Gaza war#See also

The Gaza war is referred to by different names. Israel calls it the "iron swords war" ({{Langx|he|מלחמת חרבות ברזל|4=}}).{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Swords of Iron |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/About/Lexicon/Pages/SwordsIron.aspx |website=knesset.gov.il}}{{#tag:ref|Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu is reported to have backed changing the name of the war to 'Genesis,' evoking the biblical Book of Genesis.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=18 December 2023 |title=Unsatisfied with 'Swords of Iron' as name of Gaza war, Netanyahu floats alternatives |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/unsatisfied-with-swords-of-iron-as-name-of-gaza-war-netanyahu-floats-alternatives/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115234800/https://www.timesofisrael.com/unsatisfied-with-swords-of-iron-as-name-of-gaza-war-netanyahu-floats-alternatives/ |archive-date=15 January 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Cohen |first=Shirit Avitan |date=1 January 2024 |title=Iron Swords or Genesis? The effort to rename war |url=https://www.jns.org/iron-swords-or-genesis-the-behind-the-scenes-effort-to-rename-war/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Jewish News Syndicate |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505090554/https://www.jns.org/iron-swords-or-genesis-the-behind-the-scenes-effort-to-rename-war/ |archive-date=5 May 2025 |url-status=live }} A group of Israeli politicians supported the name change because of what they see as "its universality and association with a new reality, separating between darkness and light, good and evil, barbarism and civilization." The plan has also been presented to National Unity Party leader Benny Gantz and Israel's {{Ill|Public Diplomacy Directorate|he|משרד ההסברה}}.|group=lower-alpha}} It has also been referred to as the "Simchat Torah war", as the war started on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, reminiscent of the Yom Kippur War.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Moshe |last=Taragin |date=23 October 2024 |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-825825 |title=Is Israel fighting the October 7 War or the Simchat Torah War? - opinion |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511224607/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-825825 |archive-date=11 May 2025 |url-status=live }} Palestinian militant groups refer to it as the "battle of al-Aqsa Flood" ({{Langx|ar|معركة طوفان الأقصى}}), in reference to Operation al-Aqsa Flood.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 October 2024 |script-title=ar:معركة طوفان الأقصى نقطة تَحوّل استراتيجية في نضالنا والمقاومة لن تنكسر |title=maerakat tufan al'aqsaa nuqtat tahwwl astiratijiat fi nidalina walmuqawamat lan tankasir |trans-title=The Battle of the Flood of Al-Aqsa is a strategic turning point in our struggle and the resistance will not be broken |url=https://pflp-lb.org/?p=4548 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Lebanon Branch |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514175504/https://pflp-lb.org/?p=4548 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 October 2024 |script-title=ar:طوفان الأقصى .. عام من المقاومة والصمود والبسالة |title=tufan al'aqsaa .. eam min almuqawamat walsumud walbasala |trans-title=Al-Aqsa Flood. A Year of Resistance, Steadfastness and Bravery |url=https://hamasinfo.info/2024/10/08/4107/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Hamas |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110080730/https://hamasinfo.info/2024/10/08/4107/ |archive-date=10 November 2024 |url-status=live }} Western media outlets have variably described it as the "Israel–Hamas war"{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=The Israel Hamas War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/news-event/israel-hamas-gaza |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} while others use "war on Gaza".{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Israel–Palestine conflict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/tag/israel-palestine-conflict/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211074119/https://www.aljazeera.com/tag/israel-palestine-conflict/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |url-status=live }} Others have used the term "October 7 war".{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Hamas' View of the October 7 War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/hamas%E2%80%99-view-october-7-war |website=Institute for the Study of War |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203232726/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/hamas%E2%80%99-view-october-7-war |archive-date=3 February 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title='The October 7 War': A powerful firsthand account of Israel's war against Hamas – review |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-816814 |first=Eric R. |last=Mandel |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=2 September 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |language=en}} Some have rejected "war" as an appropriate framework and call it the "Gaza genocide",{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 November 2023 |title=How the term "genocide" is misused in the Israel–Hamas war |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/11/10/how-the-term-genocide-is-misused-in-the-israel-hamas-war |access-date=16 December 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} "second Nakba",{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=2 January 2024 |title=The 'second Nakba' government seizes its moment |url=https://www.972mag.com/second-nakba-government-gaza/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |magazine=+972 Magazine |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515231500/https://www.972mag.com/second-nakba-government-gaza/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live }} or "Nakba 2023".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tov |first=Michael Hauser |date=12 November 2023 |title='We're rolling out Nakba 2023,' Israeli minister says on northern Gaza Strip evacuation |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-12/ty-article/israeli-security-cabinet-member-calls-north-gaza-evacuation-nakba-2023/0000018b-c2be-dea2-a9bf-d2be7b670000 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241211215152/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-12/ty-article/israeli-security-cabinet-member-calls-north-gaza-evacuation-nakba-2023/0000018b-c2be-dea2-a9bf-d2be7b670000 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Khalidi |first=Rashid |date=22 November 2023 |title=It's Time to Confront Israel's Version of "From the River to the Sea" |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/its-time-to-confront-israels-version-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=The Nation |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516042700/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/its-time-to-confront-israels-version-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea/ |archive-date=16 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Background to the Gaza war}}

File:Timeline of Israel-Palestine fatalities 2008-2023.png and Palestinian deaths preceding the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, of which most were civilians{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel–Gaza crossfire as death toll rises |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}|alt=A bar chart from 2008 to before October 2023. 6,407 Palestinians have been killed during this time frame, while a smaller 308 Israelis have been killed.]]

The 1948 Palestine war saw the establishment of Israel over most of what had been Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two separated territories that became known as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which were held by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=El Deeb |first=Sarah |date=9 October 2023 |title=What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=AP News |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140259/https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a |url-status=live}} The upcoming period witnessed two popular uprisings by Palestinians against the Israeli occupation; the First and Second Intifadas in 1987 and 2000 respectively,{{#invoke:Cite|encyclopedia|chapter=Intifada |title=Encyclopedia Britannica |title-link=Encyclopædia Britannica |chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |access-date=16 November 2023 |date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071751/https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifada |archive-date=14 November 2023 |url-status=live}} with the latter's end seeing Israel's unilateral withdrawal from Gaza in 2005.{{#invoke:Cite|journal|date=13 October 2023 |title=Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories |url-status=live |journal=International Committee of the Red Cross |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201111/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/frequently-asked-questions-icrcs-work-israel-and-occupied-territories|archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref |International Committee of the Red Cross |2023}}}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 October 2023 |title=Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095143/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |archive-date=31 October 2023}}

Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist militant group, while the West Bank remained under the control of the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. After Hamas's takeover, Israel imposed a blockade of the Gaza Strip,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Perry |first1=Tom |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |date=7 October 2023|title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |work=Reuters |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Jan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007105909/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Kane |first1=Alex |last2=Cohen |first2=Mari |last3=Shamir |first3=Jonathan |last4=Scher |first4=Isaac |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014223844/https://jewishcurrents.org/the-hamas-attacks-and-israeli-response-an-explainer |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |magazine=Jewish Currents}} that significantly damaged its economy.{{#invoke:Cite|report|url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf |title=Gaza Strip: Interim Damage Assessment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501171634/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=World Bank/European Union/United Nations |date=29 March 2024 |page=5}} The blockade was justified by Israel citing security concerns,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Meakem |first=Allison |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015213033/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |url-status=live}} but international rights groups have characterized the blockade as a form of collective punishment.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=13 September 2011|title=U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal |work=Reuters |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Peter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615210724/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |url-status=live |quote=A panel of five independent U.N. rights experts [said] the blockade had subjected Gazans to collective punishment in 'flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law.'}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|book|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |title=Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World's Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-86210-502-0 |location=London |pages=206–211|chapter=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=This compounded the impact of a 15-year ongoing Israeli blockade that amounts to illegal collective punishment |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016210727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |url-status=live}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 January 2009 |title=Deprived and Endangered: Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/13/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=The blockade is a form of collective punishment in violation of international law. |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041422/http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |url-status=live}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 February 2017 |title=Hamas hardliner Yahya Sinwar elected as Gaza leader |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade around Gaza aimed at preventing attacks by militants there, though the measure has been condemned by rights groups as a form of collective punishment. |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022080210/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |url-status=live}}

}}{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Ackerman |first=Seth |date=4 January 2024 |title=There was an Iron Wall in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/IRON-WALL-GAZA-ISRAEL-DEFENSE-FORCES-REALPOLITIK-PALESTINE-HISTORY?MC_CID=3B53D49205&MC_EID=B7EDF81030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105010623/https://jacobin.com/2024/01/IRON-WALL-GAZA-ISRAEL-DEFENSE-FORCES-REALPOLITIK-PALESTINE-HISTORY?MC_CID=3B53D49205&MC_EID=B7EDF81030 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=Jacobin}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html|access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053734/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |url-status=live}} Due to the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, UNRWA reported that 81% of people were living below the poverty level in 2023, with 63% being food insecure and dependent on international assistance.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=June 2022 |title=The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=UNICEF |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115160019/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |url-status=live}}

Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have engaged in conflict,{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |title=Why did Hamas invade Israel?|url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Vox |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007185123/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |url-status=live}} including in four wars: in 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, and 2021.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 November 2023 |title=These six charts show the scale of human loss in the Israel–Gaza war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-20/six-charts-that-show-the-scale-of-human-loss-in-israel-gaza-war/103074196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202135746/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-20/six-charts-that-show-the-scale-of-human-loss-in-israel-gaza-war/103074196 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tan |first=Joanna |date=12 November 2023 |title=Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213622/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=CNBC}}{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Filiu |first1=Jean-Pierre |author1-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu |title=Israel's 15 wars against Gaza |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html |work=Le Monde |date=18 March 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126053406/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/18/israel-s-15-wars-on-gaza_6630789_4.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Marlowe |first1=Jay |title=NZ can help people fleeing Gaza with emergency family reunification – will the government act? |url=https://theconversation.com/nz-can-help-people-fleeing-gaza-with-emergency-family-reunification-will-the-government-act-224957 |website=The Conversation |date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122190717/https://theconversation.com/nz-can-help-people-fleeing-gaza-with-emergency-family-reunification-will-the-government-act-224957 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |url-status=live}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=11 January 2024 |title=French historian: Israel destroyed 4,000-year-old culture in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-bottom-line/2024/1/11/french-historian-israel-destroyed-4000-year-old-culture-in-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212223744/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-bottom-line/2024/1/11/french-historian-israel-destroyed-4000-year-old-culture-in-gaza |archive-date=12 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Filiu |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=The Twelve Wars on Gaza |url=https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03473736/file/2014-10-filiu-12-wars-on-gaza-jps-44-1.pdf |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |date=1 November 2014 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=52–60 |doi=10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.52}}

}} These conflicts killed approximately 6,400 Palestinians and 300 Israelis.{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Where We Work. Gaza Strip |work=United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) |url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012075032/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}} In 2018–2019, there were large weekly organized protests near the Gaza-Israel border, which were violently suppressed by Israel, whose forces killed hundreds and injured thousands of Palestinians by sniper fire.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=6 April 2020 |title=Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the "Great March of Return" are Still Struggling |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304172542/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/two-years-on-people-injured-and-traumatized-during-the-great-march-of-return-are-still-struggling/ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=un.org |publisher=United Nations}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Fayyad |first1=Huthifa |date=30 March 2019 |title=Gaza's Great March of Return protests explained |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217174220/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/30/gazas-great-march-of-return-protests-explained |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}} Soon after the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis began, Hamas's military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, started planning the 7 October 2023 operation against Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Klein |first=Menachem |date=28 November 2023 |title=Israeli arrogance thwarted a Palestinian political path. October 7 revealed the cost |url=https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129173047/https://www.972mag.com/hamas-fatah-elections-israel-arrogance/ |archive-date=29 November 2023 |magazine=+972 magazine}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232117/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |url-status=live}} According to diplomats, Hamas had repeatedly said in the months leading up to October 2023 that it did not want another military escalation in Gaza as it would worsen the humanitarian crisis that occurred after the 2021 conflict.

Hamas officials stated that the attack was a response to the Israeli occupation, blockade of the Gaza Strip, desecration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Israeli settler violence against Palestinians, restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, and imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians, whom Hamas sought to release by taking Israeli hostages.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |date=14 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |work=The Observer |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228074533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pacchiani |first=Luca |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |title=Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306152821/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Numerous commentators have identified the broader context of Israeli occupation as a cause of the war.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Matar |first1=Haggai |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=+972 Magazine}}{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Schenker |first1=Hillel |date=12 October 2023 |title=The Catastrophe of October 7. Why Did It Happen? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181618/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=The Nation}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Barghouti |first1=Mariam |date=14 October 2023 |title=On October 7, Gaza broke out of prison |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102085402/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison |archive-date=2 January 2024 |url-status=live}} The Associated Press wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza". Several human rights organizations, including Amnesty International,{{#invoke:Cite|report|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |date=January 2022 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=live}} B'Tselem{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 January 2021 |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=B'Tselem}} and Human Rights Watch{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |work=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |archive-date=2 February 2022}} have likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid, although supporters of Israel dispute this characterization.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=4 May 2023 |title=Israël: l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid" |language=fr |trans-title=Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime' |work=Le Figaro |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614002231/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |archive-date=14 June 2023}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Hutzler |first1=Alexandra |last2=Peller |first2=Lauren |date=19 July 2023 |title=House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state' |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569|url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030033122/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |archive-date=30 October 2023}} However, an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice published in July 2024 affirmed the occupation as being illegal and said it violated Article 3 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=19 July 2024 |title=UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds|access-date=25 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722174228/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds |url-status=live}} The Netanyahu government has been criticized within Israel for granting work permits to Gazan residents, facilitating the transfer of funds to Hamas and pursuing relative calm. These actions have been criticized as having backfired in light of the attacks on 7 October 2023.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/israels-big-new-shift-in-hamas-policy/ |title=Israel's Big New Shift in Hamas Policy |work=Foreign Policy |access-date=28 October 2023 |date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027132032/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/israels-big-new-shift-in-hamas-policy/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/israel-intelligence-hamas-attack.html |title=How Years of Israeli Failures on Hamas Led to a Devastating Attack |work=The New York Times |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030000459/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/29/world/middleeast/israel-intelligence-hamas-attack.html |url-status=live}} US President Joe Biden has said the aim of the 7 October attacks was to disrupt the Saudi–Israel normalization talks.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Hamas attack aimed to disrupt Saudi-Israel normalization, Biden says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-attack-aimed-disrupt-saudi-israel-normalization-biden-2023-10-20/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=Reuters |date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231021035941/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-attack-aimed-disrupt-saudi-israel-normalization-biden-2023-10-20/ |archive-date=21 October 2023 |url-status=live}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war}}

{{main list|List of military engagements during the Gaza war}}

{{Main|October 7 attacks}}

{{See also|List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023}}

{{Multiple image

| perrow = 2/2/2

| total_width = 300

| image1 = Palestinian invasion of Israel (Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, map, Oct 7, 2023).svg

| image2 = October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (7– 8 October).svg

| image3 = (Explicit Violent Content) Footage of bodycam of Israeli elite unit clearing the Nova music festival area on 7th October.webm

| image4 = Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg

| image5 = Fires in Israel and the Gaza strip - 7 October 2023 (53245908850).jpg

| image6 = نمایی از راهروی ساختمان بیمارستان اشکلون در جنوب اسرائیل که هدف راکت گروه حماس قرار گرفته.png

| footer_align = center

| footer = Clockwise from top: {{flatlist|

• Approximate situation on 7–8 October
• A blood-stained floor in the aftermath of the Nahal Oz attack
• Aftermath of Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center
• Satellite view of widespread fires in Israeli areas surrounding the Gaza Strip
• Footage of Israeli soldiers securing the area after the Nova music festival massacre

}}

}}

In the morning of 7 October 2023,{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |title=Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation |date=7 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |url-status=live}} during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret on Shabbat,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=7 October 2023 |work=NPR |title=In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |url-status=live}} Hamas announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", firing between 3,000 and 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes, killing at least five people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 October 2023 |title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel–Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |title=Israel–Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |date=7 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live}} In the evening, Hamas launched another barrage of 150 rockets towards Israel. Simultaneously, around 3,000 Hamas militants infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and paragliders.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|date=7 October 2023|title=Israel–Gaza Conflict: Gaza and Israel on War Footing After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack|archive-date=7 October 2023|access-date=7 October 2023|work=The New York Times}} They took over checkpoints at Kerem Shalom and Erez, and created openings in the border fence in five other places.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Beaule |first=Victoria |date=12 October 2023 |title=A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=ABC News |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015144511/https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182 |url-status=live}}

Militants massacred civilians in several kibbutzim,{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Netanyahu says Israel is 'at war' after Hamas launches surprise air and ground attack from Gaza |date=7 October 2023 |work=CNN |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=Border town identifies at least 15 of its residents killed in Hamas attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234157/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=In pictures: Scenes of war and chaos after Hamas launch surprise attack on Israel |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163706/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=France 24}}

}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 October 2023 |title=Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |newspaper=The Economist}} where they took hostages{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=Militants infiltrate Israel from Gaza as Hamas claims major rocket attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075445/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=CNN}} and set fire to homes.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=Netanyahu: 'We are at war' |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052803/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rysg8i0l6 |url-status=live}} In a massacre at an outdoor music festival near Re'im, at least 325 people were killed, with more injured or taken hostage.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=15 October 2023 |script-title=he:הטעיה של חמאס למסוקי צה"ל והכוונת טייסים בוואטסאפ |title=hataya shel chamas lemesuki tza"le vehakavnet taysim bevatsup |language=he |trans-title=Hamas deception of IDF helicopters |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050601/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b111niukzt |archive-date=13 November 2023}}{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Breiner |first=Josh |title=Israeli Security Establishment: Hamas Likely Didn't Have Advance Knowledge of Nova Festival |work=Haaretz |date=18 November 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119001351/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-security-establishment-hamas-likely-didnt-have-prior-knowledge-of-nova-festival/0000018b-e2ee-d168-a3ef-f7fe8ca20000 |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 October 2023 |title=Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel–Hamas War |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115142350/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Haaretz}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 October 2023 |title=Hostages Held by Hamas: The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115193110/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Haaretz}}

}} In total, 251 people, mostly civilians, were taken hostage, including{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Vinograd |first1=Cassandra |last2=Kershner |first2=Isabel |date=9 October 2023 |title=Hamas Took Scores of Hostages From Israel. Here's What We Know About Them. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-hostages-hamas-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009195144/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-hostages-hamas-explained.html |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The New York Times}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 October 2023 |title=Images of the Mass Kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010012057/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=The Atlantic}} children, elderly people, and soldiers.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Fidler |first2=Matt |date=18 October 2023 |title=Who are the hostages taken by Hamas from southern Israel? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018104401/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Guardian}} Hamas militants also reportedly engaged in mutilation, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rubin |first=Shira |date=25 November 2023 |title=Israel investigates an elusive, horrific enemy: Rape as a weapon of war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/ |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 November 2023 |title=Sexual Violence Evidence Against Hamas Is Mounting, but the Road to Court Is Still Long |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123215829/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Haaretz}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |author1-link=Jeffrey Gettleman |last2=Schwartz |first2=Anat |author2-link=Anat Schwartz |last3=Sella |first3=Adam |last4=Shaar-Yashuv |first4=Avishag |date=28 December 2023 |title='Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306020559/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}

The 7 October attacks were described as "an intelligence failure for the ages"{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-stealth-attack-will-be-remembered-as-israeli-intelligence-failure-for-the-ages |title=Hamas's stealth attack will be remembered as Israeli intelligence failure for the ages |work=The Guardian |access-date=7 October 2023}} and a "failure of imagination" on the part of the Israeli government.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Limor |first=Yoav |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.jns.org/israels-failure-of-imagination-on-hamas/ |title=Israel's failure of imagination on Hamas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025009/https://www.jns.org/israels-failure-of-imagination-on-hamas/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=Jewish News Syndicate |access-date=8 October 2023}} A BBC report commented on Hamas's "extraordinary levels of operational security".{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Frank |last1=Gardner |date=7 October 2023 |title=How did Israeli intelligence fail to stop major attack from Gaza? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007132638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 |url-status=live}} It later emerged that abnormal Hamas movements had been detected the previous day by Israeli intelligence, but the military's alert level was not raised and political leaders were not informed.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=12 October 2023 |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/12/hamas-attack-israel-intelligence-failure-high-alert-shen-bet |title=Israel had intel on Hamas activity but didn't put Gaza border on high alert |website=Axios |access-date=13 October 2023}}

A briefing in The Economist noted that "the assault dwarf[ed] all other mass murders of Israeli civilians", and that "the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust." According to both Hamas officials and external observers, the attack was a calculated effort to create a "permanent" state of war and revive the Palestinian cause.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rubin |first1=Shira |last2=Warrick |first2=Joby |date=13 November 2023 |title=Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113024604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/ |url-status=live}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war (7 October 2023 – 27 October 2023)}}

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| image1 = October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (9 October).svg

| image2 = Fars Photo of Casualties in Gaza Strip during 2023 War 31.jpg

| image3 = A Palestinian refugee carries his injured grandchildren from the Israeli bombing of Nuseirat Camp, Gaza Strip.jpg

| image4 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 29.jpg

| image5 = Tasnim News Agency - Footage from Israeli airstrikes levelling Gazan buildings.webm

| footer_align = center

| footer = Clockwise from top: {{flatlist|

• Approximate situation on 9 October
• A Palestinian refugee carries his injured grandchildren from the Israeli bombing of Nuseirat refugee camp
• Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles
• Damage following an Israeli airstrike on the El-Remal aera in Gaza City on October 2023
• An injured child in the Gaza Strip in the Oct 2023 Israeli airstrikes.

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The IDF began Israel's counter-attack several hours after the Hamas-led invasion.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ |title=Many Israelis accuse government's of inept, chaotic response to October 7 massacre |date=26 October 2023 |work=Times of Israel |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113074458/https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/ |url-status=live}} The first helicopters sent to support the military arrived at the Gaza Strip an hour after fighting began. They encountered difficulties in determining which places were occupied, and distinguishing between civilians, IDF soldiers, and Palestinian militants on the ground. A June 2024 UN report{{#invoke:Cite|news|author1=Nicola Smith |title=Israel killed own citizens on October 7 in 'Hannibal Directive', UN claims |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/06/13/israel-killed-dozen-own-citizens-on-october-7-un-claims/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240615152306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/06/13/israel-killed-dozen-own-citizens-on-october-7-un-claims/ |archive-date=15 June 2024 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 June 2024 |title=UN finds at least 14 Israelis likely intentionally killed by own army on 7 October |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-un-killed-own-soldiers-army-7-october |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en}} and a July 2024 Haaretz investigation revealed that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used, killing more than a dozen Israeli civilians and soldiers.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Yaniv |first=Kubovich |date=7 July 2024 |title=IDF Ordered Hannibal Directive on October 7 to Prevent Hamas Taking Soldiers Captive |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-07/ty-article-magazine/.premium/idf-ordered-hannibal-directive-on-october-7-to-prevent-hamas-taking-soldiers-captive/00000190-89a2-d776-a3b1-fdbe45520000 |access-date= |work=Haaretz |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709123853/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-07/ty-article-magazine/.premium/idf-ordered-hannibal-directive-on-october-7-to-prevent-hamas-taking-soldiers-captive/00000190-89a2-d776-a3b1-fdbe45520000 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 July 2024 |title=Why did Israel deploy Hannibal Directive, allowing killing of own citizens? |work=Al Jazeera |quote=It allows the Israeli military to use any force necessary to prevent Israeli soldiers from being captured and taken into enemy territory [...]. Some officers [...] understand the order to mean that soldiers ought to deliberately kill their comrade in order to stop him from being taken prisoner [...]. However, the orders failed to distinguish between soldiers being captured and civilians. |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/9/why-did-israel-deploy-hannibal-directive-allowing-killing-of-own-citizens |access-date=21 January 2025}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 September 2024 |title=Israel accused of killing its own civilians under the 'Hannibal Directive' to avoid them being taken hostage |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-07/israel-hannibal-directive-kidnap-hamas-gaza-hostages-idf/104224430 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909021335/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-07/israel-hannibal-directive-kidnap-hamas-gaza-hostages-idf/104224430 |url-status=live}}

The attack was a complete surprise to the Israelis.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel |title=Barrages of rockets fired from Gaza as Hamas launches unprecedented operation against Israel |date=7 October 2023 |work=France 24 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-sirens-heard-as-dozens-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza-towards-israel |url-status=live}} In a televised broadcast, Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, announced that the country was at war. He threatened to "turn all the places where Hamas is organized and hiding into cities of ruins", called Gaza "the city of evil", and urged its residents to leave.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Netanyahu: We will turn places where Hamas is hiding into 'cities of ruins' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skforn1za |work=Ynetnews |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015164027/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skforn1za |url-status=live}} Overnight, Israel's Security Cabinet voted to act to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad".{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Security cabinet says Israel will destroy military, governmental abilities of Hamas, Islamic Jihad |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008000150/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-cabinet-says-israel-will-destroy-military-governmental-abilities-of-hamas-islamic-jihad/ |url-status=live}} The Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies 80% of the Gaza Strip's electricity, cut off power to the area.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 |title=Strikes on Gaza after Palestinian militants enter Israel |date=7 October 2023 |work=BBC News |first=David |last=Gritten |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007045410/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67036625 |url-status=live}} This reduced Gaza's power supply from 120 MW to 20 MW, provided by power plants paid for by the Palestinian Authority.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/8/israeli-strikes-flatten-buildings-mosques-in-gaza |title=Israeli strikes flatten buildings, mosques in Gaza |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008150411/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/8/israeli-strikes-flatten-buildings-mosques-in-gaza |url-status=live}}

The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war", mobilized tens of thousands of army reservists, and declared a state of emergency for areas within {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us}} of Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bayer |first1=Lili |last2=Ho |first2=Vivian |last3=Fulton |first3=Adam |last4=Yang |first4=Maya |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel declares state of war after Hamas fires thousands of rockets and 'militants cross border' – live |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live |url-status=live}} The Yamam counterterrorism unit was deployed,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war |url=https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Jordan News}} along with four new divisions, augmenting 31 existing battalions. Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders with Lebanon and Syria.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- |title=Army says it is fighting Gaza militants who entered Israel by land, sea and air |date=7 October 2023 |work=Al Arabiya |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007112343/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air- |url-status=live}} Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters". The southern region of Israel was closed to civilian movement, and roads were closed around Gaza{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |title=Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says |date=7 October 2023 |work=Associated Press |first1=Josef |last1=Federman |first2=Issam |last2=Adwan |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}} and Tel Aviv. While Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Ben Gurion airport stays open as foreign airlines cancel flights |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Globes |date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230802/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-ben-gurion-airport-stays-open-as-foreign-airlines-cancel-flights-1001459661 |url-status=live}} On 9 or 10 October, Hamas offered to release all civilian hostages held in Gaza if Israel would call off its planned invasion of the Gaza Strip, but the Israeli government rejected the offer.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Allon |first=Gideon |date=26 April 2024 |title='No doubt' Netanyahu preventing hostage deal, charges ex-spokesman of Families Forum |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/no-doubt-netanyahu-preventing-hostage-deal-charges-ex-spokesman-of-families-forum/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925230750/https://www.timesofisrael.com/no-doubt-netanyahu-preventing-hostage-deal-charges-ex-spokesman-of-families-forum/ |url-status=live}}

{{main|2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|Evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip}}

{{see also|Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City|al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion}}

{{Multiple image

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| image1 = Palestinian injured including children as a result of an Israeli bombing of Gaza Strip.jpg

| image2 = Tasnim News Agency - Report from child casualties in Gaza.webm

| image3 = Fars Photo of Casualties in Gaza Strip during 2023 War 05.jpg

| image4 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 36.jpg

| image5 = A newborn baby was killed as a result of the Israeli airstrike of Nuseirat camp, Gaza Strip.jpg

| footer_align = center

| footer = Clockwise from top: {{flatlist|

• Palestinian injured including children as a result of an Israeli bombing of Gaza Strip
• A man carries the body of a Palestinian child killed during the shelling of 17 October 2023
• A newborn baby was killed as a result of the Israeli airstrike
• Wounded Palestinians receive treatment on the floor at the overcrowded emergency ward of Al-Shifa Hospital
• Video Interviews conducted with several survivors of Oct 2023 Israeli airstrikes.

