Han Taiwanese

There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese,{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Shu-juo|last2=Duan|first2=Hong-kuan|year=2008|journal=Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies |volume=72|url=https://www.academia.edu/12142226|title=Plains Indigenous Ancestors and Taiwan Blood Nationalism}}Hsieh, Shih-Chung. 1998. Three Definition of Hanren：Images of the Majority People in Taiwan. which are estimated to comprise 95 to 98 percent of the Taiwanese population. To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Chinese language as their mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals.{{cite journal|last1=Lo|first1=Seogim|year=2006|journal=Language and Linguistics|volume=7|url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/7.2/j2006_2_12_2821.pdf|title=Origin of the Hakka Language|access-date=2016-08-28|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919045143/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/7.2/j2006_2_12_2821.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Melissa|year=2004|title=Is Taiwan Chinese?: The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520927940}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}} Sometimes a negative definition is employed, where Han people are those who are not non-Han.{{page needed|date=August 2022}}

Taiwanese Han ethnic groups include the Hoklo people and Hakka people that had arrived in Taiwan before World War II (sometimes called "benshengren"),{{cite journal |first1=Fu-chang |last1=Wang |year=2002 |url=http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/ios/people/personal/fcwang/fcwang2002-1.pdf |script-title=zh:族群接觸機會？還是族群競爭？：本省閩南人族群意識內涵與地區差異模式之解釋 |journal=台灣社會學 |issue=4 |pages=11–74 |access-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190547/http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/ios/people/personal/fcwang/fcwang2002-1.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-15 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |url=https://www.globalasia.org/v15no4/book/seeing-past-taiwans-identity-politics_james-baron|year=2020 |title=Seeing Past Taiwan's Identity Politics|first1=James|last1=Baron}} as well those and other Han people that arrived shortly after World War II{{refn|group=nb|They also include some Minnan and Hakka people.{{cite thesis|last1=Zhou |first1=Qionghui (周璟慧) |year=2008 |script-title=zh:外省客家人的認同與文化：以廣東省五華縣籍為例|type=Master|trans-title=Identity and Culture of Hakka Mainlanders:A case study on the Immigrants of Wu Hua County, Guandong Province|publisher=National Kaohsiung Normal University|url=http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=42288&ctNode=1880&mp=1869}}}} (sometimes called "waishengren").{{Cite journal|last=Dittmer|first=Lowell|date=2004-01-01|title=Taiwan and the Issue of National Identity|jstor=10.1525/as.2004.44.4.475|journal=Asian Survey|volume=44|issue=4|pages=475–483|doi=10.1525/as.2004.44.4.475|quote=...although nearly 98% of the island's population are Han, there is a slight complication in terms of ethnic origins that has led to the coagulation of two distinguishable groups (sometimes called subethnic groups, because both are Han). These consist of (1) those whose ancestors migrated from the mainland in or since the 17th century, known as benshengren, or natives of the province, and (2) those who sought refuge (or whose parents sought refuge) from the mainland in the wake of the Nationalists' loss of the Chinese civil war in 1946–49, commonly referred to as waishengren, or provincial outsiders.}} The distinction between benshengren and waishengren is now less important due to intermarriages and the rise of a Taiwanese identity. In addition, there are Han that do not fall into the above categories, including the Puxian-speaking people in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, the Mindong-speaking people in Matsu, and various newly arrived Han immigrants.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Those who trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou from Fujian make up 70% of Taiwan's population. 15% originate from Longyan and Meixian from Fujian and Guangdong respectively whilst 12% come from other provinces from mainland China. The rest are either Taiwanese aborigines, ethnic minorities from mainland China or foreign spouses.{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Basic facts about Taiwan |url=https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/202007/28/content_WS5f1f8c45c6d029c1c2636d06.html#:~:text=Specifically%2C%20most%20Minnan%20people%2C%20nearly,for%20the%20majority%20of%20the |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418100055/https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/202007/28/content_WS5f1f8c45c6d029c1c2636d06.html |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |website=English.gov.cn}}

