History of United Airlines#Beginnings

File:Boeing, 247.jpg

United Airlines was the creation of aviation pioneer William Boeing, who started out in the airplane business in 1916. His Boeing Airplane Company, achieved the first international postal delivery in 1919, and he went on to establish Boeing Air Transport (BAT) in 1927. In 1928 his company acquired mail and passenger service operator, Pacific Air Transport, and was renamed the company Boeing Airplane & Transport Corporation. In early 1929 the name was changed again to United Aircraft & Transport Corporation (UATC) and merged with Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. UATC acquired America's first scheduled passenger services carrier Stout Air Services on April 29, 1929, the nation's first scheduled service (mail only) operator Varney Air Lines in early 1930, and finally National Air Transport (a large Chicago-based mail-only carrier) on May 7, 1930. On March 28, 1931, UATC formed the corporation United Air Lines, Inc. to manage its airline subsidiaries. Garvey, William & Fisher, David, et al (November 1, 2001) "The Age of Flight, A History of America's Pioneering Airline" pp. 206-207.

Varney Air Lines was founded in Boise, Idaho by Walter Varney who ended up playing an interesting role both aviation and United's history. Varney's chief pilot Leon D. "Lee" Cuddeback flew the first contract air mail flight in a Swallow biplane from Varney's Boise headquarters to the railroad mail hub at Pasco, Washington on April 6, 1926, and returned the following day with 200 pounds of mail.History of Flight in the US [http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/flying/seventy_five_years.htm Seventy-Five Years United] Varney Air Lines' original 1925 hangar served as a portion of the terminal building for the Boise Airport until 2003, when the structure was replaced. And Continental Airlines' is the successor to Speed Lines, which Varney also founded in 1932 and whose name changed to Varney Speed Lines in 1934.{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Walter T. Varney |url=http://www.nvahof.org/hof/hof-2011/walter-t-varney/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033206/http://www.nvahof.org/hof/hof-2011/walter-t-varney/ |archive-date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=February 19, 2018 |publisher=Nevada Aerospace Hall of Fame}}{{Cite news |last=Fredericks |first=Darold |date=2010-11-29 |title=Walter Varney Airfield and United Airlines |work=San Mateo Daily Journal |url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/walter-varney-airfield-and-united-airlines/article_3172ec80-1a38-5974-ae64-9d79e7bb4505.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220201830/http://smdailyjournal.com/article_preview.php?type=lnews&title=Walter%20Varney%20Airfield%20and%20United%20Airlines&id=147055 |archive-date=December 20, 2010}}{{Cite web |last1=David Fuscher |last2=Bill Garvey |title=History of Flight in the US – Seventy-Five Years United |url=http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/flying/seventy_five_years.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116104852/http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/flying/seventy_five_years.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |access-date=February 19, 2018}}

With its string of successful acquisitions, United Air Lines was able to provide coast-to-coast passenger and mail services by 1930. It took 27 hours to fly the route, one way. Boeing Air Transport hired registered nurse Ellen Church to assist passengers; United claims Church as the first airline stewardess.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/echurch.html |title=Chasing the Sun – Ellen Church |publisher=PBS |date=May 15, 1930 |access-date=May 3, 2010}} In Chicago, United Air Lines hired the first airline dietitian Ella Gertrude McMullen in July 1937.{{cite book |title=American Aviation Vol 1 No 5 |date=Aug 1, 1937}}

Following the Air Mail scandal of 1930, the Air Mail Act of 1934 banned the common ownership of manufacturers and airlines. UATC's President Philip G. Johnson was forced to resign and moved to Trans-Canada Airlines, the future Air Canada. UATC was broken into three separate companies. UATC's manufacturing interests east of the Mississippi River became United Aircraft (the future United Technologies), while its manufacturing interests west of the Mississippi became Boeing Airplane Company. The airline interests became United Air Lines. The airline company's new president, hired to make a fresh start as airmail contracts were re-awarded in 1934, was William A. Patterson, who remained as president until 1963.{{cite web |url=http://www.anbhf.org/laureates/patterson.html |title=American National Business Hall of Fame, ANBHF W.A. "Pat" Patterson |publisher=Anbhf.org |access-date=May 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813190852/http://www.anbhf.org/laureates/patterson.html |archive-date=2010-08-13 |url-status=dead }}

{{expand section|more information about events in the 1970s.|date=February 2011}}

File:UAL Route Map 1940.jpg

United's early routes, formed by connecting airmail routes, was east-to-west from New York City via Chicago and Salt Lake City to San Francisco, and north–south along the West Coast. The early connections became the basis of United hubs in Chicago and San Francisco, and later in Denver and Washington, D.C.; these remain United's principal hubs.

In 1933, United introduced the Boeing 247; for the first time, passengers could fly across the United States without an overnight stop or changing planes. That summer, the fastest flight left Newark at noon (probably EST) and arrived at San Francisco at 6:55 PST after eight stops; the fare was $160 one-way, equal to $2,868 in today's value.{{cite web|url=http://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=160&year=1933|title=Calculate the value of $160 in 1933|access-date=13 April 2017}}

File:1950s United Air Lines 100,000 Mile Club 7-Star Member Plaque.jpg File:United Airlines "The Chicago Executive".jpg

On the night of October 10, 1933, a United Boeing 247 exploded in mid-air and crashed near Chesterton, Indiana, killing seven people aboard. An investigation revealed that the explosion was caused by a nitroglycerin bomb placed in the baggage hold. The incident is believed to be the first proven case of air sabotage in commercial aviation history. No suspects or motives were ever found.

During World War II, United-trained ground crews modified airplanes for use as bombers, and transported mail, material and passengers in support of the war effort. The airline was busy covering the need for air transport across the United States during the war. Its fleet of fifty aircraft were utilized at a rate of more than thirteen hours per day by 1945 (well above the pre-war rate of less than nine hours per day), flying 100,000 miles per day.{{cite journal |date=10 May 1945 |title=Working Overtime |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%200901.html |journal=Flight International |pages=497 |access-date=5 July 2016}} Post-war United benefited from new technologies (such as the pressurized cabin which permitted planes to fly above the weather) and a boom in customer demand for air travel. This was the period during which Pan American Airways revived its Pacific route system that would later be acquired by United.

In 1954, United became the first airline with flight simulators that had visual, sound and motion cues for training pilots. Purchased for US$3 million (1954) from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first modern simulators for training of commercial pilots.[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeADAAAAMBAJ&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA87 "Airline Pilots Fly Anywhere in the world - Without Leaving the Ground."] Popular Mechanics, August 1954, p. 87.

File:6609-UAL-DC-6-NorthRampStapletonDEN.jpg

From 1953 to 1970, United operated six-day-a-week afternoon non-stop extra fare "men only" flights between New York and Chicago ("The Chicago Executive" 642–643) and Los Angeles and San Francisco (665–666) on which women and children were banned. Advertised as a "club in the sky", they featured "cocktails, steak dinner, and cigar and pipe smoking permitted".

On November 1, 1955, United Airlines Flight 629 was bombed while flying from Stapleton Airport in Denver to Portland, killing all 39 passengers and five crew members on board the Douglas DC-6B. The bomb was planted by Jack Graham, who put the device in his mother's luggage to collect on her life insurance policy. Graham was arrested, tried, and later executed a year after the explosion.{{cite web|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/mass/jack_graham/index.html|title=Sabotage: The downing of Flight 629{{spaced ndash}}The Crime Library{{spaced ndash}}The Crime library|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403044457/http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/mass/jack_graham/index.html|archive-date=2014-04-03|url-status=dead}}

File:United Airlines Caravelle Proctor.jpg in 1965]]

Image:Boeing 747-122 N4718U UAL ORD 02.12.73 edited-3.jpg in December 1973]]

In the late 1950s, three United planes were lost in mid-air collisions that killed everyone on both aircraft involved. On June 30, 1956, Flight 718 collided with a Trans World Airlines Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation over the Grand Canyon in what was then the world's deadliest commercial airline disaster. On April 21, 1958, Flight 736 crashed in southern Nevada after colliding with a USAF F-100 Super Sabre fighter jet. On December 16, 1960, Flight 826 hit another TWA Super Constellation over New York City. These accidents helped pave the way for modern Air Traffic Control. Also, in 1958, United received its first Douglas DC-8, its first jet aircraft.

On June 1, 1961, United merged with Capital Airlines, displacing rival American Airlines as the world's second largest airline behind Aeroflot of the Soviet Union. The merger resulted in United inheriting from Capital the British-manufactured Vickers Viscount, which was the only mainline turboprop aircraft ever flown by the airline. United also began operating French-manufactured Sud Aviation Caravelle jetliners and was the only American-based airline ever to operate the Caravelle in scheduled passenger service.http://www.timetableimages.com, June 1, 1961, United Air Lines system timetable In 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary.