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}}

Following the surprise attack, the Israeli Air Force conducted airstrikes that they said targeted Hamas targets,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Knell |first1=Yolande |last2=Abu Alouf |first2=Rushi |last3=Gritten |first3=David |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045138 |title=Israeli forces fight to drive out Hamas militants and free hostages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008100223/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67045138 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 October 2023}} employing its artificial intelligence Habsora ("The Gospel") software.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Harry |last1=Davies |first2=Bethan |last2=McKernan |first3=Dan |last3=Sabbagh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets |title='The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza |work=The Guardian |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|first=Yuval |last=Abraham |url=https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |title='A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza |magazine=+972 magazine |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203003813/https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |url-status=live}} These airstrikes were killing, on average, 350 persons per day during the first 20 days, totaling over 7,000 deaths during that time.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Rania R.a. |last=Abushamala |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/palestinian-death-toll-from-israeli-attacks-on-gaza-surges-to-7-028/3033512 |title=Palestinian death toll from Israeli attacks on Gaza surges to 7,028 |work=Anadolu Agency |date=26 October 2023}} Israel also rescued two hostages before declaring a state of war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |title=Hamas fighters storm Israeli towns in surprise attack; Israel responds with deadly strikes on Gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |work=Associated Press |access-date=8 October 2023}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms |title=Israel officially declares war for 1st time since 1973 as death toll mounts to 600 |work=The Times of India |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008131015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}} On 9 October, Defense Minister Gallant announced a "complete siege" of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |title=Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105739/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |url-status=live}} This order drew criticism from Human Rights Watch (HRW) who described it as "abhorrent" and as a "call to commit a war crime".{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-gaza-violence/#link-ZY5JY3JP4NCXXAK3JYNMMSRUEE |title=Israel–Hamas war live updates: 9 Americans killed; Gaza Strip faces full siege |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009132415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/09/israel-hamas-war-gaza-violence/#link-ZY5JY3JP4NCXXAK3JYNMMSRUEE |archive-date=9 October 2023 |date=9 October 2023 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012210108/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon |archive-date=12 October 2023 |location=Beirut |date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}} Gallant backed down under pressure from US President Joe Biden, and a deal was struck ten days later to allow aid into Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 March 2024 |title=Fergal Keane: Aid convoy tragedy shows fear of starvation haunts Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68456718 |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315042049/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68456718 |url-status=live}} The first such aid convoy entered Gaza on 21 October,{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=In pictures: Trucks carry aid into Gaza for the first time since the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/21/israel-hamas-war-updates-and-latest-news-on-gaza-conflict.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=CNBC |date=21 October 2023}} while fuel did not arrive until November.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=1st fuel truck enters Gaza |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas-war/1st-fuel-truck-enters-gaza-104926318?id=104837945 |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=ABC News |date=15 November 2023}}

On 13 October, the IDF ordered all civilians in Gaza City to evacuate to areas south of the Wadi Gaza{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel orders 1.1 million people in Gaza to move south: What to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/israel-orders-1-1-million-people-in-gaza-to-move-south-what-to-know |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718213634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/israel-orders-1-1-million-people-in-gaza-to-move-south-what-to-know |url-status=live}} within 24 hours. The Hamas Authority for Refugee Affairs responded by telling residents in northern Gaza to defy those orders.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Lederer |first2=Edith M. |last3=Shurafa |first3=Wafaa |date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel's military orders civilians to evacuate Gaza City, ahead of a feared ground offensive |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183110/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-c8b4fc20e4fd2ef381d5edb7e9e8308c |url-status=live}} The Israeli order was widely condemned as "outrageous" and "impossible", and calls were made for it to be reversed.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Khraiche |first=Dana |date=13 October 2023 |title=UN Calls Israel Order to Evacuate 1.1 Million in Gaza Impossible |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/un-calls-israel-order-to-evacuate-1-1-million-in-gaza-impossible |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Bloomberg News |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013054305/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/un-calls-israel-order-to-evacuate-1-1-million-in-gaza-impossible |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|web|title=MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous' |publisher=Doctors Without Borders |date=13 October 2023 |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |ref={{sfnref |Doctors Without Borders – USA |2023}} |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220725/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous |url-status=live}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 October 2023 |title=Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international |work=OHCHR |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014175126/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international |url-status=live}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 October 2023 |title=WHO pleads for immediate reversal of Gaza evacuation order to protect health and reduce suffering |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering |access-date=14 October 2023 |publisher=WHO |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013232108/https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering |url-status=live}}

}} As a part of the order, the IDF outlined a six-hour window on 13 October for refugees to flee south along specified routes.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 October 2023 |title=Israel announces 6-hour window for Gazans fleeing south, as troops gather near border |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/gaza-israel-evacuation-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014115624/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/gaza-israel-evacuation-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}} An explosion along one of the safe routes killed 70 Palestinians. Israel and Hamas blamed each other for the attack.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes |title=Gaza civilians afraid to leave home after bombing of 'safe routes' |first1=Bethan |last1=McKernan |first2=Sufian |last2=Taha |work=The Guardian |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020000224/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/gaza-civilians-afraid-to-leave-home-after-bombing-of-safe-routes |url-status=live}} The IDF said Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=14 October 2023 |title=IDF says it's completing preparations to strike Gaza 'from air, sea and land' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |url-status=live}} Israeli officials, foreign governments and intergovernmental organizations condemned Hamas's alleged use of hospitals and civilians as human shields, which has been contested by Amnesty International{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Q&A on Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/gaza-questions |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |quote=The Israeli authorities claim that Hamas and Palestinian armed groups use Palestinian civilians in Gaza as 'human shields'. Does Amnesty have any evidence of this? We're monitoring and investigating these claims but we don't have evidence of this during the current hostilities.}} and by Hamas themselves.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |date=15 October 2023 |title=Palestinians fleeing to the south find no escape from danger |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-fleeing-fighting-south-find-no-escape-danger-2023-10-15/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113135535/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-fleeing-fighting-south-find-no-escape-danger-2023-10-15/ |url-status=live}}{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Secretary-General's press conference on the Middle East |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=United Nations |date=6 November 2023 |first1=António |last1=Guterres |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108083954/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Casert |first=Raf |date=13 November 2023 |title=EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields' |url=https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=AP News |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113235931/https://apnews.com/article/european-union-condemn-hamas-human-shields-2c0d1c04cb38fc4acce37d8d624e1a3f |url-status=live}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 November 2023 |title=Hamas are notorious for using civilians as 'human shields' |work=news.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/hamas-are-notorious-for-using-civilians-as-human-shields/video/f7c77dcc2111a710e4efb25b9fa7ed4b}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 November 2023 |title=havit halvan: yesh mida shchamas mishtamesh bavti hacholim be'eza, gam lehachzaket hatofim |script-title=he:הבית הלבן: יש מידע שחמאס משתמש בבתי החולים בעזה, גם להחזקת חטופים |language=he |trans-title=The White House: There is information that Hamas uses the hospitals in Gaza, also to hold hostages |work=Ynet |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/syan5bbnp |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114201011/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/syan5bbnp |url-status=live}}

}}

On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Jobain |first1=Najib |last2=Kullab |first2=Samya |last3=Nessman |first3=Ravi |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel bombs Gaza region where civilians were told to seek refuge, as mediators try to unlock aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-biden-rafah-e062825a375d9eb62e95509cab95b80c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017144838/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-biden-rafah-e062825a375d9eb62e95509cab95b80c |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=Associated Press}} Late in the evening, an explosion occurred in the parking lot of the Al-Ahli Arabi Baptist Hospital in the center of Gaza City, killing hundreds. The ongoing conflict prevented independent on-site analysis.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital blast: What does new analysis tell us? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67216929 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67216929 |url-status=live}} Palestinian statements that it was an Israeli airstrike were denied by the IDF, which stated that the explosion resulted from a failed rocket launch by Palestinian Islamic Jihad,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Bachner |first2=Michael |date=18 October 2023 |title=IDF presents evidence misfired Gazan rocket caused hospital blast, slams Hamas 'lies' |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-presents-evidence-misfired-gazan-rocket-caused-hospital-blast-slams-hamas-lies/ |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140437/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-presents-evidence-misfired-gazan-rocket-caused-hospital-blast-slams-hamas-lies/ |url-status=live}} who denied any involvement.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel and Palestinian militants blame each other after hospital blast kills hundreds in Gaza |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-18/gaza-hospital-blast-kills-hundreds-israel-hamas-war/102989448 |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024201724/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-18/gaza-hospital-blast-kills-hundreds-israel-hamas-war/102989448 |url-status=live}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war (28 October – 23 November 2023)|Timeline of the Gaza war (24 November 2023 – 11 January 2024)}}

{{main|Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}

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| footer = Israeli military during ground operations in Gaza

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On 27 October, after building up an invasion force of over 100,000 soldiers, the IDF launched a large-scale ground incursion into parts of northern Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Ravid |first1=Barak |title=Israeli military launches major ground incursion in Gaza |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-ground-invasion-gaza |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=Axios |date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028002239/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-ground-invasion-gaza |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Gal |last=Perl |url=https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/dado-center/research/the-idf-s-unique-advantage-the-commanders-are-the-secret-to-its-strength-lessons-learned-from-1982-to-2023-cpt-res-gal-perl/ |title="The IDF's unique advantage, the commanders are the secret to its strength": Lessons learned from 1982 to 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510025800/https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/dado-center/research/the-idf-s-unique-advantage-the-commanders-are-the-secret-to-its-strength-lessons-learned-from-1982-to-2023-cpt-res-gal-perl/ |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=The Dado Center for Interdisciplinary Military Studies |date=30 April 2024}} Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around al-Quds hospital,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Jackson |first=Patrick |date=28 October 2023 |title=Israel Gaza live news: Doctors in Gaza say Israel has told them to evacuate a key hospital in Gaza City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67246761 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=BBC News |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030000224/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67246761 |url-status=live}} where around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering. The following day, the IDF struck Jabalia refugee camp, killing 50 and wounding 150 Palestinians. Israel said the attack killed a senior Hamas commander, whose presence Hamas denied, and dozens of militants.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Dozens reported killed in Gaza refugee camp blast |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67258466 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=BBC News |date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101025004/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-67258466 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Rose |first2=Emily |last3=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Nidal |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes dense Gaza camp, says it kills Hamas commander |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-says-it-fires-israeli-troops-pressing-gaza-ground-assault-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103134432/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-says-it-fires-israeli-troops-pressing-gaza-ground-assault-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=31 October 2023 |title=Photos: Dozens killed in Israeli air attack on Jabalia refugee camp in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/31/photos-dozens-killed-in-israeli-air-attack-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031230450/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/31/photos-dozens-killed-in-israeli-air-attack-on-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza |url-status=live}} The attack resulted in several ambassador recalls.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |date=31 October 2023 |title=Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Qatar condemn Israeli strikes in Gaza's Jabaliya |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/egypt-and-jordan-condemn-israeli-strikes-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031235917/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/egypt-and-jordan-condemn-israeli-strikes-on-jabaliya-refugee-camp/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Ramos |first=Daniel |date=1 November 2023 |title=Bolivia severs ties with Israel, others recall envoys over Gaza |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031234549/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-israel-citing-crimes-against-humanity-2023-10-31/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 November 2023 |title=Israel–Gaza war live updates: Injured Gazans enter Egypt; new strike on Jabalya camp, hospital says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/01/israel-war-hamas-news-gaza-palestine/#link-N3D3KADIIVFXFNRD5KKZ7PEW54 |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101172621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/01/israel-war-hamas-news-gaza-palestine/#link-N3D3KADIIVFXFNRD5KKZ7PEW54 |url-status=live}}

{{external media|float=left|video1=[https://www.irishtimes.com/video/world/middle-east/2023/11/04/gazan-child-speaks-of-having-to-carry-decapitated-body-after-israeli-strike-on-jabalia/ Gazan child speaks of having to carry a decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia] (via The Irish Times)}}

On 31 October, Israel bombed a six-story apartment building in central Gaza, killing at least 106 civilians including 54 children in what Human Rights Watch called an "apparent war crime".{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=4 April 2024 |title=Gaza: Israeli Strike Killing 106 Civilians an Apparent War Crime |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404112114/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |url-status=live}} On 1 November, the first group of evacuees left Gaza for Egypt. Five hundred evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign nationals, were evacuated over several days.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |date=1 November 2023 |title=First evacuees leave Gaza after another night of Israeli bombardments |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-jets-strike-gaza-camp-says-hamas-commander-killed-2023-11-01/ |work=Reuters |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101233626/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-jets-strike-gaza-camp-says-hamas-commander-killed-2023-11-01/ |url-status=live}} On 18 November, Israel struck a marked Médecins Sans Frontières convoy, killing two aid workers.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 September 2024 |title=Is Israel intentionally attacking aid workers? |url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/israel-hamas-war-gaza/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Responsible Statecraft |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913233306/https://responsiblestatecraft.org/israel-hamas-war-gaza/ |url-status=live}} On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day pause{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel agrees to ceasefire deal, paving way for some captives' release |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/israel-agrees-to-ceasefire-deal-paving-way-for-some-captives-release |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129084524/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/israel-agrees-to-ceasefire-deal-paving-way-for-some-captives-release |url-status=live}} in hostilities to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel and Hamas agree deal for release of some hostages and four-day ceasefire |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/israel-hamas-war-hostages-freed-deal-ceasefire |access-date=22 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129100956/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/israel-hamas-war-hostages-freed-deal-ceasefire |url-status=live}} The deal also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.

{{Main|2023 Gaza war ceasefire}}

File:Release of hostages during Iron Swords war, November 2023. IV.jpg, 26 November 2023.]]

Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered truce on 24 November 2023, active fighting in the Gaza Strip ceased. Hamas exchanged some hostages for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/temporary-cease-fire-begins-israel-hamas-war/ |title=Group of hostages released as temporary cease-fire in Israel–Hamas war takes effect |work=CBS News|date=24 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |last1=Tanyos |first1=Faris |last2=Reals |first2=Tucker |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126065457/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/temporary-cease-fire-begins-israel-hamas-war/ |url-status=live}} Israel arrested almost as many Palestinians as it released during the truce.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Al Tahhan |first=Zena |date=28 November 2023 |title=Israel arrests almost as many Palestinians as it has released during truce |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/28/arrests|access-date=1 February 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Prisoner exchanges continued until 28 November, when both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 November 2023 |title=Israel–Hamas truce extends by two days, Qatar says: Live updates |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-27-23/index.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=CNN |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127082316/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-11-27-23/index.html |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=28 November 2023 |title=A Gaza Truce Aids Both Sides. Until the Calculus Changes. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/28/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-truce-analysis.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128211215/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/28/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-truce-analysis.html |url-status=live}} On 30 November, in a "last-minute agreement", Hamas released eight hostages in exchange for the release of 30 imprisoned Palestinians and a one-day truce extension.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 November 2023 |title=Israel–Hamas war live updates: Gaza cease-fire extended a day; Jerusalem shooting kills 3 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna127335 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=NBC News |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130091759/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna127335 |url-status=live}} The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on an extension.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Hubbard |first2=Ben |last3=Fuller |first3=Thomas |title=Israel Resumes Offensive in Gaza Strip After Truce With Hamas Ends |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/world/middleeast/01gaza-israel-fighting-resumes.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207232110/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/world/middleeast/01gaza-israel-fighting-resumes.html |url-status=live}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war (12 January – 6 May 2024)}}

Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza. It was criticized as inaccessible, due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity in Gaza, and confusing. Some evacuation instructions were vague or contradictory,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 November 2023 |title=Israel–Gaza live news: IDF resumes strikes as ceasefire with Hamas ends |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67584895 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=BBC News |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201043259/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67584895 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |last2=Talmazan |first2=Yuliya |title=Israel's new grid maps add to confusion and anger in Gaza |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-gaza-grid-maps-hamas-khan-younis-rcna128057 |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=NBC News |date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207011459/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-gaza-grid-maps-hamas-khan-younis-rcna128057 |url-status=live}} and Israel sometimes struck areas it had told people to evacuate to.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/02/israeli-grid-system-makes-life-in-gaza-macabre-game-of-battleships-say-aid-workers |title=Israel has started using its new grid system for evacuation warnings |first1=Emma |last1=Graham-Harrison |first2=Jason |last2=Burke |work=The Guardian |date=2 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216170026/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/02/israeli-grid-system-makes-life-in-gaza-macabre-game-of-battleships-say-aid-workers |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Barbakh |first1=Arafat |last2=Salem |first2=Mohammed |title=Israel presses ground offensive in southern Gaza, air strikes intensify |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-ground-forces-operating-across-gaza-strip-offensive-builds-2023-12-04/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |work=Reuters |date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208004927/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-ground-forces-operating-across-gaza-strip-offensive-builds-2023-12-04/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Hendrix |first1=Steve |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=Israel touts civilian warning system, but for Gazans, nowhere is safe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/06/israel-gaza-civilians-protection/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225174718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/06/israel-gaza-civilians-protection/ |url-status=live}} Law experts called these warnings ineffective.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/12/05/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |title=Israel–Hamas War: New Phase of Israel's Military Campaign Remains Deadly for Gazans |first=Ben |last=Hubbard |date=5 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205121639/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/12/05/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |url-status=live}} Amnesty International found no evidence of Hamas targets at the sites of some strikes, and requested that they be investigated as possible war crimes.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Hammer |first1=Mathias |title=U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds |url=https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |magazine=Time |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212141927/https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |url-status=live}} On 6 December, Refaat Alareer, a prominent professor and writer in Gaza, was killed by an Israeli airstrike.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Noor Haq |first2=Sana |date=11 December 2023 |title=Prominent Gaza professor and writer killed in airstrike, weeks after telling CNN he and his family had 'nowhere else to go' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/11/middleeast/refaat-alareer-gaza-professor-killed-in-airstrike-intl/index.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410054710/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/11/middleeast/refaat-alareer-gaza-professor-killed-in-airstrike-intl/index.html |url-status=live}} His poem "If I Must Die" was widely circulated after his death.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 December 2023 |title=Watch Brian Cox read "If I Must Die" by murdered Palestinian poet Refaat Alareer. |url=https://lithub.com/watch-brian-cox-read-if-i-must-die-by-murdered-palestinian-poet-refaat-alareer/ |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Literary Hub |language=en-US |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213183403/https://lithub.com/watch-brian-cox-read-if-i-must-die-by-murdered-palestinian-poet-refaat-alareer/ |url-status=live}}

File:Palestine refugees enforced to flee Hamad quarter in Khan Younis, southern Gaza Strip, after receiving an evacuation warning from Israeli army.jpg, southern Gaza Strip, after receiving an evacuation warning from the IDF]]

By December, IDF troops had reached the centers of Khan Yunis, Jabalia, and Shuja'iyya.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=5 December 2023 |title=IDF: Troops fighting in the heart of Khan Younis in most intensive battles since ground op began |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/troops-fighting-in-heart-of-khan-younis-as-battles-intensify-idf/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212153759/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/troops-fighting-in-heart-of-khan-younis-as-battles-intensify-idf/ |url-status=live}} Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians south to Rafah.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/israeli-army-surrounds-khan-younis-as-southern-gaza-attacks-intensify |title=Israeli army surrounds Khan Younis as southern Gaza attacks intensify |work=Al Jazeera |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205191402/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/israeli-army-surrounds-khan-younis-as-southern-gaza-attacks-intensify |url-status=live}} Between 7 and 10 December, Israel detained more than 150 men; according to Israel, they surrendered en masse,{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=hayom 65-ha shel hamlachama: adkunim shotfim |script-title=he:היום ה-65 של המלחמה:עדכונים שוטפים |trans-title=The 65th day of the war: Regular updates |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/gazawarday65mor |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=Ynet |language=he |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210051523/https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/gazawarday65mor |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 December 2023 |title=Over 150 Hamas terrorists surrender to IDF forces in Khan Yunis |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1701980659-over-150-hamas-terrorists-surrender-to-idf-forces-in-khan-yunis |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=i24news |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071546/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1701980659-over-150-hamas-terrorists-surrender-to-idf-forces-in-khan-yunis |url-status=live}} but this account was disputed by several publications.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Footage shows IDF parading scores of Palestinian men around in underwear |work=The Guardian |date=8 December 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/footage-idf-israel-military-parading-palestinian-men-around-in-underwear |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209222145/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/footage-idf-israel-military-parading-palestinian-men-around-in-underwear |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67675407 |title=Israel–Gaza war: Video shows Gaza detainees allegedly 'surrendering guns' – what we know |date=10 December 2023 |work=BBC News |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216171610/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67675407 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-10/ty-article-live/israels-ground-offensive-in-gaza-deepens-as-arab-eu-leaders-push-for-a-cease-fire/0000018c-5187-df2f-adac-ffaf03700000#1308272871 |title=Israel–Hamas War Day 65: Israeli Army Kills Hamas Commander in Gaza; Syria: Israel Struck Near Damascus |date=10 December 2023 |work=Haaretz |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212013705/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-10/ty-article-live/israels-ground-offensive-in-gaza-deepens-as-arab-eu-leaders-push-for-a-cease-fire/0000018c-5187-df2f-adac-ffaf03700000#1308272871 |url-status=live}} On 15 December, the IDF killed three Israeli hostages in a friendly fire incident, after mistakenly identifying them as enemies.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Tabachnick |first1=Cara |title=3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-hostages-in-gaza-killed-by-friendly-fire-israeli-military-says/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=CBS News |date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218200851/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-hostages-in-gaza-killed-by-friendly-fire-israeli-military-says/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=15 December 2023 |title=Israel–Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna129901 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215101224/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna129901 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Emanuel |last=Fabian |date=15 December 2023 |title=IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-mistakenly-open-fire-and-kill-3-hostages-in-northern-gaza-battlefield/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216160101/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-mistakenly-open-fire-and-kill-3-hostages-in-northern-gaza-battlefield/ |url-status=live}} The same day, Pope Francis condemned the killing of two women sheltering at a convent as "terrorism."

On 1 January 2024, Israel withdrew from neighborhoods in North Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bassam |first1=Laila |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |last3=Barbakh |first3=Arafat |title=Israeli drone kills Hamas deputy leader in Beirut –Lebanese, Palestinian sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fighting-rages-gaza-israel-looks-new-phase-war-2024-01-01/ |work=Reuters |date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240102184042/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-aircraft-tanks-step-up-strikes-it-plans-reduce-troops-2024-01-02/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |url-status=live}} On 15 January, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said the most intense fighting in the north of the Gaza Strip had ended, and a new phase of low-intensity fighting was about to begin.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-attack-in-central-israel-kills-one-woman-injures-16-israeli-police-say-c39f4e10?siteid=yhoof2&yptr=yahoo |title=Israeli Military Near End of Most Intense Phase of Gaza Fighting, Defense Minister Says |date=15 January 2024 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119173841/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-attack-in-central-israel-kills-one-woman-injures-16-israeli-police-say-c39f4e10?siteid=yhoof2&yptr=yahoo |url-status=live}} By 18 January, the IDF, who had previously stated that Hamas control over North Gaza was "dismantled", reported that Hamas had significantly rebuilt its fighting strength in North Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3247544/israel-army-says-hamas-command-structure-dismantled-north-gaza |title=Israel army says Hamas command structure 'dismantled' in north Gaza |work=South China Morning Post |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112010543/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3247544/israel-army-says-hamas-command-structure-dismantled-north-gaza |archive-date=12 January 2024 |url-status=live}}

On 22 January, 24 IDF soldiers died in the deadliest day for the IDF since the invasion began. Of these, 21 died when Palestinian militants fired an RPG at a tank, causing adjacent buildings to collapse.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |date=23 January 2024 |title=IDF spokesperson: 21 soldiers killed from building collapsing due to RPG fire by Hamas in southern Gaza |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-23/ty-article-live/three-israeli-officers-killed-in-southern-gaza-strip-combat/0000018d-345d-d6df-adcf-35dd49d60000 |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034846/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-23/ty-article-live/three-israeli-officers-killed-in-southern-gaza-strip-combat/0000018d-345d-d6df-adcf-35dd49d60000 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Hamas causes buildings to collapse – 21 IDF soldiers dead, several injured |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-783287 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123061834/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-783287 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=The Israeli military says 21 of the soldiers were killed in a single explosion. |work=The New York Times |date=23 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/23/world/israel-hamas-gaza-news#israeli-military-says-21-soldiers-were-killed-in-a-single-explosion |access-date=23 January 2024 |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |last3=Odenheimer |first3=Natan |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123074131/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/23/world/israel-hamas-gaza-news#israeli-military-says-21-soldiers-were-killed-in-a-single-explosion |url-status=live}} On 29 January, Israeli forces killed Hind Rajab, a five-year-old girl, and six of her family members when the car they were driving was struck by Israeli tank and machine gun fire; two rescue workers who attempted to retrieve Rajab were also killed.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 January 2024 |title=The Killing of Hind Rajab |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-hind-rajab |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=forensic-architecture.org |publisher=Forensic Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112024447/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-hind-rajab |archive-date=12 January 2025 |url-status=live}} The Red Crescent released the audio from Rajab's phone call with rescue workers, causing international outrage over her death.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 February 2024 |title=Hind Rajab, Gaza 6-Year-Old Who Spoke Of Fear On Phone To Rescuers, Found Dead |url=https://nz.news.yahoo.com/hind-rajab-gaza-6-old-173554894.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |via=Yahoo! News |work=HuffPost |language=en-NZ |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229002323/https://nz.news.yahoo.com/hind-rajab-gaza-6-old-173554894.html |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Background of the Rafah offensive}}

File:An aerial view showing destruction in Rafah after Israeli forces withdrawal and as the ceasefire took hold, Gaza Strip.jpg

File:Palestinians during the Flour massacre.png captured by an Israeli drone, February 2024]]

Between February and May 2024, preparations to invade Rafah became a dominant theme in Israeli officials' public rhetoric. On 12 February, Israel started a bombing campaign on Rafah.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israeli strikes hit Rafah after Biden warns Netanyahu to have 'credible' plan to protect civilians |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-02-11-2014-785309c668e15728c6aac9905f290b4d |date=11 February 2024 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219064752/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-02-11-2014-785309c668e15728c6aac9905f290b4d |url-status=live}} Food supplies increasingly became an issue. On 5 February, Israeli gunboats shelled a clearly marked UNRWA convoy, forcing UNRWA to suspend its operations for almost three weeks, affecting 200,000 people. On 29 February, Israeli forces opened fire on Palestinians waiting for food aid southwest of Gaza City, killing 100 and wounding 750. Some of the victims were run over by trucks as panic spread.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Diamond |first2=Jeremy |date=29 February 2024 |title=More than 100 killed as Israeli forces open fire in chaos at Gaza food lines, Palestinian health ministry says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/29/middleeast/gaza-city-deaths-food-israel-intl |work=CNN |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163544/https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/29/middleeast/gaza-city-deaths-food-israel-intl |url-status=live}} Survivors described it as an intentional ambush by Israeli forces.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 March 2024 |title=Flour massacre: How Gaza food killings unfolded, and Israel's story changed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/1/flour-massacre-how-gaza-food-killings-unfolded-and-israels-story-changed |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240301105400/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/1/flour-massacre-how-gaza-food-killings-unfolded-and-israels-story-changed |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 February 2024 |title='Massacre': Dozens killed by Israeli fire in Gaza while collecting food aid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/dozens-killed-injured-by-israeli-fire-in-gaza-while-collecting-food-aid |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229091822/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/dozens-killed-injured-by-israeli-fire-in-gaza-while-collecting-food-aid |url-status=live}} On 1 March, the United States announced it would begin an operation to airdrop food aid into Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 March 2024 |title=Biden says US military to airdrop food and supplies into Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-announce-us-air-drop-aid-into-gaza-us-officials-say-2024-03-01/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240306120416/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-announce-us-air-drop-aid-into-gaza-us-officials-say-2024-03-01/ |archive-date=6 March 2024 |url-status=live}} Some experts called the initiative performative, saying it would not alleviate the food situation.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 March 2024 |title=U.S. Begins Airdrops of Humanitarian Aid in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/02/world/middleeast/us-airdrop-gaza-aid.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302233631/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/02/world/middleeast/us-airdrop-gaza-aid.html |url-status=live}} During his State of the Union Address, Biden announced that a temporary port on Gaza's coast would be constructed to enable aid delivery.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 March 2024 |title=US to set up temporary port on Gaza coast for aid delivery |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68506356 |work=BBC News |access-date=14 March 2024|archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428125245/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68506356 |url-status=live}}