There is a belief that modern Taiwanese Han are genetically different from Chinese Han, which has been used as a basis for Taiwanese independence from China. This belief has been called the "myth of indigenous genes" by some researchers such as Shu-juo Chen and Hong-kuan Duan, who say that "genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han." Some descendants of plains aborigines have opposed the usage of their ancestors in the call for Taiwanese independence. Genetic studies show genetic differences between Taiwanese Han and mountain aborigines. According to Chen and Duan, the genetic ancestry of individuals cannot be traced with certainty and attempts to construct identity through genetics are "theoretically meaningless." In the highest self reports, 5.3 percent of Taiwan's population claimed indigenous heritage.{{sfn|Liu|2012|p=332-333}}

Estimates of genetic indigenous ancestry range from 13%, 26%, and as high as 85%. The latter number was published in a Chinese language editorial and not a peer-reviewed scientific journal, however these numbers have taken hold in popular Taiwanese imagination and are treated as facts in Taiwanese politics and identity. Many Taiwanese claim to be part aboriginal. Some Taiwanese graduate biology students expressed skepticism at the findings, noting the lack of peer-reviewed publications. Chen suggests that the estimates resulted from manipulation of sample sizes. The lack of methodological rigor suggests the numbers were meant for local consumption. In all scientific studies, genetic markers for aboriginal ancestry make up a minute portion of the genome.{{sfn|Liu|2012|p=332-333}} In 2021, {{ill|Marie Lin|zh|林媽利}} who was the source of the larger indigenous ancestry numbers, co-authored an article stating that the ancestors of Taiwanese Han and Taiwanese indigenous peoples mixed before the former migrated to Taiwan although recent admixtures cannot be ruled out. However, only one in five hundred Han Taiwanese individuals examined was genetically closer to the Dusun people, who are closer to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples than Sino-Tibetan populations, and there are "distinct patterns of genetic structure between the Taiwanese Han and indigenous populations." Taiwanese Han also cluster with Cantonese and Chinese Singaporeans the most out of the Sino-Tibetan-speaking groups.{{Cite journal|last1=Lo|first1=Yun-Hua|last2=Cheng|first2=Hsueh-Chien|last3=Hsiung|first3=Chia-Ni|last4=Yang|first4=Show-Ling|last5=Wang|first5=Han-Yu|last6=Peng|first6=Chia-Wei|last7=Chen|first7=Chun-Yu|last8=Lin|first8=Kung-Ping|last9=Kang|first9=Mei-Ling|last10=Chen|first10=Chien-Hsiun|last11=Chu|first11=Hou-Wei|date=2021-10-01|title=Detecting Genetic Ancestry and Adaptation in the Taiwanese Han People|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa276|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=38|issue=10|pages=4149–4165|doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa276|pmid=33170928|pmc=8476137|issn=0737-4038}}

File:林本源園邸 (26).JPG, a traditional Han residence built in 1847. The ancestor of the Lin family came from Chang-chow, Hok-kien, Qing dynasty in 1778.]]

File:North Side of Old Taipei City North Gate.jpg

There were two major waves of Han immigration: 1) during the Qing dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries and 2) from Republic of China's mainland area, which is now ruled by the People's Republic of China, in the final years of the Chinese Civil War (1945–1949).

Taiwan's southwest was home to a Chinese population numbering close to 1,500 before the Dutch first came in 1623.{{cite book |last=Andrade|first=Tonio|author1-link=Tonio Andrade |date=2007 |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/17552533/How-Taiwan-Became-Chinese-by-Tonio-Andrade-Project-Gutenberg-Edition |publisher=Columbia University Press |series=(Project Gutenberg Edition) |page=129 |isbn=978-9622090835 }} From 1624 to 1662, they began to encourage large-scale Han immigration to the island for labour, mainly from what is today south Fujian.