In August 1970, United took delivery of their first Boeing 747s,Roach and Eastwood, 2003, p. 332 initially operating them on longer routes within the United States. A year later, United, along with American, were the launch customers for the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, which served as a workhorse in both airlines' fleets and others around the world for many years.

United Airlines is the only airline to have operated Executive One, the designation given to a civil flight carrying the U.S. president. On December 26, 1973, then-president Richard Nixon flew aboard a United DC-10 flight from Washington Dulles to Los Angeles.{{Cite web |last=Herbers |first=John |date=1973-12-27 |title=Nixon Flies to Coast on Commercial Airliner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/27/archives/nixon-flies-to-coaston-commercialairliner-nixon-after-making-secret.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The New York Times }} White House staff explained that this was done to conserve fuel by not having to fly the usual Boeing 707 aircraft used for Air Force One.{{cite web|url=http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=226900|title=President / Commercial Airline Flight (CBS Evening News for Thursday, Dec 27, 1973) - Vanderbilt Television News Archive|website=tvnews.vanderbilt.edu}} In keeping with the practice of having two aircraft available at all times during Presidential travel, an Air Force aircraft followed in case of emergency.

In August 1940, United scheduled flights to 37 airports. In August 1953, 66 airports on United and 51 on Capital; United flew to 91 in May 1968, and to 90 in November 1978.

File:United Airlines DC-10 N1803U.jpg

United sought overseas routes in the 1960s, but the 1969 Transpacific Route Case denied it this expansion; it did not gain an overseas route until 1983, when United began flights to Tokyo from Portland and Seattle. United became a proponent of deregulation due to its perception that regulation, as it then existed, was a major constraint on United's ability to profitably grow. After years of focused work to bring about deregulation, the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act became law.

File:AT PORTLAND INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT - NARA - 548166.jpg in May 1973.]]

During the 1970s, economic turmoil and the "stagflation" that ensued, as well as labor unrest and the pressures of the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, greatly hampered the industry and United, which incurred losses at a time when it was also undergoing changes at the top of both United and its parent company UAL Corp. Some changes were due largely to the retirement of long-term senior management members, as well as performance-driven changes at the very top in 1969 and again in 1985 following the pilot strike (discussed below).

In May 1981, a week after rival American Airlines launched AAdvantage, the first modern frequent flyer program, United launched its Mileage Plus.

In 1982, United was the launch carrier for the Boeing 767-200, receiving its first 767-200s on August 19. The launch order for 30 airplanes in 1978, together with an order for 30 727-200s, totaled $1.2 billion, and was the largest commercial airplane order up to that time, eclipsing Pan Am's launch order for the 747.

In 1984, United was the first airline to serve all 50 states with commercial airports when it started flights to Atlanta, Nashville, Memphis, Little Rock, Fargo, Casper, Jackson, and Charleston.

In 1985, United agreed to buy the ailing Pan American World Airways' entire Pacific Division, {{Nowrap|Boeing 747SPs}}, and L-1011-500s, and flight crew staffs for {{Nowrap|$750 million}}.{{cite web|title=United Airlines to Buy Pan Am Pacific Division|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-22-mn-22005-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2013-11-20|agency=Associated Press|date=August 22, 1985}} By late 1986, United flew to thirteen Pacific destinations, most of which were purchased from Pan Am.

File:United Airlines Boeing 737-200 N999UA-N997UA-SFO.jpg. The aircraft on the left side would later crash in 1991 as United Airlines Flight 585]]

On May 17, 1985, United's pilots went on a 29-day strike, claiming that CEO Richard Ferris was trying to "break the unions." The pilots used management's proposed "B-scale" pilot pay rates as proof.{{Cite news |last1=Warren |first1=James |last2=Jouzaitis |first2=Carol |date=May 17, 1985 |title=5,000 PILOTS STRIKE UNITED |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-05-17-8501310188-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001000741/http://cf.alpa.org/internet/safetytimeline/Labor1980s.htm |archive-date=2011-10-01}} American Airlines already had a non-merging B-scale for its pilots."ALPA-MEC letter 6–7–85" Letter to all UAL pilots, explaining details of the last minute negotiations Ferris insisted United had to have pilot costs no higher than American's, so he offered United pilots a "word-for-word" contract to match American's, or the same bottom-line numbers. The United ALPA-MEC rejected that offer. The only choice left, to achieve parity with American's pilot costs, was to begin a B-scale for United's new-hire pilots."Hard Landing" 1995, by Thomas Petzinger, Chapter 10

File:N7007U Boeing 727-22 (cn 18299 9) United Airlines. (5909449153).jpg

Ferris wanted that B-scale to merge in the captain's ranks, which was more generous than American's B-scale, which never merged at all. However, the ALPA MEC insisted they merge in the new pilot's sixth-year with the airline. In the final hours before the strike, nearly all issues had been resolved, except for the time length of the B-scale."ALPA-MEC letter 5–17–85" Letter to all UAL pilots, explaining the remaining issues when the strike was called It appeared that would be resolved too as negotiations continued. ALPA negotiators delivered a new counter-proposal at {{Nowrap|12:20 am}} in an effort to avoid the strike. However, MEC Chairman Roger Hall, who was hosting a national teleconference from the Odeum (a convention center in the Chicago suburbs) with F. Lee Bailey, declared the strike was on at {{Nowrap|12:01 am}} on May 17, without further consulting the negotiators, some of whom believed they could find agreement on all contract terms if the negotiations were allowed to continue. Moments before the ALPA announced strike deadline, they began a "countdown of the final 30 seconds from Chicago" (the Odeum teleconference). Doing that made it impossible to extend the strike deadline so that the final issues could be resolved without a strike."UAL letter, 5–21–85" Letter to all UAL pilots, explaining the remaining issues when the strike was called{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 13, 2022 |title=United Airlines Special Assistance |url=https://airlinespolicy.com/special-assistance/united-airlines-special-assistance/ |access-date=November 3, 2023}}

In February 1987, Ferris changed United's parent company's name from UAL Corporation to Allegis, but the name change was short-lived."[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5D9103EF934A15756C0A96E948260 United's Parent Is Again UAL]." The New York Times.{{Cite news |last=Flanigan |first=James |date=February 20, 1987 |title=Allegis Needs to Make a Name for Itself Fast |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-20-fi-2903-story.html |access-date=November 3, 2023}} Following Ferris' termination by the board, Allegis divested its non-airline properties in 1987 and reverted to the UAL Corp. name in May 1988.

In 1988, United flew a two-stop around-the-world flight to raise money for the Friendship Foundation using a Boeing 747SP-21 purchased from Pan American World Airways. The flight made a short-lived record for the fastest flight around the globe; within a month, a Gulfstream IV business jet had broken Friendship One's record.{{cite web|url=http://www.747sp.com/NewsDetail.asp?id=13|title=United Airlines Friendship One Sets Short-Lived World Record-Setting Flight|access-date=2011-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205091514/http://747sp.com/NewsDetail.asp?id=13|archive-date=2010-12-05|url-status=dead}}

File:Boeing 767-322ER United Airlines N654UA Amsterdam Schiphol (AMS - EHAM), 28 February 2005.jpg with the Saul Bass logo at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the "Battleship Grey" livery, used from 1993 to 2004 and common until the merger with Continental Airlines in 2010.]]

The decline of Pan American World Airways offered opportunities; in 1991, United purchased Pan Am's routes to London Heathrow Airport. In direct negotiations with the British government, United also obtained rights to fly to Heathrow from Chicago. However, the aftermath of the Gulf War and competition from low-cost carriers led to losses of US$332 million in 1991 and US$957 million in 1992.{{cite web |url=http://www.united.com/page/article/0,,2543,00.html |title=United Airlines – Timeline |publisher=United.com |access-date=May 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613092101/http://www.united.com/page/article/0,,2543,00.html |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }} In 1992, United purchased Pan Am's Latin American and Caribbean routes and Miami gates, but allowed months to elapse between Pan Am's demise and its launch of service.

In 1994, United's pilots, machinists, bag handlers, and non-contract employees agreed to acquire 55% of company stock in exchange for 15% to 25% salary concessions. The flight attendants voted not to participate in the deal, and some initially wore buttons saying "we just work here." The Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) made United the largest employee-owned corporation in the world. United used the opportunity to create the low-cost subsidiary Shuttle by United in an attempt to compete with low-cost carriers.

