Highways in Croatia
{{Short description|Aspect of transport in Croatia}}
File:Kroatien_Autobahnen_(aktueller_Stand)_hr.svg
File:Cvor Orehovica Rijeka 060708.jpg interchange in Orehovica near Rijeka]]
File:Dynamik des Ausbaus des kroatischen Autobahnnetzes.png
Highways in Croatia are the main transport network in Croatia.
The Croatian classification includes several categories of highways:{{cite news | url = http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2004_12_180_3130.html | language = hr | title = Zakon o javnim cestama (Public Roads Act)| author = Croatian Parliament| author-link = Croatian Parliament| newspaper = Narodne novine | date = 2004-12-18 | access-date = 2010-06-28}}
- The main motorway routes are prefixed with an A (for autocesta) followed by one or two digits. They are controlled-access highways with tolls using a ticket system.
- Expressways (brza cesta) are toll-free limited-access highways with grade-separated intersections and fast speed limits. They are similar to the motorways, but are not always dual carriageways and may have no emergency lanes. Their speed limit is always lower than that of the motorways. They either have standalone designations or are parts of non-motorway state routes, such as the D prefixed highways described further below.
- Roads dedicated for motor vehicles (cesta namijenjena isključivo za promet motornih vozila), which is another category of limited-access highways. They usually have multiple lanes and separated carriageways but may have at-grade intersections. This class of roads has no specific numbering convention, only a dedicated traffic sign. State routes (D roads) or portions thereof may be designated in this manner. An example is Jadranska Avenue in Zagreb, designated as Ž1040, a county road.
Other than the motorway routes, the national road classification includes the following enumerated categories of routes in the national highway system, with decreasing order of priority:
- State roads, which are marked by letter D (državna cesta) and a single, double or triple digit number.
- County roads always are marked by letter Ž (županijska cesta) and a four digit number.
- The lowest classification comprises local roads, marked by letter L (lokalna cesta) and a five digit number.
Road operators differ according to the classification system: The designated motorways are operated by three different concessionaires. The state roads are maintained almost exclusively by Hrvatske ceste, while the county and local roads are managed by various county authorities. The road maintenance agencies are governed by various laws issued by the Parliament as well as bylaws issued by the Ministry of Transport.{{cite news | url = http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305463.html | title = Regulation on markings of motorways, their chainage, interchanges and rest areas | language = hr | author = Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia) | author-link = Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia) | newspaper = Narodne novine | date = 2003-05-06 | access-date = 2010-06-28}}
Motorways
The primary high-speed motorways are called {{Lang|hr|autoceste}} ({{IPA|hr|ˈaʊtotsesta}}; singular: {{Lang|hr|autocesta}}), and they are defined as roads with at least three lanes in each direction (including hard shoulder) and a speed limit of not less than {{convert|80|km/h}}. They are marked with a special road sign, similar to the road sign depicting a motorway/autoroute/autobahn in other parts of Europe.{{cite news | author = Croatian Parliament | author-link = Croatian Parliament | language = hr | title = Zakon o sigurnosti prometa na cestama | at = čl. 2, t. 1, st. 3 | publisher = Narodne novine 2008-67 | url = http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_06_67_2224.html | date = 2008-06-09 | access-date = 2010-06-28}} The Croatian motorway ({{Lang|hr|autocesta}}) network is {{convert|1341.1|km}} long.