Al-Shifa Hospital, previously besieged in November 2023, was raided again between 18 March and 1 April.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Fighting Rages Around Two Gaza Hospitals as Pressure on Israel Rises |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/middleeast/gaza-shifa-hospital-israel-hostages.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402064654/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/middleeast/gaza-shifa-hospital-israel-hostages.html |url-status=live}} Israeli forces killed Faiq al-Mabhouh, who they said was head of the operations directorate of Hamas's internal security service. Hamas said al-Mabhouh was in charge of civil law enforcement and had been coordinating aid deliveries to north Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gunter |first1=Joel |last2=Gritten |first2=David |date=18 March 2024 |title=Israeli forces raid Gaza City's al-Shifa hospital |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68594153 |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403223638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68594153 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Berger |first1=Miriam |last2=Loveluck |first2=Louisa |date=19 March 2024 |title=Israeli forces raid Gaza City hospital; U.S. confirms death of top Hamas leader |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/18/israel-hamas-gaza-shifa-issa/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}} The IDF said it killed 200 people in the hospital fighting, including senior Hamas leaders; this account was disputed.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli Troops Withdraw From Shifa Hospital |url=https://time.com/6962429/shifa-hospital-israeli-troops-gaza/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |magazine=TIME |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515152557/https://time.com/6962429/shifa-hospital-israeli-troops-gaza/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=IDF, Shin Bet name senior Hamas terrorists killed at Shifa |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-shin-bet-name-senior-hamas-terrorists-killed-at-shifa/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330145129/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-shin-bet-name-senior-hamas-terrorists-killed-at-shifa/ |url-status=live}} Survivors denied that militants had organised on the hospital grounds.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/al-shifa-hospital-witnesses-reveal-bloodshed-israeli-raid |title=Al-Shifa Hospital witnesses reveal bloodshed of Israeli raid |date=12 April 2024 |work=The New Arab |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008234313/https://www.newarab.com/news/al-shifa-hospital-witnesses-reveal-bloodshed-israeli-raid |url-status=live}} Israeli forces were accused of reducing the hospital to a "blown out, fire-blackened" state, and of massacring 400 Palestinians.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/01/israeli-forces-withdraw-from-gaza-al-shifa-hospital-after-two-week-raid|title=Israeli forces withdraw from Gaza's al-Shifa hospital after two-week raid leaving facility in ruins|last=Tondo|first=Lorenzo|date=1 April 2024|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802012825/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/01/israeli-forces-withdraw-from-gaza-al-shifa-hospital-after-two-week-raid|archive-date=2 August 2024|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 April 2024 |title=As Israel withdraws from raid on Shifa Hospital, accounts from military and witnesses differ wildly |url=https://apnews.com/article/shifa-hamas-israel-gaza-military-war-hospitals-1842f3cc81744526c72bff727882e956 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=AP News |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615113338/https://apnews.com/article/shifa-hamas-israel-gaza-military-war-hospitals-1842f3cc81744526c72bff727882e956 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Edwards |first1=Christian |last2=Yeung |first2=Jessie |date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli troops end Al-Shifa hospital raid, leaving behind bodies and trail of destruction |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/01/middleeast/israel-idf-withdraws-al-shifa-hospital-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425090643/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/01/middleeast/israel-idf-withdraws-al-shifa-hospital-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}

File:World Central Kitchen car after IDF strike - 2.jpg car after IDF strike, April 2024]]

A 25 March UN Security Council resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza for Ramadan was ignored by the IDF.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Federica |last1=Marsi |first2=Usaid |last2=Siddiqui |date=27 March 2024 |title=Gaza ceasefire hopes 'drowned out' by Israel's non-stop bombing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-bombing-intensifies-despite-un-truce-call?update=2802740 |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328014032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-bombing-intensifies-despite-un-truce-call?update=2802740 |url-status=live}} On 1 April, seven international aid workers from World Central Kitchen (WCK) were killed in an Israeli airstrike south of Deir al-Balah.{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=7 WCK team members killed in Gaza |url=https://wck.org/news/gaza-team-update |date=2 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=World Central Kitchen |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403111639/https://wck.org/news/gaza-team-update |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=With famine looming, aid group halts food delivery in Gaza after Israeli strike kills 7 workers |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-04-02-2024-9bdf66771b62af37d85a2800f71c0e6c |access-date=25 August 2024 |last1=Shurafa |first1=Wafaa |last2=Magdy |first2=Samy |work=Associated Press |date=3 April 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512131611/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-04-02-2024-9bdf66771b62af37d85a2800f71c0e6c |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Gaza aid convoy strike: what happened and who were the victims? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/02/gaza-aid-convoy-strike-what-happened-and-who-were-the-victims |date=2 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008234206/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/02/gaza-aid-convoy-strike-what-happened-and-who-were-the-victims |url-status=live}} WCK, who said their vehicles were clearly marked and their location known to Israel, subsequently withdrew from operating in Gaza alongside ANERA and Project HOPE.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=World Central Kitchen halts operations in Gaza after strike kills staff |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-68710515 |work=BBC News |date=2 April 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-date= 2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402023745/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-68710515 |url-status=live}} On 4 April, Israel opened the Erez Crossing for the first time since 7 October after US pressure.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israeli cabinet approves reopening of Erez Crossing for first time since October 7, says official |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/04/middleeast/gaza-erez-crossing-israeli-cabinet-intl/index.html |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=CNN |date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417053222/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/04/middleeast/gaza-erez-crossing-israeli-cabinet-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}

By 6 March, Israel had completed a new east–west road in Gaza. It was intended to mobilize troops and supplies, to connect and defend IDF positions on al-Rashid and Salah al-Din streets, and prevent people in the south of Gaza from returning to the north.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Beaule |first1=Victoria |last2=Savir |first2=Dana |date=11 March 2024 |title=Israel extends road to now traverse Gaza, satellite imagery shows |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-extends-road-traverse-gaza-satellite-imagery/story?id=107973368 |work=ABC News |access-date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320135009/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israel-extends-road-traverse-gaza-satellite-imagery/story?id=107973368 |url-status=live}} On 7 April, Israel withdrew from the south Gaza Strip, with only one brigade remaining in the Netzarim Corridor in the north.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/idf/idf-withdraws-all-troops-from-southern-gaza/2024/04/07/ |title=IDF Withdraws All Troops from Southern Gaza |work=Jewish News Syndicate |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416000235/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/idf/idf-withdraws-all-troops-from-southern-gaza/2024/04/07/ |url-status=live}} Palestinians displaced from that city began to return from the south of the Gaza Strip.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/middle-east/2024/0408/1442238-gaza-israel/ |title=Gaza truce talks stall, as 'date set' for Rafah offensive |date=8 April 2024 |work=RTÉ |agency=Agence France-Presse/Reuters |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415070256/https://www.rte.ie/news/middle-east/2024/0408/1442238-gaza-israel/ |url-status=live}} Israel planned to initiate its ground offensive in Rafah around mid-April, but postponed to consider its response to the Iranian strikes on Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Kathleen |last1=Magramo |first2=Antoinette |last2=Radford |date=15 April 2024 |title=Live updates: Israel intercepts Iran drone attacks and weighs response, Gaza crisis continues |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-04-15-24/index.html |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415042103/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-04-15-24/index.html |url-status=live}} On 25 April, Israel intensified strikes on Rafah ahead of its threatened invasion.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 April 2024 |title=Israel intensifies strikes on Rafah ahead of threatened invasion |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-intensifies-strikes-gazas-rafah-ahead-threatened-invasion-2024-04-25/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 April 2024 |title=Israel says Rafah assault looms; massive Gaza airstrikes end weeks of relative calm |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/some-palestinians-forced-flee-homes-israel-pounds-northern-gaza-2024-04-24/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427194629/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/some-palestinians-forced-flee-homes-israel-pounds-northern-gaza-2024-04-24/ |url-status=live}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war (7 May – 12 July 2024)}}

{{main|Rafah offensive}}

File:IDF Rafah May 2024 (1).png tanks at the Rafah Border Crossing]]

On 6 May, the IDF ordered 100,000 civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to Al-Mawasi, west of Khan Yunis.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/6/israeli-forces-call-on-palestinians-in-gazas-eastern-rafah-to-evacuate |title=Israel orders Rafah evacuation as Gaza truce talks stall |date=6 May 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514171856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/6/israeli-forces-call-on-palestinians-in-gazas-eastern-rafah-to-evacuate |url-status=live}} Later that day, Hamas announced that it had accepted the terms of a ceasefire brokered by Egypt and Qatar.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/06/1249360882/israel-hamas-cease-fire |work=NPR |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |first1=Vincent |last1=Ni |first2=Lauren |last2=Frayer |department=Middle East crisis – explained |title=Hamas has accepted a cease-fire deal proposed by Egypt and Qatar |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527212417/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/06/1249360882/israel-hamas-cease-fire |url-status=live}} The deal included a 6-week ceasefire and exchange of prisoners.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Hamas accepts Gaza ceasefire proposal from Egypt and Qatar |date=6 May 2024 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/06/middleeast/hamas-agrees-ceasefire-proposal-israel-gaza-latam-intl |work=CNN |access-date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506170143/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2024/05/06/middleeast/hamas-agrees-ceasefire-proposal-israel-gaza-latam-intl |url-status=live}} However, Israel rejected this deal.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Hamas says no budging from already-rejected hostage deal offer as Cairo talks break up |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-says-no-budging-from-already-rejected-hostage-deal-offer-as-cairo-talks-break-up/ |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 May 2024 |quote=Jerusalem swiftly rejected the proposal for falling short of its "vital demands," but okayed dispatching a working-level delegation to the indirect talks in Cairo. |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240510180852/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-says-no-budging-from-already-rejected-hostage-deal-offer-as-cairo-talks-break-up/ |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Alghoul |first1=Fares |first2=Dana |last2=Khraiche |first3=Galit |last3=Altstein |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508033814/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-06/hamas-says-accepts-proposal-for-cease-fire-with-israel |url-status=live |title=Israel Says a Cease-Fire Plan Backed by Hamas Falls Short |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-06/hamas-says-accepts-proposal-for-cease-fire-with-israel |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=Bloomberg News |date=7 May 2024 |quote=The Palestinian militant group Hamas said it had agreed to a cease-fire proposal for the Gaza Strip, but Israel's war cabinet unanimously rejected it as 'far from Israel's necessary demands,'...}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Osborne |first1=Samuel |title=Israel claims control of key Rafah crossing after rejecting ceasefire deal with Hamas |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-rejects-ceasefire-proposal-and-presses-ahead-with-targeted-strikes-on-rafah-13130835 |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=Sky News |date=7 May 2024 |quote=The Israeli military claims it has taken control of the vital Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt – hours after rejecting a ceasefire deal accepted by Hamas. |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240510034709/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-rejects-ceasefire-proposal-and-presses-ahead-with-targeted-strikes-on-rafah-13130835 |url-status=live}}

}} Israel said that it found the terms unacceptable, but that it would continue to negotiate while the military operation on Rafah was ongoing to "exert military pressure on Hamas".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Tantesh |first2=Malak A. |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |date=6 May 2024 |title=Israeli airstrikes on Rafah begin despite mounting ceasefire pressure |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/06/gaza-ceasefire-hangs-in-balance-as-israel-carries-out-night-airstrikes-on-rafah |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008234207/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/06/gaza-ceasefire-hangs-in-balance-as-israel-carries-out-night-airstrikes-on-rafah |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=Hamas says it accepts Gaza ceasefire proposal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68964108 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=BBC News |date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240509022116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68964108 |url-status=live}} On 31 May, the United States announced a ceasefire framework for ending the war.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Biden announces Israel has offered a three-part proposal to end the war in Gaza |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-gaza-israel-plan-end-war-cease-fire-hostages-rcna154945 |work=NBC News |date=31 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240531190714/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-gaza-israel-plan-end-war-cease-fire-hostages-rcna154945 |url-status=live}}

The same day, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 May 2024 |title=Israel–Gaza war live: Israel 'plans to proceed with Rafah invasion plans' after Hamas ceasefire announcement |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/06/israel-gaza-hamas-ceasefire-updates |work=The Guardian |access-date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506171944/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/may/06/israel-gaza-hamas-ceasefire-updates |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 May 2024 |title=Israeli troops said fighting near Rafah crossing with Egypt |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-troops-said-fighting-near-rafah-crossing-with-egypt/ |newspaper=Times of Israel |access-date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506235835/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-troops-said-fighting-near-rafah-crossing-with-egypt/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 May 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza live: Israel blasts Rafah; fate of ceasefire uncertain |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-blasts-rafah-fate-of-ceasefire-uncertain |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507000544/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-blasts-rafah-fate-of-ceasefire-uncertain |url-status=live}} seizing control of the Gaza side of the Rafah Crossing to Egypt the following day.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/7/israel-seizes-gazas-vital-rafah-border-crossing |title=Israel seizes key Gaza border crossing as it launches assault on Rafah |date=7 May 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513184849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/7/israel-seizes-gazas-vital-rafah-border-crossing |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Samy |last1=Magdy |first2=Melanie |last2=Lidman |first3=Lee |last3=Keath |title=Israel seizes Gaza's vital Rafah crossing, but the US says it isn't the full invasion many fear |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-05-07-2024-113bf4ee5dad87dc5c003d76ed2785bf |work=Associated Press |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240509065449/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-05-07-2024-113bf4ee5dad87dc5c003d76ed2785bf |url-status=live}} On 11 May, the IDF ordered more residents to evacuate eastern and central Rafah.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/11/israeli-army-orders-more-evacuations-from-rafah-as-it-expands-gaza-assault |title=Israeli army orders more evacuations from Rafah as it expands Gaza assault |date=11 May 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 May 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513182606/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/11/israeli-army-orders-more-evacuations-from-rafah-as-it-expands-gaza-assault |url-status=live}} By 15 May, an estimated 600,000 had fled Rafah and another 100,000 from the north, according to the United Nations.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-iran-hamas-latest-05-15-2024-b3f003838e374122f0547896fabae39b |title=Palestinians mark 76 years of their dispossession as more catastrophe unfolds in Gaza |date=16 May 2024 |work=AP News |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609012624/https://apnews.com/article/israel-iran-hamas-latest-05-15-2024-b3f003838e374122f0547896fabae39b |url-status=live}}

File:An aerial view of Al-Mawasi area where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip.jpg area where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip]]

On 24 May, the United Nations said only 906 aid truckloads had reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah operation began.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-says-only-906-aid-truckloads-reached-gaza-since-israels-rafah-operation-began-2024-05-24/|title=UN says only 906 aid truckloads reached Gaza since Israel's Rafah operation began |date=24 May 2024 |work=Reuters |access-date=24 May 2024}} Israel bombed the Tel al-Sultan displacement camp in Rafah on 26 May, killing at least 45 people, allegedly including two senior Hamas officials.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=26 August 2024 |title=Israel/OPT: Israeli attacks targeting Hamas and other armed group fighters that killed scores of displaced civilians in Rafah should be investigated as war crimes |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/israel-opt-israeli-attacks-targeting-hamas-and-other-armed-group-fighters-that-killed-scores-of-displaced-civilians-in-rafah-should-be-investigated-as-war-crimes/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008234708/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/israel-opt-israeli-attacks-targeting-hamas-and-other-armed-group-fighters-that-killed-scores-of-displaced-civilians-in-rafah-should-be-investigated-as-war-crimes/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=At least 45 killed in Israeli airstrike on displaced persons camp in Rafah, health ministry says, hours after Hamas fired rockets into Israel |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hamas-rockets-central-israel-gaza-strip-sirens/ |work=CBS News |date=28 May 2024 |orig-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615040306/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hamas-rockets-central-israel-gaza-strip-sirens/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=May 26, 2024 Israel–Hamas war |url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-05-26-24/index.html?ref=upstract.com |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=CNN |date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527212140/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-05-26-24/index.html?ref=upstract.com |url-status=live}} This provoked a skirmish between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers at the Gaza border in which one Egyptian soldier was killed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 May 2024 |title=World leaders condemn Israeli strike after 45 are reported killed in Gaza tent camp |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-ministry-reports-killed-strike-hit-civilian-tents-rafah-rcna154136 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=NBC News |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617042153/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-ministry-reports-killed-strike-hit-civilian-tents-rafah-rcna154136 |url-status=live}} Less than 48 hours afterwards, another evacuation zone, the Al-Mawasi refugee camp, was bombed, killing at least 21 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/international-outrage-israel-rafah-tent-massacre-gaza_n_66565947e4b022987c320189 |title=International Outrage Over Israel's Rafah Tent Massacre Has Not Slowed IDF Offensive |work=HuffPost |access-date=29 May 2024 |date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529002125/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/international-outrage-israel-rafah-tent-massacre-gaza_n_66565947e4b022987c320189 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 May 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: New massacre of displaced civilians in Rafah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-intense-israeli-artillery-shelling-across-rafah |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529013932/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-intense-israeli-artillery-shelling-across-rafah |url-status=live}} The IDF denied involvement in the attack.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 May 2024 |title=Israel did not strike humanitarian area, says IDF spokesperson |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-804058 |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528164256/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-804058 |url-status=live}}

On 6 June, Israel bombed a school in the Nuseirat refugee camp, killing dozens. Two days later, Israel conducted an attack on Nuseirat refugee camp which resulted in the rescue of four hostages{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=8 June 2024 |title=Israel rescues four hostages held by Hamas in Gaza |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/08/israel-hostage-rescue-gaza-music-festival |website=Axios |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608210927/https://www.axios.com/2024/06/08/israel-hostage-rescue-gaza-music-festival |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 June 2024 |title=Israel rescues 4 hostages taken in Hamas' Oct. 7 attack, and 210 Palestinians are reported killed |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-8-6-2024-a5d1ef04763a5ed17de2d050ebc5d490 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=AP News |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609013729/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-8-6-2024-a5d1ef04763a5ed17de2d050ebc5d490 |url-status=live}} and the deaths of 274 Palestinians.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-hostages-casualties-1458f5a1dfe7bd4d908231bb7090a559 |title=How an Israeli raid freed 4 hostages and killed at least 274 Palestinians in Gaza |last1=Jahjouh |first1=Mohammad |last2=Jeffery |first2=Jack |last3=Chehayeb |first3=Kareem |date=10 June 2024 |work=AP News |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610211341/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-hostages-casualties-1458f5a1dfe7bd4d908231bb7090a559 |url-status=live}} On 27 June, Israeli forces re-invaded the al-Shuja'iyya neighborhood.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 June 2024 |title=Israel storms Gaza City neighbourhood and orders Palestinians to go south |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240627-israel-storms-gaza-city-neighbourhood-and-orders-palestinians-to-go-south/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628015149/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240627-israel-storms-gaza-city-neighbourhood-and-orders-palestinians-to-go-south/ |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=Middle East Monitor}} According to Middle East Monitor and ReliefWeb, between 4 July and 10 August, Israel attacked 21 schools in Gaza, killing 274 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 August 2024 |title=UN: 274 people killed in attacks on 21 schools in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240814-un-274-people-killed-in-attacks-on-21-schools-in-gaza/ |work=Middle East Monitor}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 August 2024 |title=UN Human Rights Office – OPT: The UN Human Rights Office condemns Israeli Defense Force's Strike on Al Tabae'en School in Gaza City – occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-un-human-rights-office-condemns-israeli-defense-forces-strike-al-tabaeen-school-gaza-city |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war (13 July – 26 September 2024) }}

On 22 July, the IDF began a brief second invasion of Khan Yunis.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 July 2024 |title=IDF orders evacuation of part of Gaza safe zone, says Hamas deeply embedded in area |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-orders-evacuation-of-part-of-gaza-safe-zone-says-hamas-deeply-embedded-in-area/ |work=The Times of Israel}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Rabinovitch |first2=Ari |last3=Khaled |first3=Hatem |date=22 July 2024 |title=Israel sends tanks back into Khan Younis area, 70 killed after new evacuation order |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-orders-evacuation-part-gazas-khan-younis-after-renewed-rocket-fire-2024-07-22/ |work=Reuters}} Israel ordered the evacuation of the eastern part of Khan Yunis;{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 July 2024 |title=Gaza war: 150,000 have fled Khan Younis since Monday, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80ejjdk4r7o |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} 73 people were killed during the first day of the attack.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rasgon |first1=Adam |last2=Bigg |first2=Matthew Mpoke |last3=Stevenson |first3=Alexandra |last4=Fuller |first4=Thomas |date=23 July 2024 |title=Rival Palestinian Factions Project Unity, but Deep Divisions Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/23/world/middleeast/hamas-fatah-unity-china.html |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 July 2024 |title=At least 39,090 Palestinians killed in Gaza since Oct. 7: Ministry |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/07/23/at-least-39-090-palestinians-killed-in-gaza-since-oct-7-ministry |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=Al Arabiya |agency=Agence France-Presse}} Footage from an Israeli drone surfaced showing the destruction of the Grand Mosque in Khan Yunis.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 August 2024 |title=Hamas urges condemnation over Quran burning by Israeli soldiers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/24/hamas-urges-anger-and-condemnation-over-quran-burning-by-israeli-soldiers |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} A third, month-long battle ended on 30 August when the IDF withdrew its 98th battalion from Khan Yunis and Deir el-Balah, stating it had killed over 250 Palestinian militants.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Clinton |first=Jane |date=30 August 2024 |title=The Israeli military said on Friday it had wrapped up a month-long operation in southern and central Gaza that it said killed more than 250 Palestinian fighters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/aug/30/middle-east-crisis-live-israel-hamas-gaza-polio-latest-news?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with:block-66d1b5c28f08eed33c6408e8#block-66d1b5c28f08eed33c6408e8 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=UN analysis covering killed Palestinian civilians between November 2023 and April 2024.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 November 2024 |title=Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead women and children – UN |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}|value1=44|label1=Children|value2=26|label2=Women|value3=30|label3=Men}}

On 13 July, at least 90 people were killed and 300 were injured in an Israeli strike on Al-Mawasi and 22 people were killed in an Israeli strike targeting people gathered to pray in the Al-Shati refugee camp.{{#invoke:Cite|news|author1=Abeer Salman |author2=Lauren Kent |author3=Ibrahim Dahman |date=14 July 2024 |title=At least 22 killed in strike on makeshift mosque in Gaza City camp, hospital official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/14/middleeast/israel-strike-mosque-gaza-city-camp-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=CNN |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 July 2024 |title=Hamas-run health ministry says at least 71 killed in strike on Gaza's al Mawasi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyx0qdkn45eo |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Gadzo |first=Mersiha |date=13 July 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: Israeli strikes on al-Mawasi kill at least 90 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/7/13/israel-war-on-gaza-live-dozens-of-bodies-recovered-after-massacre |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On 10 August, at least 80 Palestinians were killed in Israeli airstrikes on Al-Tabaeen school.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 August 2024 |title=Israeli airstrike on a Gaza school used as a shelter kills at least 80, Palestinian officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-10-august-2024-f33867d7596ebb70c1cb3a77fd4437cc |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=AP News |language=en |quote=Fadel Naeem, director of the al-Ahli hospital in Gaza City, told The Associated Press that the facility received 70 bodies along with the body parts of at least 10 others.}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 August 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Gaza school kills more than 100: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/10/israel-strike-on-gaza-school-kills-more-than-100 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Without providing evidence, the Israeli military said in a separate statement that it had intelligence indicating there were 20 Hamas and Islamic Jihad fighters, including senior commanders, operating from the school.}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=10 August 2024 |title=IDF doubts Hamas claim of over 100 dead after strike on terror operatives at Gaza school |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-hits-hamas-post-in-gaza-school-used-as-civilian-shelter-group-claims-over-100-dead/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810090447/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-hits-hamas-post-in-gaza-school-used-as-civilian-shelter-group-claims-over-100-dead/amp/ |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |quote=}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israel Strikes School Complex Turned Shelter in Gaza, Killing Dozens, Local Health Officials Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/08/10/world/israel-iran-hamas-gaza-war |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=10 August 2024}}

}} The IDF claimed to have killed 200 militants and discovered dozens of weapons in Tel al-Sultan in one week.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |date=4 September 2024 |title=Israeli military claims it killed 200 Palestinian fighters in weeklong Rafah operation |url=https://aje.io/d9p3e5?update=3157352 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On 10 September, Israeli missile strikes on a tent encampment in Al-Mawasi killed 19 to 40 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Mohammed |last1=Tawfeeq |first2=Irene |last2=Nasser |date=10 September 2024 |title=Dozens killed as Israeli strikes on Gaza humanitarian zone spark desperate search for buried victims |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/09/middleeast/gaza-khan-younis-israel-strike-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=CNN |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 September 2024 |title=What's Mawasi, the Israel-designated Gaza 'safe zone' it bombed overnight? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/10/what-was-the-humanitarian-zone-bombed-overnight-by-israel |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mccready |first1=Alastair |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |last3=Marsi |first3=Federica |last4=Gostoli |first4=Ylenia |last5=Uras |first5=Umut |last6=Najjar |first6=Farah |date=13 September 2024 |title=Survivors recount horror of collecting body parts after Israeli air strikes on al-Mawasi |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-dozens-more-killed-amid-anger-over-school-attack |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} An IAF UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter crashed in Rafah while trying to evacuate a critically injured combat engineer, killing two Israeli soldiers and injuring seven others.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=11 September 2024 |title=2 soldiers killed, several wounded in helicopter crash in south Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/2-soldiers-killed-several-injured-in-helicopter-crash-in-south-gaza/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}

An Israeli airstrike on Nuseirat refugee camp on 11 September killed at least 18 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 September 2024 |title=Israel Gaza: UN says Israeli air strike killed six of its staff |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyn400rm68o |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 September 2024 |title=Six Unrwa workers among estimated 18 killed in Israeli strike on Gaza school sheltering displaced |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/12/idf-airstrike-gaza-school-nuseirat-refugee-shelter-six-un-unrwa-workers-among-dead |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mccready |first1=Alastair |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |last3=Marsi |first3=Federica |last4=Siddiqui |first4=Usaid |last5=Varshalomidze |first5=Tamila |last6=Jamal |first6=Urooba |date=11 September 2024 |title=Death toll of Israeli attack on UNRWA school rises to 18 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-attack-on-al-mawasi-prompts-global-outcry?update=3173185 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Gaza war (27 September 2024 – 16 October 2024)|Timeline of the Gaza war (17 October – 26 November 2024)|Timeline of the Gaza war (27 November 2024 – 18 January 2025)|Timeline of the Gaza war (19 January 2025 – 17 March 2025)|Timeline of the Gaza war (18 March 2025 – present)}}

