Haplogroup J-M172#Subclade distribution

{{See also|Genetic history of the Middle East#Levant}}

The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by Batini et al in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 years before present (BP).{{cite journal | vauthors = Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, King TE, López de Munain A, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Tolun A, Winney B, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | pages = 7152 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25988751 | pmc = 4441248 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms8152 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.7152B }} Samino et al in 2004 dated the origin of the parent haplogroup, J-P209, to between 18,900 and 44,500 YBP.{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Ancient J-M410, specifically subclade J-Y12379*, has been found, in a Mesolithic context, in a tooth from the Kotias Klde Cave in western Georgia from the Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old) and the Mesolithic (9,700 years old) {{Cite web |title=[Homepage] |url=http://www.yfull.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423085916/https://www.yfull.com/ |archive-date=2020-04-23 |access-date=2020-05-11 |url-status=live |website=YFull}} This sample has been assigned to the Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) autosomal component.{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones ER, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Connell S, Siska V, Eriksson A, Martiniano R, McLaughlin RL, Gallego Llorente M, Cassidy LM, Gamba C, Meshveliani T, Bar-Yosef O, Müller W, Belfer-Cohen A, Matskevich Z, Jakeli N, Higham TF, Currat M, Lordkipanidze D, Hofreiter M, Manica A, Pinhasi R, Bradley DG | display-authors = 6 | title = Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | pages = 8912 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26567969 | pmc = 4660371 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms9912 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.8912J }} J-M410, more specifically its subclade J-PF5008, has also been found in a Mesolithic sample from the Hotu and Kamarband Caves located in Mazandaran Province of Iran, dating back to 9,100-8,600 B.C.E (approximately 11,000 ybp).{{cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Rollefson |first3=Gary |last4=Merrett |first4=Deborah C. |last5=Rohland |first5=Nadin |last6=Mallick |first6=Swapan |last7=Fernandes |first7=Daniel |last8=Novak |first8=Mario |last9=Gamarra |first9=Beatriz |last10=Sirak |first10=Kendra |last11=Connell |first11=Sarah |last12=Stewardson |first12=Kristin |last13=Harney |first13=Eadaoin |last14=Fu |first14=Qiaomei |last15=Gonzalez-Fortes |first15=Gloria |last16=Jones |first16=Eppie R. |last17=Roodenberg |first17=Songül Alpaslan |last18=Lengyel |first18=György |last19=Bocquentin |first19=Fanny |last20=Gasparian |first20=Boris |last21=Monge |first21=Janet M. |last22=Gregg |first22=Michael |last23=Eshed |first23=Vered |last24=Mizrahi |first24=Ahuva-Sivan |last25=Meiklejohn |first25=Christopher |last26=Gerritsen |first26=Fokke |last27=Bejenaru |first27=Luminita |last28=Blüher |first28=Matthias |last29=Campbell |first29=Archie |last30=Cavalleri |first30=Gianpiero |last31=Comas |first31=David |last32=Froguel |first32=Philippe |last33=Gilbert |first33=Edmund |last34=Kerr |first34=Shona M. |last35=Kovacs |first35=Peter |last36=Krause |first36=Johannes |last37=McGettigan |first37=Darren |last38=Merrigan |first38=Michael |last39=Merriwether |first39=D. Andrew |last40=O'Reilly |first40=Seamus |last41=Richards |first41=Martin B. |last42=Semino |first42=Ornella |last43=Shamoon-Pour |first43=Michel |last44=Stefanescu |first44=Gheorghe |last45=Stumvoll |first45=Michael |last46=Tönjes |first46=Anke |last47=Torroni |first47=Antonio |last48=Wilson |first48=James F. |last49=Yengo |first49=Loic |last50=Hovhannisyan |first50=Nelli A. |last51=Patterson |first51=Nick |last52=Pinhasi |first52=Ron |last53=Reich |first53=David |display-authors=6 |title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East |journal=Nature |date=August 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7617 |pages=419–424 |doi=10.1038/nature19310 |pmid=27459054 |pmc=5003663 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L }} Both samples belong to the Trialetian Culture.

