilities, was founded by a group of businessmen in 1978, making it the first University in Gaza. It had an enrollment of 20,639 students.[http://www.iugaza.edu.ps/en/About/Facts.aspx Facts About IUG] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401222405/http://www.iugaza.edu.ps/en/About/Facts.aspx |date=2012-04-01 }} Islamic University of Gaza Official Website. Al-Azhar is generally secular and was founded in 1992. Al-Aqsa University was established in 1991. Al-Quds Open University established its Gaza Educational Region campus in 1992 in a rented building in the center of the city originally with 730 students. Because of the rapid increase of the number of students, it constructed the first university owned building in the Nasser District. In 2006–07, it had an enrollment of 3,778 students.[http://www.qou.edu/homePage/english/index.jsp?pageId=176 Gaza Educational Region] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703235239/http://www.qou.edu/homePage/english/index.jsp?pageId=176 |date=2009-07-03 }} Al-Quds Open University.

The Public Library of Gaza is located off Wehda Street and has a collection of nearly 10,000 books in Arabic, English and French. A total area of about {{convert|1410|m2}}, the building consists of two floors and a basement. The library was opened in 1999 after cooperation dating from 1996 by Gaza under mayor Aoun Shawa, the municipality of Dunkerque, and the World Bank. The library's primary objectives are to provide sources of information that meets the needs of beneficiaries, provide necessary facilities for access to available information sources, and organizing various cultural programs such as, cultural events, seminars, lectures, film presentations, videos, art and book exhibitions.{{cite web|url=http://74.125.45.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/centers-library.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjTkA9I7j9liOYc90GIppOKptX9cg|title=The municipal public library|publisher=Gaza Municipality}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

File:-صورة من زاوية اخرى لقباب مسجد السيد هاشم.jpg where the Islamic prophet Mohammed's great-grandfather, Hashim ibn Abd Manaf (c. 464-497), is thought to be buried.]]

File:Gaza War Cemetery 3.jpg]]

Landmarks in Gaza include the Great Mosque in the Old City. Originally a pagan temple, it was consecrated a Greek Orthodox church by the Byzantines,Jacobs, 1998, p.451 then a mosque in the 8th century by the Arabs. The Crusaders transformed it into a church, but it was reestablished as a mosque soon after Gaza's reconquest by the Muslims. It is the oldest and largest in the Gaza Strip.Porter and Murray, 1868, p.250.

Other mosques in the Old City include the Mamluk-era Sayed Hashem Mosque that believed to house the tomb of Hashem ibn Abd al-Manaf in its dome.[http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/tour/Sayyed_Hashem_Mosque.htm Sayyed Hashem Mosque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224122300/http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/tour/Sayyed_Hashem_Mosque.htm |date=2008-12-24 }} Web Gaza. There is also the nearby Kateb al-Welaya Mosque that dates back to 1334. In Shuja'iyya is the Ibn Uthman Mosque, which was built by Nablus native Ahmad ibn Uthman in 1402, and the Mahkamah Mosque built by Mamluk majordomo Birdibak al-Ashrafi in 1455. In Tuffah is the Ibn Marwan Mosque, which was built in 1324 and houses the tomb of Ali ibn Marwan, a holy man.

The Unknown Soldier's Square, located in Rimal, is a monument dedicated to an unknown Palestinian fighter who died in the 1948 War. In 1967, the monument was torn down by Israeli forces and remained a patch of sand,Jacobs, 1998, p.455. until a public garden was built there with funding from Norway. Qasr al-Basha, originally a Mamluk-era villa that was used by Napoleon during his brief sojourn in Gaza, is located in the Old City and is today a girls' school. The Commonwealth Gaza War Cemetery, often referred to as the British War Cemetery, contains the graves of fallen Allied soldiers in World War I; it sits {{convert|1.5|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the city center, in the Tuffah district, near Salah al-Din Road.[http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/71701 Gaza War Cemetery] at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission

{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories}}

According to the 1997 census by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 98.1% of Gaza's residents were connected to the public water supply while the remainder used a private system.[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t9.aspx Occupied Housing Units by Locality and Connection to Water Network] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119063118/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t9.aspx |date=2008-11-19 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). About 87.6% were connected to a public sewage system and 11.8% used a cesspit.[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t11.aspx Occupied Housing Units by Locality and Connection to Sewage System in Housing Unit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119063038/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t11.aspx |date=2008-11-19 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). The blockade on Gaza severely restricted the city's water supply. The six main wells for drinking water did not function, and roughly 50% of the population had no water on a regular basis. The municipality claimed it was forced to pump water through "salty wells" because of the unavailability of electricity. About 20 million liters of raw sewage and 40 million liters of partially treated water per day flowed into the Mediterranean Sea, and untreated sewage bred insects and mice.[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1 The outcome of the unjust embargo on the work of the municipal] Gaza Municipality.