United used its employee-ownership in its marketing communications, with slogans such as "the employee-owners of United invite you to come fly the friendly skies," "we don't just work here," and "thank you for calling United Airlines; please hold and one of our owner-representatives will be with you shortly."

The financial outcomes of the ESOP were decidedly uneven for different players. As part of ESOP agreement, United CEO Stephen Wolf resigned and took a consulting job with Lazard Freres, the investment company he had hired to advise United's board during the ESOP buyout process. Stewart Oran, the key legal advisor to the pilots' union, received a {{Nowrap|$5.5 million}} package to join the management of the new employee-owned company as legal counsel after the ESOP was formed.USA Today, "Workers took pay cut while others got rich," July 12, 1995. Having a larger say in running the company, United's unions later successfully bargained for significant pay increases, but the effect was only short-term. The rank and file employees were locked into their stock, which was wiped out in the eventual bankruptcy.

During this period, United introduced its grey and blue color scheme; however, it was criticized for blending with the darkness during nighttime operations.{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Patrick |date=2003-05-09 |title=Ask the pilot – Salon.com |url=https://www.salon.com/2003/05/09/askthepilot40/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606162107/http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/col/smith/2003/05/09/askthepilot40/index.html?pn=2 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2023-11-02 |work=Salon.com}}

In 1989, United ordered the then-new Boeing 747-400. In 1993, United phased out the Saul Bass livery and introduced the "Battleship Gray" livery to their fleet. In 1995, United became both the launch customer of the Boeing 777, having significant input on its design. In 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance with Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, and Thai Airways. That same year, United opened its southwest US hub at Los Angeles International Airport.

File:UnitedSFO.jpgs and one Boeing 747-400 in February 2005 parked at San Francisco International Airport, one of its main hubs. United is also one of the founding members of Star Alliance.]]

In 1994, United founded Kion de Mexico, an aircraft ground services and airline related outsourcing company located at Mexico City International Airport. Kion mainly served United, but also served other airlines including Air Canada, Lufthansa, and US Airways (Star Alliance members). Services that Kion de Mexico offered included ramp service, customer service, and cargo management. In January 2009, the company ceased operations and sold its service contracts and equipment to Menzies Aviation.

In 1997, Sony engineer John CooperstockSchmeltzer, John. "[https://archive.today/20130630041334/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/14680632.html?dids=14680632:14680632&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+19,+1997&author=John+Schmeltzer.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=UNITED+AIRLINES+FIT+TO+BE+UNTIED+BY+UNFRIENDLY+WEB+SITE&pqatl=google UNITED AIRLINES FIT TO BE UNTIED BY UNFRIENDLY WEB SITE]." Chicago Tribune. September 19, 1997. Business p. 2. Retrieved on April 7, 2013. "United Airlines' Internet nightmare is located at www.untied.com, a Web site that United tried to persuade its creator to shut down because of alleged trademark infringements. The site collects and prints, in detail, complaints about service on the world's biggest airline. Open for a little more than four months, the site was created by Jeremy Cooperstock, an engineer who works for Sony Corp. It has collected dozens of complaints about what it calls rudeness, misinformation, incompetence, special-needs mistreatment and refund problems. It even contains complaints by United's best customers, its Premier Class fliers." and an assistant professor at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec,Simpson, Kevin. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF458BA374D707&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM More travelers let fly on airline gripe site Untied.com a top destination for the disgruntled]." Denver Post. September 17, 2000. Page M01. Retrieved on April 7, 2013. "Traffic on Untied.com, a Web site that three years ago transposed two letters of the company name and started fielding flier complaints and employee beefs, spiked dramatically during August. Jeremy Cooperstock, an assistant professor at Montreal's McGill University who launched the site,[...]" - Available on General OneFile and LexisNexis. created untied.com, a website chronicling complaints about service on United, including those from Premier Class customers. In September 2000, Kevin Simpson of the Denver Post said that "the Untied.com phenomenon mirrors the online trend in consumer activism that has caught on with the disgruntled flying public this summer travel season."

In 1998, Delta Air Lines and United introduced a marketing partnership that included a reciprocal redemption agreement between SkyMiles and Mileage Plus programs and shared lounges.{{cite news |date=2003-07-28 |title=Delta and United end frequent flyer partnership |work=Cincinnati Business Courier |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2003/07/28/daily5.html |access-date=2023-11-02}} This allowed members of either frequent flier program to earn miles on both carriers and utilize both carriers' lounges. Delta and United attempted to form a cozier codeshare relationship, but this deal was effectively killed by ALPA.{{cite web|url=http://www.frequentflier.com/ffc-0905.htm|title=FrequentFlier.com{{spaced ndash}}News & Analysis|access-date=2011-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227114023/http://www.frequentflier.com/ffc-0905.htm|archive-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead}} The marketing partnership ended in divorce in 2003, but paved the way for a future alliance with US Airways.

In May 2000, United announced plans to acquire competitor US Airways in a complex deal valued at {{Nowrap|$11.6 billion}}. The offer drew immediate scorn from consumer groups and employees of both airlines. By 2001, the regulatory sentiment was against the deal, and United withdrew the offer just before the Department of Justice barred the merger on antitrust grounds in July. The two airlines subsequently formed an amicable partnership that led to US Airways' entrance into the Star Alliance.

May 2000 also saw a bitter contract dispute between United and its pilots' union. The pilots wanted their pay restored to the levels that existed prior to the pay cuts and concessions that were taken to fund the ESOP. Planning for the busy summer season, United had counted on its pilots flying overtime. However, the pilots could not be forced to work overtime, and most pilots refused to fly the extra hours. Although United knew they would have to cancel numerous flights if this were to happen, they did not hire new pilots to make up for the potential shortage. Over the summer, United had to cancel a large portion of its schedule at its major hubs. Eventually, CEO Jim Goodwin and the rest of the management had to get the pilots back in the cockpits and quickly offered them a 48% increase over four years with up to 28% upfront.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

During the attacks of September 11, 2001, two of the four planes hijacked were United planes. One aircraft was N612UA, a Boeing 767-222 operating as United Airlines Flight 175, flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The other was N591UA, a Boeing 757-222 operating as United Airlines Flight 93, which crashed in rural Pennsylvania after the passengers fought back against the hijackers, and was suspected to have been directed towards the United States Capitol building, according to the 9/11 Commission.

===Bankruptcy and reorganization===

With a strong presence on the West Coast, United benefited from the dot-com boom, which boosted traffic (especially premium traffic) to the San Francisco hub. This increase was only temporary, and when the bubble finally burst, United was in a worse position than before because it had failed to keep costs under control, possibly due to giving its pilots pay raises of up to 28% in the summer of 2000.{{cite news|last=Zuckerman |first=Laurence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/24/business/a-leapfrog-pattern-in-pay-pacts-for-airline-pilots.html |title=A Leapfrog Pattern in Pay Pacts for Airline Pilots |work=The New York Times |date=April 24, 2001 |access-date=May 3, 2010}} Coupled with a battered network, the post-9/11 decline in air travel and skyrocketing oil prices, the company lost $2.14 billion in 2001 on revenues of {{Nowrap|$16.14 billion}}. That same year, United applied for a {{Nowrap|$1.5 billion}} loan guarantee from

the federal Air Transportation Stabilization Board established in the wake of the 9/11 attacks.{{cite news|last=Mendis |first=Sean |url=http://www.airwhiners.net/whine_cheez/20021123.htm |title=United, ATSB and Chapter 11 |work=Airwhiners.net |date=November 23, 2002 |access-date=May 13, 2013}} When the IAM union failed to approve the loan guarantee—while all other unions approved it—the application was rejected in late 2002, and the company was forced to seek debtor-in-possession financing from commercial sources to cover the expected future losses. United made several attempts to obtain government loans, even enlisting several congressmen and senators for help. The government rejected the application, claiming United "could probably obtain the {{Nowrap|$2 billion}} in financing it needs to emerge from protection without a federal loan guarantee".{{cite news |last1=Alex |first1=Keith L. |last2=Kehaulani Goo |first2=Sara |date=June 18, 2004 |title=United's Bid For Loan Guarantee Rejected |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2004/06/18/uniteds-bid-for-loan-guarantee-rejected/14274c7f-dc5c-4207-96c3-e64484658d80/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604203727/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A51078-2004Jun17?language=printer |archive-date=June 4, 2011}}

Unable to secure additional capital, UAL Corporation filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in December 2002. The ESOP was terminated, although its shares had become virtually worthless by then. Blame for the bankruptcy fell on 9/11, which triggered the financial crisis in all the major North American airlines, coupled with the economic slowdown that was underway.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2556225.stm |title=Business | United Airlines files for bankruptcy |work=BBC News |date=December 9, 2002 |access-date=May 3, 2010}}

United continued operations during its bankruptcy, but was forced to cut its costs drastically. Tens of thousands of workers were furloughed and all city ticket offices were closed in the United States. The airline canceled several existing and planned routes, and eliminated its entire Latin American gateway and flight crew base at Miami International Airport after March 1, 2004. Furthermore, they reduced their mainline fleet from 557 (before 9/11) to 460 aircraft.