It is likely that J2 men had settled over most of Anatolia, the South Caucasus and the Zagros mountains by the end of the Last Glaciation 12,000 years ago.{{Cite web |date=2018-07-15 |title=The spread of the bull |website=Cradle of Civilization |url=https://aratta.wordpress.com/2018/07/15/the-spread-of-the-bull/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en}}

{{harvp|Zalloua|Wells|2004}} and {{harvp|Al-Zahery et al.|2003}} claimed to have uncovered the earliest known migration of J2, expanded possibly from Anatolia and the Caucasus.{{sfn|Al-Zahery et al.|2003}}{{cite web |author=Rick Gore |date=October 2004 |title=Who Were the Phoenicians? |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/lebanon/phoenicians-text/1 |work=National Geographic Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092650/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/lebanon/phoenicians-text/1 |archive-date=2014-04-07}}{{cite web |date=11 September 2007|title=One-third of Maltese found to have ancient Phoenician DNA |website=The Malta Independent Online |url= http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=57215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210211239/http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=57215|archive-date=2012-02-10}} {{harvp|Nebel et al.|2001}} found that, "According to {{harvp|Underhill et al.|2000}}, Eu 9 (H58) evolved from Eu 10 (H71) through a T→G transversion at M172 (emphasis added)," and that in today's populations, Eu 9 (the post-mutation form of M172) is strongest in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Levant, whilst Eu 10 becomes stronger and replaces the frequency of Eu 9 as one moves south into the Arabian Peninsula,{{harvnb|Nebel et al.|2001}}. See especially Figure Six. {{harvp|Semino et al.|2000}} is a source which also states that Eu 9 descends from Eu 10 (Eu 10 is a different subclade of Haplogroup J (mtDNA)). so that people from the Caucasus met with Arabs near and between Mesopotamia (Sumer/Assyria) and the Negev Desert, as "Arabisation" spread from Arabia to the Fertile Crescent and Turkey.

{{harvp|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}} postulated that J-M172 haplogroup spread into Southern Europe from either the Levant or Anatolia, likely parallel to the development of agriculture.{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}} As to the timing of its spread into Europe, Di Giacomo et al. points to events which post-date the Neolithic, in particular the demographic floruit associated with the rise of the Ancient Greek world. {{harvp|Semino et al.|2004}} derived older age estimates for overall J2 {{clarify span|(having used the Zhivotovsky method c.f. Di Giacomo)|date=August 2024 |reason=The "Zhivotovsky method" is not explained or referenced. The meaning of "c.f." is unclear (should it be "cf."?). Then what is "Di Giacomo's method?".}}, postulating its initial spread with Neolithic farmers from the Near East. However, its subclade distribution, showing localized peaks in the Southern Balkans, southern Italy, north/central Italy and the Caucasus, does not conform to a single 'wave-of-advance' scenario, betraying a number of still poorly understood post-Neolithic processes which created its current pattern. Like Di Giacomo et al., the Bronze Age southern Balkans was suggested by Semino et al. to have been an important vector of spread.{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}}

Haplogroup J-M172 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2003}} Anatolia, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, and the Iranian plateau.{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Y-DNA: J2 (J-M172): Syrid/Nahrainid Arabid(s).

The highest reported frequency of J-M172 ever was 87.4%, among Ingush in Malgobek.{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}}

More specifically it is found in Iraq,{{sfn|Al-Zahery et al.|2003}} Kuwait,{{sfn|Al-Zahery et al.|2003}} Syria,{{sfn|Luis et al.|2004}} Lebanon,{{sfn|Zalloua et al.|2008}} Turkey,{{sfn|Cinnioglu et al.|2004}} Georgia,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2003}} Azerbaijan,{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}} North Caucasus,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Armenia,{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}} Iran,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Israel,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Palestine,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Cyprus,{{sfn|Capelli et al.|2006}} Greece,{{sfn|Martinez et al.|2007}} Albania,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2000}} Italy,{{sfn|Capelli et al.|2007}} Spain,{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2003}} and more frequently in Iraqis 24%,{{sfn|Al-Zahery et al.|2011}} Chechens 51.0%-58.0%,{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} Georgians 21%-72%,{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}} Lebanese 30%,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Ossetians 24%,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Balkars 24%,{{sfn|Battaglia et al.|2009}} Syrians 23%,{{sfn|Luis et al.|2004}} Turks 13%{{sfn|Cinnioglu et al.|2004}}-40%,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2000}} Cypriots 12.9%{{sfn|El-Sibai et al.|2009}}-37%,{{sfn|Capelli et al.|2006}} Armenians 21%{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}}-24%,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Circassians 21.8%,{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} Bahrainis 27.6%,{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Snan |first1=Noora R. |last2=Messaoudi |first2=Safia A. |last3=Khubrani |first3=Yahya M. |last4=Wetton |first4=Jon H. |last5=Jobling |first5=Mark A. |last6=Bakhiet |first6=Moiz |date=2020 |title=Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y-STRs |journal=Molecular Genetics and Genomics |volume=295 |issue=6 |pages=1315–1324 |doi=10.1007/s00438-020-01696-4 |issn=1617-4615 |pmc=7524810 |pmid=32588126}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} Iranians 10%{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}}-25%,{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}} Albanians 16%,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2000}}{{sfn|Battaglia et al.|2009}} Italians 9%-36%,{{sfn|Capelli et al.|2007}} Sephardi Jews 15%{{sfn|Nebel et al.|2001}}-29%,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Maltese 21%,{{sfn|Capelli et al.|2006}} Palestinians 17%,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Saudis 14%,{{sfn|Abu-Amero et al.|2009}} Jordanians 14%, Omanis 10%-15%,{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}}{{sfn|Luis et al.|2004}} and North Indian Shia Muslim 18%.{{sfn|Eaaswarkhanth et al.|2009}}