{{further|Siege of Jabalia|Killing of Yahya Sinwar}}

In October, Israeli airstrikes on Shuhada al-Aqsa mosque in Deir el-Balah and a school in central Gaza killed at least 26 Palestinians and injured over 93.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=6 October 2024 |title=Middle East crisis live: heavy Israeli airstrikes hit Beirut as up to 18 reported killed in attack on Gaza mosque |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/oct/06/middle-east-crisis-live-heavy-israeli-airstrikes-hit-beirut-as-up-to-18-reported-killed-in-attack-on-gaza-mosque?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with:block-6701f5088f0818b7c81cd78e#block-6701f5088f0818b7c81cd78e |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223021615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/oct/06/middle-east-crisis-live-heavy-israeli-airstrikes-hit-beirut-as-up-to-18-reported-killed-in-attack-on-gaza-mosque?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with:block-6701f5088f0818b7c81cd78e#block-6701f5088f0818b7c81cd78e |archive-date=23 December 2024 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mccready |first1=Alastair |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |date=6 October 2024 |title=Death toll rises to 21 in Israeli attack on Gaza mosque |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/6/live-israel-carries-out-very-violent-bombing-campaign-on-beirut?update=3224558 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125012418/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/6/live-israel-carries-out-very-violent-bombing-campaign-on-beirut?update=3224558 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mccready |first1=Alastair |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |date=6 October 2024 |title=At least 24 Palestinians killed, 93 wounded in Israeli attacks on Gaza mosque, school |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/6/live-israel-carries-out-very-violent-bombing-campaign-on-beirut?update=3224608 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008093359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/6/live-israel-carries-out-very-violent-bombing-campaign-on-beirut?update=3224608 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |url-status=live}} An Israeli strike on Rufaida school, which was serving as a shelter for displaced people in Deir el-Balah, killed at least 28 people and injured 54 others.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=11 October 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Gaza school-turned-shelter kills 28, medics say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9jm4ggjgyo |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211224024/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9jm4ggjgyo |archive-date=11 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |last2=Gostoli |first2=Ylenia |date=10 October 2024 |title=PRCS says death toll from shelter attack has risen to 27 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/10/live-israel-kills-medics-in-lebanon-as-siege-on-north-gaza-enters-6th-day?update=3236193 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109032900/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/10/live-israel-kills-medics-in-lebanon-as-siege-on-north-gaza-enters-6th-day?update=3236193 |archive-date=9 January 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |last2=Gostoli |first2=Ylenia |date=10 October 2024 |title=Women and children among the victims in Deir el-Balah attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/10/live-israel-kills-medics-in-lebanon-as-siege-on-north-gaza-enters-6th-day?update=3236193 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109032900/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/10/live-israel-kills-medics-in-lebanon-as-siege-on-north-gaza-enters-6th-day?update=3236193 |archive-date=9 January 2025 |url-status=live}} Oxfam condemned the killing of four engineers working with one of its partners by an Israeli airstrike, despite prior coordination of their activities with Israeli authorities.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 October 2024 |title=Israeli air strike kills four water engineers working with Oxfam partner in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-air-strike-kills-four-water-engineers-working-oxfam-partner-gaza |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214102055/https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-air-strike-kills-four-water-engineers-working-oxfam-partner-gaza |archive-date=14 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 8 October, the IDF began to encircle Jabalia camp, killing several Palestinian militants and civilians in air strikes and street battles.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kouddous |first=Sharif Abdel |date=9 October 2024 |title=As Israel Launches Massive Attack in Northern Gaza, Hospital Director Defies Israeli Evacuation Order |url=https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/northern-gaza-kamal-adwan-hospital-director-defies-israeli-order |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Drop Site News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215011633/https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/northern-gaza-kamal-adwan-hospital-director-defies-israeli-order |archive-date=15 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |last2=Regencia |first2=Ted |last3=Uras |first3=Umut |date=8 October 2024 |title=Dozens of bodies on Jabalia's streets with heavy combat ongoing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/8/live-israel-kills-dozens-in-gaza-as-palestinians-mark-one-year-of-war?update=3231194 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On 10 October, the IDF issued evacuation orders for three hospitals in northern Gaza. The IDF's air and ground operations in Jabalia continued for the rest of October.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Uras |first1=Umut |last2=Milisic |first2=Alma |date=28 October 2024 |title=Israel's army says operations continue across Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/28/live-medics-among-seven-killed-in-israeli-attack-on-south-lebanon?update=3279425 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} During that month and November, strikes on Jabalia killed hundreds of people.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Nidal |last=al-Mughrabi |date=19 October 2024 |title=Israeli strikes kill 33 people in Jabalia refugee camp in Gaza, medics say |url=https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strikes-kill-33-people-in-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza-medics-say-20241019-p5kjm0 |access-date=19 October 2024 |agency=Reuters |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203002038/https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strikes-kill-33-people-in-jabalia-refugee-camp-in-gaza-medics-say-20241019-p5kjm0 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |url-status=live}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 November 2024 |title=Israeli attack on northern Gaza kills 32 Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/10/live-israeli-warships-kill-3-palestinians-released-from-detention-in-gaza?update=3314040 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 November 2024 |title=Death toll in Jabalia rises, includes 13 children |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/10/live-israeli-warships-kill-3-palestinians-released-from-detention-in-gaza?update=3314088 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 November 2024 |title=Israeli attack on house kills 10 in northern Gaza's Jabalia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/13/live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-us-finds-israel-is-not-impeding-gaza-aid |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

}} On 10 December, the IDF said that it killed 10 Hamas operatives who were involved in the killing of three Israeli soldiers one day prior.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 December 2024 |title=IDF: Airstrike kills 10 Hamas operatives involved in slaying of 3 soldiers yesterday |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-airstrike-kills-10-hamas-operatives-involved-in-slaying-of-3-soldiers-yesterday/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} On 30 December, the IDF said that it killed dozens of militants in Jabalia.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 December 2024 |title=IDF says dozens of terror operatives killed in overnight ambushes in north Gaza's Jabalia |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-dozens-of-terror-operatives-killed-in-overnight-ambushes-in-north-gazas-jabalia/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}

The IDF has been accused of blocking aid delivery to the Gaza Strip by allowing looting gangs to target aid convoys.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Parker |first=Claire |date=18 November 2024 |title=Gangs looting Gaza aid operate in areas under Israeli control, aid groups say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/11/18/gaza-looting-aid-convoys-israel-famine/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204082633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/11/18/gaza-looting-aid-convoys-israel-famine/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |url-status=live}} On 16 November 98 out of 109 food trucks carrying UN aid from Kerem Shalom crossing were looted in Israeli-controlled areas of the Gaza strip.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 November 2024 |title=How was a UN aid convoy robbed near Israeli military positions? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/20/how-was-a-major-un-aid-convoy-robbed-near-israeli-military-positions |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119155006/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/20/how-was-a-major-un-aid-convoy-robbed-near-israeli-military-positions |archive-date=19 January 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Gritten |first=David |date=18 November 2024 |title=Almost 100 Gaza aid lorries violently looted, UN agency UNRWA says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ypjd7gepmo |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207221306/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ypjd7gepmo |archive-date=7 February 2025 |url-status=live}} On 1 December, the UN suspended its aid shipments to Gaza through the Kerem Shalom crossing, blaming Israel for failing to "ensure safe conditions for delivering relief supplies."{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Stack |first=Liam |date=2 December 2024 |title=U.N. Agency Suspends Aid Deliveries Through Key Gaza Crossing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/02/world/middleeast/unrwa-aid-gaza.html |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121175838/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/02/world/middleeast/unrwa-aid-gaza.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |url-status=live}} On 12 December, two Israeli strikes on an aid convoy in southern Gaza killed 13 people and wounded at least 30 people, several of them seriously.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 December 2024 |title=Israel kills 13 security guards tasked with securing aid: Gaza authorities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/12/gaza-live-news-israel-kills-30-palestinians-amid-renewed-ceasefire-push?update=3382583 |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 December 2024 |title=Middle East latest: Israeli airstrikes kill 28 in Gaza, including 7 children, health officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-syria-news-12-december-2024-b17c7ab064079d80fd006ab9d058966b |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207162727/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-syria-news-12-december-2024-b17c7ab064079d80fd006ab9d058966b |archive-date=7 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 December 2024 |title=IDF says it struck 2 groups of terrorists who planned to seize humanitarian aid trucks in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-december-12-2024/ |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306011359/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-december-12-2024/ |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 30 November, a strike on a World Central Kitchen vehicle transporting supplies killed three aid workers.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 November 2024 |title=Israeli bombing kills World Central Kitchen workers and aid-seekers in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/war-gaza-israeli-bombing-kills-world-central-kitchen-workers-and-aid-seekers |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305231401/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/war-gaza-israeli-bombing-kills-world-central-kitchen-workers-and-aid-seekers |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israel says it killed Oct. 7 attack suspect who worked for U.S.-based charity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-killed-october-7-attacker-probes-claim-he-was-wck-employee-2024-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241201074824/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-killed-october-7-attacker-probes-claim-he-was-wck-employee-2024-11-30/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 November 2024 |title=An Israeli strike in Gaza kills World Central Kitchen workers. Israel says 1 was an Oct. 7 attacker |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-lebanon-hezbollah-iran-news-11-30-2024-506c8f976ad62afcf2a0ec977a8b6451 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210074005/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-lebanon-hezbollah-iran-news-11-30-2024-506c8f976ad62afcf2a0ec977a8b6451 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |url-status=live}} An Israeli airstrike on a group of Palestinians waiting for food from an aid convoy in Khan Yunis killed at least 12 and injured several others.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=McCready |first1=Alastair |last2=Kurmelovs |first2=Royce |last3=Jamal |first3=Urooba |last4=Gadzo |first4=Mersiha |last5=Siddiqui |first5=Usaid |date=30 November 2024 |title='Everyone is a target': A dozen killed waiting for food in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/30/live-israeli-attacks-kill-nearly-100-in-gaza-as-hunger-grips-enclave?update=3357235 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130181054/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/30/live-israeli-attacks-kill-nearly-100-in-gaza-as-hunger-grips-enclave?update=3357235 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |url-status=live }} On 9 December, an Israeli strike hit people who lined up for buying flour in Rafah, killing 10 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 December 2024 |title=Israeli strikes on Gaza flour distribution line, residential area kill 22 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/9/israeli-strikes-on-gaza-flour-distribution-line-residential-area-kill-22 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210152508/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/9/israeli-strikes-on-gaza-flour-distribution-line-residential-area-kill-22 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 16 October, IDF ground forces killed Yahya Sinwar in a shootout in Tal as-Sultan.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/oct/17/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-israel-iran-lebanon-gaza-war |title=Middle East crisis live: Israeli army says it is 'checking possibility' it killed Hamas chief Yahya Sinwar |work=The Guardian |date=17 October 2024 |last1=Livingstone |first1=Helen |last2=Chao-Fong |first2=Léonie |last3=Sedghi |first3=Amy |last4=Clinton |first4=Jane |last5=Wen |first5=Philip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219070013/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/oct/17/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-israel-iran-lebanon-gaza-war |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}} The conscript soldiers who participated in the shootout were initially unaware of Sinwar's presence, and he was identified the following day by his dental records.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byvkyjak1e |title=Sinwar's body identified by dental records: Meet the soldiers who took him down |first1=Liran |last1=Tamari |first2=Yoav |last2=Zitun |first3=Itamar |last3=Eichner |date=17 October 2024 |newspaper=Ynetnews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212203301/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byvkyjak1e |archive-date=12 February 2025 |url-status=live}} There were no hostages in Sinwar's vicinity at the time of his death,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Borger |first=Julian |date=17 October 2024|title=Israel kills its prime target – but Sinwar's death seems down to chance, not precise planning |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/17/israel-idf-prime-target-yahya-sinwar-death-hamas |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228034516/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/17/israel-idf-prime-target-yahya-sinwar-death-hamas |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}} and no civilian casualties were reported.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 October 2024 |title=IDF investigates if Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar was eliminated in Gaza |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/10/17/idf-investigates-if-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-was-eliminated-in-gaza/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=Israel Hayom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219130137/https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/10/17/idf-investigates-if-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-was-eliminated-in-gaza/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Biden urged Israel to end the war after Sinwar's death.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Jonathan |last=Lemire |date=18 October 2024 |title=Biden tells Israel to use Sinwar's death as 'opportunity' to end war |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/18/biden-israel-sinwar-death-cease-fire-talks-00184344 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=Politico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306003609/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/18/biden-israel-sinwar-death-cease-fire-talks-00184344 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

{{See also|Israeli generals' plan|Siege of North Gaza}}

File:Images of war 23-25 from Gaza, by Jaber Badwen, IMG 5670.jpg

On 13 October, senior IDF officials told Haaretz that the government was not seeking to revive hostage talks and that political leadership was pushing for the annexation of parts of the Gaza Strip.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kubovich |first=Yaniv |date=13 October 2024 |title=Israeli Defense Officials: Gov't Pushing Aside Hostage Deal, Eyeing Gaza Annexation |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israeli-defense-officials-govt-pushing-aside-hostage-deal-eyeing-gaza-annexation/00000192-8585-d988-a3ba-dde59a470000 |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241203123900/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-10-13/ty-article/.premium/israeli-defense-officials-govt-pushing-aside-hostage-deal-eyeing-gaza-annexation/00000192-8585-d988-a3ba-dde59a470000 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |url-status=live}} In the later weeks of October, Israel's siege of North Gaza intensified and daily aid shipments dropped significantly. Eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals, razing of shelters, and abductions of men and boys by the Israeli military, leading to speculation that Israel had decided to implement a plan by a group of retired generals to turn the northern Strip into a closed military zone and declare all who refuse to leave as combatants.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=26 October 2024 |title='Israel is trying to erase our presence': Palestinians say 'generals' plan' to clear north Gaza is under way |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/26/israel-generals-plan-clear-north-gaza-palestinians |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218144849/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/26/israel-generals-plan-clear-north-gaza-palestinians |archive-date=18 February 2025 |url-status=live}} On 5 November, Israeli Brigadier General Itzik Cohen told reporters that "there is no intention of allowing the residents of the northern Gaza Strip to return" and that no food aid had entered northern Gaza because there were "no more civilians left".

The IDF continued its encirclement of Jabalia by sending tanks to Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun and issuing evacuation orders to residents.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 October 2024 |title=Senior Israeli officer killed during fighting in northern Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-commander-killed-fighting-northern-gaza-jabalia-ehsan-daqsa |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209210850/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-commander-killed-fighting-northern-gaza-jabalia-ehsan-daqsa |archive-date=9 February 2025 |url-status=live}} On 24 October, an IDF attack destroyed at least 10 residential buildings in the Jabalia refugee camp. According to an assessment by Gaza Civil Defense, 150 people were killed or injured.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mccready |first=Alastair |date=25 October 2024 |title=More than 150 casualties following Israeli 'massacre' in Jabalia: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/25/live-israel-accused-of-massacre-in-new-jabalia-raid-strikes-hit-beirut?update=3271566 |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118192250/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/25/live-israel-accused-of-massacre-in-new-jabalia-raid-strikes-hit-beirut?update=3271566 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |url-status=live}} On 25 October, the WHO said it had lost contact with Kamal Adwan hospital, and UN human rights chief Volker Türk called recent developments in North Gaza the "darkest moment" in the war so far.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Gritten |first=David |date=26 October 2024 |title=Gaza war's 'darkest moment' unfolding in north, United Nations says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz0m4xlg093o |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211190917/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz0m4xlg093o |archive-date=11 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Food aid to Gaza reached a new low in October at an average of 30 trucks per day, or less than 6% of the daily pre-war average.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=5 November 2024 |title=Aid Entering Gaza at Just 6% of Pre-Genocide Deliveries as Israel Severs Ties with UNRWA |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2024/11/5/headlines/aid_entering_gaza_at_just_6_of_pre_genocide_deliveries_as_israel_severs_ties_with_unrwa |access-date=8 November 2024 |work=Democracy Now! |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305223250/https://www.democracynow.org/2024/11/5/headlines/aid_entering_gaza_at_just_6_of_pre_genocide_deliveries_as_israel_severs_ties_with_unrwa |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Residents of northern Gaza said in November that no aid had reached their cities since 5 October.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 November 2024 |title=IDF distances itself from 'no return' remarks about north Gaza evacuees |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/07/idf-israel-military-no-return-remarks-north-gaza |access-date=8 November 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228100158/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/07/idf-israel-military-no-return-remarks-north-gaza |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}} The UN warned that the situation had become "apocalyptic" and that "The entire Palestinian population in North Gaza is at imminent risk of dying from disease, famine and violence".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=1 November 2024 |title=North Gaza 'apocalyptic,' everyone at 'imminent risk' of death, warns UN |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/north-gaza-apocalyptic-everyone-imminent-risk-death-warns-un-2024-11-01/ |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241101232733/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/north-gaza-apocalyptic-everyone-imminent-risk-death-warns-un-2024-11-01/ |archive-date=1 November 2024 |url-status=live}} On 2 November, UNICEF said that over 50 children were killed in Israeli strikes in Jabalia in the past two days.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 November 2024 |title=Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell on a deadly weekend of attacks in North Gaza |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/statement-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-deadly-weekend-attacks-north |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=UNICEF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305223546/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/statement-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-deadly-weekend-attacks-north |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 12 November, aid in Gaza fell to its lowest level in 11 months despite a US ultimatum that it be restored.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Burke |first=Jason |date=11 November 2024 |title=Aid to Gaza falls to lowest level in 11 months despite US ultimatum to Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/11/aid-gaza-trucks-food-lowest-level-year-despite-us-ultimatum |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301094142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/11/aid-gaza-trucks-food-lowest-level-year-despite-us-ultimatum |archive-date=1 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 24 November, Israel issued a new wave of evacuation orders, triggering another round of displacements in Jabalia.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Christou |first2=William |date=24 November 2024 |title=Hundreds flee north Gaza as IDF orders more evacuations amid intense airstrikes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/24/hundreds-flee-north-gaza-as-idf-orders-more-evacuations-amid-intense-airstrikes |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228100739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/24/hundreds-flee-north-gaza-as-idf-orders-more-evacuations-amid-intense-airstrikes |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}} UNRWA said that Israel had rejected nine attempts to deliver aid to north Gaza in the month of November and obstructed an additional 82 attempts; they added that the survival conditions were diminishing for the 60,000 to 70,000 civilians remaining in north Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 November 2024 |title=Israel's Genocide Day 419: UNRWA warns conditions for survival are 'diminishing' for Palestinians in north Gaza |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/11/israels-genocide-day-419-unrwa-warns-conditions-for-survival-are-diminishing-for-palestinians-in-north-gaza/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=Mondoweiss |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203161508/https://mondoweiss.net/2024/11/israels-genocide-day-419-unrwa-warns-conditions-for-survival-are-diminishing-for-palestinians-in-north-gaza/ |archive-date=3 December 2024 |url-status=live}} Mahmoud Almadhoun, a chef who founded the Gaza Soup Kitchen, was targeted and killed by an Israeli quadcopter near Kamal Adwan hospital.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=1 December 2024 |title=Palestinian chef behind Gaza Soup Kitchen slain in Israeli strike |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/12/01/palestine-chef-gaza-soup-kitchen-killed/2451733067937/ |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=UPI |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207211915/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/12/01/palestine-chef-gaza-soup-kitchen-killed/2451733067937/ |archive-date=7 December 2024 |url-status=live}} On 5 December, Israeli Army Radio announced that 18,000 Palestinians were evacuated from Beit Lahia and that soldiers killed approximately 20 militants during fighting on the previous day.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=18,000 Palestinians said to evacuate north Gaza's Beit Lahiya in past day |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/18000-palestinians-said-to-evacuate-north-gazas-beit-lahiya-in-past-day/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306132814/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/18000-palestinians-said-to-evacuate-north-gazas-beit-lahiya-in-past-day/ |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 13 December, Israeli tank fire killed Dr. Sayeed Joudeh, the last orthopedic surgeon in northern Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 December 2024 |title=Last bone surgeon in northern Gaza killed, Palestinians say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyv3m71g1q0o |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306112519/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyv3m71g1q0o |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 26 December, an Israeli air strike hit a building in the vicinity of Kamal Adwan Hospital, killing about 50 people, including five staff.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 December 2024 |title=About 50 people killed in attack near Kamal Adwan Hospital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/26/live-israel-pounds-gaza-as-three-babies-freeze-to-death-in-tent-camps?update=3409798 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Over the next days, the World Health Organization announced that the hospital had been put out of service by Israeli attacks and the hospital's director, Hussam Abu Safiya, had been abducted: the IDF forced patients to evacuate to an already-destroyed hospital by cutting off their oxygen.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Ahmed |first=Kaamil |date=28 December 2024 |title=Last major health facility in north Gaza 'out of service' after Israeli attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/dec/27/israeli-forces-raid-gaza-hospital-after-staff-reported-killed-in-strike |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112121153/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/dec/27/israeli-forces-raid-gaza-hospital-after-staff-reported-killed-in-strike |archive-date=12 January 2025 |url-status=live}} The IDF claimed to have killed 19 militants during its raid;{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 December 2024 |title=Hamas denies any Palestinian military presence in Kamal Adwan Hospital |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/hamas-denies-any-palestinian-military-presence-kamal-adwan-hospital?nid=416060&topic=Israel%2527s%2520war%2520on%2520Gaza&fid=541156 |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=Middle East Eye |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Gaza Health Ministry said that 50 people including hospital staff were killed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Magid |first=Jacob |date=3 January 2025 |title=Security Council holds emergency session on IDF counter-terror raid of north Gaza hospital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-council-holds-emergency-session-on-idf-counter-terror-raid-of-north-gaza-hospital/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103165955/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/security-council-holds-emergency-session-on-idf-counter-terror-raid-of-north-gaza-hospital/ |archive-date=3 January 2025 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|2025 Gaza war ceasefire}}

{{See also|March 2025 Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip}}

File:Return of displaced people via Al-Rasheed Street after ceasefire, January 2025, Gaza Strip.jpg

On 15 January 2025, an agreement was announced between Israel and Hamas, through the mediation of Qatar, in which Hamas agreed to release a number of Israeli hostages held in the Gaza Strip in exchange for Hamas militants and other Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli prisons. The two parties also agreed to a ceasefire for the second time during the war;{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Lilieholm |first1=Lucas |last2=Regan |first2=Helen |last3=Haq |first3=Sana Noor |date=15 January 2025 |title=Live updates: Israel and Hamas agree to Gaza ceasefire and hostage deal, source says |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-hamas-gaza-ceasefire-hostages-01-15-24/index.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304002921/https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-hamas-gaza-ceasefire-hostages-01-15-24/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2025 |url-status=live}} it went into effect on the morning of 19 January 2025.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 January 2025 |title=Israel–Hamas ceasefire takes effect in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/19/israel-hamas-ceasefire-takes-effect-in-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306111653/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/19/israel-hamas-ceasefire-takes-effect-in-gaza |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 27 January, tens of thousands of Palestinians began a mass return to northern Gaza after Israel opened a corridor for civilian movement following a 48-hour delay.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Lilieholm |first2=Lucas |last3=Salman |first3=Abeer |last4=Kottasová |first4=Ivana |date=27 January 2025 |title=Palestinians finally returning to devastated northern Gaza after ceasefire dispute delay |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/27/middleeast/palestinians-return-north-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306004742/https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/27/middleeast/palestinians-return-north-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Hamas claimed that Israel had violated the terms of the ceasefire, and announced the suspension of the release of Israeli hostages on 10 February.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Yuval |last=Barnea |date=10 February 2025 |title=Hamas suspends Gaza hostage releases until further notice, citing Israeli violations |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-841505 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306091843/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-841505 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} After Netanyahu and Trump threatened to restart fighting in Gaza,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kent |first=Lauren |date=11 February 2025 |title=Ceasefire 'will end' if Hamas does not return hostages by Saturday, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/11/middleeast/israel-hamas-ceasefire-deal-intl/index.html |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228005405/https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/11/middleeast/israel-hamas-ceasefire-deal-intl/index.html |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Hamas relented on 13 February,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 February 2025 |title=Hamas confirms it will release captives as planned, ceasefire deal back on track |url=https://aje.io/ednb0m?update=3507923 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321113445/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/2/13/live-positive-signals-for-israeli-captives-as-more-aid-enters-gaza?update=3507923 |archive-date=21 March 2025 |url-status=live}} allowing the release of hostages to begin again two days later.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Kareem |last1=Khadder |first2=Ibrahim |last2=Dahman |first3=Eugenia |last3=Yosef |first4=Lucas |last4=Lilieholm |first5=Mostafa |last5=Salem |first6=Tareq |last6=El-Helou |date=15 February 2025 |title=Three Israeli hostages in Gaza handed over to Red Cross |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/15/middleeast/israel-hamas-hostage-release-feb15-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305234842/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/15/middleeast/israel-hamas-hostage-release-feb15-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 22 February, Hamas released six Israeli hostages;{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 February 2025 |title=Hamas frees the sixth and final hostage in the latest exchange |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-ceasefire-hostages-02-22-2025-364c7abeb679e910cb5acba234469574 |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228061416/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-ceasefire-hostages-02-22-2025-364c7abeb679e910cb5acba234469574 |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}} however, Israel refused to release the 600 Palestinian prisoners, with Netanyahu objecting to the "use of hostages for propaganda" and saying that Israel would release the prisoners once the next hostage release was guaranteed without the ceremonies.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title=Hamas hands over six hostages but Israel suspends release of 600 Palestinians |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/22/hamas-releases-six-hostages-exchange-israel-gaza-ceasefire-deal |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306153555/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/22/hamas-releases-six-hostages-exchange-israel-gaza-ceasefire-deal |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 25 February, Israel and Hamas reached a deal to exchange the bodies of Israeli hostages who were agreed to be handed over during the first phase for hundreds of Palestinian prisoners, without public ceremony.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 February 2025 |title=Israel and Hamas agree on new exchange, leaving fragile ceasefire intact |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-hostages-ceasefire-witkoff-a291db865dfd730c62e343e352cac94f |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305194934/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-hostages-ceasefire-witkoff-a291db865dfd730c62e343e352cac94f |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 1 March, the day the first phase of the ceasefire was scheduled to end, Hamas rejected an Israeli proposal to extend it to release more hostages, demanding the implementation of the second phase.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 March 2025 |title=Hamas rejects Israel's 'formulation' to extend phase one of Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/1/hamas-rejects-israels-formulation-to-extend-phase-one-of-gaza-ceasefire |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303175721/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/1/hamas-rejects-israels-formulation-to-extend-phase-one-of-gaza-ceasefire |archive-date=3 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Negotiations for implementing the second phase of the ceasefire agreement, intended to see the release of all remaining living hostages, the withdrawal of the Israeli military from Gaza and a permanent end to the war, were supposed to have begun in February, 16 days after the initial ceasefire began, but never happened.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-gaza-ceasefire-palestine-hamas-netanyahu-what-know-rcna197012 |title=Why Israel broke its fragile truce in Gaza and is promising more strikes |date=19 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=NBC News |last=Da Silva |first=Chantal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426023840/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-gaza-ceasefire-palestine-hamas-netanyahu-what-know-rcna197012 |archive-date=26 April 2025}}{{#invoke:Cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy5klgv5zv0o |title=Is the war starting again in Gaza? |work=BBC News |last=Berg |first=Raffi |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422032355/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy5klgv5zv0o |archive-date=22 April 2025}} Netanyahu's office said that Israel endorsed a US plan to extend the Gaza truce for the Ramadan and Passover periods. Under this plan, half of the living and dead hostages would be released on the first day of the extended truce and the remaining hostages would be released at the end of the period if a permanent truce was reached. It claimed that the initial deal allowed Israel to resume war at any moment after 1 March if negotiations were deemed ineffective. Following Hamas's refusal to accept the US proposal,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Berman |first=Lazar |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-endorses-us-plan-to-extend-ceasefire-claims-hamas-refusing-warns-war-can-restart/ |title=Israel endorses US plan to extend ceasefire, claims Hamas refusing, warns war can restart |date=1 March 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306141403/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-endorses-us-plan-to-extend-ceasefire-claims-hamas-refusing-warns-war-can-restart/ |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/03/02/hamas-demands-implementation-of-second-ceasefire-phase- |title=Hamas demands implementation of second ceasefire phase |date=2 March 2025 |work=Al Arabiya |agency=Agence France Presse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302101744/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/03/02/hamas-demands-implementation-of-second-ceasefire-phase- |archive-date=2 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Netanyahu ceased the entry of aid to Gaza the next day.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://aje.io/86m0jg?update=3547305 |title=Israel blocks entry of all goods, supplies into Gaza |date=2 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Berman |first=Lazar |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-says-its-stopping-entry-of-aid-into-gaza-over-hamass-refusal-to-extend-ceasefire/ |title=Israel says it's stopping entry of aid into Gaza over Hamas's refusal to extend ceasefire |date=2 March 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302101301/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-says-its-stopping-entry-of-aid-into-gaza-over-hamass-refusal-to-extend-ceasefire/ |archive-date=2 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

