Genetic history of Italy

Latin samples from Latium in the Iron Age and early Roman Republican period were generally found to genetically cluster closest to modern Northern and Central Italians (four out of six were closest to Northern and Central Italians, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians).{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=2}} DNA analysis demonstrates that ancient Greek colonization had a significant lasting effect on the local genetic landscape of Southern Italy and Sicily (Magna Graecia), with modern people from that region having significant Greek admixture.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, Guarrera S, Underhill PA, King RJ, Romano V, Cali F, Gasparini M, Matullo G, Salerno A, Torre C, Piazza A |date=January 2009 |title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2985948/table/tbl1/?report=objectonly |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=91–9 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 |pmc=2985948 |pmid=18685561 |quote=The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%. }} Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, Etruscans and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=3}} In 2019, aDNA analysis of Roman fossils detected substantial genetic ancestry shift towards central and northern European ancestry in the inhabitants of the city of Rome in late antiquity and the medieval era. The authors tentatively link the origin of this ancestry with Visigoths and Lombards. Previously, most citizens in the imperial era clustered with central and east Mediterranean peoples, such as central and south Italians, Greeks, Cypriots and Maltese, and to some extent, Levantine and Near Eastern peoples. This was caused by direct immigration and contact with Greek, Phoenician and Punic diasporas.{{refn|name=Antonio_2019}}{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Lizzie |date=2019 |title=Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome |url=https://www.science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6466/673 |url-status=dead |journal=Science |volume=366 |issue=6466 |page=673 |bibcode=2019Sci...366..673W |doi=10.1126/science.366.6466.673 |pmid=31699914 |s2cid=207965960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224202538/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6466/673 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2021-01-25}}"Trade routes sent people and goods to the new capital, and epidemics and invasions reduced Rome's population to about 100,000 people. Invading barbarians brought in more European ancestry. Rome gradually lost its strong genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By medieval times, city residents again genetically resembled European populations." A 2020 analysis of maternal haplogroups from ancient and modern samples indicates a substantial genetic similarity and continuity between the modern inhabitants of Umbria in central Italy and ancient inhabitants of the region belonging to the Italic-speaking Umbrian culture.

Multiple DNA studies confirmed that genetic variation in Italy is clinal, going from the Eastern to the Western Mediterranean. The Sardinians are the exception as genetic outliers in Italy and indeed in Europe, resulting from their predominantly Neolithic, Pre-Indo-European and non-Italic Nuragic ancestry...."La separazione della Sardegna dal resto del continente, anzi da tutte le altre popolazioni europee, che probabilmente rivela un'origine più antica della sua popolazione, indipendente da quella delle popolazioni italiche e con ascendenze nel Mediterraneo Medio-Orientale." Alberto Piazza, [https://www.units.it/sites/default/files/media/documenti/notizie/piazza_2.pdf I profili genetici degli italiani], Accademia delle Scienze di Torino{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chiang CW, Marcus JH, Sidore C, Biddanda A, Al-Asadi H, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Busonero F, Maschio A, Pistis G, Steri M, Angius A, Lohmueller KE, Abecasis GR, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Novembre J |date=October 2018 |title=Genomic history of the Sardinian population |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1426–1434 |doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0215-8 |pmc=6168346 |pmid=30224645 }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, Beckett J, Furtwängler A, Olivieri A, Chiang CW, Al-Asadi H, Dey K, Joseph TA, Liu CC, Der Sarkissian C, Radzevičiūtė R, Michel M, Gradoli MG, Marongiu P, Rubino S, Mazzarello V, Rovina D, La Fragola A, Serra RM, Bandiera P, Bianucci R, Pompianu E, Murgia C, Guirguis M, Orquin RP, Tuross N, van Dommelen P, Haak W, Reich D, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Krause J, Novembre J |date=February 2020 |title=Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=939 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..939M |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 |pmc=7039977 |pmid=32094358 }} Reflecting the history of Europe and the broader Mediterranean basin, the Italian populations have been found to be made up mostly of the same ancestral components, albeit in different proportions, from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements of Europe.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fiorito G, Di Gaetano C, Guarrera S, Rosa F, Feldman MW, Piazza A, Matullo G |date=July 2016 |title=The Italian genome reflects the history of Europe and the Mediterranean basin |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=1056–62 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.233 |pmc=5070887 |pmid=26554880 }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Brisighelli F, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Fondevila M, Blanco-Verea A, Carracedo A, Pascali VL, Capelli C, Salas A |year=2012 |title=Uniparental markers of contemporary Italian population reveals details on its pre-Roman heritage |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e50794 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...750794B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0050794 |pmc=3519480 |pmid=23251386 |doi-access=free }}

The genetic gap between northern and southern Italians is filled by an intermediate Central Italian cluster, creating a continuous cline of variation that mirrors geography. The only exceptions are some minority populations (mostly Slovene minorities from the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia) who cluster with the Slavic-speaking Central Europeans in Slovenia,{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Esko T, Mezzavilla M, Nelis M, Borel C, Debniak T, Jakkula E, Julia A, Karachanak S, Khrunin A, Kisfali P, Krulisova V, Aušrelé Kučinskiené Z, Rehnström K, Traglia M, Nikitina-Zake L, Zimprich F, Antonarakis SE, Estivill X, Glavač D, Gut I, Klovins J, Krawczak M, Kučinskas V, Lathrop M, Macek M, Marsal S, Meitinger T, Melegh B, Limborska S, Lubinski J, Paolotie A, Schreiber S, Toncheva D, Toniolo D, Wichmann HE, Zimprich A, Metspalu M, Gasparini P, Metspalu A, D'Adamo P |date=June 2013 |title=Genetic characterization of northeastern Italian population isolates in the context of broader European genetic diversity |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=659–65 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.229 |pmc=3658181 |pmid=23249956 }} as well as the Sardinians, who are clearly differentiated from the populations of both mainland Italy and Sicily. A study on some linguistic and isolated communities residing in Italy revealed that their genetic diversity at short (0–200 km) and intermediate distances (700–800 km) was greater than that observed throughout the entire European continent.

The genetic distance between Northern and Southern Italians, although large for a single European nationality, is similar to that between the Northern and the Southern Germans. Northern and Southern Italians began to diverge as early as the Late Glacial, and appear to encapsulate at a smaller scale the cline of genetic diversity observable across Europe.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sazzini M, Abondio P, Sarno S, Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Ragno M, Giuliani C, De Fanti S, Ojeda-Granados C, Boattini A, Marquis J, Valsesia A, Carayol J, Raymond F, Pirazzini C, Marasco E, Ferrarini A, Xumerle L, Collino S, Mari D, Arosio B, Monti D, Passarino G, D'Aquila P, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Castellani G, Delledonne M, Descombes P, Franceschi C, Garagnani P |date=May 2020 |title=Genomic history of the Italian population recapitulates key evolutionary dynamics of both Continental and Southern Europeans |journal=BMC Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-00778-4 |pmc=7243322 |pmid=32438927 |doi-access=free }}

File:Timeline of Demographic Events in Ancient Italy (Palaeolithic to Middle Ages).webp to the Middle Ages.]]

File:Iron Age Italy.svg (as defined by today's borders) in the Iron Age.]]

Modern humans appeared during the Upper Paleolithic. Specimens of Aurignacian age were discovered in the cave of Fumane and date back about 34,000 years. During the Magdalenian period, the first humans from the Pyrenees populated Sardinia.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rootsi S |date=December 2006 |title=Y-Chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe. |url=http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf33/rootsi33.pdf |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |volume=33 |pages=17–20 |doi=10.4312/dp.33.3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306191441/http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf33/rootsi33.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-06}}

During the Neolithic period, farming was introduced by people from the east and the first villages were built. Weapons became more sophisticated and the first objects in clay were produced. In the late Neolithic era the use of copper spread, and villages were built over piles near lakes. In Sardinia, Sicily and a part of Mainland Italy the Bell Beaker culture spread from Western and Central Europe. Sicily also suffered the influences of the Aegean in the Mycenaean period.

During the Late Bronze Age the Urnfield Proto-Villanovan culture appeared in Central and Northern Italy. It is characterized by the rite of cremation of dead bodies, which originated from Central Europe. The use of iron began to spread.{{Cite web |title=Culture del bronzo recente in Italia settentrionale e loro rapporti con la "cultura dei campi di urne" |url=http://www.archeologiamontichiari.it/ere_archeologiche/ere_archeologiche_scheda.asp?id=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510111657/http://www.archeologiamontichiari.it/ere_archeologiche/ere_archeologiche_scheda.asp?id=14 |archive-date=10 May 2006 |publisher=Gruppo Archeologico Monteclarense }} In Sardinia, the Nuragic civilization flourished.

At the dawn of the Iron Age much of Italy was inhabited by Italic tribes such as the Latins, Sabines, Samnites, Picentes and Umbrians. The Northwest and Alpine territories were populated primarily by the Lepontic-speaking peoples of the Golasecca culture and pre-Indo European speakers such as the Ligurians, Camunni, Raetians, Etruscans, who inhabited also Central-western Italy. In the Northeast, the ancient Veneti were settled, while Iapygian tribes, possibly of Illyrian origin, populated Apulia in Southeastern Italy.

From the 8th century BC, Greek colonists settled on the southern Italian coast and Sicily and founded cities, forming what would be later called Magna Graecia. Around the same time, Phoenician colonists settled on the western side of Sicily and Sardinia. In the 4th century BC, Gauls settled in Northern Italy and in parts of Central Italy.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHMABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=The Celts: Bronze Age to New Age |vauthors=Haywood J |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87017-3 |pages=21 |language=en}} With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, different populations of Germanic origin invaded Italy, the most significant being the Lombards,{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Lombard people |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lombard-people}} followed five centuries later by the Normans in Sicily.

{{Excerpt|Daunians|Genetics}}

{{main|Etruscan origins}}

File:Etruscan votive heads IV-II century BC.jpg

Genetic research has increasingly clarified the origins of the Etruscans. Early studies based on modern samples and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alone yielded inconclusive or contradictory results.{{Cite book |last=Kron |first=Geof |title=The Etruscan World |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67308-2 |editor-last=MacIntosh Turfa |editor-first=Jean |location=London; New York |pages=56–78 |language=en |chapter=Fleshing out the demography of Etruria}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ghirotto |first1=S. |last2=Tassi |first2=F. |last3=Folloni |first3=L. |last4=Pesole |first4=G. |last5=Luiselli |first5=D. |last6=Barbujani |first6=G. |title=Origins and evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e55519 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0055519 |doi-access=free |pmid=23405165|pmc=3566088 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...855519G }}{{Cite journal |last=Achilli |first=A. |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |year=2007 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=759–68 |doi=10.1086/512822 |pmc=1852723 |pmid=17357081}} With the advent of ancient DNA analysis and whole genome sequencing (WGS), particularly since 2019, a clearer picture has emerged.{{Cite journal |last1=Antonio |first1=Michael L. |last2=Gao |first2=Ziyue |last3=Moots |first3=Heather M. |last4=Lucci |first4=Maurizio |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal=Science |year=2019 |volume=366 |issue=6466 |pages=708–714 |doi=10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmid=31699931 |pmc=7093155 |bibcode=2019Sci...366..708A |s2cid=204002163}}{{Cite journal |last1=Posth |first1=C. |last2=Mittnik |first2=A. |last3=Johannsen |first3=N.N. |last4=Harney |first4=E. |title=The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect |journal=Science Advances |year=2021 |volume=7 |issue=39 |pages=11–14 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 |pmid=34582507|bibcode=2021SciA....7.7673P |hdl=1887/3245269 |hdl-access=free }}

Genome-wide studies of Iron Age individuals from Tuscany and Lazio show that Etruscans were genetically similar to their Latin neighbors, despite linguistic differences. Both groups carried Steppe-related ancestry, introduced via migrations in the 2nd millennium BCE, likely associated with the Bell Beaker culture. A 2021 study found no signal of recent admixture from Anatolia or the Eastern Mediterranean, supporting the Etruscans' autochthonous origin. The large majority of Etruscan males belonged to the haplogroup R1b-M269 (75%), particularly R1b-P312 and R1b-L2 (descendant of R1b-U152), while mtDNA was dominated by haplogroup H.