Haplogroup J2 is found with low frequencies in North Africa with a hotspot in Sousse region, most of Sousse samples have the same haplotypes found in Haplogroup J-L271 which was found in Msaken.{{sfn|Fadhlaoui-Zid|2014}}

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J-M172 is found at moderate frequencies among Central Asian people such as Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Yaghnobis. According to the genetic study in Northwest China by Shou et al. (2010), a notable high frequency of J-M172 is observed particularly in Uyghurs 34% and Uzbeks 30.4% in Xinjiang, China. Liu Shuhu et al. (2018) found J2a1 (L26/Page55/PF5110/S57, L27/PF5111/S396) in 43.75% (28/64) and J2a2 (L581/S398) in 14.06% (9/64) of a sample of Lop Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village of Yuli (Lopnur) County, Xinjiang, J2a1b1 (M92, M260/Page14) in 25.64% (10/39) of a sample of Keriyan Uyghurs from Darya Boyi Village of Yutian (Keriya) County, Xinjiang, and J2a1 (L26/Page55/PF5110/S57, L27/PF5111/S396) in 3.95% (3/76) and J2a2 (L581/S398) in 3.95% (3/76) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs from Horiqol Township of Awat County, Xinjiang.{{sfn|Liu Shuhu et al.|2018}} Only far northwestern ethnic minorities had haplogroup J in Xinjiang, China. Uzbeks in the sample had 30.4% J2-M172 and Tajiks of Xinjiang and Uyghurs also had it.{{sfn|Shou et al.|2010}}

The haplogroup has an ancient presence in Central Asia and seems to have preceded the spread of Islam.{{sfn|Shou et al.|2010}} In addition, the immediate ancestor of J-M172, namely J* (J-M304*, a.k.a. J-P209*, J-12f2.1*) is also found among Xibo, Kazakh, Dongxiang and Uzbek people in Northwest China.

In 2015, two ancient samples belonging to J-M172 or J-M410 (J2a) were found at two different archaeological sites in Altai, eastern Russia: Kytmanovo and Sary-bel kurgan. Both of the ancient samples are related to Iron Age cultures in Altai. Sary-bel J2/J2a is dated to 50 BC whereas Kytmanovo sample is dated to 721-889 AD. Genetic admixture analysis of these samples also suggests that the individuals were more closely related to West Eurasians than other Altaians from the same period, although they also seem to be related to present-day Turkic peoples of the region.{{cite journal |vauthors=Allentoft ME |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=167–172 |doi=10.1038/nature14507 |pmid=26062507 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A |s2cid=4399103 |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 |access-date=2020-01-21 |archive-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204125511/https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |vauthors=Rottensteiner C |url=http://j2-m172.info/2015/06/j2a2-ph3085-sk1403-ancient-altai-modern-uygur-turkish/ |title=J2a2-PH3085, SK1403: Ancient Altai, modern Uygur and Turkish |website=J2-M172 Haplogroup Research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626195537/http://j2-m172.info/2015/06/j2a2-ph3085-sk1403-ancient-altai-modern-uygur-turkish/ |archive-date=2015-06-26}}{{cite web |vauthors=Immanuel F |url=http://www.y-str.org/p/ancient-dna.html |title=Ancient DNA |website=Genetic Genealogy Tools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905073124/http://www.y-str.org/p/ancient-dna.html |archive-date=2015-09-05}} F999962 for RISE504, Kytmanovo sample, and F999965 for RISE602, Sary-bel sample.