Motorways in Croatia are defined by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure.{{cite news | newspaper = Narodne Novine | language = hr | url = http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2007_07_77_2443.html | title = Odluka o razvrstavanju javnih cesta u autoceste |trans-title=Decision on classification of public roads as motorways | date = July 25, 2007 | access-date= October 18, 2010}}{{cite news | newspaper = Narodne Novine | language = hr | url = http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2009_01_13_296.html | title = Odluka o izmjenama i dopunama odluke o razvrstavanju javnih cesta u autoceste |trans-title=Decision on amendments and additions to the Decision on classification of public roads as motorways | date = January 30, 2009 | access-date= October 18, 2010}} The same applies to names of the motorway interchanges and rest areas.{{cite news | newspaper = Narodne novine | language = hr | url = http://www.mmpi.hr/UserDocsImages/nn-73-03-Pravilnik-oznacav-ac.htm | title = Regulation on motorway markings, chainage, interchange/exit/rest area numbers and names | date = April 24, 2003 | access-date = August 19, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004133527/http://www.mmpi.hr/UserDocsImages/nn-73-03-Pravilnik-oznacav-ac.htm | archive-date = October 4, 2011 | url-status = dead }}
History
A major reason for the motorway construction "mania" of the 2000s is a previous political halt of the major Croatian highway project, today's A1, in the 1970s and 1980s under former Yugoslavia. When Croatia declared independence in 1991, the only true motorways in the country were Rijeka–Kikovica (the westernmost part of today's A6), Zagreb–Karlovac (the northernmost part of today's A1) and Zagreb–Slavonski Brod (the central part of today's A3), the latter being part of the Brotherhood and Unity Highway. The dream to connect the two largest Croatian cities Zagreb and Split with a motorway ({{Lang|hr|autocesta}}) went back to the times of the Croatian Spring. However, the construction of this project had not happened during Yugoslav period.
File:A7-Draga.jpg, Croatian motorway network was largely built in the 2000s]]
In 2005, the Zagreb–Split route was constructed. In addition, the A1 was extended towards Dubrovnik (currently at Ploče), and the A3 was extended so it connects Zagreb to Croatian borders with both Serbia (near Lipovac) and Slovenia (near Bregana). There is also a motorway from Zagreb to Rijeka, the A6, as well as the A4 motorway from Zagreb to the northeast (Hungarian border) as well as the A2 motorway from Zagreb to the northwest (Slovenian border). The A9 between Pula and the Slovenian border is also largely completed.
The construction of additional motorways has noticeably slowed in the 2010s, but it continues. {{As of|2021}}, the Cerovlje–Rijeka section of A8, the remaining part of the Istrian Y, is being upgraded from semi-highway status.{{Cite news|last=Kalčić|first=Jasminka|date=4 March 2021|title=Uskoro će biti završen puni profil Istarskoga ipsilona|language=Croatian|work=HRT Vijesti|url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/gospodarstvo/uskoro-zavrsen-puni-profil-istarskoga-ipsilona-967726|access-date=28 April 2021}} The other motorways are in various early stages of development, coming up to a total of 11 motorway routes. The A1 is considered unfinished as it is planned to be extended from Ploče to Dubrovnik.{{Cite web |last=Bohutinski |first=Josip |date=26 October 2020 |title=Autocesta do Dubrovnika bit će najskuplja u Hrvatskoj: Kilometar će koštati čak 193 milijuna kn |trans-title=The highway to Dubrovnik will be the most expensive in Croatia: A kilometer will cost as much as HRK 193 million |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/autocesta-do-dubrovnika-bit-ce-najskuplja-u-hrvatskoj-kilometar-ce-kostati-cak-193-milijuna-kn-1441164 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Večernji list |language=hr}}
Operators
The network is managed by 3 operators, of which one is under full government control and other two are operated by joint ventures.
| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
!width=150|Operator !width=275|Ownership !Motorway !Notes |
| BINA Istra
|BINA Fincom (67%) |{{convert|141.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} |align="center"|Under concession until 2041. |
| Autocesta Zagreb – Macelj
|Pyhrn Concession Holding GmbH (51%) |A2 |{{convert|60.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} |align="center"|Under concession until 2032. |
| Hrvatske autoceste
|Republic of Croatia (100%) |A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A10, A11, Krk bridge |{{convert|1,154.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} |align="center"| A6 and A7 were operated by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb until 31 December 2020. |
Motorways and sections
=List of motorways=
|The A10 starts at Bosnian border, where it connects to A1 motorway in Bosnia and runs to the Ploče interchange, where it connects to A1 motorway.{{cite map|publisher=OpenStreetMap|url=http://openstreetmap.org/?relation=2989095|title=Overview map of the A10|access-date=July 7, 2013}}
|align="center"|
|-
|File:Motorway-A11-Hex-Green.svg A11
||{{convert|40.8|km|abbr=on}}
|The A11 starts at Jakuševec interchange and runs south to Sisak interchange. It was connected to A3 in November 2015 and it is opened to Sisak in October 2024.{{cite map|publisher=OpenStreetMap|url=http://openstreetmap.org/?relation=144820|title=Overview map of the A11|access-date=December 14, 2012}}
|align="center"|
|}
==Motorway sections under construction==
==Planned motorway sections==
= Traffic cost revenue =
In 2022, the network had a traffic of 80,172,262 vehicles, including 70,344,584 light vehicles and 9,827,678 heavy vehicles (difference by axle height).
The travel cost is 9.00 euros per 100 km for light vehicles in closed system and 6.00 euros in open toll system, while for heavy ones are 39.00 euros per 100 km in closed system and 21.00 in open system.{{Cite journal |last1=Huzjan |first1=Boris |last2=Bajić |first2=Brankica |date=May 2023 |title=Nacionalno izvješće o autocestama 2022 |trans-title=National Highways Report 2022 |url=https://www.huka.hr/files/docs/HUKA%20-%20NI%202023%20-%20KB%20HR%20FIN%20MAIL%20I%20WEB.pdf |journal=Nacionalno izvješće o autocestama |language=hr |publisher=HUKA |issn=1848-0233 |access-date=17 June 2023}}
Those costs generate a revenue of 426.5 millions of euros (without VAT) in 2022.
= Accidents =
Two third of motorway fatalities (67%) occurred in the third of the year between July and October.in 2015 or latest available year{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Facts and Figures – Motorways - 2021 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/system/files/2022-01/F%26F_motorways_20211220.pdf |access-date=22 March 2022}}
{{Graph:Chart
|width=320
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|type=line
|x=2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022
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|y1=2.366, 2.214, 2.162, 2.177, 2.286, 2.397, 2.465, 2.801, 2.697, 2.123, 2.747, 3,082
|legend=Traffic accidents
|y1Title=Motorways, source HUKA, 2022
|yAxisTitle=1000 accidents
|yGrid=1
|colors=#a0a10101, #a00101a1,
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{{Graph:Chart
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|height=180
|type=line
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|yAxisMin=0
|y1=31, 45, 39, 25, 19, 36, 23, 34, 31, 22, 36, 40
|legend=Fatalities
|y1Title=Motorways, source HUKA, 2022
|yAxisTitle=fatalities
|yGrid=1
|colors=#a0a10101, #a00101a1,
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{{Graph:Chart
|width=320
|height=180
|type=line
|x=2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022
|yAxisMin=0
|y1=7.2,10.5,9.2,5.9,4.5,8.6,5.6,8.3,7.6,5.4,9.3,10.3
|y2=4.7,4.2,4.3,4.0,4.4,4.3,4.4,4.5,4.3,4.3
|legend=Motorways fatalities rate per population
|y1Title=Croatia
|y2Title=EU 27
|yAxisTitle=fatalities/M population
|yGrid=1
|colors=#a0a10101, #a00101a1,
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Expressways
File:Zeichen 331.1 - Kraftfahrstraße, StVO 2013.svg
There is a wide variety of types of expressways in Croatia, in terms of number of lanes, accessibility and types of intersections comprised. They range from four lane expressways with grade-separated intersections and limited access - distinguished from the motorways by lack of emergency lanes only - to four or six lane urban expressways with numerous at-grade intersections and traffic lights or two lane limited access roads with grade separated intersections. The expressways include both incomplete motorways, built in stages, and some state roads (with either limited access, more than two traffic lanes, grade-separated intersections or any combination thereof). There are even some instances of county roads which may be regarded expressways such as Jadranska Avenue (Ž1040).