As a "water-poor" country, Gaza is highly dependent on water from Wadi Ghazza. The Gaza Aquifer is used as Gaza's main resource for obtaining quality water. However, the majority of water from Wadi Ghazza is transported to Jerusalem.{{cite book|first1=Clive|last1=Lipchin|first2=Eric|last2=Pallant|first3=Danielle|last3=Saranga|first4=Allyson|last4=Amster|title=Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC&pg=PA109|year=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-5986-5|page=109}}

In 2002 Gaza began operating its own power plant which was built by Enron.{{cite web|author=Published: March 09, 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/09/business/enron-sought-to-raise-cash-two-years-ago.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm |title=Enron Sought To Raise Cash Two Years Ago – Page 2 – New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2002-03-09 |access-date=2013-03-26}} However, the power plant was bombed and destroyed by the Israeli Defense Forces in 2006. Prior to the power plant's destruction Israel provided additional electricity to Gaza through the Israel Electric Corporation. The plant was partially rebuilt by December 2007,{{cite web |url=http://www.gisha.org/map-item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=886 |title=Gaza Power Plant |publisher=Gisha.org |date=2010-02-03 |access-date=2013-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511000924/http://www.gisha.org/map-item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=886 |archive-date=2013-05-11 }} and Israeli electricity continues to be sold to Gaza.{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hrxNb6LCkzfJ1ZmMR9zdWnRRCQRg?docId=CNG.a82fa1d6f82deea024bea54c40646347.2b1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124174419/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hrxNb6LCkzfJ1ZmMR9zdWnRRCQRg?docId=CNG.a82fa1d6f82deea024bea54c40646347.2b1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |title=AFP: Cut Gaza power supply to boost Israel grid: minister |date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2013-03-26}}

Solid waste management is one of key compelling issues facing Gazans today. These challenges are attributed to several factors; the lack of investment in environmental systems, less attention was given to environmental projects, and the absence of law enforcement and the tendency towards crisis management. One of the main aspects of this problem is the huge quantities of rubble and debris generated as a result of Israeli bombardments.{{cite journal|last1=Salemdeeb|first1=Ramy|title=Gaza's Challenge|journal=CIWM|date=2013}}{{cite web|url=http://zerowastemena.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/gazas-challenge.html |title=Gaza's Challenge |publisher=CIWM journal |date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2015-04-18}}

For instance, the scale of damage resulting from the Operation Protective Edge is unprecedented. All governorates in the Gaza Strip witnessed extensive aerial bombardment, naval shelling and artillery fire, resulting in a considerable amount of rubble. According to recent statistics, more than 2 million tonnes of debris was generated. Approximately 10,000 houses were leveled to the ground including two 13-story residential buildings. A tremendous amount of debris remains scattered in Gaza. Serious efforts and a high budget are required to handle this challenge. More importantly, and based on a UNEP study after the 2008 war, the debris is highly likely to be contaminated with PAHs and probably with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furan compounds.{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/gaza-toil-rubble-rami-salem?trk=prof-post |title=Gaza: Toil & Rubble |publisher=CIWM journal |date=2014-12-16 |access-date=2015-04-18}} In January 2024, the Israeli army destroyed Gaza City’s main reservoirs, Al-Balad and Al-Rimal.{{cite news |title=Lack of access to clean drinking water is a death sentence for the people of Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/lack-access-clean-drinking-water-death-sentence-people-gaza-enar |work=ReliefWeb |date=15 January 2024}}

File:Al-Quds hospital, Gaza City, following Israeli shelling.jpg, Gaza City, following Israeli shelling in 2009]]

Al-Shifa Hospital ("the Cure") was founded in the Rimal District by the British Mandate government in the 1940s. Housed in an army barracks, it originally provided quarantine and treatment for febrile diseases. When Egypt administered Gaza, this original department was relocated and al-Shifa became the city's central hospital.Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.135. When Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after occupying it in the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser had al-Shifa hospital expanded and improved. He also ordered the establishment of a second hospital in the Nasser District with the same name. In 1957, the quarantine and febrile disease hospital was rebuilt and named Nasser Hospital. Today, al-Shifa remains Gaza's largest medical complex.{{cite web|url=http://www.dci-pal.org/english/display.cfm?DocId=526&CategoryId=23 |title=Al-Shifa Hospital and Israel's Gaza Siege |date=2006-07-16 |publisher=Defence For Children International, Palestine Section |access-date=2009-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021083834/http://www.dci-pal.org/english/display.cfm?DocId=526&CategoryId=23 |archive-date=2009-10-21 }}

Throughout the late 1950s, a new health administration, Bandar Gaza ("Gaza Region"), was established and headed by Haidar Abdel-Shafi. Bandar Gaza rented several rooms throughout the city to set up government clinics that provided essential curative care.Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.136.