The humanitarian aid blockade was condemned by mediators, namely Egypt, as a violation of the ceasefire, which stipulated that phase one would automatically be extended as long as phase two negotiations were in progress.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=England |first1=Andrew |last2=Zilber |first2=Neri |date=26 February 2025 |title=Israel seeks Gaza ceasefire extension while shunning talks to end war |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8f7b0c37-f87f-4d72-8534-e33a6b1516a6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=Financial Times |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250226050536/https://www.ft.com/content/8f7b0c37-f87f-4d72-8534-e33a6b1516a6 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 March 2025 |title=Israel supports US proposal to extend ceasefire's first phase |url=https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/national/24974521.israel-supports-us-proposal-extend-ceasefires-first-phase/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Tivyside Advertiser |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312105309/https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/national/24974521.israel-supports-us-proposal-extend-ceasefires-first-phase/ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 9 March, Israeli Energy Minister Eli Cohen ordered a halt to supply of Israeli electricity to Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-israel-palestinians-war-news-ba90f0de3d4f64a1762d1a39f787817f |title=Israel says it is cutting off its electricity supply to Gaza |date=9 March 2025 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425164028/https://apnews.com/article/gaza-israel-palestinians-war-news-ba90f0de3d4f64a1762d1a39f787817f |archive-date=25 April 2025}} On 14 March, Hamas said that it agreed to a proposal from mediators to release Israeli-American hostage Edan Alexander and the bodies of four dual-national hostages.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://aje.io/hxop2a?update=3578629 |title=Hamas agrees to release Israeli-American captive, 4 bodies |date=14 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2593589/middle-east |title=Hamas says it received proposal from mediators to restart Gaza ceasefire negotiations and agreed to it |date=14 March 2025 |agency=Reuters |work=Arab News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318205601/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2593589/middle-east |archive-date=18 March 2025 |url-status=live}} The U.S. and Israel rejected the offer, which did not conform to their joint proposal calling for the release of five living hostages on the first day of an extended ceasefire.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/03/13/us-gaza-ceasefire-proposal-israel-hamas |title=U.S. gives Israel and Hamas new proposal to extend Gaza ceasefire |date=13 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Axios |last=Ravid |first=Barak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313183032/https://www.axios.com/2025/03/13/us-gaza-ceasefire-proposal-israel-hamas |archive-date=13 March 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.axios.com/2025/03/14/hamas-edan-alexander-hosrtages-ceasefire |title=U.S. disputes Hamas claim that it agreed to release American hostage |date=14 March 2025 |website=Axios |last=Ravid |first=Barak |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315194141/https://www.axios.com/2025/03/14/hamas-edan-alexander-hosrtages-ceasefire |archive-date=15 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

{{main|March 2025 Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip|Rafah paramedic massacre}}

On 18 March, Israel launched a surprise attack which included airstrikes across Gaza, killing over 400 (per Gaza officials) and ending the ceasefire.{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Shurafa |first1=Wafaa |last2=Frankel |first2=Julia |last3=Magdy |first3=Samy |date=18 March 2025 |title=Israel's surprise bombardment plunged Palestinians back into 'hell' |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-airstrikes-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-war-34d2d174417e3f7caf341406bc761c0e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318210308/https://apnews.com/article/gaza-airstrikes-ceasefire-israel-palestinians-war-34d2d174417e3f7caf341406bc761c0e |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Associated Press |quote=The surprise wave of airstrikes … following two months of ceasefire. }}{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Baba |first1=Anas |last2=Estrin |first2=Daniel |last3=Lonsdorf |first3=Kat |date=18 March 2025 |title=Israel declares ceasefire 'over' as it launches airstrikes in Gaza killing hundreds '|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/17/g-s1-54401/israel-launches-deadly-series-of-attack-on-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318044008/https://www.npr.org/2025/03/17/g-s1-54401/israel-launches-deadly-series-of-attack-on-gaza |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=NPR |quote= Israel has declared the ceasefire in Gaza over, with a surprise wave of devastating airstrikes in Gaza Tuesday. The barrage killed more than 400 people… }}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=18 March 2025 |title=Netanyahu's testimony in graft trial canceled for the day amid shock Gaza offensive |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahus-testimony-in-graft-trial-canceled-for-the-day-amid-shock-gaza-offensive/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |quote=...Israel's surprise attack on the Gaza Strip, which ended a two-month ceasefire. |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321104052/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahus-testimony-in-graft-trial-canceled-for-the-day-amid-shock-gaza-offensive/ |url-status=live }} Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz then declared that Israel has "returned to fighting in Gaza".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |last3=Izso |first3=Lauren |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=18 March 2025 |title=Gaza truce shatters as Israel carries out wave of deadly strikes and says it has 'returned to fighting' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/17/middleeast/israel-strikes-gaza-hamas-ceasefire-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319113736/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/17/middleeast/israel-strikes-gaza-hamas-ceasefire-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Israel stated the attack was due to the refusal of Hamas to extend the first phase of the ceasefire by releasing more hostages, and was also in response to Hamas's rearming and reorganizing over the course of the two months of ceasefire.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2025 |title=Israel launches 'extensive strikes' on Gaza with at least 220 reportedly killed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/czje23jd779t |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426012259/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/czje23jd779t |archive-date=26 April 2025 |url-status=live}} Hamas said that it had adhered to the ceasefire agreement, implementing it precisely, and that Israel had resumed aggression and war. Internationally, the strikes were seen to stymie hopes for a lasting ceasefire. Observers have noted that Israel chose to launch the attack on the day Netanyahu would testify in his corruption trial, forcing the legal proceedings to be postponed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2025 |title=Netanyahu's court testimony today canceled; PM to hold urgent security consultation at 11 a.m. |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahus-court-testimony-today-canceled-pm-to-hold-urgent-security-consultation-at-11-a-m/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321090601/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahus-court-testimony-today-canceled-pm-to-hold-urgent-security-consultation-at-11-a-m/ |archive-date=21 March 2025 |url-status=live }}

Multiple senior members of Gaza's government and the Hamas political bureau were killed during this round of fighting, including Issam al-Da'alis, whose position is akin to the Prime Minister of Gaza, Salah al-Bardawil{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 March 2025 |title=Senior Hamas leader among 23 killed in Israeli strikes in southern Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/23/senior-hamas-leader-among-23-killed-in-israeli-strikes-in-southern-gaza |access-date=23 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410021552/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/23/senior-hamas-leader-among-23-killed-in-israeli-strikes-in-southern-gaza |archive-date=10 April 2025 |url-status=live}} and Ismail Barhoum (members of the political bureau),{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 March 2025 |title=Israel kills Hamas official in Gaza hospital strike: reports |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3303555/israel-kills-member-hamas-political-bureau-gaza-strike-hamas-media-reports |access-date=23 March 2025 |work=South China Morning Post |agency=Reuters |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408131040/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3303555/israel-kills-member-hamas-political-bureau-gaza-strike-hamas-media-reports |archive-date=8 April 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 March 2025 |title=Gaza families wiped out entirely as Netanyahu 'clings onto power' with war |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/gaza-families-wiped-out-entirely-israels-war-machine |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=The New Arab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401010311/https://www.newarab.com/news/gaza-families-wiped-out-entirely-israels-war-machine |archive-date=1 April 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Hamas confirms death of political leader in Israeli strike in Southern Gaza |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/mena/hamas-confirms-salah-al-bardawil-death |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=Khaleej Times |date=23 March 2025 |access-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506130542/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/mena/hamas-confirms-salah-al-bardawil-death |archive-date=6 May 2025 |url-status=live }} Mahmoud Abu Watfa (undersecretary of the Interior Ministry of the Gaza Strip) and Bahjat Abu Sultan (chief of internal security). Palestinian Islamic Jihad spokesman Abu Hamza was also killed in the airstrikes.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Yonah |last=Bob |title=PIJ spokesman Abu Hamza killed in IAF strike in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-846567 |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406235938/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-846567 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2025 |title=Islamic Jihad spokesperson killed in Israeli strike |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/islamic-jihad-spokesperson-killed-israeli-strike |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} The Popular Resistance Committees announced the death of Muhammad al-Batran, commander of its artillery unit and a member of its Central Military Brigade Council.{{#invoke:Cite|web|first=Joe |last=Truzman |date=18 March 2025 |title=Israel launches 'extensive strikes' against Palestinian terrorist groups in Gaza |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/03/israel-launches-extensive-strikes-against-palestinian-terrorist-groups-in-gaza.php |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=FDD's Long War Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409000849/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/03/israel-launches-extensive-strikes-against-palestinian-terrorist-groups-in-gaza.php |archive-date=9 April 2025 |url-status=live }}

On 19 March, the IDF said that it had launched "targeted ground activities" in the Gaza Strip to create a "partial buffer" in the territory, partially recapturing the center of the Netzarim Corridor.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Krever |first1=Mick |last2=Izso |first2=Lauren |last3=Edwards |first3=Christian |date=19 March 2025 |title=Israel launches first ground offensive since end of Gaza ceasefire, partially recapturing key area |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/19/middleeast/israel-ground-offensive-renewed-war-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423102150/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/19/middleeast/israel-ground-offensive-renewed-war-gaza-intl/index.html |archive-date=23 April 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Speri |first1=Alice |last2=Jamal |first2=Urooba |date=19 March 2025 |title=Israel retakes Netzarim Corridor, again splitting Gaza in half |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/3/19/live-outrage-as-israeli-attacks-break-gaza-ceasefire-killing-hundreds?update=3589725 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} The IDF also bombed the UN Office for Project Services building in Deir al Balah, killing a UN staffer and six other international workers.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=24 April 2025 |title=IDF admits responsibility for deadly attack on UN building last month |url=https://news.sky.com/story/idf-admits-responsibility-for-deadly-attack-on-un-building-last-month-13354985 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Sky News |language=en}} Two days later, the IDF destroyed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital via controlled demolition.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=21 March 2025 |title=IDF confirms it blew up Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital in Gaza, says it wasn't in use |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-it-blew-up-turkish-palestinian-friendship-hospital-in-gaza-says-it-wasnt-in-use/ |work=Times of Israel |access-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 23 March, IDF troops fired on several humanitarian vehicles, including five ambulances, a fire truck, and a United Nations vehicle, in Al-Hashashin area in southern Rafah, killing 15 Palestinian medics. It was not until 30 March that their bodies were discovered in a mass grave.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Jaroslav |last1=Lukiv |first2=David |last2=Gritten |date=31 March 2025 |title=Gaza: Red Cross outraged over killing of medics by Israeli forces |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crkxm1rg6k1o |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503133314/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crkxm1rg6k1o |archive-date=3 May 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=El Damanhoury |first1=Kareem |last2=Dahman |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Tanno |first3=Sophie |date=31 March 2025 |title=Bodies of missing aid workers found in Gaza 'mass grave' following Israeli attacks |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/31/middleeast/aid-workers-found-gaza-mass-grave-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507125204/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/31/middleeast/aid-workers-found-gaza-mass-grave-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

On 25 March, amid the Israeli operation,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bodkin |first1=Henry |last2=Zagon |first2=Chanel |last3=Kelly |first3=Kieran |last4=White |first4=Josh |last5=Luyken |first5=Jörg |last6=Hardaker |first6=Daniel |date=18 March 2025 |title=Israel–Hamas war live: Netanyahu to widen war after IDF strikes kill hundreds in Gaza |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/03/18/israel-hamas-gaza-war-hostages-latest-news/ |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=20 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320153254/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/03/18/israel-hamas-gaza-war-hostages-latest-news/ |url-status=live}} hundreds{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 March 2025 |title=Hundreds stage Gaza protest against Hamas after conflict resumes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hundreds-palestinians-gaza-protest-against-hamas-after-conflict-resumes-2025-03-26/ |work=Reuters |access-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} to thousands{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Sharon |first1=Jeremy |last2=Sokol |first2=Sam |date=26 March 2025 |title=Demonstrations swell as thousands join second day of protests against Hamas in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/demonstrations-swell-as-thousands-join-second-day-of-protests-against-hamas-in-gaza/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url= |archive-date=}} of Palestinians in Gaza rose up in protest against Hamas and the continued war, demanding an end to the war and an end to Hamas's rule over the Gaza Strip. The protests were caused by war-weariness and dissatisfaction with Hamas, specifically their alleged misuse of humanitarian aid intended for Gazans,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rothwell |first1=James |last2=Leather |first2=Jack |title=Elderly Gazan accuses Hamas of stealing aid in rare criticism, telling group 'shoot me if you want' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/08/elderly-gazan-accuses-hamas-stealing-aid-rare-criticism/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 December 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} suppression of the freedom of speech and of the press, and abuse of Palestinian civilians.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Abuheweila |first1=Iyad |last2=Bashir |first2=Abu Bakr |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Browne |first4=Malachy |date=25 March 2025 |title=Gazans Voice Frustration With Hamas in Rare Protest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/25/world/middleeast/gaza-protests-hamas.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

On 27 March, an Israeli airstrike on a tent in Jabalia killed Hamas spokesman Abdel-Latif al-Qanoua.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/cplncw?update=3604958|title=Death toll from Israel's predawn attacks on Gaza rises to 9|date=27 March 2025|website=Al Jazeera}} The same day, a World Central Kitchen volunteer was killed in an Israeli strike on a WCK supported community kitchen as meals were being served.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Timotija |first=Filip |date=27 March 2025 |title=World Central Kitchen says Israeli strike killed Gaza volunteer |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/5218804-world-central-kitchen-says-israeli-strike-killed-gaza-volunteer/ |work=The Hill |access-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 9 April, Israeli warplanes bombed a multi-story residential building in Shuja'iyya, killing over 35 Palestinians and wounding at least another 70.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 April 2025 |title=Israeli strike on Gaza residential building kills 29, medics say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy5rrnzw0kwo |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Yee |first1=Vivian |last2=Harouda |first2=Ameera |last3=Alghorra |first3=Saher |date=9 April 2025 |title=Israeli Airstrike in Gaza City Leaves Many Dead, Health Officials There Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-city-strike-hamas.html |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 12 April, the IDF announced that it had encircled Rafah, and planned to seize portions of it while ordering large-scale evacuations of its population.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=22 April 2025 |title=Israeli forces have completed encirclement of Gaza's Rafah, military says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-hamas-war-idf-encirclement-rafah-palestinians-rcna200982? |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=NBC News |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 13 April, two Israeli missiles hit Al-Ahli Arab Hospital, forcing patients to evacuate and destroying its emergency department.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 April 2025 |title=Israeli missiles strike Gaza hospital, patients evacuated |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-missiles-strike-gaza-hospital-patients-evacuated-2025-04-13/ |work=Reuters |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 15 April, Yahya Fathi Abd al-Qader Abu Shaar, the head of Hamas' weapons smuggling network, was killed by the Israeli army in the area of Khan Younis.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israeli strikes kill Palestinians in tented area for displaced in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yrl891j23o |work=BBC News |date=18 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426144110/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yrl891j23o |archive-date=26 April 2025 |url-status=live}} On 22 April, an attack on a residential building in Khan Younis started a fire that killed at least 11 Palestinians.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 April 2025 |title=Palestinians in distress after Israeli attack in Khan Younis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/22/palestinians-in-distress-after-israeli-attack-in-khan-younis |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 23 April, Israel bombed a school in Gaza City sheltering displaced families, killing at least 10.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 April 2025 |title=Israeli airstrikes kill 10 in school housing displaced families, hit children's hospital, medics say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-airstrikes-kill-10-school-housing-displaced-families-hit-childrens-2025-04-23/ |work=Reuters |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Main|May 2025 Gaza offensive|2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes|Rafah aid distribution incident}}

On 3 May, Israel announced its plans to expand the Gaza offensive and mobilized thousands of reservists.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Karni |first1=Dana |last2=Tawfeeq |first2=Mohammed |date=4 May 2025 |title=Israel calls up thousands of reservists, plans to expand Gaza offensive amid stalled hostage talks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/03/middleeast/israel-mobilizes-reservists-gaza-intl-latam |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=3 May 2025 |title= IDF calls up tens of thousands of reservists ahead of expanded Gaza offensive |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-calls-up-tens-of-thousands-of-reservists-ahead-of-expanded-gaza-offensive |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=Times of Israel |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 7 May, World Central Kitchen said it was forced to stop food distribution in Gaza because it ran out of supplies.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 May 2025 |title=World Central Kitchen Ends Food Distro Due to Israel's Genocidal Blockade |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2025/5/8/headlines/world_central_kitchen_ends_food_distro_due_to_israels_genocidal_blockade |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=Democracy Now! |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 8 May, two Israeli airstrikes on the last restaurant in Gaza City and a simultaneous strike on a crowded nearby market killed at least 33 people.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Jalal |first=Rasha Abou |date=8 May 2025 |title=Israeli Airstrikes Decimate the Last Restaurant in Gaza City in Nightmarish Bloodbath |url=https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/massacre-thai-restaurant-market-gaza-city-israeli-airstrikes |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=www.dropsitenews.com |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 May 2025 |title=More than 90 killed in Gaza strikes including journalist who just became dad |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-08/at-least-92-killed-in-gaza-city-strikes/105266612 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}} At least 143 people were killed in Gaza on 15 May, making it the deadliest day of the war since the end of the ceasefire in March.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=16 May 2025 |title=Israel Kills 150 Palestinians in Gaza in Bloodiest Day Since It Shattered Ceasefire |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2025/5/16/headlines/israel_kills_150_palestininians_in_gaza_in_bloodiest_day_since_it_shattered_ceasefire |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}} On 13 May 2025, Israeli airstrikes struck the compound of the Gaza European Hospital in Khan Yunis and the surrounding area, killing at least 28 people and injuring at least 40 others. Israel claimed to have killed Mohammed Sinwar and Mohammed Shabana in the strike, although this was denied by Hamas.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Livni |first=Ephrat |date=14 May 2025 |title=What to Know About Muhammad Sinwar, the Hamas Leader Targeted by Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/14/world/middleeast/mohammad-sinwar-hamas-who-is.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

On 16 May, Israel announced the launch of Operation Gideon's Chariots, a military offensive aimed at taking control of the entire Gaza Strip. The move was widely condemned by several of Israel's allies, a number of whom threatened sanctions.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 May 2025 |title=Israel launches major offensive as Gaza rescuers say scores killed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7geg3lvz1o |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|author1=Mohammed Tawfeeq |author2=Jeremy Diamond |author3=Ibrahim Dahman |author4=Eyad Kourdi |date=16 May 2025 |title=Israeli military says it has launched major new offensive in Gaza, same day Trump leaves region with no deal |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/16/middleeast/gideons-chariots-israel-new-gaza-offensive-latam-intl |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Ebrahim |first1=Nadeen |last2=Fox |first2=Kara |date=19 May 2025 |title=UK, France, Canada threaten sanctions if Israel continues new offensive into Gaza. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/19/middleeast/israel-pushes-deeper-into-gaza-what-we-know-intl |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}} On 27 May, the U.S.-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation began operations in Tel al-Sultan to deliver humanitarian aid. As thousands of starving Palestinians overwhelmed the distribution center, Israeli forces fired into the crowd, killing three and injuring at least 48 Palestinians.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cheeseman |first=Abbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Shira |last3=DeYoung |first3=Karen |last4=Wiener |first4=Aaron |last5=Bisset |first5=Victoria |date=2025-05-28 |title=Dozens injured by gunshots amid chaos at Gaza aid hub, U.N. says. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/28/israel-gaza-aid-distribution-ghf-gunshots/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

In February 2025, the leader of the Israeli opposition, Yair Lapid, proposed that Gaza be returned to Egypt for up to 15 years in exchange for the cancellation of its external debt. Egypt rejected the proposal stating it undermined the Palestinian cause.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=El-Menawy |first1=Abdellatif |title=Why Egypt Refuses To Administer Gaza – OpEd |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/17032025-why-egypt-refuses-to-administer-gaza-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |date=17 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515171810/https://www.eurasiareview.com/17032025-why-egypt-refuses-to-administer-gaza-oped/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

On 2 April, Israel Katz announced the Israeli government's intention to "seize large areas" of Gaza as large air and ground operations resumed following the end of the March ceasefire.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=2 April 2025 |title=Israel announces intention to seize large areas of Gaza Strip in major escalation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/02/israel-announces-intention-seize-large-areas-gaza-strip |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504070617/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/02/israel-announces-intention-seize-large-areas-gaza-strip |archive-date=4 May 2025 |url-status=live }} On 17 April, Katz said that Israeli forces would remain in areas of Gaza, Lebanon and Syria indefinitely.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Scharf |first1=Isaac |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |last3=Magdy |first3=Samy |date=16 April 2025 |title=Israeli defense minister says troops will remain in Gaza, Lebanon and Syria indefinitely |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-ceasefire-hostages-04-16-2025-884713e2096d5353e3008ec7d9cc01ab |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515181430/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-ceasefire-hostages-04-16-2025-884713e2096d5353e3008ec7d9cc01ab |archive-date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live }} On 5 May, the Israeli cabinet approved plans to capture the entire Gaza Strip and occupy it for an unspecified amount of time.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia |last2=Mednick |first2=Sam |date=5 May 2025 |title=Israel plans to capture all of Gaza under new plan, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-05-05-2025-d22caabfd2cf89e83fe06e649e6438ba |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513174324/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-05-05-2025-d22caabfd2cf89e83fe06e649e6438ba |archive-date=13 May 2025 |url-status=live }} Bezalel Smotrich said that Gaza would be "entirely destroyed" in Israel's new offensive and that the population would be expelled to other countries.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 May 2025 |title=Israeli official says Gaza will be "entirely destroyed," Palestinians "will start to leave in great numbers" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israeli-official-gaza-destroyed-palestinians-will-start-to-leave/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=CBS News |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508231433/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israeli-official-gaza-destroyed-palestinians-will-start-to-leave/ |archive-date=8 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Donald Trump's Gaza Strip proposal}}

After the announcement of a second ceasefire in January 2025, Donald Trump announced his intention to displace the Palestinian population of Gaza, reiterating his position that they should be resettled in neighboring Arab countries three more times that month.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=5 February 2025 |title=Trump Indicates Intent to Escalate Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/05/trump-indicates-intent-escalate-ethnic-cleansing-gaza |access-date=16 March 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513193142/https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/05/trump-indicates-intent-escalate-ethnic-cleansing-gaza |archive-date=13 May 2025 |url-status=live }} Ahead of a 4 February meeting with Netanyahu, Trump specified his intention to permanently displace Gaza's Palestinian inhabitants, which would be in violation of international law. He proposed a US takeover of Gaza that evening during a press conference with Netanyahu.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Michael D. |last1=Shear |first2=Peter |last2=Baker |first3=Isabel |last3=Kershner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/04/us/politics/trump-gaza-strip-netanyahu.html |title=Trump Proposes U.S. Takeover of Gaza and Says Palestinians Should Move |work=The New York Times |date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516030638/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/04/us/politics/trump-gaza-strip-netanyahu.html |archive-date=16 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

Trump insisted that neighboring countries would pay for Gaza's reconstruction and that "world people" would live there. He did not rule out deploying US troops if necessary. On 5 and 6 February, Trump aides and Trump himself walked back some of his comments, including his willingness to deploy US soldiers. On 10 February, Trump said that Palestinians who leave Gaza would have no right of return. In a meeting with King Abdullah II of Jordan, Trump said that the US would take rather than buy Gaza because "It's a war torn area. It's Gaza. There is nothing to buy."{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Singh |first=Kanishka |date=19 February 2025 |title=Timeline: Trump's remarks on plan to take over Gaza, displace Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trumps-remarks-plan-take-over-gaza-displace-palestinians-2025-02-20/ |work=Reuters |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Trump had proposed Jordan take in the displaced Palestinians from Gaza, which Jordanian foreign minister Ayman Safadi categorically rejected, stating "They don't want to come to Jordan and we don't want them to come to Jordan."{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Irish |first1=John |title=Arab proposal for Gaza in works, but Jordan can't take more Palestinians, minister says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/arab-proposal-gaza-works-jordan-cant-take-more-palestinians-minister-says-2025-02-14/ |work=Reuters |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

Trump's statements were met with condemnation from world leaders; however, in Israel, far-right national security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir praised Trump, saying that Palestinian "migration" was the only solution to the war.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Philip |last1=Wen |first2=Léonie |last2=Chao-Fong |first3=Christy |last3=Cooney |first4=Amy |last4=Sedghi |first5=Martin |last5=Belam |first6=Kate |last6=Lamb |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/feb/05/trump-gaza-take-over-reaction-israel-netanyahu-middle-east-latest-live |title=Trump's declaration US will 'take over' Gaza Strip sparks global condemnation – live |work=The Guardian |date=5 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305231719/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/feb/05/trump-gaza-take-over-reaction-israel-netanyahu-middle-east-latest-live |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Netanyahu and Ben-Gvir characterized the planned displacement of Gazans as a "voluntary migration", but communications minister Shlomo Karhi said the transfer will be forced rather than voluntary.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 February 2025 |title=In apparent first, Israeli minister indicates removal of Gazans will be forced, rather than voluntary |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/in-apparent-first-israeli-minister-indicates-removal-of-gazans-will-be-forced-rather-than-voluntary/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

Trump has rejected the Arab League plan claiming that "The current proposal does not address the reality that Gaza is currently uninhabitable and residents cannot humanely live in a territory covered in debris and unexploded ordnance," and that the Trump administration will go ahead with seizing the territory "to bring peace and prosperity to the region".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Waldenberg |first1=Samantha |last2=Lilieholm |first2=Lucas |last3=Salem |first3=Mostafa |title=US rejects alternative Gaza reconstruction plan proposed by Arab leaders |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/04/middleeast/us-arab-gaza-reconstruction-plan-rejects-hnk-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=4 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507141200/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/04/middleeast/us-arab-gaza-reconstruction-plan-rejects-hnk-intl/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

Arab governments rejected Trump's transfer plan, instead backing an Egyptian proposal. The Arab League, meeting on 4 March in Cairo, devised a $53bn plan detailing the reconstruction of Gaza while keeping its population in place.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/4/what-is-egypts-plan-for-the-reconstruction-of-gaza |title=What is Egypt's plan for the reconstruction of Gaza? |work=Al Jazeera |date=4 March 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} The proposal also included the demand that Hamas disarm, step down and fresh elections to a reformed Palestinian Authority be held. Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune boycotted the league meeting claiming that it was "monopolized by a limited and narrow group of Arab countries" namely the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Hamas also reiterated that the group's arms were non-negotiable and rejected the plan.