As a rule, the expressways are not tolled; however, major tunnels on the expressways are tolled.
=List of completed expressways=
State roads
State roads are defined by legislation{{cite journal|last=|first=|author-link=Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)|date=January 30, 2020|title=Odluka o razvrstavanju javnih cesta|trans-title=Decision on categorization of public roads|url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2020_02_17_421.html|journal=Narodne novine|language=hr|volume=|issue=17/2020|pages=|access-date=January 2, 2021|via=}} as important routes for road traffic between various parts of the country. Classification of a road as a state road does not describe actual conditions of the road itself.
State roads in Croatia are assigned one, two or three digit numbers which generally comply with the following pattern{{cite web|author1=Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)|author1-link=Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)|title=Pravilnik o sadržaju, ustroju i načinu vođenja baze podataka o javnim cestama i objektima na njima|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2015_05_56_1102.html|website=narodne-novine.nn.hr|location=4.2 Evidencijske oznake državnih cesta|language=hr|date=21 April 2015}} (although there are some exceptions to the rules):
- 1-9 are assigned to trunk roads, normally of considerable length, spanning between borders of various neighboring countries. An obvious exception to this is the D9 state road; however, it spans from Bosnia and Herzegovina border and the Adriatic Sea, along the southernmost portion of Pan-European Corridor Vc.
- 10-99 are assigned to arterial roads on the mainland.
- 100s are assigned to island roads
- 200s are assigned to border crossing access roads.
- 300s are assigned to junction roads, connecting towns or cities (but not other state roads) to motorways or other major roads. Notable exceptions to this are D307 and D310 state roads, although the D307 originally did not connect to the D29, but only to the A2 motorway.
- 400s are assigned to mainland port and airport access roads.
- 500s are assigned to connecting roads, connecting two different state roads. Notable exceptions to this rule are the D503 which connects to a port and the D516 which connects to a border crossing checkpoint.
- 600s are provisional designations. For example, the road containing Pelješac bridge, from Komarna (D8) to Ston (D416), was designated as D674.{{cite web|url=https://revijahak.hr/2022/07/29/hak-je-azurirao-kartu-ucrtan-je-peljeski-most-kao-preferirana-ruta|title=HAK je ažurirao kartu: Ucrtan je Pelješki most kao preferirana ruta!|language=hr|publisher=Croatian Auto Club|date=29 July 2022|accessdate=8 August 2022}}
At the moment the state roads in Croatia have a combined length of {{convert|6867.7|km}}.
=D1 - D9=
| class="wikitable" |
| Number
! Control cities (or other appropriate route description) ! Length |
|---|
| style="white-space: nowrap" | File:Državna cesta D1.svg D1
| Gornji Macelj (A2) - Krapina - Zagreb - Karlovac - Gračac - Knin - Sinj - Split (D8) | align="right" | 419.15 km |
| File:Državna cesta D2.svg D2
| Dubrava Križovljanska border crossing (Slovenia) - Koprivnica - Virovitica - Sveti Đurađ- Našice - Osijek - Vukovar - Ilok border crossing (Serbia) | align="right" | 347.23 km |
| File:Državna cesta D3.svg D3
| Goričan border crossing (Hungary) - Hodošan (A4) - Čakovec - Varaždin - Breznički Hum - Popovec (A1) - Karlovac - Rijeka (D8) | align="right" | 220.65 km |
| File:Državna cesta D5.svg D5
| Terezino Polje border crossing (Hungary) - Virovitica - Veliki Zdenci - Donji Daruvar - Lipik - Stara Gradiška border crossing (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | align="right" | 123.19 km |