File:Ua.b767-300er.n649ua.arp.jpg taking off from London Heathrow Airport in August 2007]]

At the same time, the airline continued to invest in new projects. On November 12, 2003, it launched Ted, a new low-cost carrier to compete with other low-cost airlines. In 2004, it launched its luxury p.s. service on re-configured Boeing 757-200s from JFK Airport in New York City to Los Angeles and San Francisco. That same year, the airline introduced its "Blue Tulip" livery to its fleet to signify the company's fresh start and emergence from bankruptcy; despite the livery being new, it was never applied to any newly manufactured aircraft, as United did not order or take delivery for any new aircraft during its use. The service was targeted to business customers and high-end leisure customers in the coast-to-coast market. In February 2004, the airline introduced the new blue and white livery, commonly called "Rising Blue", with the Blue Tulip on the tail to coincide with a new advertising campaign.

Financial pressure on the airline was heavy. The 2003 SARS epidemic depressed traffic on United's extensive Pacific network. The spikes in the price of jet fuel ate away the remaining profits United made. United implemented several fare hikes on overseas routes, citing rising fuel costs, in 2004 and 2005. Two days after its triumphant first flight to Vietnam, United announced that it would cut U.S. flight capacity by 14% after the holidays and add more international flights, which were more profitable.

United took advantage of its Chapter 11 status to negotiate hard-to-cut costs with employees, suppliers and contractors, including cancellation of feeder contracts with United Express carriers Atlantic Coast Airlines (which became Independence Air) and Air Wisconsin (which became a US Airways Express carrier). However, the most controversial of all was the 2005 cancellation of its pension plan, the largest such default in American corporate history. It renegotiated its contracts with the pilots' and mechanics' unions and the Association of Flight Attendants for lower pay. Criticism was also leveled at CEO Glenn Tilton for demanding pay cuts from employees while receiving the highest salary of any major U.S. airline CEO.{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/04/20/05ceoland.html|title=CEO Compensation|website=Forbes|date=21 April 2005|access-date=13 April 2017}}

Originally slated to exit bankruptcy protection after 2½ years in the third quarter of 2005, United requested yet another extension in light of record-high fuel prices. On August 26, 2005, the bankruptcy court extended the airline's exclusive right to file a reorganization plan to November 1, although it also stated firmly this extension would be the last. United announced at the same time that it had raised {{Nowrap|$3 billion}} in exit financing and filed its Plan of Reorganization, as announced, on September 7, 2005. On January 20, 2006, the bankruptcy court approved the restructuring plan, clearing the way for United to exit bankruptcy on February 1 and finally return to normal operations.

On December 9, 2004, the airline made history when UA869, operated by a Boeing 747-400, landed at Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) in Vietnam. The scheduled flight from San Francisco via Hong Kong (SFO–HKG–SGN) was the first by a U.S. airline since the end of the Vietnam War, when Pan Am halted service shortly before the fall of Saigon in 1975.{{cite web |url=http://www.united.com/press/detail/0,6862,52554,00.html |title=Press release detail |publisher=united.com |date=December 9, 2004 |access-date=May 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613092110/http://www.united.com/press/detail/0,6862,52554,00.html |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }}

On February 1, 2006, United emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection under which it had operated since December 9, 2002, the largest and longest airline bankruptcy case in the history of the industry.{{cite web |date=March 10, 2006 |title=United runs $335 million-plus bankruptcy tab |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11748205 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=NBC News }} In 2006, United's management called for consolidation in the industry and looked for a suitor. Later that year, The Wall Street Journal revealed that Continental Airlines was in discussions of a merger with United. A deal was not "certain or imminent," with the talks being in a preliminary state."[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116597376254248407 UAL, Continental Discuss Merger As AirTran Presses Bid for Midwest]." Carey, S.; Trottman, M.; Berman, D. K. The Wall Street Journal. December 13, 2006."[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/business/12cnd-air.html?hp&ex=1165986000&en=ac06dd7e47ab6102&ei=5094&partner=homepage United and Continental Discussing Possible Merger]." Sorkin, A. R. and Bailey, J. The New York Times. December 12, 2006. In the interim, it increased its ties with British carrier BMI and Aloha Airlines. In April 2007,

United and BMI announced that they would "effectively merge" their trans-Atlantic operations.{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2007 |title=UK's bmi seeks closer ties with United Air - paper |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0326596220070404 |url-status=live |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507132038/http://blogs.usatoday.com/sky/2007/04/unitedbmi_pact_.html |archive-date=May 7, 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bmi-united-airlines-reportedly-to-form-transatlantic-alliance|title=Bmi, United Airlines to form transatlantic alliance|first=Aude|last=Lagorce|access-date=13 April 2017}} The merged operations would have begun in March 2008, but Lufthansa's takeover of BMI preempted the two carrier's plans when BMI's transatlantic flights were terminated. United's acquisition of an equity stake in its longtime partner Aloha Airlines in May 2007 was short-lived, as Aloha ceased operations in March

2008.{{Cite news |last=Carey |first=Susan |date=May 3, 2007 |title=United, Aloha to Expand Alliance |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117823540025991534 |access-date=November 7, 2023}} On June 14, 2007, CFO Jake Brace said the company was still looking to "tie the knot" with a suitable merger partner.{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2007 |title=United Airlines still looking for a merger, CFO says |work=The Denver Post |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2007/06/13/united-airlines-still-looking-for-a-merger-cfo-says/ |access-date=November 7, 2023}}

In the years following United's exit from bankruptcy, the financial firms Bank of America and Fidelity Investments accumulated shares to become the second largest owner with an 11 percent stake in the company.{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2007/09/10/fidelity-parent-triples-stake-in-united/|title=Fidelity parent triples stake in United – The Denver Post|agency=Bloomberg News|date=10 September 2007|access-date=13 April 2017}} The industry environment was ripe with pressures to merge and consolidate. Pardus Capital Management LP, a hedge fund that owned {{Nowrap|7 million}} shares of Delta and {{Nowrap|5.6 million}} shares of United, called for the two carriers to merge. This action sent shares of both airlines up, but became moot because Delta wedded Northwest.[http://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2007/11/12/daily33.html Hedge fund calls for Delta-United merger{{spaced ndash}}South Florida Business Journal:]{{cite web |last=Compart |first=Andrew |date=November 18, 2007 |title=Delta rejects hedge fund's urge to merge |url=https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/Delta-rejects-hedge-fund-s-urge-to-merge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116132606/http://www.ajc.com/business/content/business/delta/stories/2007/11/14/delta_1115.html |archive-date=November 16, 2007 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |website=travelweekly.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/delta-air-at-heart-of-airline-merger-buzz-denies-united-talks|title=Delta Air says it's not in merger talks with United|first=Laura|last=Mandaro|access-date=13 April 2017}}

The surge in jet fuel prices caused disruption to United's impending start of non-stop long-haul services. Though the FAA had already awarded the SFO to Guangzhou to United, they postponed the launch, citing high fuel prices. Other long-haul city pairs, such as its 2009 application to fly between Los Angeles and Shanghai (which began May 2011), were denied by the FAA.

During this time of turmoil brought on by external forces, United explored options to re-establish its financial footing and raise capital. These changes included:{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2007 |title=U.S. close to rule on long haul flights |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aero-arms-summit-faa/u-s-close-to-rule-on-long-haul-flights-idUSN0618615220061207 |access-date=November 7, 2023}}

• Divesting of the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul operations at SFO.
• Spinning off the cargo division.
• Spinning off the Mileage Plus frequent flier program.

These spin-offs and divestitures have not come to fruition.