In March 2025, the United States and Israel claimed to have contacted officials from Egypt, Jordan, Sudan, Syria, Morocco, Puntland, and Somaliland to discuss the resettlement of Gaza residents in their territories.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-846051|title=US, Israel look to Africa for Gaza relocation plan|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=14 March 2025}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 February 2025 |title=Reports: Morocco, 2 disputed Somalia regions considered as destinations for Gazans |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/reports-morocco-2-disputed-somalia-regions-considered-as-destinations-for-gazans/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=17 March 2025 |title=US, Israel see Syria as possible home for relocated Gazans, says report |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-israel-see-syria-as-possible-home-for-relocated-gazans-says-report/?utm_campaign=most_popular&utm_source=website&utm_medium=article_end&utm_content=5 |work=The Times of Israel}} Egypt,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Shawkat|first1=Ahmed|title=U.S., Israel reject Gaza reconstruction plan backed by Arab nations|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-us-rejects-gaza-reconstruction-plan-egypt-arab-nations/|work=CBS|date=5 March 2025|access-date=19 March 2025}} Jordan, and Sudan,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 March 2025 |title=AP Exclusive: US and Israel look to Africa for moving Palestinians uprooted from Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-trump-somaliland-sudan-somalia-575e03aaa0c487bae2fbadfdef8f5ca3 |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} rejected the proposal while Somalia and Somaliland denied that they had been contacted.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Rajan |first1=Gnaneshwar |last2=Abdelaziz |first2=Khalid |last3=Sheikh |first3=Abdi |last4=Al Mughrabi |first4=Nidal |title=Somalia and Somaliland say no talks on resettling Palestinians from Gaza |url=https://www.dailydispatch.co.za/africa/2025-03-17-somalia-and-somaliland-say-no-talks-on-resettling-palestinians-from-gaza/ |website=dailydispatch |date=17 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} In May 2025, reports emerged that the Trump administration was working on a plan to permanently relocate 1 million Gazans to Libya, while offering the release of around $30 billion in funds frozen by the U.S. since the toppling of the regime of Muammar Gaddafi in exchange for Libyan authorities agreeing to the deal.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=16 May 2025 |title=Trump administration working on plan to move 1 million Palestinians to Libya |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/trump-administration-working-plan-move-1-million-palestinians-libya-rcna207224 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 May 2025 |title=Million Palestinians could be relocated to Libya under US plans, report claims |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-libya-israel-trump-attack-b2752813.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}

On 9 April, French president Emmanuel Macron said that France could recognise a Palestinian state by June, adding that he wanted to be part of a collective dynamic where those who defend Palestine also recognise Israel in turn.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 April 2025 |title=Macron says France could recognise a Palestinian state 'in June' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250409-macron-says-france-could-recognise-a-palestinian-state-in-june |work=France 24 |access-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{main|Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)|Spillover of the Gaza war in Syria}}

{{see also|Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)|Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)|2024 Iran–Israel conflict|Red Sea crisis}}

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• Rising smoke after the Israel strike on Hezbollah headquarters
• A damaged building in Kiryat Shmona, northern Israel
• Two United States carrier strike groups in the Mediterranean Sea.}}

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The war's spillover has resulted in a major escalation of existing tensions between Israel and Iran, with groups in the Axis of Resistance launching attacks on American military bases, and the Yemeni Houthi movement attacking commercial vessels in the Red Sea and incurring a US-led military operation.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Yemen's Houthis 'will not stop' Red Sea attacks until Israel ends Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war |work=Al Jazeera |date=19 December 2023|access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208211147/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war |url-status=live}} Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the Houthi movement in Yemen launched limited attacks against Israel shortly after the start of the war. Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks with the US and IDF.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=1 November 2023 |title=After Years of Vowing to Destroy Israel, Iran Faces a Dilemma |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/world/middleeast/iran-israel-hamas.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109212343/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/world/middleeast/iran-israel-hamas.html |url-status=live}}

Israel has bombed targets in and around Damascus throughout the war,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 October 2023 |title=Syria says Israeli missiles hit Damascus, Aleppo airports |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-state-tv-says-israeli-attack-targets-aleppo-damascus-airports-2023-10-12/ |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231012173646/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-state-tv-says-israeli-attack-targets-aleppo-damascus-airports-2023-10-12/ |archive-date=12 October 2023 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 January 2024 |title=An Israeli airstrike on the Syrian capital killed at least 5 Iranian advisers, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-israel-airstrike-mazzeh-damascus-f430cd6442cbef81b2cbf25711b3ebc0 |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118083934/https://apnews.com/article/syria-israel-airstrike-mazzeh-damascus-f430cd6442cbef81b2cbf25711b3ebc0 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=21 February 2024 |title=State media say an Israeli strike kills 2 in a Damascus residential area. Another kills 2 in Lebanon |url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-damascus-airstrike-israel-kfar-sousseh-d74303092387a91d8582d3810ee49c8a |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202185308/https://apnews.com/article/syria-damascus-airstrike-israel-kfar-sousseh-d74303092387a91d8582d3810ee49c8a |archive-date=2 December 2024 |url-status=live}} with an attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April 2024 leading to a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel in response.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Tanyos |first1=Faris |last2=Tabachnick |first2=Cara |last3=Reals |first3=Tucker |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran launches drones toward Israel in retaliatory attack after consulate strike in Syria |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-launches-drone-attack-toward-israel-idf-says/ |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228074540/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-launches-drone-attack-toward-israel-idf-says/ |archive-date=28 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |last2=Alkhshali |first2=Hamdi |last3=Gan |first3=Nectar |last4=Pourahmadi |first4=Adam |last5=Michaelis |first5=Tamar |last6=Raine |first6=Andrew |date=13 April 2024 |title=Israel braces as Iran launches wave of retaliatory strikes |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/13/middleeast/iran-drones-attack-israel-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306211731/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/13/middleeast/iran-drones-attack-israel-intl-latam/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 31 July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated in Tehran, where he had traveled to attend the inauguration of President Masoud Pezeshkian,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=31 July 2024 |title=Hamas says leader killed in Israel strike in Iran |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240731-hamas-says-leader-killed-in-israel-strike-in-iran |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=France 24 |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} and on 1 October, Iran fired approximately 200 missiles at Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Second wave of missiles seen above Jerusalem as Israel says Iran has launched attack – Middle East crisis live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/oct/01/israel-lebanon-attacks-live-blog-ground-offensive-hezbollah-hamas-gaza-war |work=The Guardian |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=6 October 2024 |title=How effective was Iran's attack? The Israeli public doesn't have the full picture |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-effective-was-irans-attack-the-israeli-public-doesnt-have-the-full-picture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010105617/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-effective-was-irans-attack-the-israeli-public-doesnt-have-the-full-picture/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Times of Israel}}

By the end of 2024, a year-long exchange of strikes between Israel and Hezbollah escalated into a Israeli invasion of Lebanon, before it was paused after a ceasefire.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Abby |last1=Sewell |first2=Melanie |last2=Lidman |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-war-fires-fd1e044979fb5be66b36456d1285dacb |title=Fires have become the most visible sign of the conflict heating up on the Lebanon–Israel border |work=AP News |access-date=8 July 2024 |date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214115815/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-war-fires-fd1e044979fb5be66b36456d1285dacb |archive-date=14 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Under the November 2024 agreement, Israeli forces were to withdraw from Lebanon by January 2025, but Israel refused and the deadline was extended to February 2025, where Israel withdrew its forces from Lebanese villages but kept Israeli forces maintaining five military outposts on highlands in Southern Lebanon, against Lebanon's wishes.{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=In Lebanon, Katz says troops to stay 'without time limit' to defend border communities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-remain-in-five-strategic-posts-in-south-lebanon-after-tuesday-withdrawal/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=17 February 2025}}{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Krauss |first1=Joseph |title=Why Israel is expanding its frontiers into Gaza, Lebanon and Syria |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-gaza-lebanon-syria-land-buffer-zones-bed41f9762fd5481170119f3a8d0fba7 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Associated Press |date=17 April 2025}} The crisis has also seen the fall of the Assad regime and an ongoing Israeli invasion of Syria.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Sunita |last1=Patel-Carstairs |first2=Claire Gilbody |last2=Dickerson |date=8 December 2024 |title=Assad has left Damascus, says Russia, as Syrian army declares end of his rule |url=https://news.sky.com/story/assad-has-left-damascus-says-russia-as-syrian-army-declares-end-of-his-rule-13269339 |work=Sky News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220013037/https://news.sky.com/story/assad-has-left-damascus-says-russia-as-syrian-army-declares-end-of-his-rule-13269339 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sabbour |first=Omar |date=15 January 2025 |title=Israel has declared war on the promise of a strong, democratic Syria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2025/1/15/israel-has-declared-war-on-the-promise-of-a-strong-democratic-syria |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220023428/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2025/1/15/israel-has-declared-war-on-the-promise-of-a-strong-democratic-syria |archive-date=20 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Israeli defense minister Israel Katz in April 2025 declared that Israeli forces would indefinitely remain in "security zones" that they "cleared and seized" in Gaza, Lebanon and Syria.{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Israel says troops to remain indefinitely in Gaza, Lebanon and Syria |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250417-israel-gaza-lebanon-syria |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Agence France-Presse |date=17 April 2025}}

{{further |Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war |2023 Givat Shaul shooting|2024 Kiryat Malakhi attack}}

File:2023 Israel–Hamas war - West Bank.svg (Areas A & B)}} {{Legend|#0038b8ff|West Bank under Israeli control (Area C)}}{{Legend|#13e7dbff|Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem}}]]

Amnesty International released a report{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/shocking-spike-in-use-of-unlawful-lethal-force-by-israeli-forces-against-palestinians-in-the-occupied-west-bank/ |title=Spike in Israeli lethal force against Palestinians in Occupied West Bank |date=5 February 2024 |website=Amnesty International |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205145134/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/shocking-spike-in-use-of-unlawful-lethal-force-by-israeli-forces-against-palestinians-in-the-occupied-west-bank/ |url-status=live}} on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of international law.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/5/impunity-amnesty-international-details-israeli-violence-in-west-bank |title=Israel's 'chilling disregard' for life in occupied West Bank: Amnesty |date=5 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205145147/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/5/impunity-amnesty-international-details-israeli-violence-in-west-bank |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/02/06/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |title=Mideast Crisis: In Gaza's Crowded South, Many Fear a New Israeli Ground Push |first=Adam |last=Rasgon |work=The New York Times |date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206142632/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/02/06/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |url-status=live}}

Before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20 years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis killed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Secunder |last=Kermani |date=27 August 2024 |title=Israeli settlements surge amidst Gaza war |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/israeli-settlements-surge-amidst-gaza-war |work=Channel 4 News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305225913/https://www.channel4.com/news/israeli-settlements-surge-amidst-gaza-war |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Solomon |first=Erika |date=28 August 2024 |title=Jenin, a Target of Israeli Raids, Is Symbol of Palestinian Opposition and Militancy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/world/middleeast/jenin-west-bank-history-israel-palestinians.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213010325/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/world/middleeast/jenin-west-bank-history-israel-palestinians.html |archive-date=13 February 2025 |url-status=live}} At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270 attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Knell |first1=Yolande |last2=Luckhurst |first2=Toby |date=27 August 2024 |title=Under cover of war, extremists are seizing Palestinian land – they hope permanently |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c624qr3mqrzo |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306002042/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c624qr3mqrzo |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of the clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Nazzal |first2=Rami |date=30 October 2023 |title=Settler Violence Against Palestinians in the West Bank Is Rising |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/world/middleeast/west-bank-settlers-palestinians-violence.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516135809/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/world/middleeast/west-bank-settlers-palestinians-violence.html |archive-date=16 May 2025 |url-status=live }} According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=9 November 2023 |title=Settler violence is erasing Palestinian communities in the West Bank |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/09/west-bank-israel-settlers-violence/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109183238/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/09/west-bank-israel-settlers-violence/ |archive-date=9 November 2023 |url-status=live }}

On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight Israeli raids across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank, Hassan Yousef.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Kareem |last1=Khadder |first2=Abeer |last2=Salman |first3=Eyad |last3=Kourdi |first4=Jo |last4=Shelley |date=19 October 2023 |title=Hamas spokesman reportedly among scores arrested in occupied West Bank |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/hamas-spokesperson-detained-west-bank-intl/index.html |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207151249/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/hamas-spokesperson-detained-west-bank-intl/index.html |archive-date=7 February 2024 |url-status=live}}

In July, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied West Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993 Oslo accords."{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=3 July 2024 |title=Anti-settlement group says Israel has made largest West Bank land seizure in 3 decades |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-07-03-2024-033deab379a16efdf9989de8d6eaf0f8 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216034155/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-07-03-2024-033deab379a16efdf9989de8d6eaf0f8 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Israeli authorities also approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West Bank.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Tia |last1=Goldenberg |first2=Josef |last2=Federman |first3=Kareem |last3=Chehayeb |date=4 July 2024 |title=Israel approves plans for nearly 5,300 new homes in West Bank settlements |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-07-04-2024-972cc86ab554103bba449dc117bee0d1 |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214111848/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-07-04-2024-972cc86ab554103bba449dc117bee0d1 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |url-status=live}} By July 2024, Israeli land seizures exceeded the combined total of the previous 20 years.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Mat |last=Nashed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/7/19/how-israeli-settlements-are-taking-over-the-west-bank-as-gaza-war-rages |title=How Israeli settlements are taking over the West Bank as Gaza war rages |date=19 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206235143/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/7/19/how-israeli-settlements-are-taking-over-the-west-bank-as-gaza-war-rages |archive-date=6 February 2025 |url-status=live}} The following month, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West Bank,{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Jeremy |last=Sharon |date=14 August 2024 |title=Government okays establishment of first new West Bank settlement since 2017 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/government-okays-establishment-of-first-new-west-bank-settlement-since-2017/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206170123/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/government-okays-establishment-of-first-new-west-bank-settlement-since-2017/ |archive-date=6 February 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Steven |last1=Scheer |first2=Ali |last2=Sawafta |date=14 August 2024 |title=Israel publishes plan for new West Bank settlement as regional tensions simmer |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-publishes-plan-new-west-bank-settlement-regional-tensions-simmer-2024-08-14/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240814204147/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-publishes-plan-new-west-bank-settlement-regional-tensions-simmer-2024-08-14/ |archive-date=14 August 2024 |url-status=live}} and it was reported that Israeli settlers had taken advantage of the ongoing war to expand settlement activity supported by a far-right Israeli government,{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/08/27/israels-settlers-are-winning-unprecedented-power-from-the-war-in-gaza |title=Israel's settlers are winning unprecedented power from the war in Gaza |date=27 August 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031026/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/08/27/israels-settlers-are-winning-unprecedented-power-from-the-war-in-gaza |archive-date=9 January 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Isaam |last=Ahmed |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/under-cover-gaza-war-israel-seizing-palestinian-land |title=Under cover of Gaza war, Israel is seizing Palestinian land |date=29 August 2024 |work=New Arab |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131162956/https://www.newarab.com/analysis/under-cover-gaza-war-israel-seizing-palestinian-land |archive-date=31 January 2025 |url-status=live}} including land seizure and large scale settlement plans.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Caleb |last1=Diehl |first2=Joseph |last2=Federman |url=https://apnews.com/a-look-at-how-settlements-have-grown-in-the-west-bank-over-the-years-0000019079d8d0f6a3da79dcbd0a0000 |title=A look at how settlements have grown in the West Bank over the years |date=5 July 2024 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207025447/https://apnews.com/a-look-at-how-settlements-have-grown-in-the-west-bank-over-the-years-0000019079d8d0f6a3da79dcbd0a0000 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 August 2024 |title=Israeli forces blow up Fatah headquarters during raid near Nablus |url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/147772 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Wafa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515131441/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/147772 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Farah |last1=Najjar |date=7 August 2024 |title=Israeli forces blow up Fatah building in Balata camp: Report |url=https://aje.io/5hzx8h?update=3102523 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 28 August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said that the operation was a "full-fledged war".{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Daniele |last1=Hamamdjian |first2=Chantal |last2=Da Silva |first3=Daniel |last3=Arkin |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-west-bank-raids-occupied-west-bank-rcna168559 |title=Israeli operation in occupied West Bank leaves at least 10 dead in largest raid in decades |date=29 August 2024 |work=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210123949/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-west-bank-raids-occupied-west-bank-rcna168559 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Israeli forces carried out simultaneous operations in Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarem. In Jenin, Israeli forces destroyed the city's infrastructure and carried out mass arrests of men and boys. Civilians were trapped in their homes and denied access to food, water and medicine. Members of the press were denied access to the city and the army blocked access to hospitals and ambulances.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Barghouti |first=Miriam |date=4 September 2024 |title=Inside the brutal siege of Jenin |url=https://www.972mag.com/jenin-operation-summer-camps/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |magazine=+972 Magazine |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118061205/https://www.972mag.com/jenin-operation-summer-camps/ |archive-date=18 January 2025 |url-status=live}} A day later, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres demanded a halt to the operations,{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Alex |last1=Smith |first2=Mallory |last2=Moench |date=29 August 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj4xl4pvn0yo |title=UN urges de-escalation as Israeli West Bank raids continue |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113232650/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj4xl4pvn0yo |archive-date=13 January 2025 |url-status=live}} and EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the operations "must not constitute the premises of a war extension from Gaza, including full-scale destruction."{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/28/middleeast/israel-operation-west-bank-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Israel launches large-scale West Bank raid as minister calls for Gaza-style operation |first1=Kareem |last1=Khadder |first2=Abeer |last2=Salman |first3=Tamar |last3=Michaelis |first4=Christian |last4=Edwards |first5=Helen |last5=Regan |date=28 August 2024 |work=CNN |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 3 September, Israeli media reported that the IDF had classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" and now viewed it as the second most important front in the war.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=3 September 2024 |title=Israel to classify West Bank as 'combat zone' amid dramatic escalation |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/09/03/israel-to-classify-west-bank-as-combat-zone-amid-dramatic-escalation/ |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Israel Hayom |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Bethan |last=McKernan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/03/benjamin-netanyahu-putting-his-own-interests-before-israels-says-gantz |title=Benjamin Netanyahu putting his own interests before Israel's, says Gantz |date=3 September 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304041234/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/03/benjamin-netanyahu-putting-his-own-interests-before-israels-says-gantz |archive-date=4 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn" with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to "pull out the roots".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=4 September 2024 |title=Gallant: IDF 'mowing the lawn' with West Bank ops, but will eventually need to 'pull out the roots' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/gallant-idf-mowing-the-lawn-with-west-bank-ops-but-will-eventually-need-to-pull-out-the-roots/ |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 6 September, Turkish-American protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a demonstration near Nablus.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Avery |last1=Schmitz |first2=Amanda |last2=Musa |first3=Lucas |last3=Lilieholm |first4=James |last4=Legge |date=7 September 2024 |title=Family of American killed in West Bank blames Israel for her death, demands independent investigation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/07/middleeast/american-killed-west-bank-family-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306160132/https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/07/middleeast/american-killed-west-bank-family-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

On 3 October, an Israeli airstrike in Tulkarm Camp killed at least 20 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 October 2024 |title=Palestinian Authority Says 16 Killed In Israeli Strike On West Bank Refugee Camp |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/palestinian-authority-says-16-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-west-bank-refugee-camp-d02eadc5 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=Barron's |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115000310/https://www.barrons.com/news/palestinian-authority-says-16-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-west-bank-refugee-camp-d02eadc5 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 October 2024 |title=Israeli air attack on West Bank's Tulkarem camp kills at least 18: Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/3/israeli-air-attack-on-west-banks-tulkarem-camp-kills-at-least-18-ministry |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004001718/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/3/israeli-air-attack-on-west-banks-tulkarem-camp-kills-at-least-18-ministry |archive-date=4 October 2024 |url-status=live}} On 13 November, Israeli far-right finance minister Bezalel Smotrich said that with Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 United States presidential election, Israel was "a step away" from "sovereignty in Judea and Samaria." Later comments by Mike Huckabee, chosen by Trump as the next ambassador to Israel, corroborated the possibility of an Israeli annexation of the West Bank.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rachel |first=Fink |date=13 November 2024 |title=New U.S. Envoy to Israel: Full Israeli Control Over West Bank 'Of Course' Possible in Trump Term |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-11-13/ty-article/new-u-s-envoy-to-israel-israeli-control-over-w-bank-of-course-possible-with-trump/00000193-254f-d6bd-a1ff-355f4c270000 |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241113134554/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-11-13/ty-article/new-u-s-envoy-to-israel-israeli-control-over-w-bank-of-course-possible-with-trump/00000193-254f-d6bd-a1ff-355f4c270000 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |url-status=live}} On 21 January 2025, the IDF said it launched a major raid in West Bank.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Melanie |last1=Lidman |first2=Aref |last2=Tufaha |date=21 January 2025 |title=Israel's top general resigns over Oct. 7 attack as it launches major military operation in West Bank |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-ceasefire-hostages-01-21-2025-f836d6eb2d939c3c4bd241c79cad1ee2 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306001327/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-ceasefire-hostages-01-21-2025-f836d6eb2d939c3c4bd241c79cad1ee2 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=21 January 2025 |title=IDF says Jenin operation expected to last several days |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-jenin-operation-expected-to-last-several-days/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Times of Israel |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 29 January, the IDF said that it conducted a drone strike targeting a group of militants in Tammun, killing at least 10 people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://aje.io/3x1h8o?update=3479672 |title=Israeli drone attack kills 10th Palestinian child in occupied West Bank in 2025 |date=31 January 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-ceasefire-news-01-29-2025-8774ab31b2428bb6923169a62548b276 |title=Middle East latest: Israeli strike kills at least 10 people in the West Bank, officials say |date=29 January 2025 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306143940/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-ceasefire-news-01-29-2025-8774ab31b2428bb6923169a62548b276 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 January 2025 |title=Army says West Bank bombers among 10 killed in drone strike last night |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/army-says-west-bank-bombers-among-10-killed-in-drone-strike-last-night/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

On 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen killed three and wounded 11 Israeli civilians at a bus stop on the Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Halabi |first1=Liran Tamari Einav |first2=Yoav |last2=Zitun |date=30 November 2023 |title=3 killed, at least 11 injured in shooting attack near entrance to Jerusalem |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hylzfssh6 |work=Ynet |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306005236/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hylzfssh6 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 16 February 2024, a Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in Kiryat Malakhi, Israel. The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=16 February 2024 |title=Two killed, 4 hurt in terror attack at Re'em Junction in south Israel; gunman dead |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-killed-4-hurt-in-terror-attack-at-reem-junction-in-south-israel-gunman-killed/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219184524/https://www.timesofisrael.com/two-killed-4-hurt-in-terror-attack-at-reem-junction-in-south-israel-gunman-killed/ |url-status=live}} On 12 April, a 14-year-old Israeli shepherd went missing near Ramallah and was found dead a day later. On 15 April, two Palestinians were killed by Israeli settlers in Aqraba.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=16 April 2024 |title=Israeli settlers kill two Palestinians in West Bank, officials say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/16/israel-settlers-kill-palestinians-west-bank-gaza |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305230245/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/16/israel-settlers-kill-palestinians-west-bank-gaza |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}} On 13 May, at the Tarqumiya checkpoint, a convoy of trucks carrying food supplies to Gaza was attacked by Israeli settlers, who damaged the trucks and threw supplies on the ground.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/16/palestinian-lorry-drivers-israeli-settlers-attack-gaza-aid-convoy |title='Barbaric': Palestinian lorry drivers recount settlers' attack on Gaza aid convoy |last1=Tondo |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Taha |first2=Sufian |last3=Burke |first3=Jason |date=16 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223171221/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/16/palestinian-lorry-drivers-israeli-settlers-attack-gaza-aid-convoy |archive-date=23 February 2025 |url-status=live}}

Israel has increased its administrative detention of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, as well as Palestinian citizens of Israel, since the start of the war. Administrative detention was already at a 20-year high before October 2023.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 November 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/ |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205174233/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |url-status=live}} More than 11,000 Palestinians are held in Israeli jails, not counting detainees taken from Gaza during the war. At least 60 Palestinians have died in Israeli detention since 7 October. They are held without charge or trial, which violates international law.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=28 February 2025 |title=Release of civilian hostages held in Gaza and arbitrarily detained Palestinians must be immediate and not hinge on ceasefire negotiations |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/02/release-of-civilian-hostages-held-in-gaza-and-arbitrarily-detained-palestinians-must-be-immediate-and-not-hinge-on-ceasefire-negotiations/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306000811/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/02/release-of-civilian-hostages-held-in-gaza-and-arbitrarily-detained-palestinians-must-be-immediate-and-not-hinge-on-ceasefire-negotiations/ |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

In December 2023, a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp by the IDF. Whistleblowers and detainees reported beatings and torture of Palestinian detainees at the camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing, medical neglect, arbitrary punishment and sexual abuse. Prisoners have been coerced to make confessions that they are members of Hamas.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=29 July 2024 |title=Military Police raid IDF detention facility, 9 held, over 'serious abuse of a detainee' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/military-police-raid-idf-detention-facility-9-held-over-serious-abuse-of-a-detainee/ |work=Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730065301/https://www.timesofisrael.com/military-police-raid-idf-detention-facility-9-held-over-serious-abuse-of-a-detainee/ |archive-date=30 July 2024 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Qiblawi |first=Tamara |date=10 May 2024 |title=Israeli whistleblowers detail horror of shadowy detention facility for Palestinians |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110152705/https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=10 January 2025 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 June 2024 |title=Inside Sde Teiman, the Base Where Israel Detains Gazans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-detention-base.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044425/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-detention-base.html |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=The New York Times}} After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024, the Supreme Court of Israel held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to Ofer Prison.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Qiblawi |first1=Tamara |last2=Goodwin |first2=Allegra |last3=Arvanitidis |first3=Barbara |date=5 June 2024 |title=Israel phasing out use of desert detention camp after CNN investigation detailing abuses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/05/middleeast/israel-top-court-sde-teiman-hearing-intl/index.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306001953/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/05/middleeast/israel-top-court-sde-teiman-hearing-intl/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}} Detainees have reported severe instances of violence during transfers between prisons.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=5 August 2024 |title=Welcome to Hell: The Israeli Prison System as a Network of Torture Camps |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202408_welcome_to_hell |website=B'Tselem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816000352/https://www.btselem.org/publications/202408_welcome_to_hell |archive-date=16 August 2024 |url-status=live}}

Several Palestinian healthcare workers have been abducted from Gaza hospitals during sieges by Israeli forces.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=26 August 2024 |title=Israel: Palestinian Healthcare Workers Tortured |website=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/26/israel-palestinian-healthcare-workers-tortured |access-date=31 August 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215042716/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/26/israel-palestinian-healthcare-workers-tortured |archive-date=15 February 2025 |url-status=live}} On 5 December, Israeli forces abducted the adult men present at Al-Awda hospital and took them to Sde Teiman camp. Dr. Adnan Al-Bursh was detained and later died in Israeli custody.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sparks |first=John |date=14 November 2024 |title='He was the light of my life and I lost him': How a famous surgeon died in an Israeli prison after being taken from Gaza hospital |url=https://news.sky.com/story/he-was-the-light-of-my-life-and-i-lost-him-how-a-famous-surgeon-died-in-an-israeli-prison-after-being-taken-from-gaza-hospital-13253157 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=Sky News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305223802/https://news.sky.com/story/he-was-the-light-of-my-life-and-i-lost-him-how-a-famous-surgeon-died-in-an-israeli-prison-after-being-taken-from-gaza-hospital-13253157 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}} In March, Israeli forces abducted Khaled Alser, lead author of the first Lancet paper on trauma among Gazan ER patients and doctors, from Nasser Hospital. As of 31 August, he remains in detention and his whereabouts are unknown.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Grim |first=Ryan |date=31 August 2024 |title=Renowned Surgeon and Lead Author of New Lancet Study Tortured by Israeli Military |url=https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/gaza-doctor-tortured-lancet |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Drop Site News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306104924/https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/gaza-doctor-tortured-lancet |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}

Al-Araby TV correspondent Mohammed Arab was abducted from the Gaza strip in March 2024 and transferred to Ofer prison in July. After reports of his treatment were leaked to al-Araby, he was beaten, threatened and tortured. According to Arab's testimony, prison guards used dogs and fire extinguishers to enact sexual violence on other prisoners.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Ahmed |first=Basyouni |date=14 November 2024 |title=Torture, rape, abuse: New Palestinian testimonies reveal horrors of Israel's prisons |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/new-palestinian-testimonies-reveal-horrors-israels-prisons |work=The New Arab |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

In July 2024, military police raided Sde Teiman to arrest ten soldiers "suspected of the serious sexual abuse" of a Palestinian detainee. Israeli national security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir and other members of the far-right Otzma Yehudit party condemned the arrests. Supporters of the arrested soldiers including Ben Gvir, Amihai Eliyahu, Zvi Sukkot, and Nissim Vaturi stormed Sde Teiman that night in protest. Hours later, protestors broke into Beit Lid where the soldiers were being held.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=30 July 2024 |title='Bordering on anarchy': IDF chief sounds alarm after right-wing mob overruns 2nd base |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bordering-on-anarchy-idf-chief-sounds-alarm-after-right-wing-mob-overruns-2nd-base/ |work=Times of Israel |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

On 7 October 2024, American journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war" for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. The journalists' cameras and phones were confiscated. Loffredo was released after four days in detention, and barred from leaving the country until 20 October.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Valdez |first=Jonah |date=11 October 2024 |title=U.S. Journalist Jeremy Loffredo Released After Being Detained by Israel for Four Days |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/10/11/us-journalist-jeremy-loffredo-released-israel-detained/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

As of February 2025, at least 160 healthcare workers from Gaza were believed to be held in detention by Israel, with another 24 missing after being taken from hospitals in Gaza. Al-Shifa hospital director Mohammed Abu Selmia, who was detained for 7 months and released without charges, detailed many of the abuses he faced and said that "no day passes without torture" in Israeli prisons.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Kelly |first1=Annie |last2=Osman |first2=Hoda |last3=Jallad |first3=Farah |date=25 February 2025 |title=More than 160 Gazan medics held in Israeli prisons amid reports of torture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/feb/25/more-than-160-gazan-medics-held-in-israeli-prisons-amid-reports-of-torture |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{see|Potential American ownership of the Gaza Strip}}

File:Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv-Yafo, January 2024 (ABG 9887).jpg Antony Blinken and Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv, Israel, 9 January 2024]]