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In Europe, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M172 drops as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean. In Italy, J-M172 is found with regional frequencies ranging between 9% and 36%.{{sfn|Capelli et al.|2007}} In Greece, it is found with regional frequencies ranging between 10% and 48%. Approximately 24% of Turkish men are J-M172,{{sfn|Cinnioglu et al.|2004}} with regional frequencies ranging between 13% and 40%.{{sfn|Semino et al.|2000}} Combined with J-M267, up to half of the Turkish population belongs to Haplogroup J-P209.

It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites in Crete. Haplogroup J-M172 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%).{{sfn|King et al.|2008}}

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J-M172 is found at very high frequencies in certain peoples of the Caucasus: among the Ingush 87.4%,{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} Chechens 55.2%,{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} Georgians 21%-72%,{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}} Azeris 24%{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}}-48%,{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}} Abkhaz 25%,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Balkars 24%,{{sfn|Battaglia et al.|2009}} Ossetians 24%,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Armenians 21%{{sfn|Wells et al.|2001}}-24%,{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}} Adyghe 21.8%,{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} and other groups.{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2004}}{{sfn|Nasidze et al.|2003}}

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Sephardi Jews have about 15%{{sfn|Nebel et al.|2001}}-29%,{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} of haplogroup J-M172, and Ashkenazi Jews have 15%{{sfn|Shen et al.|2004}}-23%.{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} It was reported in an early study which tested only four STR markers that a small sample of Italian Cohens belonged to Network 1.2, an early designation for the overall clade now known as J-L26, defined by the deletion at DYS413.{{cite journal |vauthors=Malaspina P, Tsopanomichalou M, Duman T, Stefan M, Silvestri A, Rinaldi B, Garcia O, Giparaki M, Plata E, Kozlov AI, Barbujani G, Vernesi C, Papola F, Ciavarella G, Kovatchev D, Kerimova MG, Anagnou N, Gavrila L, Veneziano L, Akar N, Loutradis A, Michalodimitrakis EN, Terrenato L, Novelletto A |display-authors=6 |title=A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=339–49 |year=2001 |pmid=11592923 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6540339.x |doi-access=free |hdl=2108/44448 |s2cid=221448190 |hdl-access=free}} However, a large number of all Jewish Cohens in the world belong to haplogroup J-M267 (see Cohen modal haplotype).

Haplogroup J-M172 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J-M267, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. It was believed that the source population of J-M172 originated from the Levant/Syria (Syrid-J-M172), and that its occurrence among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia was a sign of the Neolithic agriculturalists. However, as stated it is now believed more likely to have been spread in waves, as a result of post-Neolithic processes .

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Haplogroup J2 has been present in South Asia mostly as J2a-M410 and J2b-M102, since Neolithic times (9500 YBP).{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh S, Singh A, Rajkumar R, Sampath Kumar K, Kadarkarai Samy S, Nizamuddin S, Singh A, Ahmed Sheikh S, Peddada V, Khanna V, Veeraiah P, Pandit A, Chaubey G, Singh L, Thangaraj K | display-authors = 6 | title = Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | pages = 19157 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26754573 | pmc = 4709632 | doi = 10.1038/srep19157 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...619157S }}{{cite book |last1=Herrera |first1=Rene J. |last2=Garcia-Bertrand |first2=Ralph |title=Ancestral DNA, Human Origins, and Migrations |date=2018 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-804128-4 |page=250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF1gDwAAQBAJ&q=Ancestral+DNA+Human+Origins+and+Migrations+J2b-M102+South+Asia&pg=PA250 |language=en}}