Starting from 1683, the Qing government limited immigration to Taiwan. Such restriction was relaxed following the 1760s, and by 1811 there were more than two million ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. The 1926 census counted 3,116,400 and 586,300 Han people originating from the Hok-kien and Kwang-tung provinces (roughly Fujian and Guangdong today) during the Ming or Qing dynasty.

{{Further|Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan}}

Around 800,000 people, the vast majority being Han, immigrated to Taiwan after the end of the World War II, when Republic of China took over Taiwan, with the biggest wave taking place around the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland in 1949. Since the mid-1990s, there has been a small amount of Han immigration from the PRC into Taiwan. It mainly consists of two categories—brides of businessmen who work on the mainland, and women who have married rural Taiwanese, mostly through a marriage broker.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Around 20% or 34,000 of the Vietnamese people in Taiwan are Hoa people, people of Chinese origin that are mostly Han.{{cite journal|url=http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?atliid=154777&issueiid=10981&jnliid=1452 |script-title=zh:社會階層化下的婚姻移民與國內勞動市場：以越南新娘為例 |trans-title=Social Stratification, Vietnamese Partners Migration and Taiwan Labour Market |last=Wang|first=Hong-Zen|date=March 2001|access-date=2008-01-23|issue=41|pages=99–127|journal=Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies| language = zh-hant|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224923/http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?atliid=154777&issueiid=10981&jnliid=1452|archive-date=2011-07-19}}

File:Zheng Yongxi.jpg and author of On Reconciliation (Source of Photo: 台灣文化誌 by Kanori Ino).]]

There were violent ethnic conflicts (termed "分類械鬥" in government documents of the Qing dynasty), which played a major role in determining the distribution of different groups of Han people in Taiwan. Most conflicts were between people of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou origins which includes acts where Quanzhang fought against Hakka peasants from the southwestern hills of Fujian (Tingzhou and western Zhangzhou) throughout the period. ("漳泉械鬥", Chang-Chin conflicts){{cite AV media | people=Taiwan Bar Studio | date=Oct 10, 2015 |script-title=zh:【故事・臺北】 第二話 -『士林生死鬥』 | trans-title =Story of Taipei (Episode 2): Shilin DOA | medium=Motion picture | location=Taipei |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPFQCpzLTME}} and between people of Hokkien and Hakkas origins ("閩粵械鬥" [Min-Yue conflicts]) where Hoklo people united to fight against the Hakka who largely came from Guangdong and a minority from Fujian, is called ("閩客械鬥" [Min-Hakka conflicts]).

Trying to be a mediator, Tēⁿ Iōng-sek (鄭用錫, 10 June 1788 – 21 March 1858), the first Taiwanese to achieve the highest degree, jinshi or "Doctor" (Mandarin: 進士), in the imperial examination of the Qing dynasty, wrote an article On Reconciliation (勸和論).{{cite web |url=http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~learning/classical-01.php?id=164 |title=On Reconciliation (original text with Mandarin translation) |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151225181152/http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~learning/classical-01.php?id=164 |url-status=dead }}

In some regions, where the majority of the population spoke another language, the minority group sometimes adopted the more dominant language and lost their original language. This most commonly occurred with Hakka migrants, who adopted either Quanzhou or Zhangzhou Hokkien; they are referred to as "minnanized" Hakka people (福佬客).{{cite web |url=http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=10727&ctNode=1912&mp=1869 |script-title=zh:認識福佬客 |date=25 Jan 2006 |publisher=Hakka Affairs Council, Taiwan |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024638/http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=10727&ctNode=1912&mp=1869 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}

Unlike pre-World War II, when Han immigrants were predominantly of Hok-kien and Hakka origins, post-World War II Han people came from all over mainland China. Their different languages, habits, ideologies and relationships with the Republic of China government sometimes led to conflicts between these two groups.{{cite thesis |last=LIAO |first=SZE-WEI |date=2010 |title=Identity, Ideology, and Language Variation: A Sociolinguistic Study of Mandarin in Central Taiwan |type=PhD |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Davis |url=http://linguistics.ucdavis.edu/pics-and-pdfs/DissertationLiao.pdf |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124546/http://linguistics.ucdavis.edu/pics-and-pdfs/DissertationLiao.pdf |url-status=dead }}

In Taiwan, the Han people came into contact with the Austronesians, Dutch, Spanish and Japanese.