The extent of American support for Israel has led the war to be labelled as 'the first US-Israeli joint war'.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 January 2024 |title=The first US-Israeli joint war |url=https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/us-israel-joint-war |work=Le Monde |access-date=17 January 2025 |quote=The Israeli military forces' war on Gaza, following Hamas's 7 October attack, is the first Israeli war in which Washington is a cobelligerent. |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Alongside substantial military, financial, and diplomatic support, the US also intervened in the war directly. 100 American soldiers were deployed in combat to man a THAAD anti-air battery.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=15 October 2024 |title=US troops arrive in Israel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/10/15/israel-iran-war-hezbollah-lebanon-latest-news1/ |work=Telegraph |access-date=18 October 2024 |quote=Around 100 American military personnel in total will be sent to operate the system – the first time US troops have been deployed in combat in Israel during the current crisis. |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cooper |first=Helene |date=13 October 2024 |title=U.S. to Deploy Missile Defense System and About 100 Troops to Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/13/us/politics/us-missile-defense-iran-israel.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 October 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} In addition, America piloted drones over Gaza in order to provide intelligence to Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Matza |first=Max |date=3 November 2023 |title=Pentagon acknowledges flying unarmed drones over Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-67317218 |work=BBC |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} This intelligence was aimed at locating Palestinian militant leaders in Gaza and the location of hostages;{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Strobel |first=Warren |date=31 March 2024 |title=U.S. and Israel's 'Unprecedented' Intelligence Sharing Draws Criticism |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240526230834/https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/u-s-and-israels-unprecedented-intelligence-sharing-draws-criticism-a85979b4#selection-5809.0-5809.70 |url-status=live}} this also included information on Sinwar's location.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 August 2024 |title=Inside Israel's Hunt for the Leader of Hamas, Yahya Sinwar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/25/us/politics/israel-hamas-sinwar.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

On 18 March 2025, Israel launched a surprise attack on the Gaza Strip, ending the 2025 Gaza war ceasefire. These attacks killed more than 400 Palestinians, including 263 women and children.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2025 |title=Israel breaks ceasefire with surprise airstrike, killing more than 400 Palestinians |url=https://apnews.com/live/latest-updates-israel-launches-new-wave-of-airstrikes-across-gaza-after-ceasefire-talks-stall#00000195-a988-d36f-a797-a99b37260000 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319014017/https://apnews.com/live/latest-updates-israel-launches-new-wave-of-airstrikes-across-gaza-after-ceasefire-talks-stall#00000195-a988-d36f-a797-a99b37260000 |url-status=live}} Israel's government spokesman David Mencer revealed that operation was "fully coordinated with Washington" and thanked the Trump administration "for their unyielding support for Israel".{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/czje23jd779t |title=Israel continuing strikes across Gaza, as Hamas ministry says more than 400 killed |work=BBC News |date=18 March 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

On 6 April, a second THAAD system was deployed to Israel by the US.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-transfer-2nd-thaad-missile-battery-to-israel-as-iran-nuclear-tensions-rise/ |title=US said to transfer 2nd THAAD missile battery to Israel as Iran nuclear tensions rise |work=The Times of Israel |date=6 April 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{main|Casualties of the Gaza war}}

{{further |Gaza war hostage crisis |Mass detentions in the Gaza war |Killing of journalists in the Gaza war |Killing of health workers in the Gaza war}}

File:Mother cries for her 4-year-old daughter, who lost her life due to malnutrition and lack of treatment due to the war on Gaza, Gaza Strip.jpg

{{Gaza war casualties}}

According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Rehabilitation Division, about 1,000 soldiers are wounded every month.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=4 August 2024 |title=Service extension law not yet approved, fighters in uncertainty: 'They are taken for granted' |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra14024678 |work=ynet |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 14 August 2024, the ministry predicted that it would have to account for 100,000 disabled IDF veterans by 2030 due to the war.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 August 2024 |title=Defense ministry expects 100,000 disabled IDF veterans by 2030, half to be related to mental health |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-08-14/ty-article-live/biden-expects-iran-wont-attack-israel-if-gaza-deal-reached-nyt-hamas-to-miss-talk/00000191-4eaf-d140-a5ff-7eef4bc30000?liveBlogItemId=1781008177&utm_source=site&utm_medium=button&utm_campaign=live_blog_item#1781008177 |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=Haaretz |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{main|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)}}

{{further|Gaza Strip famine|Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse}}

{{see also|Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war|Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip|Gaza Strip evacuations}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 13.jpg

The Gaza Strip is experiencing a humanitarian crisis as a result of the war,{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224531/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Vox}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gaza doctors warn of a humanitarian catastrophe after Israeli attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/supplies-exhausted-doctors-exhausted-in-gaza-catastrophe-looms-large |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014174402/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/supplies-exhausted-doctors-exhausted-in-gaza-catastrophe-looms-large |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}} including a hunger crisis, in which famine-like conditions occurred in some areas of the strip and a high risk of famine persists as of October 2024,{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_Sep2024_Apr2025_Special_Snapshot.pdf |title=GAZA STRIP: IPC Acute Food Insecurity and Acute Malnutrition Special Snapshot |work=IPC |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=14 October 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/untangling-the-reality-of-famine-in-gaza/ |work=Refugees International |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=12 September 2024 |title=Untangling the reality of famine in Gaza}} as well as a healthcare collapse. At the start of the war, Israel tightened its blockade on the strip, resulting in significant shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Gottbrath |first1=Laurin-Whitney |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gaza "fast becoming hell hole" on "brink of collapse" amid Israel strikes: UN |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/14/gaza-humanitarian-crisis-hamas-israel-war-death-toll |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016101000/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/14/gaza-humanitarian-crisis-hamas-israel-war-death-toll |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Axios}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Crispian |last=Balmer |editor1-first=Giles |editor1-last=Elgood |editor2-first=Gareth |editor2-last=Jones |date=21 November 2023 |title=Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130145841/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/ |archive-date=30 November 2023 |work=Reuters}} This siege resulted in a 90% drop in electricity availability, impacting hospital power supplies, sewage plants, and shutting down the desalination plants that provide drinking water.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mellen |first1=Ruby |last2=Chen |first2=Szu Yu |date=26 October 2023 |title=See how Israel's siege has plunged Gaza into darkness and isolation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/26/gaza-israel-siege-blackout-isolation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027220800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/26/gaza-israel-siege-blackout-isolation/ |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} In July 2024, available water worked out to 4.74 litres per person per day, just under a third of the recommended minimum in emergencies.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Stockwell |first1=Billy |last2=Haq |first2=Sana Noor |date=23 August 2024 |title=Children are drinking from puddles and wading through sewage pools, as Israel pummels water systems in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/23/middleeast/israel-gaza-water-shortages-heatwave-crisis-intl/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=10 November 2024}} Doctors warned of disease outbreaks spreading due to overcrowded hospitals. A polio epidemic was the target of mostly-successful vaccination campaigns.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 November 2024 |title=Second round of polio campaign in Gaza completed amid ongoing conflict and attacks: UNICEF and WHO |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/06-11-2024-second-round-of-polio-campaign-in-gaza-completed-amid-ongoing-conflict-and-attacks--unicef-and-who |work=World Health Organization |access-date=10 November 2024}}

Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades, and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Aly |first=Rasha |date=17 December 2023 |title=Palestinians in Gaza using eSim cards to get around communications blackout |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/esim-cards-internet-gaza-palestinians |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Vo |first=Lam Thuy |date=7 November 2023 |title='Let Me Tell Them Goodbye Before They Get Killed': How eSIM Cards Are Connecting Palestinian Families |work=The Markup |url=https://themarkup.org/news/2023/11/07/let-me-tell-them-goodbye-before-they-get-killed-how-esims-cards-are-connecting-palestinian-families |access-date=19 March 2024}} Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Español |first=Marc |date=29 January 2024 |title=The Egyptians who have sent more than 130,000 digital cell phone cards to Gaza to defy blackouts |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-01-29/the-egyptians-who-have-sent-more-than-130000-digital-cell-phone-cards-to-gaza-to-defy-blackouts.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=El País English}} The blackouts impeded emergency services, making it harder to locate and access the time-critical injured, and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists. By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans (approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by Connecting Humanity.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Emma |last1=Tucker |first2=Alaa |last2=Elassar |date=3 December 2023 |title=When Gaza lost phone and internet under Israeli attack, this activist found a way to get Palestinians back online |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/03/middleeast/gaza-palestinians-blackouts-power-airstrikes/index.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=CNN}}File:Gaza casualties info-graphic 19 June 2024.pdf casualties summary, as of 19 June 2024]]The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=6 November 2023 |title=Gaza death toll tops 10,000; UN calls it a children's graveyard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107235020/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/pressure-israel-over-civilians-steps-up-ceasefire-calls-rebuffed-2023-11-06/ |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |work=Reuters}} UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that Gaza had "become a graveyard for children."{{#tag:ref|Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan responded directly to Guterres, stating, "Shame on [Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate this terrorist organization."{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67324897 |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2023 |title=UN says Gaza becoming |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107033550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-67324897 |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=UN chief: Gaza has become 'graveyard for kids'; Israeli envoy calls for him to resign |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-chief-gaza-has-become-graveyard-for-kids-israeli-envoy-urges-his-resignation/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108092946/https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-chief-gaza-has-become-graveyard-for-kids-israeli-envoy-urges-his-resignation/ |url-status=live}}|group=lower-alpha}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |date=6 November 2023 |title=UN chief says Gaza becoming a 'graveyard for children' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-says-gaza-becoming-graveyard-children-2023-11-06/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111020600/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-says-gaza-becoming-graveyard-children-2023-11-06/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Abdulrahim |first1=Raja |date=18 November 2023 |title=The War Turns Gaza Into a 'Graveyard' for Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/18/world/middleeast/gaza-children-israel.html |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=The New York Times}} Indirect Palestinian deaths are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of healthcare infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee to, and reduction in UNRWA funding, with a Lancet study stating that the death toll in Gaza, including future deaths indirectly caused by the war, may exceed 186,000.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title='More than 186,000 dead' in Gaza: How credible are the estimates published on The Lancet? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240711-more-than-186-000-dead-in-gaza-how-credible-are-the-estimates-published-on-the-lancet |work=France 24 |date=11 July 2024}}

In mid-April 2025, 12 CEOs of humanitarian organizations signed a statement that aid systems were in danger of collapsing.{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=The World Food Programme has run out of food in Gaza |website=NBC News |date=27 April 2025 |author1=Astha Rajvanshi |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/gaza/world-food-programme-food-stocks-depleted-gaza-rcna203183}}

On 16 May, Donald Trump acknowledged starvation in Gaza and promoted a US-Israeli humanitarian aid plan where food would be distributed through a system of hubs run by private contractors and protected by Israeli soldiers. The U.S.-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation was set up to carry out this plan and announced it would be ready to begin operations by the end of May.{{#invoke:cite|web |title=Trump acknowledges starvation in Gaza as Israeli airstrikes kill more than 100 |website=The Guardian |date=16 May 2025 |author1=Jason Burke|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/16/donald-trump-people-gaza-starving-us-will-take-care-of-situation}}{{#invoke:cite|web |title=Trump says "a lot of people are starving" in Gaza, as death toll from Israel's assault reportedly hits 53,000 |website=CBS News |date=16 May 2025 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-gaza-war-trump-says-people-starving/}} International aid agencies have rejected US-Israeli aid plans, saying that they weaponize humanitarian aid, violate principles of neutrality, will exacerbate mass displacement and would not be able to meet the scale of aid that is required.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=9 May 2025 |title=UN agencies warn that Israel's plans for aid distribution will endanger lives in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-aid-israel-distribution-plan-un-bdbc73f4ba3bab577d7325b3bd2d7667 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}

On 25 May, the UN's World Food Programme Executive Director Cindy McCain said only about 100 trucks a day were getting through, whereas prior to the blockade it had been upwards of 600 trucks a day.{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Aid trucks going into Gaza are a "drop in the bucket as to what's needed," WFP director says |website=CBS News |date=May 25, 2025 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aid-trucks-gaza-world-food-program-israel-hamas/}}

{{main|Bombing of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)}}

{{see also|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|Refugee camp airstrikes in the Gaza war|Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza|2023 Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip|Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza|AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 29.jpg in Gaza City following an Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023]]

The scale and pace of destruction and damage of buildings in the Gaza Strip ranks among the most severe in modern history,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 December 2023 |title=Israel has waged one of this century's most destructive wars in Gaza |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2023/israel-war-destruction-gaza-record-pace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227085321/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2023/israel-war-destruction-gaza-record-pace/ |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=7 December 2023 |title=Widespread destruction in Gaza puts concept of 'domicide' in focus |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/widespread-destruction-in-gaza-puts-concept-of-domicide-in-focus |access-date=31 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rathbone |first=John Paul |date=29 October 2023 |title=Military briefing: Israel's devastating bombing campaign in Gaza |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8a56b2bf-8af7-4c87-9012-31882e7d7d59|url-access=subscription |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=Financial Times}} surpassing the bombing of Dresden, Hamburg, and London combined during World War II,{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|web|date=24 April 2024 |title=200 days of military attack on Gaza: A horrific death toll amid intl. failure to stop Israel's genocide of Palestinians |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6282/200-days-of-military-attack-on-Gaza:-A-horrific-death-toll-amid-intl.-failure-to-stop-Israel%E2%80%99s-genocide-of-Palestinians# |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pape |first=Robert A. |date=21 June 2024 |title=Hamas Is Winning |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/middle-east-robert-pape |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |issn=0015-7120}}

}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Dyer |first=Evan |date=30 December 2023 |title=Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/israel-gaza-bombing-hamas-civilian-casualties-1.7068647 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103080237/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.7068647|archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=31 December 2023}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Jared |last1=Malsin |first2=Saeed |last2=Shah |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}{{#tag:ref|By December 2023, the percentage of buildings damaged or destroyed in Gaza exceeded Dresden and Cologne during World War II and approached the level of destruction seen in Hamburg.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bott |first1=Ian |last2=Rathbone |first2=John Paul |date=6 December 2023 |title=Military briefing: the Israeli bombs raining on Gaza |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7b407c2e-8149-4d83-be01-72dcae8aee7b |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=Financial Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227083737/https://www.ft.com/content/7b407c2e-8149-4d83-be01-72dcae8aee7b |archive-date=27 December 2023}}|group=lower-alpha}} and included apartment buildings, hospitals, schools, religious sites, factories, shopping centres, and municipal infrastructure. As of January 2024, researchers at Oregon State University and the City University of New York estimated that 50–62% of buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 July 2024 |title=Israeli Troops Return to Gaza City |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israeli-troops-return-to-gaza-city-months-after-leaving-7f5c5093}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=de Hoog |first1=Niels |last2=Voce |first2=Antonio |last3=Morresi |first3=Elena |last4=Ganguly |first4=Manisha |last5=Kirk |first5=Ashley |title=How war destroyed Gaza's neighbourhoods – visual investigation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2024/jan/30/how-war-destroyed-gazas-neighbourhoods-visual-investigation |work=The Guardian |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217193502/https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2024/jan/30/how-war-destroyed-gazas-neighbourhoods-visual-investigation |url-status=live}}{{#tag:ref|In northern Gaza, including Gaza City, the number of buildings damaged or destroyed is as high as 80 percent.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Khaled |first1=Mai |title=Visual analysis: Gaza's last refuge becomes Israel's next target |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6265f18b-3fba-4110-9b9f-300638e48d4c?shareType=nongift |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219233815/https://www.ft.com/content/6265f18b-3fba-4110-9b9f-300638e48d4c?shareType=nongift |url-status=live}}|group=lower-alpha}}{{#tag:ref|In October 2024, The New York Times estimated 168,000 buildings in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Abdulrahim |first1=Raja |last2=Rosales |first2=Helmuth |last3=Shbair |first3=Bilal |last4=Singhvi |first4=Anjali |last5=Solomon |first5=Erika |last6=Abuheweila |first6=Iyad |last7=Abu Bakr |first7=Bashir |last8=Harouda |first8=Ameera |last9=Khurana |first9=Malika |last10=Penney |first10=Veronica |last11=Reinhard |first11=Scott |title=Gaza in Ruins After a Year of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-destruction-hamas-war.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare&sgrp=c-cb |work=The New York Times |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024}}|group=lower-alpha}} The damage to buildings in northern Gaza reportedly exceeds that in Bakhmut and Mariupol in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Aleppo in the Battle of Aleppo, and Mosul and Raqqa in the War against the Islamic State. The 29,000 munitions Israel had dropped on Gaza in three months exceeded the amount (3,678) dropped by the US between 2004 and 2010 after its invasion of Iraq.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Nicholas |last=Kristof |author-link=Nicholas Kristof |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/13/opinion/israel-gaza-war.html|title=The Things We Disagree On About Gaza |work=The New York Times |date=13 January 2024}} According to satellite analyses, 68% of roads, 70% of greenhouses, and nearly 70% of tree crops have been damaged or destroyed.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/10/09/g-s1-27175/israel-hamas-war-gaza-map |title=These maps and images show what's left of Gaza, 1 year into the Israel–Hamas war |last=Wood |first=Daniel |date=10 October 2024 |work=NPR |access-date=12 November 2024}} After a year, the UN estimates that a total of 42m tonnes of rubble clutter the Strip, to clear and rebuild which might take 80 years and cost over $80bn.Lucy Swan, Tural Ahmedzade, Harvey Symons, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/10/how-a-year-of-war-laid-waste-the-gaza-strip-visualised How a year of war laid waste the Gaza Strip – visualised] The Guardian 10 October 2024.

The Guardian reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept of domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a] territory uninhabitable". The term urbicide has also been used to refer to the destruction of Gazan cities and their institutions.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Chiodelli |first=Francesco |date=18 June 2021 |title=The urbicide of the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.securitypraxis.eu/the-urbicide-of-the-gaza-strip/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Security Praxis |language=English}} In October 2024, after monitoring and analyzing Israel's war conduct in Gaza for more than a year, Forensic Architecture published a cartographic map platform detailing Israel's campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by an 827-page text report that concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 October 2024 |title=A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza Since October 2023 |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028155707/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Forensic Architecture}}

{{Main|War crimes in the Gaza war}}

{{See also|Gaza genocide|Palestinian war crimes|Israeli war crimes}}

File:A Palestinian man mourns his family members who were killed in the Israeli bombing of the Nuseirat refugee camp, Gaza Strip.jpg]]

File:101894 reeim - memorial PikiWiki Israel.jpg in Re'im]]

A UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Farge |first1=Emma |date=10 October 2023 |title=UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israeli-air-strikes-hit-residences-schools-across-gaza-un-rights-chief-2023-10-10/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010005/https://www.reuters.com/world/israeli-air-strikes-hit-residences-schools-across-gaza-un-rights-chief-2023-10-10/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|press release|title=Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/commission-inquiry-collecting-evidence-war-crimes-committed-all-sides-israel |publisher=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010006/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/commission-inquiry-collecting-evidence-war-crimes-committed-all-sides-israel |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9 |title=How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it |date=17 October 2023 |work=Associated Press |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194735/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-crimes-explainer-cd019114fac21c919000ef80276980d9 |url-status=live}} On 27 October, a spokesperson for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=War crimes by both sides in Israel–Gaza war |url=https://aje.io/i5z284?update=2441157 |work=Al Jazeera |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132916/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/27/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-bombs-gaza-overnight-more-than-7000-dead?update=2441157 |url-status=live}}

The International Criminal Court (ICC) said that its mandate to investigate alleged war crimes committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine extends to the current conflict.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 October 2023 |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010004/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/icc-prosecutor-in-israel-to-meet-survivors-of-oct-7-onslaught-families-of-victims/ |title=ICC prosecutor in Israel to meet survivors of Oct. 7 onslaught, families of victims |date=30 November 2023 |work=Times of Israel |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209010824/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/icc-prosecutor-in-israel-to-meet-survivors-of-oct-7-onslaught-families-of-victims/ |url-status=live}} On 20 May, ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced his intention to seek arrest warrants against Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed Deif and Ismail Haniyeh, as well as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and then-Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity during the war.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-05-20-24/index.html |title=Live updates: Israel–Hamas war in Gaza, Benny Gantz ultimatum, Netanyahu government in turmoil |first=Chris |last=Lau |date=20 May 2024 |work=CNN}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |date=20 May 2024 |website=International Criminal Court |access-date=30 August 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggpe3qj6wo |title=Israel Gaza war: ICC prosecutor seeks arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Hamas leaders |date=20 May 2024 |work=BBC News}} On 21 November, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and Deif for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-israeli-pm-netanyahu-for-war-crimes-in-gaza |title=ICC issues arrest warrant for Israeli PM Netanyahu for 'war crimes' in Gaza |date=21 November 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 November 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges |title=Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects the State of Israel's challenges to jurisdiction and issues warrants of arrest for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant |date=21 November 2024 |website=International Criminal Court |access-date=21 November 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-issues-warrant-arrest-mohammed-diab-ibrahim |title=Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I issues warrant of arrest for Mohammed Diab Ibrahim Al-Masri (Deif) |date=21 November 2024 |website=International Criminal Court |access-date=21 November 2024}} The ICC canceled Deif's arrest warrant after confirming his death.{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=ICC cancels warrant for Hamas military leader Deif, weeks after group confirms death |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/icc-cancels-warrant-for-hamas-military-leader-deif-weeks-after-group-confirms-death/ |website=timesofisrael.com |publisher=Times of Israel |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025}}

On 7 June 2024, both Israel and Hamas were added to the list of shame, an annex attached to an annual report submitted by the UN Secretary-General documenting rights violations against children in armed conflict. While past reports accused Israel of grave rights violations against children, the country was never included in the annex.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 June 2024 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/07/middleeast/un-israel-global-list-children-intl-latam/index.html |title=UN adds Israel to global list of offenders that harm children |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=CNN}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-07/ty-article/.premium/un-adds-israel-to-blacklist-of-countries-that-harm-children-amid-gaza-war/0000018f-f37e-d084-abef-f77f242f0000 |title=UN adds Israel, Hamas to 'blacklist' of countries that harm children in conflict zones amid Gaza war |newspaper=Haaretz |date=7 June 2024 |last1=Tibon |first1=Amir}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-adds-israel-to-list-of-shame-for-alleged-rights-violations-against-children-during-war-netanyahu-delusional/ |title=UN adds Israel to 'list of shame' for alleged rights violations against children during war; Netanyahu: 'Delusional' |date=7 June 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}

On 19 June 2024, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory presented a detailed report to the United Nations Human Rights Council covering the war from 7 October to 31 December 2023, affirming that both Hamas and Israel committed war crimes and that Israel's actions also constituted crimes against humanity.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 June 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/israeli-authorities-palestinian-armed-groups-are-responsible-war-crimes?sub-site=HRC |title=Israeli authorities, Palestinian armed groups are responsible for war crimes, other grave violations of international law, UN Inquiry finds |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=OHCHR}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|news |date=12 June 2024 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/12/middleeast/un-report-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-intl-hnk/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc |title=UN inquiry says Israel and Hamas have both committed war crimes since October 7 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=CNN}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 June 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/immense-scale-gaza-killings-amount-crime-against-humanity-un-inquiry-says-2024-06-12/ |title='Immense' scale of Gaza killings amount to crime against humanity, UN inquiry says |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Reuters}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 June 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/un-backed-commission-accuses-israel-and-palestinian-groups-of-war-crimes |title=UN-backed commission accuses Israel and Palestinian groups of war crimes |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

}} In a second report, the Commission found that Israel had carried out a policy of destroying Gaza's healthcare system.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/ |title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of seeking to destroy Gaza healthcare system |last=Farge |first=Emma |date=11 October 2024 |work=Reuters |access-date=11 October 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks |title=UN Commission finds war crimes and crimes against humanity in Israeli attacks on Gaza health facilities and treatment of detainees, hostages |date=10 October 2024 |website=OHCHR |access-date=11 October 2024}}

The June report found that the military wing of Hamas and six other Palestinian armed groups were responsible for the war crimes of intentionally directing attacks against civilians, murder or willful killing, torture, inhuman or cruel treatment, destroying or seizing property, outrages upon personal dignity, and taking hostages, including children.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-3.pdf |title=Detailed findings on attacks carried out on and after 7 October 2023 in Israel |website=OHCHR |date=19 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Report by UN-backed experts cites crimes by Israeli forces, Palestinian militants starting Oct. 7 |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-human-rights-navi-pillay-israel-palestinians-a80c38e1aa2c2090da098f7df20e97fe |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=AP News |date=12 June 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622132822/https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-human-rights-navi-pillay-israel-palestinians-a80c38e1aa2c2090da098f7df20e97fe |archive-date=22 June 2024}} In relation to IDF operations and attacks in Gaza, the commission concluded that Israeli authorities are responsible for the war crimes of starvation as a method of warfare, murder or willful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and outrages upon personal dignity. It also found that Israel committed numerous crimes against humanity, including carrying out the extermination of Palestinians and gender persecution targeting Palestinian men and boys.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 June 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2024/06/commission-inquiry-occupied-palestinian-territory-concludes-israeli-authorities-and?sub-site=HRC |title=Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory Concludes that Israeli Authorities and Hamas Are Both Responsible for War Crimes |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=OHCHR}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 June 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-may-have-violated-laws-war-gaza-campaign-un-rights-office-says-2024-06-19/ |title=Israel may have violated laws of war in Gaza, UN rights office says |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 June 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/19/israels-actions-in-gaza-intentional-attack-on-civilians-un-inquiry |title=Israel's actions in Gaza 'intentional attack on civilians': UN inquiry |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}} The commission said that they had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence to the ICC related to crimes committed by Israel and Hamas, as part of the International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 June 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/6/19/never-seen-anything-like-this-un-commission-of-inquiry-on-israel-gaza|title='Never seen anything like this': UN Commission of Inquiry on Israel–Gaza |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

In another report published in October 2024, the commission accused Israel of "committing war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical personnel and facilities" as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza. The report also addressed the detention of Palestinians in Israeli military camps and facilities, finding that thousands of child and adult detainees, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including physical and psychological violence, rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, and conditions amounting to torture, highlighting that deaths resulting from such abuse or neglect constituted war crimes and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had an "anti-Israel" bias.{{multiref2

|1={{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-of-deliberately-hitting-gaza-health-facilities|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of crime of 'extermination' in Gaza|date=10 October 2024|work=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011095557/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-of-deliberately-hitting-gaza-health-facilities|archive-date=11 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}

|2={{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/un-israel-war-crimes-gaza-health-system-intl/index.html|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of 'crime of extermination' through deliberate destruction of Gaza's health care system|last1=Kennedy|first1=Niamh|last2=Darwish|first2=Muhammad|date=11 October 2024|work=CNN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012174219/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/un-israel-war-crimes-gaza-health-system-intl/index.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}

|3={{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lnw2gvllxo|title=UN accuses Israel of war crimes over attacks on Gaza hospitals|last=Foulkes|first=Imogen|date=10 October 2024|work=BBC|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011105921/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lnw2gvllxo|archive-date=11 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}

|4={{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of seeking to destroy Gaza healthcare system|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=10 October 2024|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010193354/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/|archive-date=10 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}

}}

On 5 December 2024, Amnesty International published a report concluding that Israel was committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip;{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |title=Amnesty International investigation concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza |date=5 December 2024 |website=Amnesty International |access-date=5 December 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/05/israels-war-in-gaza-amounts-to-genocide-amnesty-international-report-finds |title=Israel's war in Gaza amounts to genocide, Amnesty International report finds |date=5 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |access-date=5 December 2024}} and on 19 December 2024, Human Rights Watch published a 179-page report concluding that Israel is responsible for the crime of genocide by intentionally depriving Palestinians in Gaza of access to safe water for drinking and sanitation needed for basic human survival.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 December 2024 |title=Israel's Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza |access-date=22 December 2024 |language=en}}

On 13 March 2025, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory released a report stating that Israel's attacks on women's healthcare facilities in Gaza amounted to genocidal acts, destroying "in part the reproductive capacity of Palestinians in Gaza as a group".{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |date=13 March 2025 |title=Israeli attacks on Gaza maternity wards and IVF clinic 'genocidal acts', says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/13/israeli-attacks-on-womens-healthcare-in-gaza-amount-to-genocidal-acts-un-says |website=The Guardian |access-date=14 March 2025}} Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the report as "false and absurd", and accused UN Human Rights Council of being anti-Israel and anti-Semitic.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 March 2025 |title=Netanyahu slams UN probe accusing Israel of 'genocidal acts' in Gaza as 'false and absurd' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250313-netanyahu-slams-un-probe-accusing-israel-of-genocidal-acts-in-gaza-as-false-and-absurd |website=France 24 |access-date=14 March 2025}}

{{main|Diplomatic impact of the Gaza war}}

{{further|2023 Gaza war ceasefire|2023 Israeli–Palestinian prisoner exchange|2024 Beijing Declaration}}