J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-Aryan castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–21 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16400607 | pmc = 1380230 | doi = 10.1086/499411 }} Among caste groups, the highest frequency of J2-M172 was observed among Tamil Vellalars of South India, at 38.7%. J2 is present in Indian tribals too and has a frequency of 11% in Austro-Asiatic tribals. Among the Austro-Asiatic tribals, the predominant J2 occurs in the Asur tribe (77.5%) albeit with a sample size of 40 and in the Lodha (35%) of West Bengal. J2 is also present in the South Indian hill tribe Toda at 38.46% albeit with a sample size of only 26,{{cite journal | vauthors = Arunkumar G, Soria-Hernanz DF, Kavitha VJ, Arun VS, Syama A, Ashokan KS, Gandhirajan KT, Vijayakumar K, Narayanan M, Jayalakshmi M, Ziegle JS, Royyuru AK, Parida L, Wells RS, Renfrew C, Schurr TG, Smith CT, Platt DE, Pitchappan R | display-authors = 6 | title = Population differentiation of southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = e50269 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23209694 | pmc = 3508930 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0050269 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...750269A | doi-access = free }} in the Andh tribe of Telangana at 35.19%,{{cite journal | vauthors = Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Bhaskar LV, Reddy BM, Reddy AG, Singh L | display-authors = 6 | title = Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 7 | pages = 42 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16893451 | pmc = 1569435 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-7-42 | doi-access = free }} in the Narikuravar tribe at 57.9% and in the Kol tribe of Uttar Pradesh at a frequency of 33.34%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AJ, Tiwari PK, Bamezai RN | display-authors = 6 | title = The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–55 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19158816 | doi = 10.1038/jhg.2008.2 | doi-access = free }} Haplogroup J-P209 was found to be more common in India's Shia Muslims, of which 28.7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13.7% in J-M410, 10.6% in J-M267 and 4.4% in J2b.{{sfn|Eaaswarkhanth et al.|2009}}

In Pakistan, the highest frequencies of J2-M172 were observed among the Parsis at 38.89%, the Dravidian speaking Brahui's at 28.18% and the Makrani Balochs at 24%.{{cite journal| title=Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan| journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.| pmc=447589| pmid=11898125| doi=10.1086/339929| volume=70| issue=5| date=May 2002| pages=1107–24| vauthors=Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Helgason A, Mazhar K, Mansoor A, Zerjal T, Tyler-Smith C, Mehdi SQ| display-authors=6}} It also occurs at 18.18% in Makrani Siddis and at 3% in Karnataka Siddis.{{cite journal| title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture| journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.| pmc=3135801| pmid=21741027| doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030| volume=89| issue=1| year=2011| pages=154–61| vauthors=Shah AM, Tamang R, Moorjani P, Rani DS, Govindaraj P, Kulkarni G, Bhattacharya T, Mustak MS, Bhaskar LV, Reddy AG, Gadhvi D, Gai PB, Chaubey G, Patterson N, Reich D, Tyler-Smith C, Singh L, Thangaraj K |display-authors=6}}

J2-M172 is found at an overall frequency of 16.1% in the people of Sri Lanka.{{Cite book |author1=Toomas Kivisild |author2=Siiri Rootsi |author3=Mait Metspalu |author4=Ene Metspalu |author5=Juri Parik |author6=Katrin Kaldma |author7=Esien Usanga |author8=Sarabjit Mastana |author9=Surinder S. Papiha |author10=Richard Villems |display-authors=6 |chapter-url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2003a.pdf |chapter=The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India |editor1=Peter Bellwood |editor2=Colin Renfrew |title=Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis |series=McDonald Institute monographs |date=2002 |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |isbn=9781902937205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuFwAAAAIAAJ}} In Maldives, 22% of Maldivian population were found to be haplogroup J2 positive.{{Cite web|url=http://maldives-ancestry.blogspot.com/2013/05/maldivian-ancestry-in-light-of-genetics.html|title=Ancestry of Maldivian Islanders in Light of Population Genetics: Maldivian Ancestry in light of Genetics|date=May 24, 2013|access-date=August 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213329/http://maldives-ancestry.blogspot.com/2013/05/maldivian-ancestry-in-light-of-genetics.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013|url-status=live}} Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.

J2-M172 has been observed in 15.9% (20/164 J2a-M410, 6/164 J2b2-M241) of Tharu from Uttar Pradesh,{{cite journal |author1=Gyaneshwer Chaubey |author2=Manvendra Singh |author3=Federica Crivellaro |display-authors=et al |title=Unravelling the distinct strains of Tharu ancestry |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1404–1412 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.36 |doi-access=free|pmid=24667789 |pmc=4231405 }} 13.4% (19/202 J2a-M410, 8/202 J2b2-M241) of Tharu from Nepal,{{cite journal |author1=Simona Fornarino |author2=Maria Pala |author3=Vincenza Battaglia |display-authors=et al |title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2009 |volume=9 |issue=1 |at=154 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |doi-access=free|pmid=19573232 |pmc=2720951 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..154F }} and 8.9% (4/45 J2a-M410) of Tharu from Uttarakhand.