In May 2008, the American Customer Satisfaction Index scored United Airlines second-last among American-based airlines in customer satisfaction with a 21% decrease since the study began in 1994 and an 11% decrease over the previous year.{{cite news|url=http://www.theacsi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=147&Itemid=155&i=Airlines |title=Airline Industry Scores |publisher=American Customer Satisfaction Index |access-date=May 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513093445/http://www.theacsi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=147&Itemid=155&i=Airlines |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }} On April 27, 2008, it was reported that UAL Corporation and US Airways Group were in the advanced stages of merger negotiations as well. Sources stated that a merger was expected to be announced within two weeks of the report.{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2008 |title=United, US Airways in 'Very Advanced' Merger Talks |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2008/04/28/united-us-airways-in-very-advanced-merger-talks.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105114113/http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/economy/report-united-airways-advanced-talks-merge/ |archive-date=January 5, 2009}} United pilots vociferously rejected the proposal and vowed to fight it.{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSWBT00889820080430 | title=UAL pilots leader pans possible merger with US Air | first=John | last=Crawley | date=April 29, 2008 |work=Reuters}} Star Alliance co-founder and Lufthansa CEO Wolfgang Mayrhuber threw his support behind a marriage of partner carriers United and US Airways.{{cite web|url=http://atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=12718|title=ATW: Lufthansa's Mayrhuber sees value in United-US Airways merger but not investment}}

On June 4, 2008, United announced that it would close its Ted unit{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 | work=Bloomberg | title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide}} and reconfigure it for a return to mainline configuration to compensate for the removal of its Boeing 737s that were to be retired. That retirement plan included {{Nowrap|Boeing 737}}s and {{Nowrap|Boeing 747}}s, reducing the mainline fleet from 460 to 359 and furthering the airline's goal of cutting domestic capacity by 15 percent. On June 12, 2008, United announced it would charge $15 for the first checked bag, becoming the second U.S. airline to do so, after American Airlines.{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/Business/article/442508 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=UAL includes Canada in fee to check 1 bag | date=June 13, 2008 | access-date=May 26, 2010}} On June 28, 2008, United announced the cessation of several international routes, including San Francisco to Nagoya and Chicago to Mexico City.{{cite news| url=http://www.denverpost.com/headlines/ci_9712548 | work=Denver Post | first=Greg | last=Griffin | title=United jettisons DIA route to London | date=June 27, 2008}}{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aEO7DMhTk8t0&refer=japan | work=Bloomberg | title=Southwest to Add Flights; United, Northwest Cut Overseas Routes | date=June 26, 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7011406885|title=US Airways Terminates Skycaps AHN - August 8, 2008|access-date=December 10, 2011|archive-date=December 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228063742/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7011406885|url-status=dead}}

File:B747 N105UA EDDF 2009-08-09.jpg at Frankfurt Airport in August 2009]]

On September 8, 2008, the price of UAL shares fell by nearly 99% in fifteen minutes to $0.01 US amid rumors of another bankruptcy, before NASDAQ temporarily halted trading. The rumors were traced to an old story on the South Florida Sun-Sentinel website about the 2002 bankruptcy being picked up by Google News and subsequently presented by Bloomberg LP as a breaking story. The share price subsequently recovered most of its value.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122109238502221651?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Single Web Hit Led to UAL Glitch, Tribune Says|last=Ovide|first=Shira|date=September 12, 2008|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=September 11, 2008}}

In January 2009, United announced a code-sharing agreement with Aer Lingus for flights between Washington Dulles and Madrid. Aer Lingus would operate the service, which is permitted under recent open skies agreements between the United States and Europe.{{cite news |last1=Michaels |first1=Daniel |last2=Fottrell |first2=Quentin |date=January 23, 2009 |title=United and Aer Lingus Extend Trans-Atlantic Partnership |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123262737933505919 |access-date=November 7, 2023}} In May 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation rated UAL eleventh among 19 US carriers in lost, damaged, delayed, or pilfered baggage, with 3.67 complaints per 1,000 passengers.[http://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov/reports/2009/July/200907ATCR.PDF Air Travel Consumer Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015020254/http://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov/reports/2009/July/200907ATCR.PDF |date=2011-10-15 }} Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings, Aviation Consumer Protection Division, U.S. Department of Transportation, July 2009. In July 2009, the viral music video "United Breaks Guitars"{{Cite news |last=Christman |first=Zach |date=July 9, 2009 |title="United Breaks Guitars" a Smash Hit on YouTube |work=NBCChicago.com |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31807803 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107113747/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31807803 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=November 7, 2023}} was released about a disputed damaged baggage claim with the airline. United said it wanted to use the video as a staff training tool to help the company improve its internal "corporate culture" relating to its

customer relations in that area of its services.[http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2009/07/09/Singers-revenge-on-United-A-hit-song/UPI-79301247160917/ Singer's revenge on United: A hit song] United Press International July 9, 2009.

In April 2009, United eliminated the ability to call customer service, leaving reservations agents as the only reachable contact for the airline.{{cite web|url=http://www.culturemd.com/Resources/Articles/?arid=15|title=No customer service phone line?|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813043508/http://www.culturemd.com/Resources/Articles/?arid=15|archive-date=August 13, 2013}}

In June 2009, United asked manufacturers Boeing and Airbus to submit proposals to sell the airline up to 150 jets in a winner-take-all competition. United took advantage of declining sales at both plane makers to reap steep price reductions; the large size of this prospective order would also influence pricing.{{Cite news |last=Carey |first=Susan |date=June 4, 2009 |title=United Plans Huge Jet Order |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124408456205084093 |access-date=November 7, 2023}} The Wall Street Journal cited the average ages of four types of jets in United's fleet as follows:

• Boeing 747-400 – 13 years
• Boeing 777-200ER – 10 years
• Boeing 767-300ER – 14 years
• Boeing 757-200 – 17 years

File:UAL777Wiki.jpg taking off from Los Angeles International Airport in December 2010. The new branding combines the United name with the Continental Airlines “globe” livery that was introduced by Continental in 1991.]]

On April 16, 2010, United resumed merger talks with Continental Airlines. The board of directors of both Continental and UAL Corporation reached an agreement to combine operations to create the world's largest airline on May 2, 2010. The combined carrier would take the United Airlines name but use Continental's logo and livery. The carrier would be headquartered in Chicago, with Continental CEO Jeff Smisek acting as CEO of the combined airline.{{Cite news|author=AP |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/business/continental_united_airlines_to_combine_cbgXCve0mExFQ1ROzIq7tJ?CMP=OTC-rss&FEEDNAME= |title=Continental, United airlines to combine |work=New York Post |access-date=May 4, 2010|date=May 2, 2010}} The merger was contingent upon shareholder and regulatory approval, but was approved by the European Union.{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2020 |title=How to Manage Your United Airlines Flight Booking? |url=https://airlinespolicy.com/blog/how-to-manage-your-united-flight-reservation/ |access-date=November 7, 2023}}

Continental and United revealed a new logo based on that of Continental, to be used for the post-merger United.{{cite web |date=August 11, 2010 |title=New Visual Brand Identity for the New United Airlines |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-visual-brand-identity-for-the-new-united-airlines-100449884.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115081015/http://www.continental.com/web/en-Us/apps/vendors/default.aspx?SID=D9CBC510F95442CAB68EB8CA289B7BEF&i=PRNEWS |archive-date=2010-01-15 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=PR Newswire}} On August 27, 2010, the US Justice Department approved the Continental-United merger, partially due to the fact that the two airlines agreed to lease 18 take-off and 18 landing slots at Newark Liberty International Airport to Southwest Airlines.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-united-continental-20100827,0,7613802.story|title=Justice Department approves United and Continental airlines merger|first=Julie|last=Johnsson|date=27 August 2010|access-date=13 April 2017|via=Los Angeles Times}} On September 17, 2010, United shareholders approved the merger deal with Continental.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ual-continental-idUSTRE68G3VM20100917|title=UAL and Continental shareholders approve merger|date=17 September 2017|access-date=13 April 2017|newspaper=Reuters}} Both carriers planned to

begin merging operations in 2011 to form the world's biggest carrier, and expected to receive a single operating certificate by late 2011.{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Andrew |date=September 17, 2010 |title=United and Continental merge to create world's biggest airline |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/sep/17/united-continental-merger-agreement |access-date=November 7, 2023}} The merged airline would use Continental's single operating certificate (SOC) (using the "United" name), while those of United and Air Micronesia would be surrendered.Flint, Perry. (September 6, 2010) [http://atwonline.com/international-aviation-regulation/news/united-transition-continental-operating-certificate-part-merg United to transition to Continental operating certificate as part of merger]. ATW Online. Retrieved on December 16, 2010. On the other hand, the merged airline would use United's maintenance certificate and allow Continental's maintenance certificate to lapse.