A 2024 study on individuals from Tarquinia (9th–7th century BC) confirmed earlier results: ancestry was 84–92% Italy Bell Beaker with additional 8–26% Steppe admixture. Two males carried haplogroup J2b, and maternal haplogroups matched post-Neolithic European patterns. Physical traits included pale to intermediate skin tones, light/dark brown hair, blue and brown eyes.{{Cite journal |last1=Bagnasco |first1=G. |last2=Marzullo |first2=M. |last3=Cattaneo |first3=C. |last4=Biehler-Gomez |first4=L. |last5=Mazzarelli |first5=D. |last6=Ricciardi |first6=V. |last7=Müller |first7=W. |last8=Coppa |first8=A. |last9=McLaughlin |first9=R. |last10=Motta |first10=L. |last11=Prato |first11=O. |last12=Schmidt |first12=F. |last13=Gaveriaux |first13=F. |last14=Marras |first14=G. B. |last15=Millet |first15=M. A. |date=2024-05-28 |title=Bioarchaeology aids the cultural understanding of six characters in search of their agency (Tarquinia, ninth–seventh century BC, central Italy) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=11895 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-61052-z |pmid=38806487 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11133411|bibcode=2024NatSR..1411895B }}

Earlier mtDNA-only studies had suggested continuity between Etruscans, medieval, and modern Tuscans—especially in Casentino and Volterra—while rejecting a recent Near Eastern origin.{{Cite journal |last1=Tassi |first1=F. |last2=Ghirotto |first2=S. |last3=Barbujani |first3=G. |title=Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |year=2013 |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22324 |pmid=23733550}}{{Cite journal |last1=Leonardi |first1=Michela |last2=Sandionigi |first2=Anna |last3=Conzato |first3=Annalisa |last4=Vai |first4=Stefania |last5=Lari |first5=Martina |year=2018 |title=The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=497–506 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.23679 |pmid=30187463 |s2cid=52161000}}{{Cite journal |last=Gandini |first=Francesca |year=2016 |title=Mapping human dispersals into the Horn of Africa from Arabian Ice Age refugia using mitogenomes |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=25472 |page=25472 |doi=10.1038/srep25472 |pmid=27146119 |pmc=4857117|bibcode=2016NatSR...625472G }} A 2007 study proposing such an origin based on modern Murlo samples has since been criticized.{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=Jane K. |year=2007 |title=DNA and Ethnic Origins: The Possible and the Improbable |journal=Etruscan News |issue=8 |publisher=American Section of the Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies}}

Overall, ancient DNA supports the view that the Etruscans were a native population of central Italy, preserving local ancestry despite language retention from pre-Indo-European times.{{Cite book |last=Perkins |first=Phil |editor-last=Naso |editor-first=Alessandro |title=Etruscology |chapter=Chapter 8: DNA and Etruscan identity |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2017 |location=Berlin |pages=109–118 |isbn=978-1-934078-49-5}}{{Cite book |last1=Krause |first1=Johannes |last2=Trappe |first2=Thomas |title=A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe |publisher=Random House |year=2021 |isbn=9780593229422 |location=New York |page=217 |translator-last=Waight |translator-first=Caroline |quote=It’s likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution.}}

{{main|Latins (Italic tribe)}}

A genetic study published in Science in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near Rome between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups R-M269, T-L208, R-P311, R-PF7589 and R-P312 (two samples), and the maternal haplogroups H1aj1a, T2c1f, H2a, U4a1a, H11a and H10.{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|loc=Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37}} These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of 30% steppe ancestry.{{Sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=4 Table S15}} Two out of six individuals from Latin burials were found have a mixture of local Iron Age ancestry and ancestry from an Eastern Mediterranean population. Among modern populations, four out of six were closest to Northern and Central Italians, and then Spaniards, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians.{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=2}} Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, Etruscans and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.{{sfn|Antonio et al.|2019|p=3}}

{{Excerpt|Nuragic civilization|Paleogenetics}}

{{Excerpt|Picentes|Genetics}}

{{Excerpt|Lombards|Genetics}}

{{main|Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe}}

File:Distribution Haplogroup R1b Y-DNA.svg

Many Italians, especially in Northern Italy and Central Italy, belong to Haplogroup R1b, common in Western and Central Europe. The highest frequency of R1b is found in Garfagnana (76.2%) in Tuscany and in the Bergamo Valleys (80.8%) in Lombardy.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Grugni V, Raveane A, Mattioli F, Battaglia V, Sala C, Toniolo D, Ferretti L, Gardella R, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Torroni A, Passarino G, Semino O |date=February 2018 |title=Reconstructing the genetic history of Italians: new insights from a male (Y-chromosome) perspective |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801 |pmid=29382284 |s2cid=43501209 }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Anagnou N, Ciavarella G, Corbo RM, Cresta M, Cucci F, Di Stasi L, Agostiano V, Giparaki M, Loutradis A, Mammi' C, Michalodimitrakis EN, Papola F, Pedicini G, Plata E, Terrenato L, Tofanelli S, Malaspina P, Novelletto A |date=September 2003 |title=Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/italy.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=387–95 |doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00016-2 |pmid=12927125 |bibcode=2003MolPE..28..387D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120144258/https://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/italy.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-20}} This percentage lowers in the south of Italy in Calabria (33.2%). On the other hand 39% of the Sardinians belong to Mesolithic European haplogroup I2a1a.{{Cite journal |last1=Francalacci |first1=P. |last2=Morelli |first2=L. |last3=Underhill |first3=P. A. |last4=Lillie |first4=A. S. |last5=Passarino |first5=G. |last6=Useli |first6=A. |last7=Madeddu |first7=R. |last8=Paoli |first8=G. |last9=Tofanelli |first9=S. |last10=Calò |first10=C. M. |last11=Ghiani |first11=M. E. |last12=Varesi |first12=L. |last13=Memmi |first13=M. |last14=Vona |first14=G. |last15=Lin |first15=A. A. |date=July 2003 |title=Peopling of three Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) inferred by Y-chromosome biallelic variability |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12772214/ |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=270–279 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10265 |issn=0002-9483 |pmid=12772214}}{{Cite journal |last1=Francalacci |first1=Paolo |last2=Morelli |first2=Laura |last3=Angius |first3=Andrea |last4=Berutti |first4=Riccardo |last5=Reinier |first5=Frederic |last6=Atzeni |first6=Rossano |last7=Pilu |first7=Rosella |last8=Busonero |first8=Fabio |last9=Maschio |first9=Andrea |last10=Zara |first10=Ilenia |last11=Sanna |first11=Daria |last12=Useli |first12=Antonella |last13=Urru |first13=Maria Francesca |last14=Marcelli |first14=Marco |last15=Cusano |first15=Roberto |date=2013-08-02 |title=Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny |journal=Science |language=en |volume=341 |issue=6145 |pages=565–569 |bibcode=2013Sci...341..565F |doi=10.1126/science.1237947 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5500864 |pmid=23908240}}

A 2004 study by Semino et al. showed that Italians from the north-central regions had around 26.9% J2; the Apulians, Calabrians and Sicilians had 29.1%, 21.5% and 16.7% J2 respectively; the Sardinians had 9.7% J2.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS |date=May 2004 |title=Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023–34 |doi=10.1086/386295 |pmc=1181965 |pmid=15069642 }}

In two villages in Lazio and Abruzzo (Cappadocia and Vallepietra), I1 is the most common Y-DNA, recorded at levels 35% and 28%. This is likely attributed to a founder effect.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Messina F, Finocchio A, Rolfo MF, De Angelis F, Rapone C, Coletta M, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, Berti A, Rickards O |year=2015 |title=Traces of forgotten historical events in mountain communities in Central Italy: A genetic insight |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272890473 |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=508–19 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.22677 |pmid=25728801 |s2cid=30111156 }}

The Y haplogroup Q, common in Western Asia and Central Asia, was also found among mountain communities in eastern Lazio and western Abruzzo, suggesting that in the past these areas could have hosted a settlement from Anatolia. It is about 0.6% in continental Italy, but it rises to 2.5% (6/236) in Sicily, where it reaches 16.7% (3/18) in Mazara del Vallo region, followed by 7.1% (2/28) in Ragusa, 3.6% in Sciacca, and 3.7% in Belvedere Marittimo.{{Cite journal |last=Brisighelli |first=F |year=2012 |title=Uniparental markers of contemporary Italian population reveals details on its pre-Roman heritage |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |page=e50794 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...750794B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0050794 |pmc=3519480 |pmid=23251386 |doi-access=free }} In Table S4, #BEL50 is estimated to be Q-M378 by haplotype, though it is shown as just P* (xR1).

A study from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, based on modern samples, found that while Greek colonization left little significant genetic contribution, data analysis sampling 12 sites in the Italian peninsula supported a male demic diffusion model and Neolithic admixture with Mesolithic inhabitants.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Arredi B, Caglia' A, Vetrugno G, Tofanelli S, Onofri V, Tagliabracci A, Paoli G, Pascali VL |date=July 2007 |title=Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=228–39 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030 |pmid=17275346 |bibcode=2007MolPE..44..228C }} The results supported a distribution of genetic variation along a north–south axis and supported demic diffusion. South Italian samples clustered with southeast and south-central European samples, and northern groups with West Europe.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&q=history+of+human+genes |title=The History and Geography of Human Genes |vauthors=Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-691-08750-4}}>{{rp|295}}