Haplogroup J-M172 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J-M410, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J-M12, defined by the M12 genetic marker.

J-M172 is typical of populations of the Near East, Southern Europe, Southwest Asia and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution through much of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa.{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sakshi |last2=Singh |first2=Ashish |last3=Rajkumar |first3=Raja |last4=Sampath Kumar |first4=Katakam |last5=Kadarkarai Samy |first5=Subburaj |last6=Nizamuddin |first6=Sheikh |last7=Singh |first7=Amita |last8=Ahmed Sheikh |first8=Shahnawaz |last9=Peddada |first9=Vidya |last10=Khanna |first10=Vinee |last11=Veeraiah |first11=Pandichelvam |last12=Pandit |first12=Aridaman |last13=Chaubey |first13=Gyaneshwer |last14=Singh |first14=Lalji |last15=Thangaraj |first15=Kumarasamy |display-authors=6 |date=2016-01-12 |title=Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19157 |doi=10.1038/srep19157 |issn=2045-2322 |doi-access=free |pmid=26754573 |pmc=4709632 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619157S }}

J-M410* is found in Georgia, North Ossetia.{{cite web |title=Ossetian DNA Project - Y-DNA Classic Chart |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Ossetian?iframe=yresults |publisher=familytreedna}}

J-M47 is found with low frequency in Georgia,{{sfn|Battaglia et al.|2009}} southern Iran,{{sfn|Regueiro et al.|2006}} Qatar,{{sfn|Cadenas et al.|2008}} Saudi Arabia,{{sfn|Abu-Amero et al.|2009}} Syria,{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}} Tunisia,{{sfn|Arredi et al.|2004}} Turkey,{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}}{{sfn|Cinnioglu et al.|2004}} United Arab Emirates,{{sfn|Cadenas et al.|2008}} and Central Asia/Siberia.{{sfn|Underhill et al.|2000}}

J-M67 (called J2f in older papers) has its highest frequencies associated with Nakh peoples. Found at very high (majority) frequencies among Ingush in Malgobek (87.4%), Chechens in Dagestan (58%), Chechens in Chechnya (56.8%) and Chechens in Malgobek, Ingushetia (50.9%).{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} In the Caucasus, it is found at significant frequencies among Georgians (13.3%),{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Iron Ossetes (11.3%), South Caucasian Balkars (6.3%),{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}} Digor Ossetes (5.5%), Abkhaz (6.9%), and Cherkess (5.6%).{{sfn|Balanovsky et al.|2011}} It is also found at notable frequencies in the Mediterranean and Middle East, including Cretans (10.2%), North-central Italians (9.6%), Southern Italians (4.2%; only 0.8% among N. Italians), Anatolian Turks (2.7-5.4%), Greeks (4-4.3%), Albanians (3.6%), Ashkenazi Jews (4.9%), Sephardis (2.4%), Catalans (3.9%), Andalusians (3.2%), Calabrians (3.3%), Albanian Calabrians (8.9%).{{sfn|Di Giacomo et al.|2004}}{{sfn|Semino et al.|2004}}

J-M92/M260, a subclade of J-M67, has been observed in 25.64% (10/39) of a sample of Keriyan Uyghurs from Darya Boyi Village of Yutian (Keriya) County, Xinjiang.{{sfn|Liu Shuhu et al.|2018}} This Uyghur village is located in a remote oasis in the Taklamakan Desert.

J-M319 is found with low to moderate frequency in Cretan Greeks,{{sfn|Martinez et al.|2007}}{{sfn|King et al.|2008}} Iraqi Jews,{{sfn|Shen et al.|2004}} and Moroccan Jews.{{sfn|Shen et al.|2004}}

J-M158 (location under L24 uncertain) J-M158 is found with low frequency in Turkey,{{sfn|Cinnioglu et al.|2004}} South Asia,{{sfn|Underhill et al.|2000}}{{sfn|Sengupta et al.|2006}} Indochina,{{sfn|Underhill et al.|2000}} and Iberian Peninsula.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

• α {{harvnb|Jobling|Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva et al.|2001}}
• β {{harvnb|Underhill et al.|2000}}
• γ {{harvnb|Hammer et al.|2001}}
• δ {{harvnb|Karafet et al.|2001}}
• ε {{harvnb|Semino et al.|2000}}
• ζ {{harvnb|Su et al.|1999}}
• η {{harvnb|Capelli et al.|2001}}