On October 1, 2010, UAL Corporation completed its acquisition of Continental Airlines, and changed its name to United Continental Holdings, Inc. The two airlines remained separate until the operational integration was completed in mid-2012. United and Continental announced that United Mileage Plus would be the remaining frequent flyer program of the two airlines. The airline received a single operating certificate from the FAA on November 30, 2011.{{cite web |date=November 30, 2011 |title=United gets FAA single operating certificate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unitedcontinental/united-gets-faa-single-operating-certificate-idUSTRE7AT1JP20111130 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}

On March 31, 2013, United and Continental merged into a single airline. The integration of the two airlines was structured so that Continental would be the surviving corporate entity and a wholly owned subsidiary of UAL Corporation. Continental then changed its name to United Airlines, Inc.{{Cite news |date=January 24, 2013 |title=SEC Filing - United Airlines Holdings, Inc. |work=United Airlines |url=https://ir.united.com/node/17531/html |access-date=November 7, 2023}} The merged airline opted to retain the United name in order to conserve the built-in brand equity of pre-merger legacy United Airlines.{{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Jim |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Why United-Continental's Bizarre New Mashup Logo Is a Work of Genius |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-united-continentals-bizarre-new-mashup-logo-is-a-work-of-genius/ |access-date=November 7, 2023}}

{{Main|2017 United Express passenger removal}}

On April 9, 2017, Dr. David Dao was bloodied and forcibly removed from United Express Flight 3411, sustaining injuries in the process. After the plane had been fully boarded, four members of staff presented themselves for the flight. The company offered compensation to seated passengers to give up their seats but had no volunteers, and four selected passengers were then told to leave the plane. Dao refused this instruction and law enforcement officers were called. The incident was recorded on video by several passengers and officials, and the resultant publicity and subsequent handling of the incident by United Airlines was a PR disaster.{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/10/travel/passenger-removed-united-flight-trnd/index.html|title=Passenger dragged off overbooked United flight|author1=Christina Zdanowicz |author2=Emanuella Grinberg|date=10 April 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=13 April 2017}}

In January 2018, United stated that it planned to grow its company by adding between 4% and 6% to its passenger capacity and maintain that growth through 2020; this news caused all U.S. airline stocks to fall in value.

Also, United applied for more routes to Tokyo Haneda Airport, from its 6 U.S. hubs that did not fly there. Most of these hubs would have their existing flights to Narita shifted to Haneda.[https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-united-continental-airfares-20180124-story.html Airline stocks tumble after United unveils expansion plan] Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 24, 2018

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in July 2020, United announced that it will be sending lay-off notice warnings to 36,000 employees including, 15,100 flight attendants, 11,000 in airport operations and 2,250 pilots among others.{{Cite news |last=Bushey |first=Claire |date=9 July 2020 |title=United Airlines to send lay-off warnings to 36,000 staff |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e61aee68-9369-478f-94bb-38470c444a44 |access-date=9 July 2020}} On September 2, 2020, United Airlines, in a new memo to its employees, indicated that they planned to cut 16,370 jobs in nearly a month. The planned involuntary cuts included 6,920 flight attendants, 2,850 pilots, 1,400 management jobs, 2,010 mechanics and 2,260 in airport operations, among others.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/02/united-airlines-cuts-jobs-as-coronavirus-hurts-air-travel-demand.html|title=United Airlines plans to cut more than 16,000 jobs as coronavirus continues to hammer demand|access-date=2 September 2020|website=CNBC|date=2 September 2020}} In November 2020, United Airlines Holdings Inc. started manning flights to position shipments of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine in the event that the shots are approved by the FDA and other regulators worldwide. The Federal Aviation Administration has stated it will allow United shipments of 15,000 pounds of dry ice per flight, a measure taken to ensure the vaccine does not spoil, which is five times more than normally permitted.{{Cite news|last=Loftus|first=Alison Sider and Peter|date=2020-11-27|title=United Begins Flying Pfizer's Covid-19 Vaccine|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/united-begins-flying-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-11606512293|access-date=2020-11-30|issn=0099-9660}}

In contrast to other US airlines, United did not retire any aircraft during the pandemic.{{Cite news|last=Chokshi|first=Niraj|date=2021-06-29|title=United Airlines Plans a Record Fleet Expansion as Travel Rebounds|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/business/united-airlines-expansion.html|access-date=2021-06-29|issn=0362-4331}} In June 2021, United announced an order for 270 narrowbody planes, the largest in its history, in an effort to both revitalize its aging fleet{{Cite web|last=Wolfsteller2021-06-23T22:44:00+01:00|first=Pilar|title=United, with one of USA's oldest fleets, poised for huge aircraft order: reports|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fleets/united-with-one-of-usas-oldest-fleets-poised-for-huge-aircraft-order-reports/144294.article|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Flight Global|language=en}} and grow its capacity. The order was split between Boeing and Airbus: 150 737 MAX 10s, 50 MAX 8s, and 70 A321neos. It also plans to upgrade its entire existing mainline narrowbody fleet with new interiors, faster WiFi, and seatback entertainment by 2025.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=United Adds 270 Boeing and Airbus Aircraft to Fleet, Largest Order in Airline's History and Biggest by a Single Carrier in a Decade|url=https://hub.united.com/united-adds-270-boeing-and-airbus-aircraft-to-fleet-largest-order-in-airline-s-history-and-biggest-by-a-single-carrier-in-a-decade-2653586391.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=United Hub|language=en}} In December 2022, United placed another order for 100 787s, for the purpose of replacing the 767s and older 777-200s. Kirby stated that he anticipates and aims for United becoming the flag carrier of the United States.{{Cite news |last=Schaper |first=David |date=2022-12-13 |title=United Airlines places huge order for Boeing 787 Dreamliners |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/13/1142408585/united-airlines-order-boeing-787-dreamliners |access-date=2022-12-14}}

As of mid-August 2021, United was the only major United States airline to require COVID-19 vaccines for their workers by October 25, 2021.{{cite news |last=Muntean |first=Paul |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/three-us-airlines-no-vaccine-mandate-workers/index.html |title=3 major US airlines will not mandate shots for their unvaccinated workers |work=CNN |date=2021-08-10 |access-date=2021-08-25 }}

In early 2024, the Federal Aviation Administration announced in March 2024 that it would increase safety oversight of United Airlines following a string of safety-related incidents.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=United Postpones Start of Faro, Cebu Due to FAA Restrictions – Cranky Flier |url=https://crankyflier.com/2024/04/08/united-postpones-start-of-faro-cebu-due-to-faa-restrictions/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |language=en-US |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410041432/https://crankyflier.com/2024/04/08/united-postpones-start-of-faro-cebu-due-to-faa-restrictions/ |url-status=live }} In October 2024, the FAA ended its enhance oversight after concluding its review.{{Cite web |title=US FAA ends enhanced oversight of United Airlines after safety review {{!}} Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-faa-ends-enhanced-oversight-united-airlines-after-safety-review-2024-10-02/ |access-date=January 8, 2025 |website=www.reuters.com}}

In January 2025, United Airlines announced the introduction of flights to Ulaanbaatar from Tokyo Narita, with three weekly flights commencing 1 May 2025 serviced by its Boeing 737-800 aircraft.{{Cite web |last=Schlappig |first=Ben |date=2025-01-17 |title=United Airlines’ Mongolia Flight (Tokyo To Ulaanbaatar) Now On Sale |url=https://onemileatatime.com/news/united-airlines-mongolia-flights/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=One Mile at a Time |language=en-US}}

United Airlines is a combination of a number of air carriers that have merged with each other starting in the 1930s, with the most recent being Continental Airlines (which had previously merged with or acquired several airlines during its history) thus reflecting changes in focus of both United and the U.S. air transport market."Corporate And Legal History Of United Airlines And Its Predecessors And Subsidiaries 1925–1955" Chicago: United Airlines. 1965Davies, R.E.G. "Airlines of the United States since 1914". Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1972Fisher, David; William Garvey "The Age of Flight: A History of America’s Pioneering Airline" Greensboro, NC: Pace Communications, 2001

United Airlines was originally formed in 1931 to manage the airlines controlled by the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation:

• Boeing Air Transport (formed 1927)
• Pacific Air Transport (formed 1926, acquired 1928)
• Varney Air Lines (formed 1926, acquired 1930)
• National Air Transport (formed 1925, acquired 1930)
• Stout Air Services (formed 1925, acquired 1929, merged into National in 1930)

All four airlines operated under their own names until 1934 when they merged to form one airline operating under the United name. Other predecessor air carriers that form the present United Airlines include:

• Capital Airlines (formed 1936, merged into United in 1961)
• Pan American World Airways (formed in 1927, Pacific division merged into United in 1985, London Heathrow operations merged into United in 1990, Latin America division merged into United in 1991, following Pan Am's bankruptcy)
• Continental Airlines (formed in 1934, merged with United in 2010)
• Pioneer Air Lines (formed in 1939, merged into Continental Airlines in 1955)
• Air Micronesia (formed in 1968 as a division of Continental, later renamed Continental Micronesia, merged into Continental in 2010)
• Texas International Airlines (formed 1944, acquired Continental in 1982 and took the Continental name)
• New York Air (formed 1980, merged into Continental in 1987)
• People Express Airlines (formed 1981, merged into Continental in 1987)
• Frontier Airlines (formed 1950, merged into People Express in 1986)
• Arizona Airways (formed 1942, merged into Frontier in 1950)
• Challenger Airlines (formed 1941, merged into Frontier in 1950)
• Monarch Airlines (formed 1946, merged into Frontier in 1950)
• Central Airlines (formed 1949, merged into Frontier in 1967)

Many of these acquisitions and mergers were completed by Continental Airlines when this carrier was under the ownership and control of Texas Air Corporation from 1982 to 1987. During that time period, New York Air and Texas International Airlines (which were already owned by Texas Air Corporation before this company acquired Continental) were merged into Continental.{{cite web |author=Weiner |first=Eric |date=August 10, 1990 |title=Lorenzo, Head of Continental Air, Quits Industry in $30 Million Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/10/business/lorenzo-head-of-continental-air-quits-industry-in-30-million-deal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125000400/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ERTpvhGLJ_MJ:www.nytimes.com/1990/08/10/business/lorenzo-head-of-continental-air-quits-industry-in-30-million-deal.html |archive-date=2013-01-25 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |work=The New York Times}} Texas Air Corporation subsequently acquired PEOPLExpress Airlines (which had previously acquired Frontier Airlines) and then folded these air carriers into Continental as well.{{cite web |last=Salpukas |first=Agis |date=September 16, 1986 |title=TEXAS AIR BUYING PEOPLE EXPRESS FOR $125 MILLION |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/16/business/texas-air-buying-people-express-for-125-million.html |access-date=November 8, 2023 |work=The New York Times}} As for United, before merging with Continental it had acquired Capital Airlines in the 1960s and had also purchased Pan Am's Pacific Division as well as Pan Am's transatlantic route rights into Heathrow Airport during the 1980s.

{{Gallery

|File:United-Airlines-Logo1993.png|1974–1993

|File:United-AirlinesLogo1993.jpg|1993–1997

|File:United Airlines logo (1973 - 2010).svg|1997–2010

||2010–present}}

United adopted a red, white and blue shield logo in 1936, but its use varied widely and was eventually abandoned altogether in the early 1970s. Before 1974 and after the use of the shield logo was discontinued, United advertisements and signage usually advertised to customers to "Come Fly the Friendly Skies of United" in a font identical to the "United" font on the "Friendship" livery of the early 1970s.

In 1973, the airline commissioned designer Saul Bass to develop a new logo and livery.Mouawad, Jad. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/24/business/on-the-exterior-of-jetliners-a-parade-of-plain-vanilla.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&ref=business "On Jet Exteriors, a Parade of Vanilla"], The New York Times. December 23, 2011. Retrieved on December 24, 2011. At the time, there was no real logo for the airline and Bass noted that the brand direction was not clearly evident. The "tulip" logo of colored stripes representing overlapping letter "U"s was in use beginning 1974, with only slight modification, until the merger with Continental in 2010. Among employees at the time there was a suggestion that it was a double-U, i.e. "W", in recognition that United's acquisition of the Westin hotel chain had actually been the reverse, as Westin's president Ed Carlson had become United's CEO. The "Rainbow" (or "Saul Bass") livery, which was the first to feature the "tulip", had a primarily white fuselage, with red, orange and blue stripes along the "cheatline". This livery remained in use for 19 years, with a slight update in 1988 that moved the colored stripes further down the fuselage to allow the "UNITED" font to be larger than before. Marketing during this time continued the "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan, and it was during this era that United acquired the rights to use Gerswhin's "Rhapsody in Blue", which started to be heard in broadcast advertisements. Other than the re-introduction in 1979 of the single word "AIRLINES" (once again appearing as "UNITED AIRLINES") in advertising and printed materials, the Bass branding would remain until early 1993.

File:Boeing 727 (MSI).JPG with Stars and Stripes scheme hanging overhead at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago]]

At the request of then-CEO Stephen Wolf, in 1993 United completely revised its branding and livery, with the collaboration of CKS Group, to a primarily grey and dark blue fuselage, with blue stripes on the tail. A custom Times New Roman font, reading "UNITED AIRLINES" in white, replaced Saul Bass's previous lettering style. The familiar "tulip" logo remained, although slightly smaller. As a homage to the previous livery, narrow red, orange and blue stripes appeared between the grey and the dark blue. This so-called "Battleship" livery was intended to project a more business-like, global image for the airline, which was rapidly expanding internationally. Indeed, the words "Worldwide Service" were displayed near the front of the aircraft. Naturally, signage and printed materials reflected the change, often using the light blue on dark blue striped design of the aircraft tail-fin, along with the newly updated font and, of course, the "tulip."

In 1997, United commissioned Pentagram to update the brand. Pentagram soon decided to keep the "tulip", in view of its strong brand-recognition. Pentagram designed a new "UNITED" font that appeared in advertisements, signage and printed material, but did not appear on the aircraft themselves until United's next livery re-design. This arrived on February 18, 2004, when the "Rising Blue" (or "Blue Tulip") livery was introduced, intended to signal a fresh start once the company emerged from bankruptcy protection. As it turned out, United's bankruptcy took longer to resolve than expected; consequently the new branding was actually launched two years sooner. The fresh livery featured a white upper fuselage, replacing the dark grey of the previous design, and used a lighter shade of blue for the aircraft belly, tail and engines. In an echo of the previous two liveries, a series of progressively lighter blue lateral stripes lay between the white upper fuselage and the blue of the aircraft underside. The aircraft tail-fin featured an enlarged and cropped version of the "tulip," shaded with a bluish tint.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

{{clear}}

File:Boeing 747 United SDASM.jpg|747 in pre-1974 "Stars and Bars" livery

File:Boeing 747-123, United Airlines AN1045539.jpg|Boeing 747-100 at Charles de Gaulle wearing Saul Bass-designed "Tulip" livery (1974–1993)

File:United Airlines Boeing 747-400; N104UA@LAX;18.04.2007 463fw (7282876726).jpg|Boeing 747-400 at Los Angeles International Airport wearing "Battleship" livery (1993–2004)

File:United Airlines B747-400 (N104UA) @ ORD, February 2009.jpg|Boeing 747-400 at O'Hare International Airport in "Rising Blue" or "Blue Tulip" livery (2004–2010)

File:N104UA - United Airlines - Boeing 747-422 - PEK (13991032317).jpg|Post-merger Boeing 747-400 at Beijing Capital International Airport in ex-Continental "Globe" livery (2010–2019)

File:N24976@PEK (20200421150836).jpg|Boeing 787-9 at Beijing Capital International Airport wearing the newest livery (2019–present)

On May 3, 2010, it was announced that United and Continental Airlines would merge.Smith, Aaron. [https://money.cnn.com/2010/05/03/news/companies/United_Continental_merge/ "United and Continental to merge"], CNNMoney, May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2017. The combined airline took the United name but used the Continental Airlines "globe" identity and livery, designed in 1991 by the Lippincott company.

Mark Bergsrud, the head of the new United Airlines's marketing department, said that the new logo reflected United's worldwide network and the airline's efforts to attract corporate clients. Bergsrud said, "It fits who we are. We are not a niche player like Hawaiian, whose livery reflects the islands. Having some local flair is harder for an airline like us. Do we want to stand out? Absolutely. But spiffy liveries just have to fall to a lower level of priority." After United announced its new logo, supporters of the previous United logo started a Facebook group called "Save the United Airlines Tulip" in order to convince the airline to change its logo back to the stylized U, or "tulip." The decision was also said to be unpopular with many marketing experts and graphic designers, claiming that the "tulip" had stronger brand recognition and was a stronger mark than the Continental globe. Much criticism was directed at CEO Jeff Smisek, who flatly admitted that he and former United CEO Glenn Tilton personally came up with the "new" brand and livery themselves, with no outside input or any consulting with either company's marketing departments.

File:B777, B474, and A319's at SFO International.jpg with post-merger Continental "globe" and earlier "tulip" logos in February 2011, including two Boeing 747-400s, two Boeing 777-200ERs, and one Airbus A319.]]