A 2018 genetic study, focusing on the Y-chromosome and haplogroups lineages, their diversity and their distribution by taking some 817 representative subjects of modern Italians, gives credit to the traditional northern-southern division in population, by concluding that due to Neolithic migrations southern Italians "show a higher similarity with Middle Eastern and Southern Balkan populations than northern ones; conversely, northern samples are genetically closer to North-West Europe and Northern Balkan groups". The position of Volterra in central Tuscany keeps the debate about the origins of Etruscans open, although the numbers are strongly in favor of the autochthonous thesis: the low presence of J2a-M67* (2.7%) suggests contacts by sea with Anatolian people; the presence of Central European lineage G2a-L497 (7.1%) at considerable frequency would rather support a Central European origin of the Etruscans; and finally, the high incidence of European R1b lineages (R1b 50% approx., R1b-U152 20-40%){{Cite journal |last1=Messina |first1=Francesco |last2=Finocchio |first2=Andrea |last3=Rolfo |first3=Mario Federico |last4=De Angelis |first4=Flavio |last5=Rapone |first5=Cesare |last6=Coletta |first6=Martina |last7=Martínez-Labarga |first7=Cristina |last8=Biondi |first8=Gianfranco |last9=Berti |first9=Andrea |last10=Rickards |first10=Olga |date=2015 |title=Traces of forgotten historical events in mountain communities in Central Italy: A genetic insight |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.22677 |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=508–519 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.22677 |issn=1520-6300}}{{Cite journal |last1=Boattini |first1=Alessio |last2=Martinez-Cruz |first2=Begoña |last3=Sarno |first3=Stefania |last4=Harmant |first4=Christine |last5=Useli |first5=Antonella |last6=Sanz |first6=Paula |last7=Yang-Yao |first7=Daniele |last8=Manry |first8=Jeremy |last9=Ciani |first9=Graziella |last10=Luiselli |first10=Donata |last11=Quintana-Murci |first11=Lluis |last12=Comas |first12=David |last13=Pettener |first13=Davide |date=2013-05-29 |title=Uniparental Markers in Italy Reveal a Sex-Biased Genetic Structure and Different Historical Strata |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=e65441 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065441 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3666984 |pmid=23734255|bibcode=2013PLoSO...865441B }}{{Cite journal |last1=Brisighelli |first1=Francesca |last2=Álvarez-Iglesias |first2=Vanesa |last3=Fondevila |first3=Manuel |last4=Blanco-Verea |first4=Alejandro |last5=Carracedo |first5=Ángel |last6=Pascali |first6=Vincenzo L. |last7=Capelli |first7=Cristian |last8=Salas |first8=Antonio |date=2012-12-10 |title=Uniparental Markers of Contemporary Italian Population Reveals Details on Its Pre-Roman Heritage |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e50794 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0050794 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3519480 |pmid=23251386|bibcode=2012PLoSO...750794B }}{{Cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=Gianmarco |last2=Ceccardi |first2=Stefania |last3=Lugaresi |first3=Federica |last4=Bini |first4=Carla |last5=Ingravallo |first5=Francesca |last6=Cicognani |first6=Alberto |last7=Falconi |first7=Mirella |last8=Pelotti |first8=Susi |date=2008-03-05 |title=Male haplotypes and haplogroups differences between urban (Rimini) and rural area (Valmarecchia) in Romagna region (North Italy) |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17629646 |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=175 |issue=2–3 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.06.007 |issn=1872-6283 |pmid=17629646}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=Gianmarco |last2=Alù |first2=Milena |last3=Corradini |first3=Beatrice |last4=Radheshi |first4=Erjon |last5=Beduschi |first5=Giovanni |year=2009 |title=Slow and fast evolving markers typing in Modena males (North Italy) |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19215863 |journal=Forensic Science International. Genetics |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e31–33 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.05.004 |issn=1878-0326 |pmid=19215863}} may reflect continuity from the Villanovan culture and be linked to the emergence of the Etruscan civilization.{{cite journal |last1=Grugni |first1=Viola |last2=Raveane |first2=Alessandro |last3=Mattioli |first3=Francesca |last4=Battaglia |first4=Vincenza |last5=Sala |first5=Cinzia |last6=Toniolo |first6=Daniela |last7=Ferretti |first7=Luca |last8=Gardella |first8=Roberta |last9=Pasini |first9=Ilaria |last10=Olivieri |first10=Anna |last11=Torroni |first11=Antonio |last12=Semino |first12=Ornella |last13=Achilli |first13=Alessandro |date=February 2018 |title=Reconstructing the genetic history of Italians: new insights from a male (Y-chromosome) perspective |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801 |pmid=29382284}}{{cite book |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Tom |title=The Etruscans |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2000 |pages=44 |isbn=978-0-631-22038-1 |series=The Peoples of Europe |location=Oxford}} The widespread occurrence of haplogroup R1b-U152 — could suggest an autochthonous origin due to a process of formation of the Etruscan civilisation from the preceding Villanovan culture, following the theories of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, as already supported by archaeology, anthropology and linguistics.{{Cite book |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |author-link=Graeme Barker |title=The Etruscans |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Tom |author-link2=Tom Rasmussen |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-631-22038-1 |series=The Peoples of Europe |location=Oxford |page=44 |language=English}}{{Cite book |last=Turfa |first=Jean MacIntosh |author-link=Jean MacIntosh Turfa |title=The Peoples of Ancient Italy |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61451-520-3 |editor-last=Farney |editor-first=Gary D. |location=Berlin |pages=637–672 |chapter=The Etruscans |doi=10.1515/9781614513001 |editor-last2=Bradley |editor-first2=Gary}}{{Cite book |last=De Grummond |first=Nancy T. |author-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond |title=A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |year=2014 |isbn=9781444337341 |editor-last=McInerney |editor-first=Jeremy |location=Chichester, UK |pages=405–422 |chapter=Ethnicity and the Etruscans |doi=10.1002/9781118834312}}{{Cite book |last=Shipley |first=Lucy |title=The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2017 |isbn=9781780238623 |location=London |pages=28–46 |language=en |chapter=Where is home?}} Subsequent archaeogenetic studies have confirmed that the Etruscans were predominantly R1b-M269 (75%), particularly with clades of R1b-U152 in high percentages, and G2a-L497 to a much lesser extent, while no J2a-M67* has been found among the Etruscans, concluding that the Etruscans were autochthonous. In 2019, in a Stanford study published in Science, two ancient samples from the Neolithic settlement of Ripabianca di Monterado in province of Ancona, in the Marche region of Italy, were found to be Y-DNA J-L26 and J-M304.{{refn|name=Antonio_2019}} Therefore, Y-DNA J2a-M67, downstream to Y-DNA J-L26 and J-M304, is most likely in Italy since the Neolithic and, in any case, can't be the proof of recent contacts with Anatolia.

The Norman conquest of southern Italy caused the Norman Kingdom of Sicily to be created in 1130, with Palermo as capital, 70 years after the initial Norman invasion and 40 after the conquest of the last town, Noto in 1091, and would last until 1198. Nowadays it is in central and western Sicily, that Norman Y-DNA is common, with 15% to 20% of the lineages belonging to haplogroup I, this percentage drops to 8% in the eastern part of the island. The North African male contribution to Sicily was estimated between 0% and 7.5%.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Capelli C, Onofri V, Brisighelli F, Boschi I, Scarnicci F, Masullo M, Ferri G, Tofanelli S, Tagliabracci A, Gusmao L, Amorim A, Gatto F, Kirin M, Merlitti D, Brion M, Verea AB, Romano V, Cali F, Pascali V |date=June 2009 |title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=848–52 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 |pmc=2947089 |pmid=19156170 }} Overall, the estimated Southern Balkan and Western European paternal contributions in Sicily are about 63% and 26% respectively.

In Sicily, further migrations from the Vandals and Saracens have only slightly affected the ethnic composition of the Sicilian people. However, specifically Greek genetic legacy is estimated at 37% in Sicily.

A 2015 genetic study of six small mountain villages in eastern Lazio and one mountain community in nearby western Abruzzo found some genetic similarities between these communities and Near Eastern populations, mainly in the male genetic pool.

In Italy as elsewhere in Europe the majority of mtDNA lineages belong to the haplogroup H. Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in West Asia c. 25,000 years ago. It was carried to Europe by migrations c. 20–25,000 years ago, and spread with population of the southwest of the continent.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pereira L, Richards M, Goios A, Alonso A, Albarrán C, Garcia O, Behar DM, Gölge M, Hatina J, Al-Gazali L, Bradley DG, Macaulay V, Amorim A |date=January 2005 |title=High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium |journal=Genome Research |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.1101/gr.3182305 |pmc=540273 |pmid=15632086 }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, Vega E, Sykes B, Guida V, Rengo C, Sellitto D, Cruciani F, Kivisild T, Villems R, Thomas M, Rychkov S, Rychkov O, Rychkov Y, Gölge M, Dimitrov D, Hill E, Bradley D, Romano V, Calì F, Vona G, Demaine A, Papiha S, Triantaphyllidis C, Stefanescu G, Hatina J, Belledi M, Di Rienzo A, Novelletto A, Oppenheim A, Nørby S, Al-Zaheri N, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Scozari R, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ |date=November 2000 |title=Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1251–76 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1 |pmc=1288566 |pmid=11032788 }} Its arrival was roughly contemporary with the rise of the Gravettian culture. The spread of subclades H1, H3 and the sister haplogroup V reflect a second intra-European expansion from the Franco-Cantabrian region after the last glacial maximum, c. 13,000 years ago.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Achilli A, Rengo C, Magri C, Battaglia V, Olivieri A, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Zeviani M, Briem E, Carelli V, Moral P, Dugoujon JM, Roostalu U, Loogväli EL, Kivisild T, Bandelt HJ, Richards M, Villems R, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Semino O, Torroni A |date=November 2004 |title=The molecular dissection of mtDNA haplogroup H confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge was a major source for the European gene pool |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=910–8 |doi=10.1086/425590 |pmc=1182122 |pmid=15382008 }}

African Haplogroup L lineages are relatively infrequent (less than 1%) throughout Italy with the exception of Latium, Volterra, Basilicata and Sicily where frequencies between 2 and 3% have been found.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M, Metspalu E, Fornarino S, Battaglia V, Accetturo M, Kutuev I, Khusnutdinova E, Pennarun E, Cerutti N, Di Gaetano C, Crobu F, Palli D, Matullo G, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Semino O, Villems R, Bandelt HJ, Piazza A, Torroni A |date=April 2007 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=759–68 |doi=10.1086/512822 |pmc=1852723 |pmid=17357081 |quote=4/138=2.9% in Latium; 3/114=2.6% in Volterra; 2/92=2.2% in Basilicata and 3/154=2.0% in Sicily }}

A study in 2012 by Brisighelli et al. stated that an analysis of ancestral informative markers "as carried out in the present study indicated that Italy shows a very minor sub-Saharan African component that is, however, slightly higher than non-Mediterranean Europe." Discussing African mtDNAs the study states that these indicate that a significant proportion of these lineages could have arrived in Italy more than 10,000 years ago; therefore, their presence in Italy does not necessarily date to the time of the Roman Empire, the Atlantic slave trade or to modern migration." These mtDNAs by Brisighelli et al. were reported with the given results as "Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of African origin are mainly represented by haplogroups M1 (0.3%), U6 (0.8%) and L (1.2%) for the 583 samples tested. The haplogroups M1 and U6 can be considered to be of North African origin and could therefore be used to signal the documented African historical input. Haplogroup M1 was observed in only two carriers from Trapani (West Sicily), while U6 was observed only in Lucera, South Apulia, and another at the tip of the Peninsula (Calabria).

A 2013 study by Alessio Boattini et al. found 0 of African L haplogroup in the whole Italy out of 865 samples. The percentages for Berber M1 and U6 haplogroups were 0.46% and 0.35%, respectively.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Boattini A, Martinez-Cruz B, Sarno S, Harmant C, Useli A, Sanz P, Yang-Yao D, Manry J, Ciani G, Luiselli D, Quintana-Murci L, Comas D, Pettener D |year=2013 |title=Uniparental markers in Italy reveal a sex-biased genetic structure and different historical strata |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=e65441 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865441B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065441 |pmc=3666984 |pmid=23734255 |doi-access=free }}

A 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. found 0 of African L and M1 haplogroups in mainland Southern Italy out of 115 samples. Only two Berber U6 out of 115 samples were found, one from Lecce and one from Cosenza.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sarno S, Boattini A, Carta M, Ferri G, Alù M, Yao DY, Ciani G, Pettener D, Luiselli D |year=2014 |title=An ancient Mediterranean melting pot: investigating the uniparental genetic structure and population history of sicily and southern Italy |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e96074 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996074S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096074 |pmc=4005757 |pmid=24788788 |doi-access=free }} 50px This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license].