}}

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M172. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in {{harvp|Karafet et al.|2008}} and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.{{Cite web |title=ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup J |url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpJ.html |website=www.isogg.org|access-date=2010-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818045721/https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpJ.html |archive-date=2017-08-18|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA) |url=http://thegeneticatlas.com/J2_Y-DNA.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924135603/http://thegeneticatlas.com/J2_Y-DNA.htm |archive-date=2010-09-24 |access-date=2010-12-27 |url-status=live |website=The Genetic Atlas}}

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's draft tree [https://web.archive.org/web/20130102123334/http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft&parent=11024115 Proposed Tree] for haplogroup J-M172.{{cite web |last1=Krahn |last2=FTDNA |year=2003 |title=Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee) |url=http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft&parent=root |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815071342/http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft |archive-date=2015-08-15}} For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• M172, L228
• M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
• PF5008
• Y182822
• L581
• Z37823
• PF4610
• Z6046
• L26
• M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
• M205
• M241
• M99
• M280
• M321
• P84
• L283

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008.{{sfn|Karafet et al.|2008}} Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.{{cite web |url=https://www.familytreedna.com/y-dna-haplotree.aspx |title=Y-DNA Haplotree|access-date=2013-01-05|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127031502/https://www.familytreedna.com/y-dna-haplotree.aspx}} Family Tree DNA uses the Y-Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website.

{{expand section|date=January 2013}}

{{Update|section|date=August 2024|reason=Source information has been updated and old version is not archived.}}

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 with their defining mutation, according to the ISOGG tree {{asof|lc=y |2020 |January}}.{{cite web |title=Y-DNA Haplogroup J and its Subclades - 2019-2020 |url-status=deviated |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CODtnxuvXZp1uxbJY53KUy0uT3ranaqE7N-nuqpAX-E/edit#gid=1603190133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731230839/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CODtnxuvXZp1uxbJY53KUy0uT3ranaqE7N-nuqpAX-E/edit#gid=1603190133 |archive-date=2021-07-31}} Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and further refine the tree. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• J2 M172/Page28/PF4908, L228/PF4895/S321
• J2a M410, L152, L212/PF4988, L559/PF4986
• J2a1 DYS413≤18, L26/Page55/PF5110/S57, F4326/L27/PF5111/S396
• J2a1a M47, M322
• J2a1b M67/PF5137/S51
• J2a1c M68
• J2a1d M319
• J2a1e M339
• J2a1f M419
• J2a1g P81/PF4275
• J2a1h L24/S286, L207.1
• J2a1i L88.2, L198
• J2a2 L581/PF5026/S398
• J2a2a P279/PF5065
• J2b M12
• J2b1 M205
• J2b1a~ A11525, PH4306, Y22059, Y22060, Y22061, Y22062, Y22063
• J2b1b~ CTS1969
• J2b2~ CTS2622/Z1827, CTS11335/Z2440, Z575
• J2b2a M241

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

• Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
• Genetic Genealogy
• Genetic history of the Middle East
• Genetic history of Europe
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular Phylogeny
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosomal Aaron
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group

}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|

• J-L24
• J-L192
• J-L271
• J-L283
• J-M241
• J-M267
• J-P58
• J-P209

}}

{{Y-DNA}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|35em|group=}}

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{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal |vauthors=King R, Underhill PA |year=2002 |title=Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages|journal=Antiquity |volume=76|issue=293|pages=707–714|doi=10.1017/s0003598x00091158 |s2cid=160359661}}
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{{refend}}

• {{cite web |date=2019-05-19 |first=Hunter |last=Provyn |title=J-CTS3601: From Italy to Sweden to Scotland to Armenia – No Clear Picture Yet For This Diverse Group |url=https://phylogeographer.com/j-cts3601-no-clear-picture-yet-for-this-diverse-group |website=Phylogeographer}}

• [https://www.amazon.com/Migration-Indians-Continents-spanning-generations/dp/0615469035 Migration of Indians Across Continents spanning generations: A Case History of the Saluja Family.]
• [https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL0559096520070910?src=091007_ In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts]

{{Y-DNA}}

{{reflist|group=Phylogenetics|refs=

This table shows the historic names for J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

This table shows the historic names for J-M172 in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup J2 (Y-Dna)}}

J2