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 46.jpg in Gaza City during the Gaza war on 11 October 2023]]

The Ahli Arab Hospital, founded in 1907 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS), was destroyed in World War I.{{cite web|url=http://www.biblelands.org.uk/project_partners/by_location/isr_pal/al_ahli_hospital/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202232549/http://www.biblelands.org.uk/project_partners/by_location/isr_pal/al_ahli_hospital/index.htm|archive-date=2007-02-02|title=Al Ahli Arab Hospital|publisher=Bible Lands}} It was rebuilt after the war by the CMS, and in 1955 became the Southern Baptist Hospital.{{cite web|url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/cms_section_IX_part_1/Publishers-Note.aspx|title=CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE Section IX: Middle East Missions|access-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604212509/http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/cms_section_IX_part_1/Publishers-Note.aspx|archive-date=2020-06-04|url-status=dead}}Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.34. In 1982, the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem took leadership and the original name was restored. Al-Quds Hospital, located in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood and managed by the Palestine Red Crescent Society, is the second largest hospital in Gaza.{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5521925.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227065935/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5521925.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2011|title=UN headquarters in Gaza hit by Israeli 'white phosphorus' shells|date=2009-01-15|work=Times Online|access-date=2009-05-24 | location=London | first1=Sheera | last1=Frenkel}}

In 2007, hospitals experienced power cuts lasting for 8–12 hours daily and diesel required for power generators was in short supply. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the proportion of patients given permits to exit Gaza for medical care decreased from 89.3% in January 2007 to 64.3% in December 2007.

In 2010, a team of doctors from Al-Durrah Hospital in Gaza spent a year of training at the cystic fibrosis clinic at Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem. Upon their return to Gaza, a cystic fibrosis center was established at Al-Durrah, although the most serious cases are referred to Hadassah.{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/hadassah-at-100-where-no-man-has-gone-before/secret-medical-service.premium-1.469151|title=Secret medical service |work=Haaretz}}

Al-Rantisi Hospital provides care for children.

File:Gaza airport 03.jpg in the southern Gaza Strip, 2002]]

The Rasheed Coastal Road runs along Gaza's coastline and connects it with the rest of Gaza Strip's coastline north and south. The main highway of the Gaza Strip, Salah al-Din Road (the modern Via Maris) runs through the middle of Gaza City, connecting it with Deir al-Balah, Khan Yunis, and Rafah in the south and Jabalia and Beit Hanoun in the north.Sheehan, 2000, p.428. The northern crossing of Salah ad-Din Street into Israel is the Erez Crossing and the crossing into Egypt is the Rafah Crossing.

Omar Mukhtar Street is the main road in the city running north–south, branching off Salah ad-Din Street, stretching from the Rimal coastline and the Old City where it ends at the Gold Market. Prior to the Blockade of the Gaza Strip, there existed regular lines of collective taxis to Ramallah and Hebron in the West Bank.[http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm About Gaza City] Gaza Municipality. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620101738/http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm |date=June 20, 2008 }} Except for private cars, Gaza City is served by taxis and buses.

The Yasser Arafat International Airport near Rafah opened in 1998 {{convert|40|km|mi}} south of Gaza. Its runways and facilities were damaged by the Israeli Defense Forces in 2001 and 2002, rendering the airport unusable. In 2010, the tarmac ramp was destroyed by Palestinians seeking stones and recycled building materials.{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2010/08/2010815112013994444.html|title=Gazans rip apart airport tarmac|access-date=28 April 2017}} The Ben Gurion International Airport in Israel is located roughly {{convert|75|km|mi}} northeast of the city.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Palestinian Territories}}

Gaza is twinned with:

{{Portal|Palestine}}

• Gaza genocide
• History of the Gaza Strip
• List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority
• List of rulers of Gaza
• Outline of the State of Palestine

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

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{{Refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.gaza-city.org/ Municipality of Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219022813/http://www.gaza-city.org/ |date=2013-12-19 }}
• [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=31.513289,34.463425&spn=0.133744,0.240704&t=k Gaza at Google Maps]
• [http://www.gaza-city.org/image/publications/The%20achievements%20of%20the%20municipal%20council%20for%20a%20period%20of%205%20years.pdf The achievements of the municipal council for a period of 5 years (2008–2013) in Arabic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819130658/http://www.gaza-city.org/image/publications/The%20achievements%20of%20the%20municipal%20council%20for%20a%20period%20of%205%20years.pdf |date=2014-08-19 }}

{{Gaza City}}

{{Gaza Governorate|state=collapsed}}

{{whole Gaza Strip}}

{{Cities in Palestinian National Authority areas}}

{{Ancient states and regions of the Levant}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Bronze Age sites in Palestine

Category:Cities in the Gaza Strip

Category:Capitals in Palestine

Category:Gaza Governorate

Category:Hebrew Bible cities

Category:Philistine cities

Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire

Category:Populated coastal places in Palestine

Category:1929 Palestine riots

Category:Cities founded by Alexander the Great

Category:Palestinian Christian communities

Category:Municipalities of Palestine