A close genetic similarity between Ashkenazim and Italians has been noted in genetic studies, possibly due to the fact that Ashkenazi Jews have a significant European admixture (30–60%), much of it Southern European, a lot of which came from Italy when Jewish diaspora males of Middle Eastern origin migrated to Rome and found wives among local women who then converted to Judaism.{{Cite web |date=3 June 2010 |title=Tracing the Roots of Jewishness |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/tracing-roots-jewishness-rev2 |website=Science Magazine |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |vauthors=Balter M }}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zoossmann-Diskin A |date=October 2010 |title=The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms |journal=Biology Direct |volume=5 |issue=57 |pages=57 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-5-57 |pmc=2964539 |pmid=20925954 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |date=8 October 2013 |title=Did Modern Jews Originate in Italy? |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/did-modern-jews-originate-italy |website=ScienceNOW |vauthors=Balter M }}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yandell K |date=2013 |title=Genetic Roots of the Ashkenazi Jews. |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/37821/title/Genetic-Roots-of-the-Ashkenazi-Jews/ |journal=The Scientist}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW |date=December 2002 |title=Genetic structure of human populations |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5602 |pages=2381–5 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |s2cid=8127224 }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB |date=2013 |title=A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |pages=2543 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2543C |doi=10.1038/ncomms3543 |pmc=3806353 |pmid=24104924 }} More specifically, Ashkenazi Jews could be modeled as being 50% Levantine and 50% European, with an estimated mean South European admixture of 37.5%. Most of it (30.5%) seems to derive from an Italian source.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Banda Y, Kvale M, Hoffmann T, Hesselson S, Tang H, Ranatunga D, Walter L, Schaefer C, Kwok P, Risch N |date=2013 |title=Admixture Estimation in a Founder Population |url=http://www.ashg.org/2013meeting/abstracts/fulltext/f130123362.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Am Soc Hum Genet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811171541/http://www.ashg.org/2013meeting/abstracts/fulltext/f130123362.htm |archive-date=2019-08-11 |access-date=2016-10-31 }}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bray SM, Mulle JG, Dodd AF, Pulver AE, Wooding S, Warren ST |date=September 2010 |title=Signatures of founder effects, admixture, and selection in the Ashkenazi Jewish population |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=107 |issue=37 |pages=16222–7 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10716222B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1004381107 |pmc=2941333 |pmid=20798349 |doi-access=free }}

A 2010 study of Jewish genealogy found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the populations which are most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians followed by the French and Sardinians.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Atzmon G, Hao L, Pe'er I, Velez C, Pearlman A, Palamara PF, Morrow B, Friedman E, Oddoux C, Burns E, Ostrer H |date=June 2010 |title=Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=850–9 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 |pmc=3032072 |pmid=20560205 }}{{Cite news |title=Genes Set Jews Apart, Study Finds |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/science/pub/-674 |access-date=8 November 2013 |work=American Scientist}}

• {{cite press release |date=3 June 2010 |title=Study finds genetic links among Jewish people |website=EurekAlert! |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-06/aeco-sfg052710.php}}

Recent studies have shown that Italy played an important role in the recovery of "Western Europe" at the end of the Last glacial period. The study which was focused on the mitochondrial U5b3 haplogroup discovered that this female lineage had in fact originated in Italy and around 10,000 years ago it expanded from the Peninsula towards Provence and the Balkans. In Provence, probably between 9,000 and 7,000 years ago, it gave rise to the haplogroup subclade U5b3a1. This subclade U5b3a1 later came from Provence to the island of Sardinia by way of obsidian merchants, because it is estimated that 80% of the obsidian which is found in France comes from Monte Arci in Sardinia, reflecting the close relationship which once existed between these two regions. Still about 4% of the female population of Sardinia belongs to this haplotype.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Sanna D, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Tamm E, Accetturo M, Carossa V, Lancioni H, Panara F, Zimmermann B, Huber G, Al-Zahery N, Brisighelli F, Woodward SR, Francalacci P, Parson W, Salas A, Behar DM, Villems R, Semino O, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A |date=June 2009 |title=Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians |url=http://www.moebiusonline.eu/fuorionda/doc/art_postglac2009.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=814–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.004 |pmc=2694970 |pmid=19500771 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722043020/http://www.moebiusonline.eu/fuorionda/doc/art_postglac2009.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-22 |access-date=2010-07-15 }}

A mtDNA study, published in 2018 in the journal American Journal of Physical Anthropology, compared both ancient and modern samples from Tuscany, from the Prehistory, Etruscan age, Roman age, Renaissance, and Present-day, and concluded that the Etruscans appear as a local population, intermediate between the prehistoric and the other samples, placing in the temporal network between the Eneolithic Age and the Roman Age.

A 2020 analysis of maternal haplogroups from ancient and modern samples in the central Italian region of Umbria finds a substantial genetic similarity among modern Umbrians and the area's pre-Roman inhabitants, and evidence of substantial genetic continuity in the region from pre-Roman times to the present. Both modern and ancient Umbrians were found to have high rates of mtDNA haplogroups U4 and U5a, and an overrepresentation of J (at roughly 30%). The study also found that, "local genetic continuities are further attested to by six terminal branches (H1e1, J1c3, J2b1, U2e2a, U8b1b1 and K1a4a)" also shared by ancient and modern Umbrians.

[[File:WestEurasia admixture crop.png|thumb|400px|Admixture plots of modern West Eurasian populations based on seven components:

{{legend0|#8eb4e3|South/West European}}

{{legend0|#558ed5|North/East European}}

{{legend0|#d99694|Caucasus}}

{{legend0|#ffc000|West Asian}}

{{legend0|#77933c|South Asian}}

{{legend0|#ffff00|East Asian}}

{{legend0|#984807|North African/Sub-Saharan African}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kovacevic L, Tambets K, Ilumäe AM, Kushniarevich A, Yunusbayev B, Solnik A, Bego T, Primorac D, Skaro V, Leskovac A, Jakovski Z, Drobnic K, Tolk HV, Kovacevic S, Rudan P, Metspalu E, Marjanovic D |year=2014 |title=Standing at the gateway to Europe--the genetic structure of Western balkan populations based on autosomal and haploid markers |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e105090 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j5090K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0105090 |pmc=4141785 |pmid=25148043 |doi-access=free }}]]

[[File:European genetic structure (based on SNPs) PC analysis.png|thumb|400px| The European genetic structure (based on 273,464 SNPs). Three levels of structure as revealed by PC analysis are shown: A) inter-continental; B) intra-continental; and C) inside a single country (Estonia), where median values of the PC1&2 are shown. D) European map illustrating the origin of sample and population size. CEU – Utah residents with ancestry from Northern and Western Europe, CHB – Han Chinese from Beijing, JPT – Japanese from Tokyo, and YRI – Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Nelis M, Esko T, Mägi R, Zimprich F, Zimprich A, Toncheva D, Karachanak S, Piskácková T, Balascák I, Peltonen L, Jakkula E, Rehnström K, Lathrop M, Heath S, Galan P, Schreiber S, Meitinger T, Pfeufer A, Wichmann HE, Melegh B, Polgár N, Toniolo D, Gasparini P, D'Adamo P, Klovins J, Nikitina-Zake L, Kucinskas V, Kasnauskiene J, Lubinski J, Debniak T, Limborska S, Khrunin A, Estivill X, Rabionet R, Marsal S, Julià A, Antonarakis SE, Deutsch S, Borel C, Attar H, Gagnebin M, Macek M, Krawczak M, Remm M, Metspalu A |year=2009 |title=Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the North-East |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5472 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |pmc=2675054 |pmid=19424496 |doi-access=free }}

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Wade et al. (2008) determined that Italy is one of the last two remaining genetic islands in Europe, the other being Finland. This is due in part to the presence of the Alpine mountain chain which, over the centuries, has prevented large migration flows.{{Cite news |date=13 August 2008 |title=Genetic Map of Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/science/13visual.html?_r=0 |access-date=25 February 2014 |work=New York Times |vauthors=Wade N }}

Recent genome-wide studies have been able to detect and quantify admixture like never before. Li et al. (2008), using more than 600,000 autosomal SNPs, identify seven global population clusters, including European, Middle Eastern and Central/South Asian. All the Italian samples belong to Central-Western group with minor influences dating to Neolithic period.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li JZ, Absher DM, Tang H, Southwick AM, Casto AM, Ramachandran S, Cann HM, Barsh GS, Feldman M, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Myers RM |date=February 2008 |title=Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation |url=http://hagsc.org/myerslab/papers/LiAbsher-Science-HGDP.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Science |location=New York, N.Y. |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1100–4 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |pmid=18292342 |s2cid=53541133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327062724/http://hagsc.org/myerslab/papers/LiAbsher-Science-HGDP.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-27}}

López Herráez et al. (2009) typed the same samples at close to 1 million SNPs and analyzed them in a Western Eurasian context, identifying a number of subclusters. This time, all of the European samples show some minor admixture. Among the Italians, Tuscany still has the most, and Sardinia has a bit too, but so does Lombardy (Bergamo), which is even farther north.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=López Herráez D, Bauchet M, Tang K, Theunert C, Pugach I, Li J, Nandineni MR, Gross A, Scholz M, Stoneking M |date=November 2009 |title=Genetic variation and recent positive selection in worldwide human populations: evidence from nearly 1 million SNPs |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=e7888 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7888L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007888 |pmc=2775638 |pmid=19924308 |doi-access=free }}

A 2011 study by Moorjani et al. found that many southern Europeans have inherited 1–3% Sub-Saharan ancestry, although the percentages were lower (0.2–2.1%) when reanalyzed with the 'STRUCTURE' statistical model. An average admixture date of around 55 generations/1100 years ago was also calculated, "consistent with North African gene flow at the end of the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations"{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moorjani P, Patterson N, Hirschhorn JN, Keinan A, Hao L, Atzmon G, Burns E, Ostrer H, Price AL, Reich D |date=April 2011 |title=The history of African gene flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=e1001373 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373 |pmc=3080861 |pmid=21533020 |doi-access=free }}

A 2012 study by Di Gaetano et al. used 1,014 Italians with wide geographical coverage. It showed that the current population of Sardinia can be clearly differentiated genetically from mainland Italy and Sicily, and that a certain degree of genetic differentiation is detectable within the current Italian peninsula population.

By using the ADMIXTURE software, the authors obtained at K = 4 the lowest cross-validation error. The HapMap CEU individuals showed an average Northern Europe (NE) ancestry of 83%. A similar pattern is observed in French, Northern Italian and Central Italian populations with a NE ancestry of 70%, 56% and 52% respectively. According to the PCA plot, also in the ADMIXTURE analysis there are relatively small differences in ancestry between Northern Italians and Central Italians while Southern Italians showed a lower average admixture NE proportion (44%) than Northern and Central Italy, and a higher Caucasian ancestry of 28%. The Sardinian samples display a pattern of crimson common to the others European populations but at a higher frequency (70%).

The average admixture proportions for Northern European ancestry within current Sardinian population is 14.3% with some individuals exhibiting very low Northern European ancestry (less than 5% in 36 individuals on 268 accounting the 13% of the sample).{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Di Gaetano C, Voglino F, Guarrera S, Fiorito G, Rosa F, Di Blasio AM, Manzini P, Dianzani I, Betti M, Cusi D, Frau F, Barlassina C, Mirabelli D, Magnani C, Glorioso N, Bonassi S, Piazza A, Matullo G |year=2012 |title=An overview of the genetic structure within the Italian population from genome-wide data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e43759 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...743759D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0043759 |pmc=3440425 |pmid=22984441 |doi-access=free }}

A 2013 study by Peristera Paschou et al. confirms that the Mediterranean Sea has acted as a strong barrier to gene flow through geographic isolation following initial settlements. Samples from (Northern) Italy, Tuscany, Sicily and Sardinia are closest to other Southern Europeans from Iberia, the Balkans and Greece, who are in turn closest to the Neolithic migrants that spread farming throughout Europe, represented here by the Cappadocian sample from Anatolia. But there hasn't been any significant admixture from the Middle East or North Africa into Italy and the rest of Southern Europe since then.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Paschou P, Drineas P, Yannaki E, Razou A, Kanaki K, Tsetsos F, Padmanabhuni SS, Michalodimitrakis M, Renda MC, Pavlovic S, Anagnostopoulos A, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Kidd KK, Stamatoyannopoulos G |date=June 2014 |title=Maritime route of colonization of Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=9211–6 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.9211P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1320811111 |pmc=4078858 |pmid=24927591 |doi-access=free }}

Ancient DNA analysis reveals that Ötzi the Iceman clusters with modern Southern Europeans and closest to Italians (the orange "Europe S" dots in the plots below), especially those from the island of Sardinia. Other Italians pull away toward Southeastern and Central Europe consistent with geography and some post-Neolithic gene flow from those areas (e.g. Italics, Greeks, Etruscans, Celts), but despite that and centuries of history, they're still very similar to their prehistoric ancestor.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M, Matzas M, Boisguerin V, Maixner F, Leidinger P, Backes C, Khairat R, Forster M, Stade B, Franke A, Mayer J, Spangler J, McLaughlin S, Shah M, Lee C, Harkins TT, Sartori A, Moreno-Estrada A, Henn B, Sikora M, Semino O, Chiaroni J, Rootsi S, Myres NM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD, Vigl EE, Samadelli M, Cipollini G, Haas J, Katus H, O'Connor BD, Carlson MR, Meder B, Blin N, Meese E, Pusch CM, Zink A |date=February 2012 |title=New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing |journal=Nature Communications |volume=3 |pages=698 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..698K |doi=10.1038/ncomms1701 |pmid=22426219 |doi-access=free }}

A 2013 study by Botigué et al. 2013 applied an unsupervised clustering algorithm, ADMIXTURE, to estimate allele-based sharing between Africans and Europeans. Regarding Italians, the North African ancestry does not exceed 2% of their genomes. On average, 1% of Jewish ancestry is found in Tuscan HapMap population and Italian Swiss, as well as Greeks and Cypriots. Contrary to past observations, Sub-Saharan ancestry is detected at <1% in Europe, with the exception of the Canary Islands.