The Amis term for Han people is payrag.

According to the historian Melissa J. Brown, within the Taiwanese Minnan (Hoklo) community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with Austronesians took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Austronesian admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA157 Brown 2004]. pp. 156-7. Plains aborigines who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated between "short-route" and "long-route".[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&dq=long+route+han&pg=PA162 Brown 2004]. p. 162. The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a Taiwanese girl from an old elite Hoklo family was warned by her mother to stay away from them.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&q=wall&pg=PA157 Brown 2004]. p. 157. The insulting name "番仔" (huan-a) was used against plains aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh people.{{Cite web | url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/15/2003592824 | title=Pazeh writers get awards for preserving language - Taipei Times| date=15 June 2014}} Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.{{Cite news | url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/26/2003415773 | title=Pazeh poets honored at ceremony - Taipei Times| date=26 June 2008}} Aboriginal status has been requested by plains aboriginals.{{Cite web | url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/07/15/2003595134 | title=Pingpu activists demand government recognition - Taipei Times| date=15 July 2014}}

Part of the maximum-likelihood tree of 75 Asian populations:{{cite journal | last1 = The | first1 = HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium | year = 2009 | title = Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia | journal = Science | volume = 326 | issue = 5959| pages = 1541–5 | doi=10.1126/science.1177074 | pmid=20007900| bibcode = 2009Sci...326.1541. | s2cid = 34341816 }}

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In Taiwan, the prevalence of alcohol dependence among the Han is 10 times lower than that of Austronesians, which is related to genetic, physical, psychological, social, environmental, and cultural factors.{{cite journal | last1 = Huang | last2 = Chen | year = 2012 | title = Alcohol Dependence in Taiwan: From Epidemiology to Biomedicine | journal = Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 108–12 | doi=10.1016/j.jecm.2012.01.004}} An association study by researchers at the Academia Sinica found that genes in alcohol metabolism pathway, especially ADH1B and ALDH2, conferred the major genetic risk for alcohol dependence in Taiwanese Han men.{{cite journal | last1 = Wu | last2 = Lee | year = 2016 | title = Association Study of Gene Polymorphisms in GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine, and Alcohol Metabolism Pathways with Alcohol Dependence in Taiwanese Han Men | journal = Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research | volume = 40 | issue =2 | pages = 284–90 | doi=10.1111/acer.12963| pmid = 26842247}}

{{See also|Taiwanese languages|Taiwanese Mandarin|Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese Hakka}}

File:Map of the most commonly used home language in Taiwan.svg; nan: Taiwanese Hokkien; hak: Taiwanese Hakka; map: Taiwanese Austronesian languages.]]

The languages used by Han Taiwanese include Mandarin (entire country), Hokkien (Taiwan proper and Kinmen), Hakka (Taiwan proper), Mindong (Matzu), Puxian (Wuqiu Island, Kinmen), and other Han languages spoken by some post-World War II immigrants or immigrants from mainland China since the 1990s. The writing systems used include Han characters, Han phonetic notations such as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols for Mandarin and Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols for Hokkien and Hakka, and the Latin alphabet for various romanization systems, including Tongyong Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II for Mandarin, POJ and Taiwanese Minnan Romanization System for Hokkien, and Hakka Romanization System for Hakka.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Significant numbers of Puxian Min, Fuzhounese, and Teochew speakers came to Taiwan proper, but they were eventually assimilated into the Hokkien (Minnan) speaking population.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Taiwanese linguist Uijin Ang divided Taiwan (excluding Kinmen and Matsu) into 7 linguistic regions, including one Austronesian, five Han and one mixed.