{{see also|Israeli–Palestinian peace process|Two-state solution}}

File:Secretary Blinken Meets with Foreign Ministers of the Gulf Cooperation Council Member States - 53689212351.jpg and foreign ministers of the Gulf Cooperation Council member states in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 19 April 2024]]

The war sparked a diplomatic crisis, with countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict, that affected the momentum of regional relations.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Youssef |first=Hesham |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/10/how-israel-hamas-war-impacts-regional-relations |title=How the Israel–Hamas War Impacts Regional Relations |date=23 October 2023 |website=United States Institute of Peace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102003837/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/10/how-israel-hamas-war-impacts-regional-relations |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=live }} At least nine countries withdrew their ambassadors or cut diplomatic ties with Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Touval |first=Yonatan |url=https://time.com/6330197/diplomacy-israels-invasion-of-gaza/ |title=The Diplomatic Off-Ramp After Israel's Invasion of Gaza |date=31 October 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504013435/https://time.com/6330197/diplomacy-israels-invasion-of-gaza/ |archive-date=4 May 2025 |url-status=live }}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=South Africa recalls diplomats from Israel over Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/11/7/south-africa-recalls-diplomats-from-israel-over-gaza-war |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201062600/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/11/7/south-africa-recalls-diplomats-from-israel-over-gaza-war |archive-date=1 December 2023 |url-status=live }} The war has also resulted in a renewed focus on a two-state solution to the broader conflict.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2bc594a3-84b9-4311-ab78-383900059a0d |url-access=subscription |title=US shifts focus on Gaza to what follows an end to the war |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Schwartz |first2=Felicia |date=4 November 2023 |work=Financial Times |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cook |first=Lorne |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-eu-europe-statehood-ee6db2a05e31038278ab5d702aaca8b9 |title=EU pushes for Palestinian statehood, rejecting Israeli leader's insistence it's off the table |date=22 January 2024 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502052716/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-eu-europe-statehood-ee6db2a05e31038278ab5d702aaca8b9 |archive-date=2 May 2025 |url-status=live }} Global public opinion of Israel dropped during the war; a Morning Consult poll published in January 2024 indicated that the United States was the only remaining wealthy country in which Israel had net positive approval.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Gordon |first=Anna |title=New Polling Shows How Much Global Support Israel Has Lost |magazine=Time |date=17 January 2024 |url=https://time.com/6559293/morning-consult-israel-global-opinion/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509200432/https://time.com/6559293/morning-consult-israel-global-opinion/ |archive-date=9 May 2025 |url-status=live }}

Negotiations have focused on the possibility of a ceasefire, with United States, Egypt and Qatar serving as negotiation mediators between Israel and Hamas.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israel skips key ceasefire meeting with Hamas over unanswered hostage questions, official says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-hostages-ceasefire-talks-1.7132610 |access-date=7 March 2024 |agency=Associated Press |work=CBC |date=3 March 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 April 2024 |title=Qatar re-evaluates key mediator role in Middle East conflict on concerns of 'political exploitation' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/18/israel-hamas-qatar-re-evaluates-key-mediator-role-in-middle-east-conflict-.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=CNBC |archive-url= |archive-date=}} The United Nations Security Council passed resolution 2728 in March 2024, demanding an immediate ceasefire and the unconditional release of hostages for the month of Ramadan.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 March 2024 |title=UN Security Council adopts resolution demanding immediate Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/25/un-security-council-adopts-resolution-calling-for-immediate-gaza-ceasefire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816151703/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/25/un-security-council-adopts-resolution-calling-for-immediate-gaza-ceasefire |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=25 March 2024 |title=Security Council passes resolution demanding 'an immediate ceasefire' during Ramadan |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147931 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708155836/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147931 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=news.un.org |publisher=United Nations}} The United Nations Security Council passed resolution 2735 in June 2024, demanding acceptance of the three-phase ceasefire proposal.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=10 June 2024 |title=Middle East Crisis: U.N. Security Council Passes U.S.-Backed Cease-Fire Resolution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/06/10/world/israel-gaza-war-hamas |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

Following talks mediated by China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian groups including Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement to end their divisions and form a unity government for Gaza, which they announced in the Beijing Declaration.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Chen |first1=Laurie |last2=Al-Mulgrabi |first2=Nidal |date=23 July 2024 |title=Palestinian Factions Agree to Form Unity Government after Talks in China |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/hamas-fatah-meet-with-media-china-after-reconciliation-talks-2024-07-23/ |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

At the UNGA, Saudi Arabia announced a global alliance to push for a two-state solution. Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said almost 90 countries were at the launch of The Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/un-norway-palestinian-state-saudi-arabia-eu-c9116cdb5f23574e668de65f6a7aca71 |title=Europeans, Arab and Muslim nations launch a new initiative for an independent Palestinian state |date=28 September 2024 |work=AP News |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-forms-global-alliance-push-israeli-palestinian-two-state-solution-2024-09-27/|title=Saudi Arabia forms global alliance to push for Israeli-Palestinian two-state solution |first=Clauda |last=Tanios |date=27 September 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/saudi-arabia-launches-coalition-push-palestinian-state |title=Saudi Arabia launches coalition to push for Palestinian state |date=27 September 2024 |work=The New Arab |archive-url= |archive-date=}} On 29 September, Saudi Arabia said they would send aid to the Palestinian Authority, $60{{spaces}}million in six installments according to a senior PA official. The aid is seen as means of keeping the PA solvent and maintaining the push for a two-state solution, notwithstanding Israeli financial restrictions.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-palestine-financial-aid.html |title=Saudi Arabia Pledges to Send Financial Aid to Palestine |first1=Adam |last1=Rasgon |first2=Aaron |last2=Boxerman |date=30 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Main|International reactions to the Gaza war}}

{{see also|Arms embargoes on Israel}}

{{main|Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}

The Israeli government's response to the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.

Settler expansions and officials' remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests within Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism.{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Israeli parliament bill criminalises 'consumption of terrorist materials' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/knesset-introduces-consumption-of-terrorist-publication-as-offense |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108174908/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/knesset-introduces-consumption-of-terrorist-publication-as-offense |url-status=live}}

In an interview to the Wall Street Journal on 25 December, Netanyahu said that Israel's objectives were to "destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza and deradicalize the whole of Palestinian society".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Netanyahu|first=Benjamin|author-link=Benjamin Netanyahu|date=25 December 2023|title=Benjamin Netanyahu: Our Three Prerequisites for Peace|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/benjamin-netanyahu-our-three-prerequisites-for-peace-gaza-israel-bff895bd|issn=0099-9660}}

There was broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|title=What Israelis Think of the War With Hamas |url=https://time.com/6333781/israel-hamas-poll-palestine/ |magazine=Time |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207104223/https://time.com/6333781/israel-hamas-poll-palestine/ |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Silver |first1=Laura |last2=Smerkovich |first2=Maria |date=30 May 2024 |title=Israeli Views of the Israel–Hamas War |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/05/30/israeli-views-of-the-israel-hamas-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816023656/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/05/30/israeli-views-of-the-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Pew Research Center}} A public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=As death toll mounts in Gaza, veterans of past negotiations weigh in on possibilities for peace |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-death-toll-peace-negotiations-veterans-rcna131271 |work=NBC News |date=31 December 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

In another Israel Democracy Institute survey of 510 Israeli citizens in early February 2024, 68% of respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza.{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Hermann |first1=Tamar |last2=Kaplan |first2=Yaron |date=20 February 2024 |title=Most Israelis: an "Absolute Victory" to the War is Unlikely - War in Gaza Survey 11 (February 12–15, 2024) |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226115344/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52976 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |website=Israel Democracy Institute}}

A poll commissioned by Penn State University and conducted in March 2025 among a representative sample of 1,005 Israeli Jews found that 82% supported the forced expulsion of Gaza residents. Additionally, 47% responded affirmatively to the question: "When conquering an enemy city, should the IDF act like the Israelites led by Joshua when they conquered Jericho, that is, kill all its inhabitants?"{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Hizkani |first1=Shai |last2=Sorek |first2=Tamir |date=22 May 2025 |script-title=he: כן לטרנספר: 82% מהיהודים בישראל בעד גירוש תושבי עזה |title=ken letranisper: 82% meheihudim bisral ba'ad gerush toshvi aza |trans-title=Yes to Transfer: 82% of Jews in Israel support expulsion of Gaza residents |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/2025-05-22/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/00000196-f3a3-d6d3-ab9e-f3bbf6070000 |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250526183243/https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/2025-05-22/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/00000196-f3a3-d6d3-ab9e-f3bbf6070000 |archive-date=26 May 2025 |language=he |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rapoport |first=Nadav |date=24 May 2025 |title=Nearly half of Israelis support army killing Palestinians in Gaza, poll finds |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/majority-israelis-support-expulsion-palestinians-gaza-poll |work=Middle East Eye |archive-date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525063427/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/majority-israelis-support-expulsion-palestinians-gaza-poll |access-date=25 May 2025 |url-status=live}}

Initially, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinian people's right to self-defense against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Mahmoud Abbas: Palestinians have right to defend themselves against 'terror' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Mahmoud-Abbas-Palestinians-have-right-to-defend-themselves-against-terror- |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120458/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Mahmoud-Abbas-Palestinians-have-right-to-defend-themselves-against-terror- |url-status=live}} and condemned the orders by Israel for residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".{{#invoke:Cite|news|title='We reject the forced displacement' in Gaza: Abbas tells Blinken in Jordan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/abbas-blinken-jordan |work=Al Jazeera |date=13 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the Palestinian people.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=President Abbas says Hamas' actions do not represent Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/president-abbas-says-hamas-actions-do-not-represent-palestinians-2023-10-15/ |work=Reuters |date=16 October 2023 |time=12:06{{spaces}}am GMT+3 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

A December 2023 poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research found that 72% of respondents (52% of Gazans and 85% of West Bank residents) approved of the October 7 attacks.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14/ Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises]. Reuters. December 14, 2023. A 2024 follow-up poll found that two-thirds of respondents continued to approve of the attacks.Stern, Itay. [https://www.npr.org/2024/07/26/g-s1-12949/khalil-shikaki-palestinian-polling-israel-gaza-hamas "A pollster sheds light on Palestinian attitudes toward the U.S., Israel and Hamas."] National Public Radio. July 26, 2024. About 90% of respondents did not believe that Hamas committed atrocities (killing women and children, sexual violence) during the October 7 attacks, seeing this as enemy propaganda. Half of respondents in Gaza expected Hamas to win the war, while a quarter expected Israel to win.

{{Main |International reactions to the Gaza war}}

{{further |Arms embargoes on Israel|United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|United Kingdom support for Israel in the Gaza war|German support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

{{see also |Gaza war protests |Violent incidents in reaction to the Gaza war |Calls for a ceasefire during the Gaza war}}

{{update section|date=May 2024}}

File:Vice President Harris met with President Herzog of Israel during the MSC 2024.jpg with Israeli President Isaac Herzog at the 60th Munich Security Conference in Germany, February 2024]]

Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Much of the Western world provided strong diplomatic and military support to Israel,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Busari |first1=Stephanie |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Nadeen |last3=Al Lawati |first3=Abbas |date=19 January 2024 |title=Israel's war in Gaza has exposed a deepening global divide |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/19/middleeast/israels-war-in-gaza-has-exposed-a-deepening-global-divide/index.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211004529/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/19/middleeast/israels-war-in-gaza-has-exposed-a-deepening-global-divide/index.html |url-status=live}} including the United States,{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=11 October 2023 |title=Biden condemns Hamas actions, says US is sending Israel military aid |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/biden-condemns-hamas-actions-says-u-s-is-sending-israel-military-aid-194851909853 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=NBC News |archive-url= |archive-date=}} United Kingdom, and Germany,{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Germany stands by Israel as its 'reason of state' |date=10 May 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-stands-by-israel-as-its-reason-of-state-with-caveats/a-68918777 |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} however several European nations have been less supportive of Israel's actions, most notably Spain, Norway, and Ireland who formally recognised the State of Palestine in a coordinated move in June 2024.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://apnews.com/article/eu-palestinian-state-spain-israel-gaza-6efe351e53761befc2c539c535bbcc0c |title=Spain, Norway and Ireland formally recognize a Palestinian state |work=Associated Press |date=28 May 2024 |last1=Wilson |first1=Joseph |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Spain and Ireland have also supported South Africa's genocide case against Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-says-army-preparing-to-enter-rafah?update=2806505 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: Deadly strike on centre housing displaced |work=Al Jazeera |date=29 March 2024 |last1=Quillen |first1=Stephen |last2=Motamedi |first2=Maziar |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Usaid |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/espana-suma-procedimiento-israel-iniciado-sudafrica-corte-internacional-justicia_1_11426547.html |title=España se suma al procedimiento contra Israel por genocidio en la Corte Internacional de Justicia |trans-title=Spain joins proceedings against Israel for genocide at the International Court of Justice |work=elDiario.es |language=es |date=6 June 2024 |last1=Azcoiti |first1=Javier Biosca |archive-url= |archive-date=}} This has led to retaliatory action by Israel, who recalled its ambassadors to all three countries and later announced that it would be closing its embassy in Dublin.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67575699 |title=Israel recalls ambassador in war spat with Spain PM Pedro Sánchez |work=BBC News |date=1 December 2023 |last1=Kirby |first1=Paul |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news |url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/world/israel-recalls-ambassadors-as-norway-ireland-and-spain-recognise-palestine-1628534.html |title=Israel recalls ambassadors as Ireland, Norway and Spain recognise Palestine |work=BreakingNews.ie |agency=Associated Press |date=22 May 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2024/1215/1486609-israel-embassy/ |title=Israel closing Dublin embassy over 'anti-Israel policies' |work=RTÉ News |date=15 December 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Hugh Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations says that during the Cold War, Israel sided with the West against the Arab countries supported by the Soviets, and Western leaders generally see Israel "as a fellow member of the liberal democratic club" and that this partially "explains the continued strong Western support for Israel – which has now largely become reflexive". At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct on 7 October as terrorism, including a joint statement by the US, UK, France, Italy, and Germany.{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Waldo |first1=Cleary |first2=Gabriel |last2=Epstein |first3=Sydney |last3=Hilbush |date=11 October 2023 |title=International Reactions to the Hamas Attack on Israel |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel |website=The Washington Institute |access-date=13 October 2023 |series=PolicyWatch 3793 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016215412/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/international-reactions-hamas-attack-israel |url-status=live}}

In contrast, the Islamic world and much of the Global South denounced the actions of Israel and its allies, criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards surrounding human rights.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |date=1 November 2023 |title=South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} The double standards, in their view, is condemning Russia's invasion and occupation of Ukrainian land while standing firmly behind Israel's occupation of Palestinian territory.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Stuenkel |first=Oliver |title=Why the Global South Is Accusing America of Hypocrisy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/02/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-war-russia-ukraine-occupation-west-hypocrisy/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=2 November 2023 |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225100332/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/02/israel-palestine-hamas-gaza-war-russia-ukraine-occupation-west-hypocrisy/ |url-status=live}} Bolivia has cut all ties with Israel as a result of the conflict, while Colombia and Chile recalled their ambassadors to the country.

The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have supplied Israel with substantial military and medical aid.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 October 2023 |title=The US will send a carrier strike group to the Eastern Mediterranean in support of Israel |work=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-american-carrier-strike-force-mediterranean-db05d535a9ebb931f684f758c9b6f628 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.{{#invoke:Cite|web|author-link=Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs |author-link2=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |date=2023 |title=2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Israel, West Bank and Gaza |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/israel-west-bank-and-gaza/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=US Department of State |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{main|Evacuations during the Gaza war}}

Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Guilherme |last1=Mazui |first2=Mateus |last2=Rodrigues |date=8 October 2023 |title=Governo prepara seis aviões para resgatar brasileiros na zona de conflito entre Israel e Hamas |language=pt |trans-title=Government prepares six planes to rescue Brazilians in the conflict zone between Israel and Hamas |work=G1 |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/10/08/reuniao-itamaraty-confronto-israel-hamas.ghtml |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Poland announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 Polish nationals.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 October 2023 |title=Live: More than 600 Israelis killed, more than 100 held 'prisoner' in war with Hamas |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-us-israel-discussions-on-military-aid-very-much-underway-says-white-house-official |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two TAROM planes and two private aircraft on the same day.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 October 2023 |title=Romania, Hungary Evacuate Citizens From Israel By Air |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/israel-hungary-romania-evacuate-citizens-hamas/32629062.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Australia also announced repatriation flights.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/11/israel-hamas-war-repatriation-flights-australians-qantas-virgin-evacuation |title=Qantas to help repatriate Australians from Israel starting Friday |last=Hurst |first=Daniel |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} 300 Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/11/israel-palestine-death-toll-rises-sharply-as-african-nationals-evacuated/ |title=Israel–Palestine: death toll rises sharply, as African nationals evacuated |work=Africanews |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, most commercial flights were suspended.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Sean |last=Seddon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67091170 |title=UK arranges flights for Britons stranded in Israel |work=BBC News |date=12 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Nepal arranged a flight to evacuate at least 254 of its citizens who were studying in Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Nepal: First batch of 254 students, stranded amid Israel–Hamas war, land in Kathmandu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-first-batch-of-254-students-stranded-amid-israel-hamas-war-land-in-kathmandu/articleshow/104385637.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} India launched Operation Ajay to evacuate its citizens from Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Saikat Kumar |last=Bose |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/israel-gaza-war-israel-hamas-war-indians-in-israel-operation-ajay-operation-ajay-first-flight-to-evacuate-indians-from-israel-tonight-4473665 |title=Operation Ajay: First Flight To Evacuate Indians From Israel Tonight |work=NDTV |date=12 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Ukraine facilitated the evacuation of ~450 of its citizens from Israel as of 18 October, with additional evacuation flights planned for the near future.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Martin |last=Fornusek |url=https://kyivindependent.com/update-ukrainian-woman-killed-in-gaza-18-citizens-confirmed-killed-in-israel/ |title=Update: Ukrainian woman killed in Gaza, 18 citizens confirmed killed in Israel |work=The Kyiv Independent |date=20 October 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{Main|Impacts of the Gaza war}}

According to Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in Palestinian politics. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Byman |first2=Daniel |last2=Palmer |first1=Alexander |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |title=What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence |work=Foreign Policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007230520/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}} Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 October 2023 |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/10/iiss-experts-assess-the-hamas-israel-war-and-its-international-implications/ |title=IISS experts assess the Hamas–Israel war and its international implications |website=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=12 October 2023}}

Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's Channel 12, said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as prime minister, noting that past wars had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Menachem Begin following the 1982 Lebanon War, and Ehud Olmert following the 2006 Lebanon War.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Gotkine |first=Elliott |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/hamas-attack-crisis-benjamin-netanyahu-intl/ |title=Israel's history suggests the clock is ticking for Netanyahu after Hamas attack failures |publisher=CNN |access-date=11 October 2023}} Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to the incumbent government focusing more on internal dissent, the judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories,{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.vox.com/23910085/netanyahu-israel-right-hamas-gaza-war-history |title=Benjamin Netanyahu failed Israel |website=Vox |access-date=10 October 2023}} some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas,{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=8 October 2023 |title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010105701/https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |url-status=live}} and described him as a liability.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tisdall |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Tisdall |date=9 October 2023 |title=In the midst of war, Benjamin Netanyahu is a liability who can only make things worse. He must go |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010013653/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |url-status=live}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/ |title=Most Israelis think Netanyahu responsible for failing to prevent Hamas attack, poll shows |publisher=Reuters |date=20 October 2023 }}

In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/saudi-israeli-normalization-effort-takes-a-violent-detour-after-hamas-attack/ |title=Saudi-Israeli normalization effort takes a violent detour after Hamas attack |work=The Times of Israel |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 }} Andreas Kluth wrote in his Bloomberg News column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the US would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up". He added that viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kluth |first=Andreas |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |title=Hamas Just Torched Biden's Deal to Remake the Middle East |work=Bloomberg News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008111839/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}

{{main|Economic impact of the Gaza war}}

The Bank of Israel estimates that by 2025, the war will have cost the country US$67{{spaces}}billion, notwithstanding a $14.5{{spaces}}billion US aid package, part of the $22.76{{spaces}}billion the U.S. has so far allocated for military assistance.{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Amr Saber |last1=Algarhi |first2=Konstantinos |last2=Lagos |url=https://theconversation.com/israel-11-months-of-war-have-battered-the-countrys-economy-237915 |title=Israel: 11 months of war have battered the country's economy |website=The Conversation |date=5 September 2024 }}{{#tag:ref|A conservative estimate for U.S. funding for Israel's military operations and related U.S. operations in the area sets the figure for the fiscal year between 7 October and 30 September at $22.76{{spaces}}billion.{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Linda J. |last1=Bilmes |first2=William D. |last2=Hartung |first3=Stephen |last3=Semler |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/2024/Costs%20of%20War_US%20Support%20Since%20Oct%207%20FINAL%20v2.pdf |title=United States Spending on Israel's Military Operations and Related U.S. Operations in the Region, October 7, 2023 – September 30, 2024 |publisher=Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs |date=7 October 2024 |pages=1–23 }}|group=lower-alpha}}

As early as 9 November 2023, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600{{spaces}}million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that the estimate did not include damage caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/war-is-costing-economy-some-600m-a-week-due-to-work-absence-bank-of-israel/ |title=War is costing economy some $600m a week due to work absence – Bank of Israel |date=9 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel }} In the final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labour shortages in construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/763bb384-a974-4222-996f-8aecfbc32074 |url-access=subscription |title=Israel's economy shrank at 20% rate after outbreak of war |date=19 February 2024 |work=Financial Times |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219175950/https://www.ft.com/content/763bb384-a974-4222-996f-8aecfbc32074 |url-status=live}} While Israel did still see economic growth of 2%, this was down from 6.5% growth in the year before the war. Consumer spending declined by 27%, imports declined by 42% and exports declined by 18%.

Israel's high-tech factories reported in December that recent bureaucratic obstacles with electronic imports from China had led to higher import costs and delayed delivery times.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zomer |first=Navit |date=25 December 2023 |title=Israeli high-tech factories have difficulties importing components from China |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/b1ze7rrda |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118210639/https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/b1ze7rrda |url-status=live}} Israeli officials also reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 December 2023 |title=Hebrew Newspaper: China imposes sanctions on "Israel" against the backdrop of the war in Gaza |work=Al-Quds |url=https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105127 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103259/https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105127 |url-status=live}} China's actions were described as a de facto sanction.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 December 2023 |title=China delays shipments to Israel amid Gaza genocide; over 20,000 Palestinians killed so far |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2023/12/25/china-delays-shipments-to-israel-amid-gaza-genocide-over-20000-palestinians-killed-so-far/ |work=Free Press Kashmir |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103314/https://freepresskashmir.news/2023/12/25/china-delays-shipments-to-israel-amid-gaza-genocide-over-20000-palestinians-killed-so-far/ |url-status=live}}

The 3,500-member Water Transport Workers Federation of India said it would refuse to operate shipments carrying weapons to Israel.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-trade-union-boycott-israel-weapon-b2498512.html |title=Indian port workers refuse to handle Israel weapon shipments |work=The Independent |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219130746/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-trade-union-boycott-israel-weapon-b2498512.html |url-status=live}} The declaration came a few months after one Indian company halted production of Israeli police uniforms due to the war in Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-israel-hamas-war-palestinian-gaza-b2451669.html |title=Indian firm refuses orders for Israeli army uniforms over civilian killings in Gaza |work=The Independent |date=29 November 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219130746/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-israel-hamas-war-palestinian-gaza-b2451669.html |url-status=live}}

About 9,855 Thai workers in the agricultural sector, 4,331 workers in the construction sector and 2,997 in the nursing sector left Israel following the 7 October attack. In addition, the prevention of 85,000 Palestinian workers from entering Israel created a shortage of about 100,000 foreign and Palestinian workers.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231128-official-over-17000-foreign-workers-left-israel-since-7-october/ |title=Official: Over 17,000 foreign workers left Israel since 7 October |work=Middle East Monitor |date=28 November 2023 |access-date=30 August 2024 }}

It has been calculated that the carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Nina |last=Lakhani |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/06/rebuilding-gaza-climate-cost |title=Revealed: repairing Israel's destruction of Gaza will come at huge climate cost |work=The Guardian |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |quote=The carbon cost of rebuilding Gaza will be greater than the annual greenhouse gas emissions generated individually by 135 countries, exacerbating the global climate emergency on top of the unprecedented death toll, new research reveals. Reconstructing the estimated 200,000 apartment buildings, schools, universities, hospitals, mosques, bakeries, water and sewage plants damaged and destroyed by Israel in the first four months of the war on Gaza will generate as much as 60m tonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e), according to new analysis by researchers in the UK and US. This is on a par with the total 2022 emissions generated by countries such as Portugal and Sweden – and more than twice the annual emissions of Afghanistan. }}

{{main|Media coverage of the Gaza war}}{{See also|Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

In reporting on the conflict, foreign media have limited access to Gaza and only in the presence of Israeli soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for review before publication". The conflict has also seen large numbers of journalists wounded or killed in action. On 14 December, CBS reported on a statement from the International Federation of Journalists that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount killed in the Vietnam War, which lasted two decades".{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Mikayla |last=Price |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/journalists-vigil-killed-gaza-israel/ |title=Chicago journalists hold vigil for colleagues killed in Gaza and Israel |publisher=CBS |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court under section 8.2.b of the Rome Statute, accusing Israel of committing war crimes against eight journalists.{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=1 November 2023 |title=RSF files complaint with ICC for war crimes against journalists in Palestine and Israel |url=https://rsf.org/en/rsf-files-complaint-icc-war-crimes-against-journalists-palestine-and-israel |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=rsf.org |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |archive-url= |archive-date=}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Nicole |last=Narea |url=https://www.vox.com/23972456/journalists-killed-gaza-israel-press-freedom |title=Israel's wartime assault on the free press |publisher=Vox |date=8 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 }} It also lodged a complaint against Hamas, under section 8.2.a of the Rome Statute for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack. The Committee to Protect Journalists accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their families, saying that in at least two cases, "journalists reported receiving threats from Israeli officials and Israel Defense Forces officers before their family members were killed".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=21 December 2023 |title=Israeli military accused of targeting journalists and their families in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/21/israel-idf-accused-targeting-journalists-gaza |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201175951/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/21/israel-idf-accused-targeting-journalists-gaza |url-status=live}}

• Gaza genocide
• Misinformation in the Gaza war
• Outline of the Gaza war
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
• List of wars involving Israel
• List of wars involving the State of Palestine
• Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023
• Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2024
• List of companies involved in the Gaza war

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|refs=

{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Chuter |first=Andrew |date=13 October 2023 |title=Britain sends spy planes, ships to Mediterranean amid Israel–Hamas war |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/10/13/britain-sends-spy-planes-ships-to-mediterranean-amid-israel-hamas-war/ |website=Defense News |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226101903/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/10/13/britain-sends-spy-planes-ships-to-mediterranean-amid-israel-hamas-war/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2024}}

{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=22 December 2023 |title=Germany stands firmly alongside Israel |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/germany-stands-by-israel-and-is-seeking-to-bring-about-a-de-escalation-2228294 |website=Bundesregierung |quote=The Federal Government is also supporting Israel by providing military and medical equipment. |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215011039/https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/germany-stands-by-israel-and-is-seeking-to-bring-about-a-de-escalation-2228294 |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2024}}

{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Behind Hamas's Bloody Gambit to Create a 'Permanent' State of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111105142/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/world/middleeast/hamas-israel-gaza-war.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2023}}

}}

{{#invoke:Sister project links|main|auto=yes|d=yes}}

• {{Britannica|2235848|Israel–Hamas war}}
• [https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqKAgKIiJDQkFTRXdvTkwyY3ZNVEZzTXpaclgyNDVaaElDWlc0b0FBUAE Israel–Hamas war] at Google News
• [https://www.ochaopt.org/updates Hostilities in Gaza and Israel, Humanitarian Situation Updates], OCHA.
• [https://www.un.org/unispal/data-collection/monthly-bulletin/ Monthly Bulletin (Action by UN System and IGOs Relevant to Question of Palestine)], UNRWA
• [https://www.gov.il/en/departments/topics/swords-of-iron/govil-landing-page Swords of Iron], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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