Haak et al. (2015) conducted a genome wide study of 94 ancient skeletons from Europe and Russia. The study argues that Bronze Age steppe pastoralists from the Yamna culture spread Indo-European languages in Europe. Autosomic tests indicate that the Yamnaya-people were the result of admixture between two different hunter-gatherer populations: Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from the Russian Steppe and either Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers or Chalcolithic Iranians (who are very similar). Wolfgang Haak estimated a 27% ancestral contribution of the Yamnaya in the DNA of modern Tuscans, a 25% ancestral contribution of the Yamnaya in the DNA of modern Northern Italians from Bergamo, excluding Sardinians (7%), and to a lesser extent Sicilians (12%).{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, Brandt G, Nordenfelt S, Harney E, Stewardson K, Fu Q, Mittnik A, Bánffy E, Economou C, Francken M, Friederich S, Pena RG, Hallgren F, Khartanovich V, Khokhlov A, Kunst M, Kuznetsov P, Meller H, Mochalov O, Moiseyev V, Nicklisch N, Pichler SL, Risch R, Rojo Guerra MA, Roth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Wahl J, Meyer M, Krause J, Brown D, Anthony D, Cooper A, Alt KW, Reich D |date=June 2015 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–11 |arxiv=1502.02783 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 }}

A 2016 study Sazzini et al., confirms the results of previous studies by Di Gaetano et al. (2012) and Fiorito et al. (2015) but has much better geographical coverage of samples, with 737 individuals from 20 locations in 15 different regions being tested. The study also for the first time includes a formal admixture test that models the ancestry of Italians by inferring admixture events using all of the Western Eurasian samples. The results are very interesting in light of the ancient DNA evidence that has come out in the last couple years:

In addition to the pattern described in the main text, the SARD sample seemed to have played a major role as source of admixture for most of the examined populations, especially Italian ones, rather than as recipient of migratory processes. In fact, the most significant f3 scores for trios including SARD indicated peninsular Italians as plausible results of admixture between SARD and populations from Iran, Caucasus and Russia. This scenario could be interpreted as further evidence that Sardinians retain high proportions of a putative ancestral genomic background that was considerably widespread across Europe at least until the Neolithic and that has been subsequently erased or masked in most of present-day European populations.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sazzini M, Gnecchi Ruscone GA, Giuliani C, Sarno S, Quagliariello A, De Fanti S, Boattini A, Gentilini D, Fiorito G, Catanoso M, Boiardi L, Croci S, Macchioni P, Mantovani V, Di Blasio AM, Matullo G, Salvarani C, Franceschi C, Pettener D, Garagnani P, Luiselli D |date=September 2016 |title=Complex interplay between neutral and adaptive evolution shaped differential genomic background and disease susceptibility along the Italian peninsula |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=32513 |bibcode=2016NatSR...632513S |doi=10.1038/srep32513 |pmc=5007512 |pmid=27582244 |id=[https://zenodo.org/record/1065505 Zendo: 165505] }}

Sarno et al. (2017) concentrate on the genetic impact brought by the historical migrations around the Mediterranean on Southern Italy and Sicily, and conclude that the "results demonstrate that the genetic variability of present-day Southern Italian populations is characterized by a shared genetic continuity, extending to large portions of central and eastern Mediterranean shores", while showing that "Southern Italy appear more similar to the Greek-speaking islands of the Mediterranean Sea, reaching as far east as Cyprus, than to samples from continental Greece, suggesting a possible ancestral link which might have survived in a less admixed form in the islands", also precises how "besides a predominant Neolithic-like component, our analyses reveal significant impacts of Post-Neolithic Caucasus- and Levantine-related ancestries." A news article associated with the Max Planck Society, reviewing the results, while beginning by stating that "populations along the eastern Mediterranean coast share a genetic heritage that transcends nationality", also points out how this study is interesting on the debates concerning the diffusion of the Indo-European languages family in Europe, as, while showcasing the influence from the Caucasus, there's no genetic marker associated with the Pontic–Caspian steppe, "a very characteristic genetic signal well represented in North-Central and Eastern Europe, which previous studies associated with the introduction of Indo-European languages to the continent."{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarno S, Boattini A, Pagani L, Sazzini M, De Fanti S, Quagliariello A, Gnecchi Ruscone GA, Guichard E, Ciani G, Bortolini E, Barbieri C, Cilli E, Petrilli R, Mikerezi I, Sineo L, Vilar M, Wells S, Luiselli D, Pettener D | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1984 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28512355 | pmc = 5434004 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...7.1984S}}

• {{Cite web |date=May 17, 2017 |title=Populations along the eastern Mediterranean coast share a genetic heritage that transcends nationality |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-populations-eastern-mediterranean-coast-genetic.html |website=Phys.org}}

Raveane et al. (2019) in a genome-wide study on modern-day Italians for the first time used samples of modern-day Italians from all 20 Italian regions, a sharp north-south division in cluster distribution was detected and the Italian clusters were separated into three main groups: Sardinia, Northern Italy (North/Central-Northern Italy, including Tuscany) and Southern Italy (South/Central-Southern Italy, including Umbria, Marche, Lazio, and plus Sicily); the first two were close to populations originating in Western Europe, while the last was closer to Middle Eastern groups. The study discovered a contribution of Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers from the third millennium Anatolian Bronze Age, predominantly in Southern Italy. Furthermore, patterns of regional variation showed geographical structure in Southern Italy, Northern Italy, and Sardinia, in line with previous studies. Even more detailed structure was observed between subregional clusters, caused by geography and distance, and historical admixture possibly associated with events at the end of the Roman Empire and during subsequent periods.

Antonio et al. (2019) studied historical populations from various time periods in Latium and Rome. They found that, despite the linguistic differences, the Latins and the Etruscans showed no significant genetic differences. Their autosomal DNA was a mixture in similar proportions of Western Hunter-Gatherers (Mesolithic), Early European Farmers (Neolithic), and Western Steppe Herders (Bronze Age).{{refn|name=Antonio_2019|{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK |date=November 2019 |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |publication-date=November 8, 2019 |volume=366 |issue=6466 |pages=708–714 |bibcode=2019Sci...366..708A |doi=10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmc=7093155 |pmid=31699931 |quote=Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. ... In the Medieval and early modern periods (n = 28 individuals), we observe an ancestry shift toward central and northern Europe in PCA (Fig. 3E), as well as a further increase in the European cluster (C7) and loss of the Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean clusters (C4 and C5) in ChromoPainter (Fig. 4C). The Medieval population is roughly centered on modern-day central Italians (Fig. 3F). It can be modeled as a two-way combination of Rome's Late Antique population and a European donor population, with potential sources including many ancient and modern populations in central and northern Europe: Lombards from Hungary, Saxons from England, and Vikings from Sweden, among others (table S26). |hdl-access=free |hdl=2318/1715466 }} Community commentary: {{cite web |date=2019-11-08 |first=Hunter |last=Provyn |title=First Ancient J-Z631 Found in the Via Salaria Necropolis in Rome |url=https://phylogeographer.com/first-ancient-j-z631-found-in-the-via-salaria-necropolis-in-rome |website=Phylogeographer}} .}}

A 2022 genome-wide study of more than 700 individuals from the South Mediterranean area (102 from Southern Italy), combined with ancient DNA from neighbouring areas, found high affinities of South-Eastern Italians with modern Eastern Peloponnesians, and a closer affinity of ancient Greek genomes with those from specific regions of South Italy than modern Greek genomes. The study also discovered common genetic sources shared between South Italy and Peloponnese, which can be modeled as a mixture of Anatolian Neolithic and Iranian Chalcolithic ancestries.{{Cite journal |last1=Raveane |first1=Alessandro |last2=Molinaro |first2=Ludovica |last3=Aneli |first3=Serena |last4=Capodiferro |first4=Marco Rosario |last5=Ongaro |first5=Linda |last6=Migliore |first6=Nicola Rambaldi |last7=Soffiati |first7=Sara |last8=Scarano |first8=Teodoro |last9=Torroni |first9=Antonio |last10=Achilli |first10=Alessandro |last11=Ventura |first11=Mario |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |last13=Capelli |first13=Cristian |last14=Olivieri |first14=Anna |last15=Bertolini |first15=Francesco |date=2022-03-01 |title=Assessing temporal and geographic contacts across the Adriatic Sea through the analysis of genome-wide data from Southern Italy |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482072v1 |journal=bioRxiv |language=en |pages=2022.02.26.482072 |doi=10.1101/2022.02.26.482072 |s2cid=247231413|hdl=11586/436540 |hdl-access=free }}