Ever since the arrival of Han immigrants in Taiwan, their languages have undergone changes through interactions with other Han or non-Han languages. For example, one unit of land area used in Taiwanese Minnan is Kah ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|甲}}}}; 0.9699 acre), which comes from the Dutch word for "field", akker (akker > {{lang|zh|{{linktext|阿}}甲}} > {{lang|zh|甲}}).{{cite book|last1=Weng |first1=Jiayin (翁佳音) |last2=Cao |first2=Mingzong (曹銘宗) |year=2015 |script-title=zh:大灣大員福爾摩沙|publisher=貓頭鷹}}

File:1 yehliu 2015 panorama.jpg ({{lang|zh|野柳}}, Iá-Liú in Minnan), a scenic area in northern Taiwan. Its name came from the Castilian name given by the Spaniards, Punto Diablos, which means 'Cape Devils'.]]

File:Harbor Takao.jpg.]]

{{see also|Culture of Taiwan}}

{{see also|Taiwanese cuisine}}

Image:Fragpork Rice from Formosa Chang Taipei Neihu Store.jpg|Minced pork rice, a rice dish of Han Taiwanese.

Image:Braised pork rice in Taichung.jpg|Minced pork rice in Taichung.

File:Pig's blood cakes.jpg|Rice blood cakes to be fried.

File:Oysterpanfry_TW.jpg|Oyster omelet in Lugang, Changhua.

{{see also|Religion in Taiwan}}

The most popular religions of Han Taiwanese are Taoism and Buddhism.{{cite journal |last=Chang |first=Hsun |date=1996 |journal=中央研究院民族學研究所集刊 |volume=81 |script-title=zh:光復後臺灣人類學漢人宗教研究之回顧}} With 11,796 temples (78.4% Taoist; 19.6% Buddhist), Taiwan is the country with the highest density of temples in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/FirstNews/201007240011-1.aspx |script-title=zh:台宗教密度高 寺廟教堂逾萬座 |date=7 July 2010 |publisher=Central News Agency (Taiwan) |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612112340/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/FirstNews/201007240011-1.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}

File:Longshan Temple, Taipei 01.jpg|Lungshan Temple, a Taoist-Buddhist temple in Taipei.

File:Iun-fug Giung in Longtan.jpg|Iun-Fug Giung (永福宮), Longtan District, Taoyuan, is a traditional Han temple built in 1791 in the Hakka village Sam-Hang-Zii

In traditional Han society, children inherit the surname of the father. Population analyses of Han Taiwanese based on the short tandem repeat sequences on the Y chromosome, which is specific to males, shows high haplotype diversity in most surname groups. Except for rare ones, the origins of Han surnames in Taiwan are pretty heterogeneous.

Confucian temples formed an important part of the life of early Han immigrants. Famous temples include Taiwan Confucian Temple and Taipei Confucius Temple.{{cite thesis |last=Liu |first=Shu-Win |date=2009 |script-title=zh:台灣孔廟之敘事分析研究 |type=Master |trans-title=A study on Taiwan Confucius Temples from Narrative Theory |publisher=National Yunlin University of Science and Technology }}

{{See also|Taiwanese literature}}

One of the earliest written records of Taiwanese Hakka is A Tragic Ballad about Hakka Sailing to Taiwan (渡台悲歌), a work written in the Raoping dialect about the life and struggle of Hakka immigrants to Taiwan under the Ching rule.[http://web.fg.tp.edu.tw/~nancy/Taiwan/A2.htm#渡台悲歌 A Tragic Ballad about Hakka Sailing to Taiwan text]