| File:Državna cesta D6.svg D6
| Jurovski Brod border crossing (Slovenia) - Ribnik - Karlovac - Brezova Glava - Vojnić - Glina - Dvor border crossing (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | align="right" | 134.65 km |
| File:Državna cesta D7.svg D7
| Duboševica border crossing (Hungary) - Beli Manastir - Osijek - Đakovo - Slavonski Šamac border crossing (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | align="right" | 115.26 km |
| File:Državna cesta D8.svg D8
| Pasjak border crossing (Slovenia) - Matulji - Rijeka - Zadar - Split - Pelješac - Dubrovnik - Karasovići border crossing (Montenegro) | align="right" | 657.70 km |
| File:Državna cesta D9.svg D9
| Metković border crossing (Bosnia and Herzegovina) - Opuzen (D8) | align="right" | 10.63 km |
=D10 - D77=
=D100 - D128=
| class="wikitable" |
| Number
! Control cities (or other appropriate route description) ! Length |
|---|
| style="white-space: nowrap" | 40px D100
| Porozina (ferry port) - Cres - Mali Lošinj (Ž5159) | align="right" | 80.5 km |
| 40px D101
| D100 - Merag (ferry port) | align="right" | 10.9 km |
| 40px D102
| Šmrika (D8) - Krk - Baška | align="right" | 48.3 km |
| 40px D103
| D102 - Rijeka Airport | align="right" | 1.7 km |
| 40px D104
| D102- Valbiska (ferry port) | align="right" | 10.1 km |
| 40px D105
| Lopar (ferry port) - Rab - Mišnjak (ferry port) | align="right" | 22.7 km |
| 40px D106
| Žigljen (ferry port) - Novalja - Pag - Ražanac - Posedarje (D8) | align="right" | 73.8 km |
| 40px D109
| Veli Rat - Savar - Sali | align="right" | 41.9 km |
| 40px D110
| Muline (ferry port) - Ugljan - Tkon (ferry port) | align="right" | 41.6 km |
| 40px D111
| Maslinica - Grohote - Stomorska | align="right" | 17.8 km |
| 40px D112
| Rogač (ferry port) - D111 | align="right" | 1.9 km |
| 40px D113
| Supetar - Nerežišće - Sumartin (ferry port) | align="right" | 39.4 km |
| 40px D114
| Milna - Sutivan - Supetar (D113) | align="right" | 18.8 km |
| 40px D115
| Gornji Humac (D113) - Bol | align="right" | 11.4 km |
| 40px D116
| Hvar - Milna - Starigrad (ferry port) - Sućuraj | align="right" | 77.8 km |
| 40px D117
| Komiža - Podhum - Vis | align="right" | 19.9 km |
| 40px D118
| Vela Luka - Kapja - Dubovo - Korčula | align="right" | 43.5 km |
| 40px D119
| Ubli - Lastovo | align="right" | 9.5 km |
| 40px D120
| Pomena - Polače - Sobra - Saplunara | align="right" | 42.9 km |
| 40px D121
| Murter - Tisno - D8 | align="right" | 14.0 km |
| 40px D123
| Sobra (ferry port) - D120 | align="right" | 1.1 km |
| 40px D124
| Brbinj (ferry port) - Brbinj - D109 | align="right" | 1.7 km |
| 40px D125
| Zaglav (ferry port) - D109 | align="right" | 1.1 km |
| 40px D126
| Trogir (D315) - Arbanija - Slatine | align="right" | 8.3 km |
| style="white-space: nowrap" | 40px D128
| Uvala Mikavica - Žirje (ferry port) | align="right" | 3.8 km |
Tolls
In the Republic of Croatia, primarily a closed toll system is applied to the entire motorway network tolls with multiple entrances and exits. The use of motorways is charged by mileage and vehicle category. At the entrance on the motorway, the user picks up the entrance card (or a record recorded on the ENC device) and the payment is made on exit toll stations according to the length of the trip. The open system is in use at toll stations Bregana(A3) and Rupa(A7).
Safety
See also
Maps
References
{{Reflist|2}}
External links
{{Commons category|Highways in Croatia}}
- [http://www.huka.hr/en/ HUKA - Croatian Association of Toll Motorways Concessionaires]
- [https://www.motorways-exits.com/europe/hr/croatia.html Exit lists of autoceste]
{{CroatianMotorways}}
{{Motorways in Europe}}