A 2023 study examined the Balkan samples from the Roman era, finding surprisingly little ancestry contribution from peoples of Italic descent.{{refn|{{cite journal |date=2023-12-07 |orig-date=received 2023-06-23 |author=Olalde |display-authors=etal |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |pages=5472–5485 |journal=Cell |eissn=1097-4172 |volume=186 |issue=25|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 |pmid=38065079 |pmc=10752003 }} Preprint published as {{cite bioRxiv |date=2021-09-04 |author=Olalde |display-authors=etal |title=Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic Migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.08.30.458211v1}} Academic commentary: {{cite journal |date=2022-04-02 |orig-date=received 2021-10-27 |first1=R. |last1=Balvanović |first2=O. |last2=Milović |first3=D. |last3=Spasić-Đurić |first4=M. M. |last4=Stojanović |first5=Ž. |last5=Šmit |first6=P. |last6=Špehar |title=Late Roman glass from Viminacium and Egeta (Serbia): glass-trading patterns on Iron Gates Danubian Limes |doi=10.1007/s12520-022-01529-y |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |issn=1866-9557 |volume=14 |issue=79|bibcode=2022ArAnS..14...79B }} . Community commentary: {{cite web |date=2021-08-31 |author=Various |title=Тема: дДНК из Сербии от римского времени до средних веков |url=https://forum.molgen.org/index.php?topic=13817.0 |website=Молекулярная генеалогия}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-08-31 |author=Various |title=Genetic study: Ancient DNA of Roman Danubian Frontier and Slavic Migrations (Olalde 2021) |url=https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/ancient-dna-of-roman-danubian-frontier-and-slavic-migrations-olalde-2021.41753 |website=Eupedia.com}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-08-31 |author=Ambron |title=Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic Migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples |url=https://slavicorigins.blogspot.com/2021/08/cosmopolitanism-at-roman-danubian.html |website=Slavic origins}}{{cite web |date=2021-08-31 |first=Razib |last=Khan |title=The genetic history of the Serbs (and proto-Serbs) |url=https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2021/08/31/the-genetic-history-of-the-serbs-and-proto-serbs/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-genetic-history-of-the-serbs-and-proto-serbs |website=Gene Expression}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-09-01 |author=Various |title=Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic Migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples |url=https://discussions.genoplot.com/topic/29874/cosmopolitanism-at-the-roman-danubian-frontier-slavic-migrations-and-the-genomic-fo |website=Anthrogenica}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-09-01 |author=Various |title=Одг: Древна ДНК - научни радови |url=https://forum.poreklo.rs/index.php?topic=1791.600 |website=Порекло}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-09-03 |first=Bernard |last=Sécher |title=Le cosmopolitisme à la frontière Romaine danubienne |url=http://secher.bernard.free.fr/blog/index.php?post/2021/09/03/Le-cosmopolitisme-%C3%A0-la-fronti%C3%A8re-romaine-danubienne |website=Généalogie génétique}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-09-04 |first=David |last=Weselowski |title=The genomic formation of modern Balkan peoples (Olalde et al. 2021 preprint) |url=https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/09/one-genomic-formation-of-modern-balkan.html |website=Eurogenes Blog: Focusing on ancient population genomics}}˙​{{cite web |date=2021-09-09 |author=Andvari |title=Как римляне и славяне влияли на генетику Балкан |url=https://andvari5.livejournal.com/112842.html |website=Станция утешения: Люблю первобытное общество и все, что с ним связано}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-04-01 |first=Ivan |last=Oblakov-Drim |title=Балто-славяне в римском Виминациуме |url=https://proza.ru/2023/04/01/737 |website=Проза.ру}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-04-08 |first=Валерий |last=Васильченко |title=Генетика о славянизации Балкан |url=https://dzen.ru/a/ZDErFllRVVz6XP7F |website=Дзен.ру}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-12-07 |author=Various |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=343 |website=GenArchivist: Populations and Genetics Forums}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-12-07 |author=Various |title=Тема: A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |url=https://forum.poreklo.rs/index.php?topic=7310.0 |website=Порекло}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-12-07 |author=Various |title=Genetic study: A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |url=https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/a-genetic-history-of-the-balkans-from-roman-frontier-to-slavic-migrations.44681 |website=Eupedia.com}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-12-10 |author=A Cypriot |title=Did ancient Greeks leave a genetic impact on West Anatolia? qpAdm and G25 analysis |url=https://genesoftheancients.wordpress.com/2023/12/10/did-ancient-greeks-leave-a-genetic-impact-on-west-anatolia-qpadm-and-g25-analysis |website=Genes of the Ancients |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427104810/https://genesoftheancients.wordpress.com/2023/12/10/did-ancient-greeks-leave-a-genetic-impact-on-west-anatolia-qpadm-and-g25-analysis/ |archive-date=2024-04-27}}˙​.{{cite web |date=2023-12-15 |first=Ingo |last=Bading |title=An der mittleren Donau - Die Goten sterben aus, unter den Awaren kommt es zur Zuwanderung der Slawen: Sind Goten und Sarmaten auf dem Balkan genetisch ausgestorben? |url=https://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2023/12/auf-dem-balkan-die-goten-sterben-aus.html |website=Studium generale: Wissenschaftsblog - Kosmos, Erde, Geschichte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222222458/https://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2023/12/auf-dem-balkan-die-goten-sterben-aus.html |archive-date=2023-12-22}} News: {{cite journal |date=2023-12-07 |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |journal=Cell|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Carrión |first2=Pablo |last3=Mikić |first3=Ilija |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Lazaridis |first6=Iosif |last7=Mah |first7=Matthew |last8=Korać |first8=Miomir |last9=Golubović |first9=Snežana |last10=Petković |first10=Sofija |last11=Miladinović-Radmilović |first11=Nataša |last12=Vulović |first12=Dragana |last13=Alihodžić |first13=Timka |last14=Ash |first14=Abigail |last15=Baeta |first15=Miriam |last16=Bartík |first16=Juraj |last17=Bedić |first17=Željka |last18=Bilić |first18=Maja |last19=Bonsall |first19=Clive |last20=Bunčić |first20=Maja |last21=Bužanić |first21=Domagoj |last22=Carić |first22=Mario |last23=Čataj |first23=Lea |last24=Cvetko |first24=Mirna |last25=Drnić |first25=Ivan |last26=Dugonjić |first26=Anita |last27=Đukić |first27=Ana |last28=Đukić |first28=Ksenija |last29=Farkaš |first29=Zdeněk |last30=Jelínek |first30=Pavol |volume=186 |issue=25 |pages=5472–5485.e9 |pmid=38065079 |display-authors=1 |pmc=10752003 }} .}}

Monnereau et al (2024) analyzed burials at the site of Segesta to investigate the interactions between Muslim and Christian communities during the Middle Ages in Sicily. The biomolecular and Isotopic results suggest the Christians remained genetically distinct from the Muslim community at Segesta while following a substantially similar diet. Based on these results, the authours suggest that the two communities at Segesta could have followed endogamy rules.{{Cite journal |last1=Monnereau |first1=Aurore |last2=Ughi |first2=Alice |last3=Orecchioni |first3=Paola |last4=Hagan |first4=Richard |last5=Talbot |first5=Helen M. |last6=Nikita |first6=Efthymia |last7=Hamilton |first7=Derek |last8=Le Roux |first8=Petrus |last9=Molinari |first9=Alessandra |last10=Carver |first10=Martin |last11=Craig |first11=Oliver E. |last12=Speller |first12=Camilla F. |last13=Alexander |first13=Michelle M. |last14=Wales |first14=Nathan |date=24 July 2024 |title=Multi-proxy bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal remains shows genetic discontinuity in a Medieval Sicilian community |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |doi=10.1098/rsos.240436 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=11265863 |pmid=39050717|bibcode=2024RSOS...1140436M }}