One of the best known Han folktales in Taiwan is the Aunt Tiger.{{cite journal |last=Chien |first=Chi-Ru |date=2013 |journal=成大中文學報 |volume=22 |url=http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf |script-title=zh:臺灣虎姑婆故事之深層結構─以自然與文化二元對立觀之 |trans-title=The Research for Structural Analysis and Folk Investigation of Taiwan's Grandaunt Tiger Story |access-date=2016-08-30 |archive-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913231033/http://bec001.web.ncku.edu.tw/ezfiles/335/1335/img/1592/4307.pdf |url-status=dead }}

File:Lukang_Lung-shan_Temple_2004.jpg.]]

File:Junewei 20130706-2.JPG]]

File:新竹進士第.JPG

File:Lin AnTai Old HomeStead.jpg, a Minnan-style courtyard.{{cite web | language = zh-hant|script-title=zh:台灣傳統建築欣賞 |trans-title= The Appreciation of Taiwan Traditional Architecture| url=http://web.arte.gov.tw/architecture/a_style/01_01.htm | author =潘國正 }}]]

Taiwanese architecture refers to a style of buildings constructed by the Han people, and is a branch of Chinese architecture.{{cite book |last1=Liang |first1=Ssu-ch'eng |title=A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=MIT Press, Chanbridge, MA |location=Taiwan }} The style is generally afforded to buildings constructed before the modernization under Japanese occupation, in the 1930s. Different groups of Han immigrants differ in their styles of architecture.{{cite journal|last1=Chiou|first1=S-C|last2=Krishnamurti|first2=R|year=1995|title=The fortunate dimensions of Taiwanese traditional architecture|url=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/ramesh/pub/distribution/journal/epb220547-fortunateDimensions.pdf|journal=Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design|volume=22|issue=5|pages=547–562|doi=10.1068/b220547|bibcode=1995EnPlB..22..547C |s2cid=16427614}} Being far away from the center of political power of Beijing, buildings were constructed free of construction standards.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} This, coupled with inferior level of expertise of artisans and craftsmen, and the Japanese colonization, the architectural style diverged from the ones on the mainland. Many traditional houses have been designated national monuments by the Taiwanese government, such as the Lin Family Mansion and Garden{{Cite web|url=https://www.linfamily.ntpc.gov.tw/|title=首頁 | 林本源園邸|website=Lin Family Mansion and Garden}} and the House of Tēⁿ Iōng-sek (鄭用錫).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Hakka Taiwanese have long traditions of indigo dyeing.{{cite web |url=https://www.peopo.org/news/274675 |title=Indigo dyeing renaissance in Hakka village |access-date=13 Sep 2016 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.hakka.gov.tw/show/p.html |title=Hakka Taiwan |access-date=13 Sep 2016 }}

The Yilan International Children's Folklore and Folkgame Festival exhibits collections of traditional Han Taiwanese toys.{{cite web |url=http://media.huayuworld.org/local/web/english/modern/content5.htm |title=Yilan International Children's Folklore and Folkgame Festival |access-date=13 Sep 2016 }}

{{See also|Music of Taiwan}}

• Han Taiwanese nationalism

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{{refbegin}}

• {{citation|last=Liu|first=Jennifer A.|year=2012|title=Aboriginal Fractions: Enumerating Identity in Taiwan|journal=Medical Anthropology |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=329–346 |doi=10.1080/01459740.2011.630333 |pmid=22746682 |s2cid=23008277 |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1267&context=aprci |url-access=subscription }}

{{refend}}

• [http://ocw.aca.ntu.edu.tw/ntu-ocw/index.php/ocw/cou/100S207 Taiwan Folklore & Folk Culture] (National Taiwan University OpenCourseWare)

{{Portal bar|Asia|Taiwan}}

{{Han subgroups}}

{{Taiwan related articles}}

{{Ethnic groups in Taiwan}}

Category:Chinese culture in Taiwan