Baker et al. (2024) used implement typology to divide the Gravettian technocomplex into nine distinct groups, including two closely related groups in Italy, comparing these with the archaeogenetic evidence,{{refn|{{cite journal |date=2024-01-29 |orig-date=received 2023-04-26 |first1=Jack |last1=Baker |first2=Lloyd A. |last2=Courtenay |first3=Francesco |last3=d’Errico |first4=Solange |last4=Rigaud |first5=Daniel |last5=Pereira |title=Evidence from personal ornaments suggest nine distinct cultural groups between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago in Europe |pages=431–444 |doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01803-6 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |eissn=2397-3374 |volume=8|issue=3 |pmid=38287173 |url=https://hal.science/hal-04433039 }} Academic commentary: {{cite journal |date=March 2024 |publication-date=2024-01-29 |first=Reuven |last=Yeshurun |title=Signalling Palaeolithic identity |pages=414–415 |doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01805-4 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |eissn=2397-3374 |volume=8|issue=3 |pmid=38287176 }} . Community commentary: {{cite web |date=2024-01-30 |first=Алиса |last=Гаджиева |title=Доисторическая бижутерия разделила граветтскую культуру |url=https://naked-science.ru/article/anthropology/prehistoric-personal-orna |website=Naked Science}} . News: {{cite magazine |date=2024-01-29 |first=Sarah |last=Wild |title=Ancient Jewelry Shows Ice Age Europe Had 9 Distinct Cultures |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-jewelry-shows-ice-age-europe-had-9-distinct-cultures |magazine=Scientific American |issn=0036-8733}}˙​{{cite news |date=2024-01-29 |first=Jennifer |last=Nalewicki |title=Prehistoric jewelry reveals 9 distinct cultures across Stone Age Europe |url=https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/prehistoric-jewelry-reveals-9-distinct-cultures-across-stone-age-europe |newspaper=Live Science}}˙​{{cite magazine |date=2024-01-30 |first=Mirjam |last=Guesgen |title=Scientists Discover Stunning Evidence of Multiple Lost Prehistoric Societies: Researchers analyzed more than 100 pieces of prehistoric jewelry and found that the ancient past was more complex than we imagined |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3m5ye/scientists-discover-stunning-evidence-of-multiple-lost-prehistoric-societies |magazine=Vice |issn=1077-6788}}˙​{{cite news |date=2024-01-30 |first=Bob |last=Yirka |title=Study of ancient adornments suggests nine distinct cultures lived in Europe during the Paleolithic |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-01-ancient-adornments-distinct-cultures-europe.html |newspaper=Phys.org}}˙​{{cite news |date=2024-01-31 |first=Clare |last=Watson |title=Stunning Prehistoric Jewelry Reveals 9 Hidden Societies in Ice Age Europe |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/stunning-prehistoric-jewelry-reveals-9-hidden-societies-in-ice-age-europe |newspaper=ScienceAlert}}˙​.{{cite web |date=2024-02-01 |first=Kambiz |last=Kamrani |title=Unlocking Ancient Secrets: Jewelry Reveals Nine Lost Cultures: Decoding Human Histories Through Prehistoric Adornments |url=https://www.anthropology.net/p/unlocking-ancient-secrets-jewelry |website=Anthropology.net}}}} most notably from Allentoft et al. (2022).{{refn|{{cite journal |date=2024-01-11 |publication-date=2024-01-10 |orig-date=received 2022-05-02 |display-authors=2 |first1=Morten E. |last1=Allentoft |first2=Isin |last2=Altinkaya |first3=Søren H. |last3=Andersen |first4=Søren |last4=Anker Sørensen |first5=Vivek |last5=Appadurai |first6=Joan Emili |last6=Aura Tortosa |first7=Paola |last7=Aurino |first8=Ruben |last8=Badalyan |first9=Pernille |last9=Bangsgaard |first10=William |last10=Barrie |first11=Peter |last11=de Barros Damgaard |first12=Natalia |last12=Berezina |first13=Malou |last13=Blank |first14=Concepción |last14=Blasco |first15=Dušan |last15=Borić |first16=Svetlana |last16=Borutskaya |first17=Erik |last17=Brinch Petersen |first18=Alexandra |last18=Buzhilova |first19=Mauro |last19=Calattini |first20=Enrico |last20=Cappellini |first21=Nick |last21=Card |first22=Alfredo |last22=Coppa |first23=Patrice |last23=Courtaud |first24=David |last24=Cuenca-Solana |first25=Olivier |last25=Delaneau |first26=Fabrice |last26=Demeter |first27=Miluše |last27=Dobisíková |first28=Henri |last28=Duday |first29=Richard |last29=Durbin |first30=Dmitri |last30=En’shin |first31=Anders |last31=Fischer |first32=Morten |last32=Fischer Mortensen |first33=Olivér |last33=Gábor |first34=Charleen |last34=Gaunitz |first35=Manuel |last35=González-Morales |first36=Borja |last36=González-Rabanal |first37=Anne Birgitte |last37=Gotfredsen |first38=Andrey |last38=Gromov |first39=Jean |last39=Guilaine |first40=Igor |last40=Gutiérrez-Zugasti |first41=Alma |last41=Halgren |first42=Anders J. |last42=Hansen |first43=Jesper |last43=Hansen |first44=Bjarne |last44=Henning Nielsen |first45=Rasmus |last45=Nielsen |first46=Rasmus A. |last46=Henriksen |first47=Melissa |last47=Ilardo |first48=Andrés |last48=Ingason |first49=Evan K. |last49=Irving-Pease |first50=Rune |last50=Iversen |first51=Morten |last51=Johansen |first52=Thomas |last52=Jørgensen |first53=Esben |last53=Kannegaard |first54=Kurt H. |last54=Kjær |first55=Lutz |last55=Klassen |first56=Pavel |last56=Kosintsev |first57=Elena |last57=Kostyleva |first58=Kristian |last58=Kristiansen |first59=Carles |last59=Lalueza-Fox |first60=Lars |last60=Larsson |first61=Corina |last61=Liesau |first62=Andrey |last62=Logvin |first63=David O. |last63=Lordkipanidze |first64=Per |last64=Lotz |first65=Olga |last65=V. Lozovskaya |first66=Daniel J. |last66=Lawson |first67=Niels |last67=Lynnerup |first68=Per |last68=Lysdahl |first69=Ruairidh |last69=Macleod |first70=Yvonne |last70=Magnusson |first71=Ashot |last71=Margaryan |first72=Rikke |last72=Maring |first73=Cristina |last73=Martinez-Labarga |first74=Hugh |last74=McColl |first75=Catriona J. |last75=McKenzie |first76=Roberto |last76=Menduiña |first77=Morten |last77=Meldgaard |first78=Ilya |last78=Merts |first79=Victor |last79=Merts |first80=Laure |last80=Metz |first81=Vyacheslav |last81=Moiseyev |first82=Vyacheslav |last82=I. Molodin |first83=Peder |last83=Mortensen |first84=Liudmila |last84=N. Mylnikova |first85=Marina |last85=S. Nesterova |first86=Anne Birgitte |last86=Nielsen |first87=Poul Otto |last87=Nielsen |first88=Niels |last88=Nørkjær Johannsen |first89=Ludovic |last89=Orlando |first90=Alan |last90=Outram |first91=Alice |last91=Pearson |first92=Kristoffer Buck |last92=Pedersen |first93=Lisbeth |last93=Pedersen |first94=Per |last94=Persson |first95=Olga |last95=Poshekhonova |first96=Inna |last96=Potekhina |first97=Dmitri |last97=V. Pozdnyakov |first98=T. Douglas |last98=Price |first99=Pilar |last99=Prieto Martinez |first100=Marcin |last100=Przybyła |first101=Francesca |last101=Radina |first102=Fernando |last102=Racimo |first103=Abigail Daisy |last103=Ramsøe |first104=Peter |last104=Rasmussen |first105=Simon |last105=Rasmussen |first106=Alba |last106=Refoyo-Martínez |first107=Gabriel |last107=Renaud |first108=Olga |last108=Rickards |first109=Patricia |last109=Ríos |first110=Mario Federico |last110=Rolfo |first111=Anders |last111=Rosengren |first112=Anthony |last112=Ruter |first113=Marina |last113=Rykun |first114=Mikhail |last114=Sablin |first115=Domingo C. |last115=Salazar-García |first116=Thorfinn |last116=Sand Korneliussen |first117=Lucia |last117=Sarti |first118=Nikolai |last118=A. Saveliev |first119=Hannes |last119=Schroeder |first120=Gabriele |last120=Scorrano |first121=Andrew Joseph |last121=Schork |first122=Bettina |last122=Schulz Paulsson |first123=Marie Louise |last123=Schjellerup Jørkov |first124=Yuri |last124=B. Serikov |first125=Martin |last125=Sikora |first126=Ana Maria |last126=Silva |first127=Mara |last127=Silvestrini |first128=Karl-Göran |last128=Sjögren |first129=Svetlana |last129=Skochina |first130=Andrei |last130=Skorobogatov |first131=Ludovic |last131=Slimak |first132=Vaclav |last132=Smrcka |first133=Roman |last133=V. Smolyaninov |first134=Bárbara |last134=Sousa da Mota |first135=Lasse |last135=Sørensen |first136=Jesper |last136=Stenderup |first137=Aaron |last137=Stern |first138=Peter H. |last138=Sudmant |first139=Marzena |last139=Szmyt |first140=Irina |last140=Shevnina |first141=Aleksey |last141=A. Timoshenko |first142=Krzysztof |last142=Tunia |first143=Ruslan |last143=Turin |first144=Otto Christian |last144=Uldum |first145=Mikkel |last145=Ulfeldt Hede |first146=Emma |last146=R. Usmanova |first147=Peter |last147=Vang Petersen |first148=Sergey |last148=Vasilyev |first149=Andrew |last149=Vaughn |first150=Jorge |last150=Vega |first151=Elizaveta |last151=V. Veselovskaya |first152=Tharsika |last152=Vimala |first153=Lasse |last153=Vinner |first154=Maria |last154=Vretemark |first155=Sidsel |last155=Wåhlin |first156=Thomas |last156=Werge |first157=Eske |last157=Willerslev |first158=Piotr |last158=Włodarczak |first159=Fulya Eylem |last159=Yediay |first160=Levon |last160=Yepiskoposyan |first161=Theis |last161=Zetner Trolle Jensen |first162=Lei |last162=Zhao |first163=João |last163=Zilhão |first164=Alisa |last164=Zubova |title=Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia |pages=301–311 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 |journal=Nature |volume=625 |eissn=1476-4687 |issue=7994|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 |pmid=38200295 |pmc=10781627 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..301A }} Preprint first published as {{cite bioRxiv |date=2022-05-05 |display-authors=etal |title=Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.05.04.490594v1}} Data: {{cite web |date=2023-09-21 |author=Globe Institute |title=Project PRJEB64656: Population Genomics of Late Stone Age Western Eurasia |url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB64656 |website=European Nucleotide Archive}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-09-22 |first1=Morten E. |last1=Allentoft |first2=Martin |last2=Sikora |first3=Eske |last3=Willerslev |title=Genotype data from Population Genomics of Postglacial Western Eurasia |url=https://doi.org/10.17894/ucph.d71a6a5a-8107-4fd9-9440-bdafdfe81455 |website=University of Copenhagen Electronic Research Data Archive|doi=10.17894/ucph.d71a6a5a-8107-4fd9-9440-bdafdfe81455 }}˙​.{{cite web |date=2023-09-22 |first1=Morten E. |last1=Allentoft |first2=Martin |last2=Sikora |first3=Eske |last3=Willerslev |title=Supporting data for "Population Genomics of Postglacial Western Eurasia" |url=https://zenodo.org/records/8196990 |website=Zenodo}} Academic commentary: {{cite journal |date=March 2024 |publication-date=2024-02-05 |first=Michael |last=Attwaters |title=Ancient migration and the modern genome |doi=10.1038/s41576-024-00702-4 |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |eissn=1471-0064 |volume=25 |issue=162|page=162 |pmid=38316951 }}˙​.{{cite journal |date=2024-02-14 |first1=Verner |last1=Alexandersen |first2=Morten E. |last2=Allentoft |first3=Ole |last3=Bennike |first4=Anne Birgitte |last4=Gotfredsen |first5=Darren R. |last5=Gröcke |first6=Anders |last6=Fischer |first7=Andrés |last7=Ingason |first8=Rune |last8=Iversen |first9=Marie Louise |last9=Jørkov |first10=Kristian |last10=Kristiansen |first11=Per |last11=Lysdahl |first12=Alba |last12=Refoyo-Martínez |first13=T. Douglas |last13=Price |first14=Fernando |last14=Racimo |first15=Gabriele |last15=Scorrano |first16=Martin |last16=Sikora |first17=Karl-Göran |last17=Sjögren |first18=Lasse |last18=Sørensen |first19=Jesper |last19=Stenderup |first20=Theis |last20=Zetner Trolle Jensen |first21=Sidsel |last21=Wåhlin |first22=Tharsika |last22=Vimala|first23=Eske |last23=Willerslev |title=Vittrup Man–The life-history of a genetic foreigner in Neolithic Denmark |journal= PLOS ONE|volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=e0297032 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0297032 |doi-access=free |pmid=38354111 |pmc=10866469 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1997032F |eissn=1938-1352}} Community commentary: {{cite web |date=2022-05-05 |first=Razib |last=Khan |title=Eurasia, the Stone Age and revenge of the Danes! |url=https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2022/05/05/eurasia-the-stone-age-and-revenge-of-the-danes |website=Gene Expression}}˙​{{cite web |date=2022-05-06 |author=Various |title=Massive new paper from Allenthoft and Willerslev |url=https://genoplot.com/discussions/topic/29994/massive-new-paper-from-allenthoft-and-willerslev |website=Anthrogenica}}˙​{{cite web |date=2022-05-06 |first=Andrew |last=Oh-Willeke |title=A Eurasian Stone Age Ancient DNA Megapaper |url=https://dispatchesfromturtleisland.blogspot.com/2022/05/a-eurasian-stone-age-ancient-dna.html |website=Dispatches From Turtle Island: Observations That Transcend Law and Politics}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-05-06 |author=Various |title=RE: The story of the Khvalynsk people |url=https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html |website=Eurogenes Blog: Focusing on ancient population genomics}}˙​{{cite web |date=2022-05-07 |first=David |last=Wesolowski |title=Population genomics of Stone Age Eurasia (Allentoft et al. 2022 preprint) |url=https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/05/population-genomics-of-stone-age.html |website=Eurogenes Blog: Focusing on ancient population genomics}}˙​{{cite web |date=2022-05-09 |author=Stone Age Herbalist |title=Breakdown - 'Population Genomics Of Stone Age Eurasia' Paper: New Genetics Results Covering The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition |url=https://www.stoneageherbalist.com/p/breakdown-population-genomics-of |website=Grey Goose Chronicles}}˙​{{cite web |date=2022-05-10 |first=Bernard |last=Sécher |title=L'histoire génomique de l'Eurasie à l'Âge de Pierre |url=http://secher.bernard.free.fr/blog/index.php?post/2022/05/07/L-histoire-g%C3%A9nomique-de-l-Eurasie-de-l-%C3%82ge-de-Pierre |website=Généalogie génétique}}˙​{{cite web |date=2022-05-15 |author=Andvari |title=Популяционная генетика каменного века Евразии |url=https://andvari5.livejournal.com/134194.html |website=Станция утешения: Люблю первобытное общество и все, что с ним связано}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-09-29 |author=Various |title=Тема: Allentoft et al: Population Genomics of Late Stone Age West Eurasia |url=https://forum.poreklo.rs/index.php?topic=7260.0 |website=Порекло}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-09-29 |author=Various |title=Allentoft Population Genomics of Late Stone Age West Eurasia |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=11 |website=GenArchivist: Populations and Genetics Forum}}˙​{{cite web |date=2023-10-22 |author=Various |title=RE: The Origin of R1b-P312 |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=157&page=5 |website=GenArchivist}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-01-10 |first=Михаил |last=Подрезов |title=Палеогенетики нашли предков ямников на Среднем Дону: Этот один из результатов исследования 317 древних геномов |url=https://nplus1.ru/news/2024/01/10/genomic-history-of-ancient-eurasians |website=N + 1 Интернет-издание}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-01-13 |author=Various |title=RE: The Origin of R1b-P312 Bell Beaker |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=369&page=22 |website=GenArchivist: Populations and Genetics Forum}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-01-12 |author=Various |title=Time Maps main post-glacial European ancestry components |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=444 |website=GenArchivist: Populations and Genetics Forum}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=RE: aDNA (Dodecad K12b) |url=https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/adna-dodecad-k12b.41751/page-14 |website=Eupedia}}˙​.{{cite web |date=2024-03-28 |first=Razib |last=Khan |title=Kristian Kristiansen: DNA and European prehistory: One of the preeminent archaeologists of Northern Europe talks about where we are in 2024 |url=https://www.razibkhan.com/p/kristian-kristiansen-dna-and-european |website=Razib Khan's Unsupervised Learning}} News: {{cite web |date=2024-01-10 |first=Johanna |last=Hillgren |title=New light shed on the Stone Age 'invisible wall' |url=https://www.gu.se/en/news/new-light-shed-on-the-stone-age-invisible-wall |website=University of Gothenburg}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-01-12 |author=Department of Environmental Biology Nature |title=The invisible genetic barrier that divided western Eurasia in prehistory |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/en/notizia/invisible-genetic-barrier-divided-western-eurasia-prehistory |website=Sapienza Università di Roma}}˙​{{cite news |date=2024-01-16 |first=Ruth |last=Schuster |title=Who Are Western Europeans? New Study Reveals True Origins |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2024-01-16/ty-article/who-are-western-europeans-new-study-reveals-true-origins/0000018d-0dfa-de9c-a3df-6ffb44030000 |newspaper=Haaretz}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-01-20 |first=Kambiz |last=Kamrani |title=Unraveling European Genomic Mysteries: Ancient DNA and the Legacy of Migration |url=https://www.anthropology.net/p/unraveling-european-genomic-mysteries |website=Anthropology.net}}˙​{{cite news |date=2024-03-21 |first=Frank |last=Gaglioti |title=Genetic makeup of modern Europeans derived through ancient migrations from Asia |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2024/03/22/gvqq-m22.html |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site}}˙​.{{cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia |url=https://nature.altmetric.com/details/158270235/news |website=Altmetric}}

• Split off from the above paper: {{cite journal |date=2024-01-11 |publication-date=2024-01-10 |orig-date=received 2022-09-17 |first=Irving |last=Pease |display-authors=etal |title=The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians |pages=312–320 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1 |journal=Nature |volume=625 |eissn=1476-4687 |issue=7994|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1 |pmid=38200293 |pmc=10781624 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..312I }}}}

A 2024 study analysed the genomic ancestry and social dynamics of Western Hunter-Gatherers, including several from Italy.{{refn|{{cite journal |date=2024-02-26 |first1=Erkin |last1=Alaçamlı |first2=Carolina |last2=Bernhardsson |first3=Denis |last3=Bouquin |first4=Darshan |last4=Chetty |first5=Christian |last5=Dina |first6=Hanna |last6=Edlund |first7=Nicolas |last7=Garmond |first8=Torsten |last8=Günther |first9=Mattias |last9=Jakobsson |first10=Grégor |last10=Marchand |first11=Luciana G. |last11=Simões |first12=Rita |last12=Peyroteo-Stjerna |title=Genomic ancestry and social dynamics of the last hunter-gatherers of Atlantic France |doi=10.1073/pnas.2310545121 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |eissn=1091-6490 |volume=121 |issue=10|pages=e2310545121 |pmid=38408241 |pmc=10927518 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12110545S }} Data: {{cite web |date=2024-01-15 |author=Uppsala University |title=Project PRJEB71770: Analyses of complete genomes of 10 French Late Mesolithic individuals form the sites of Hoedic, Téviec and Champigny |url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB71770?show=related-records |website=European Nucleotide Archive}} . Academic commentary: {{cite journal |date=2024-02-26 |first=Peter |last=Rowley-Conwy |title=Hunter-gatherers and earliest farmers in western Europe |doi=10.1073/pnas.2322683121 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |eissn=1091-6490 |volume=121 |issue=10|pages=e2322683121 |pmid=38408256 |pmc=10927556 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12122683R }} . Community commentary: {{cite web |date=2024-01-18 |author=Various |title=Analyses of complete genomes of 10 French Late Mesolithic individuals form the sites |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=463 |website=GenArchivist: Populations and Genetics Forum}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-01-24 |author=Various |title=Тема: Порекло хаплогрупе I2-Y3120 у светлу нових археогенетичких сазнања |url=https://forum.poreklo.rs/index.php?topic=6835.60 |website=Порекло}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-03-02 |first=Василий |last=Парфенов |title=Анализ генома охотников-собирателей показал, как в каменном веке избегали кровосмешения |url=https://naked-science.ru/article/biology/hunters-gatherers-inbreed |website=Naked Science}}˙​.{{cite web |date=2024-03-02 |first=Bernard |last=Sécher |title=Génomes anciens des derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs de France |url=http://secher.bernard.free.fr/blog/index.php?post/2024/03/01/G%C3%A9nomes-anciens-des-derniers-chasseurs-cueilleurs-de-France |website=Généalogie génétique}} News: {{cite web |date=2024-02-28 |author=Uppsala University Press and Media Services |title=Stone Age strategy for avoiding inbreeding |url=https://www.uu.se/en/press/press-releases/2024/2024-02-28-stone-age-strategy-for-avoiding-inbreeding |website=Uppsala Universitet}}˙​{{cite magazine |date=2024-02-28 |first=Guillermo |last=Carvajal |title=Researchers Reveal how Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers Avoided Inbreeding |url=https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/02/researchers-reveal-how-stone-age-hunter-gatherers-avoided-inbreeding |magazine=La Brújula Verde: Magazine Cultural Independiente}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-03-07 |first=Kambiz |last=Kamrani |title=Unraveling Social Dynamics: Ancient DNA Sheds Light on Europe's Last Hunter-Gatherers: Insights into Cultural Strategies and Social Bonds Amidst Neolithic Transition |url=https://www.anthropology.net/p/unraveling-social-dynamics-ancient |website=Anthropology.net}}˙​{{cite news |date=2024-03-22 |first=Nicolas |last=Gutierrez C. |title=Comment les derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs de France évitaient la consanguinité |url=https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/archeo-paleo/anthropologie/comment-les-derniers-chasseurs-cueilleurs-de-france-evitaient-la-consanguinite_177448 |newspaper=Sciences et Avenir |issn=0036-8636}}˙​.{{cite news |date=2024-03-27 |first=Franco |last=Capone |title=I cacciatori raccoglitori della Bretagna non praticavano l'incesto, anche a rischio di "estinguersi": Gli ultimi cacciatori raccoglitori europei non si incrociavano con gli agricoltori ed evitavano i rapporti incestuosi, anche se erano rimasti in pochi |url=https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/i-cacciatori-raccoglitori-non-praticavano-l-incesto-anche-a-rischio-di-estinguersi |newspaper=Focus}}}}

Another 2024 study sequenced human-animal co-burials from the Late Iron Age necropolis of the Seminario Vescovile in Verona.{{refn|{{cite journal |date=2024-02-14 |first1=Alfonsina |last1=Amato |first2=Gabriele |last2=Arenz |first3=Marzia |last3=Bersani |first4=Valentina |last4=Coia |first5=Irene |last5=Dori |first6=Zita |last6=Laffranchi |first7=Sandra |last7=Lösch |first8=Marco |last8=Milella |first9=Alice |last9=Paladin |first10=Jessica |last10=Ryan-Despraz |first11=Luciano |last11=Salzani |first12=Sönke |last12=Szidat |first13=Umberto |last13=Tecchiati |first14=Simon R. |last14=Thompson |first15=Stefania |last15=Zingale |first16=Albert |last16=Zink |title="Until death do us part": A multidisciplinary study on human- Animal co- burials from the Late Iron Age necropolis of Seminario Vescovile in Verona (Northern Italy, 3rd-1st c. BCE) |journal=Public Library of Science One |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=e0293434 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0293434 |doi-access=free |pmid=38354185 |pmc=10866530 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1993434L |eissn=1938-1352|hdl=2434/1030668 |hdl-access=free }} Academic commentary: {{cite journal |publication-date=May 2024 |date=March 2024 |orig-date=2023-12-02 |first1=Barbara |last1=Ankerl |first2=Olivia |last2=Cheronet |first3=Michaela |last3=Greisinger |first4=Dominik |last4=Hagmann |first5=Nisa Iduna |last5=Kirchengast |first6=Sylvia |last6=Kirchengast |first7=Renate |last7=Miglbauer |title=Double feature: First genetic evidence of a mother-daughter double burial in Roman period Austria |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |issn=2352-409X |volume=55|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104479 |bibcode=2024JArSR..55j4479H |doi-access=free }} . Community commentary: {{cite web |date=2024-02-15 |author=Various |title=RE: Genetic Genealogy & Ancient DNA (DISCUSSION ONLY) |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=96&page=12 |website=GenArchivist}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-02-18 |author=Various |title=Until death do us part |url=https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/until-death-do-us-part.45001 |website=Eupedia}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-02-19 |author=Various |title=The Late Iron Age Celtic Necropolis of Seminario Vescovile in Verona, Italy |url=https://forums.familytreedna.com/forum/general-interest/scientific-papers/335529-the-late-iron-age-celtic-necropolis-of-seminario-vescovile-in-verona-italy |website=FamilyTreeDNA}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-02-20 |author=Various |title=Iron Age R1b-L21 from the Celtic Cenomani Tribe in Northern Italy |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=561&pid=11076 |website=GenArchivist}}˙​{{cite web |date=2024-03-06 |author=Various |title=RE: Ancient I1 samples list and discussion |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=21&page=10 |website=GenArchivist}}˙​.{{cite web |date=2024-03-07 |author=Various |title=An I-M253 among the Cisalpine Celts? |url=https://genarchivist.net/printthread.php?tid=613&pid=12124 |website=GenArchivist}} News: {{cite magazine |date=2024-02-14 |first=Sam |last=Walters |title=Ancient Italians' Affection for Animals Went Deep, All the Way to Their Graves |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/ancient-italians-affection-for-animals-went-deep-all-the-way-to-their-graves |magazine=Discover Magazine |issn=0274-7529}}˙​.{{cite news |date=2024-02-18 |first=Guillermo |last=Carvajal |title=Unknown Celtic Rituals and Beliefs May Explain Strange Burials of People with Animal Parts Found in Verona |url=https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/02/unknown-celtic-rituals-and-beliefs-may-explain-strange-burials-of-people-with-animal-parts-found-in-verona |magazine=La Brújula Verde: Magazine Cultural Independiente}}}}

• Demographics of Italy
• European ethnic groups
• Genetic history of Europe

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last=Amorim |first=Carlos Eduardo G. |date=11 September 2018 |title=Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics |journal=Nature Communications |publisher=Nature Research |volume=9 |issue=3547 |page=3547 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4 |pmc=6134036 |pmid=30206220 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3547A |doi-access=free |biorxiv=10.1101/268250}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Aneli |first1=Serena |last2=Saupe |first2=Tina |last3=Montinaro |first3=Francesco |last4=Solnik |first4=Anu |last5=Molinaro |first5=Ludovica |last6=Scaggion |first6=Cinzia |last7=Carrara |first7=Nicola |last8=Raveane |first8=Alessandro |last9=Kivisild |first9=Toomas |last10=Metspalu |first10=Mait |last11=Scheib |first11=Christiana |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |title=The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=2022 |volume=39 |issue=2 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac014 |pmid=35038748 |pmc=8826970 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msac014/6509524}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Marcus |first1=Joseph H. |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |display-authors=1 |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia |journal=Nature Communications |publisher=Nature Research |volume=11 |issue=939 |page= 939|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 |pmc=7039977 |pmid=32094358 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..939M |ref={{harvid|Marcus et al.|2020}}}}
• {{cite journal |last=O'Sullivan |first=Niall |date=September 9, 2018 |title=Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard |journal=Science Advances |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=eaao1262 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aao1262 |pmc=6124919 |pmid=30191172 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.1262O}}
• {{cite journal |last=Vai |first=Stefania |date=19 January 2019 |title=A genetic perspective on Longobard-Era migrations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |publisher=Nature Research |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=647–656 |doi=10.1038/s41431-018-0319-8 |pmc=6460631 |pmid=30651584}}

• Saupe, Tina et al. "Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula". In: Current Biology Volume 31, Issue 12, 21 June 2021, Pages 2576–2591.e12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022

{{human genetics}}

{{Italy topics}}

Category:History of Italy by topic

Italy

Category:Modern human genetic history