In conjunction with the newly adopted livery, in August 2010 the "United" lettering was updated in accordance with the previous Continental typeface, but presented entirely in upper-case lettering and slightly adjusted to bear a resemblance to United's own previous style. The merger was approved in September 2010, and the two companies merged on October 1, 2010.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

United unveiled an updated livery on April 24, 2019. The new livery retains the white upper fuselage and gray belly. The "United" typeface is larger, there is a dark blue wavy cheat-line (derived from the modified livery used on Boeing 787s and 737 MAXes), the engines, winglets, and tail are painted in the same shade of blue as the 2004-2010 livery, and the globe on the tail is slightly enlarged and now in a lighter shade of blue.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

File:StarsAndBars United Airlines A320.jpg, taxiing at Denver International Airport in June 2012]]

File:N75436, a B737-900ER, in "Blue Skyways" livery to commemorate Continental's 75th anniversary.jpg, taxiing at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in June 2009.]]

Two United aircraft in regular service utilize heritage paint schemes. N75435 is a Boeing 737-900ER acquired in the Continental merger, painted in the 1950s Continental "Blue Skyways" livery since June 2016. Its sister, N75436 also acquired in the Continental merger, was painted in the same livery from June 2009 to April 2016. The other is N475UA, a legacy United Airbus A320 sporting United's 1970s "Stars and Bars" livery. The aircraft was previously painted in Ted colors and also operated with Blue Tulip paint from 2009 to the end of 2010, when it was painted into its current livery.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Another eleven aircraft, including five Boeing 777-200ERs, one Boeing 767-400ER, one Boeing 767-300ER, one Boeing 757-200, two Boeing 737-800s and one Boeing 737-700, are painted in the Star Alliance livery.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Two aircraft are painted in a special livery commemorating United's use of sustainable aviation fuel. On these aircraft, the fuselage over the wings is painted in several shades of green, the fuselage immediately behind the wings in painted light blue, and the tail section is painted in the same shade of blue used on the engines. The livery made its debut in November 2024 on N24988, the first Boeing 787-9 to be delivered as part of United's December 2022 order. It will also be featured on a Boeing 737 MAX 10, N27602.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The early slogan "The Main Line Airway," emphasizing its signature New York-Chicago-San Francisco route, was replaced in 1965 with "Fly the Friendly Skies." The "friendly skies" tagline was used until 1996, yet revived on September 20, 2013. Other United Slogans include:

• "The Extra Care Airline (1963–1964)
• "When you're friendly you do things for people" (1971)
• "The Great Wide Way to New York" (1971–1972)
• "Your Land is Our Land" (1972)
• "The Friendly Skies of your land" (also known as "Mother Country", 1973–1976)
• "You're the boss" (1976–1977),
• "United we fly" (1977–1978)
• "United all the way" (1979–1980)
• "That's what friendly skies are all about" (1980)
• "You're not just flying, you're flying the Friendly Skies" (mid-1980s)
• "Official Airline of the 1984 Olympic Games" (1984 Summer Olympics){{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkH1bbETE8|title=1984 United Airlines Commercial #5|last=Cubz72|date=6 October 2007|access-date=13 April 2017|via=YouTube}}
• "From the ground up, rededicated to giving you the service you deserve. Come fly the friendly skies" (Late 1980s)
• "Come fly the airline that's uniting the world. Come fly the Friendly Skies" (late 1980s)
• "Come fly our Friendly Skies" (The early ESOP years)
• "Airline of the U.S. Olympic Team" (Used during the 1988 Summer Olympics){{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_hRjDiKcv8|title=United Airlines commercial|last=publisher73|date=5 October 2007|access-date=13 April 2017|via=YouTube}}
• "United. Rising." during the late 1990s
• "Come fly Chicago's hometown airline. Come fly the friendly skies."
• "Feel United ... Be United ... Worlds United ... Stay United ... United"{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKUQpsTzkcA |title=YouTube – United Airlines TV CM 2000 Theme |publisher=YouTube |date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2011-12-25}} (the late 1990s)
• "It's important for the human race to stay United"
• "Life is a journey{{spaced ndash}}travel it well; United"
• "We Are United" following the September 11 attacks; used until 2004
• "Relax, Stretch Out" with the rollout of EconomyPlus
• "It's time to fly" (2004–2010) This was used for the animated commercials (voiced over by Robert Redford), banners, and magazine advertisements of the campaign first unveiled during Super Bowl XXXVIII. The campaign was reintroduced in August 2008 when United premiered five new TV commercials during the 2008 Summer Olympics.
• "Let's fly together" (2010–2013)
• "Before they move us, we move them."/"Proud to fly Team USA for over 30 years." (2012–2021) (Used during the 2012 Summer Olympics to promote United as the official airline of the U.S. Olympic Team for more than 30 years. Matt Damon did a voice over for the United Team USA commercials, which premiered during NBC's telecast of the Summer Olympics on July 27, 2012.)
• "Fly the Friendly Skies" (2013–present){{cite web |author= |date=September 20, 2013 |title=United Airlines' New Brand Campaign Reinterprets "Fly the Friendly Skies" |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/united-airlines-new-brand-campaign-reinterprets-fly-the-friendly-skies-224575891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929022915/https://hub.united.com/en-us/news/company-operations/pages/united-flyer-friendly-campaign.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |publisher=PR Newswire}}
• "Connecting people. Uniting the world." (2017–present) {{cite web |title=Our strategy {{!}} United Airlines Corporate Responsibility Report |url=https://crreport.united.com/our-strategy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726071909/https://hub.united.com/connecting-people-uniting-world-2247890534.html |archive-date=2017-07-26 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=United Airlines}}
• "Good Leads The Way" (2022–present){{Cite web |date=May 16, 2022 |title='Good Leads The Way': United's New Campaign Celebrates Employees Doing the Right Thing for Customers and Communities |url=https://www.united.com/en/us/newsroom/announcements/good-leads-the-way |website=United Airlines}}

• Cleveland Hopkins International Airport – United Airlines maintained a secondary East Coast hub at Cleveland until 1985, when it began a move to Washington Dulles. By the time the transition finished in 1987, Continental Airlines had established Cleveland as its fifth hub and first Midwest hub. United maintained the hub for four years following the 2010 United-Continental merger. On February 1, 2014, United announced it was dehubbing Cleveland due to lack of profitability and its proximity to the Chicago–O'Hare hub.{{cite news |last=Mutzabaugh |first=Ben |date=February 1, 2014 |title=United Airlines axing its hub in Cleveland |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2014/02/01/united-airlines-axing-its-hub-in-cleveland/5139385/ |access-date=2015-06-22}}
• Miami International Airport – with the acquisition of Pan Am's international routes from Miami to Europe and Latin America in 1991, Miami became a hub for the airline. In May 2004, MIA was dehubbed and its flights were transferred to Chicago.{{cite news|url= http://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2004/01/19/daily44.html |title= United Plans Flight, Staff Cuts in Miami |publisher= South Florida Business Journal |access-date=2015-06-22}}
• Tokyo Narita International Airport – The ninth-largest hub for both destinations and flights and United's hub for Asia.{{cite web|url= http://newsroom.united.com/corporate-fact-sheet|title= Corporate Fact Sheet |publisher= United Airlines|access-date=2015-06-22}} Narita was the smallest of United's six hubs before the United-Continental merger in 2010.{{cite news|url= http://traveltips.usatoday.com/list-united-airlines-hubs-62801.html|title= List of United Airlines Hubs|publisher= USA Today|access-date= 2015-06-22|archive-date= 2022-10-05|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221005075706/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/list-united-airlines-hubs-62801.html|url-status= dead}} In its 2017 Annual Report United no longer listed Tokyo-Narita as a hub.{{cite web|url=http://otp.investis.com/generic/sec/sec-show.aspx?ipage=12572474&Cik=0000100517&Type=PDF|title=United Continental Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies. United Airlines, Inc. and Subsidiary Companies. Annual Report on Form 10-K For the Year Ended December 31, 2017|publisher=United Airlines|access-date=2018-05-05|date=December 31, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Stapleton International Airport – Both United and Continental operated hubs at Denver International Airport's predecessor airport, with both hubs active from 1972 until the airport closed in 1995. When Stapleton was replaced with DIA, United transferred operations, but Continental discontinued its Denver hub.{{cite news|url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/07/08/continental-to-shutter-pilot-attendant-bases-in-denver/ |title= Continental to Shutter Pilot, Attendant Bases in Denver |publisher= Chicago Tribune |access-date=2015-06-22 |date=July 8, 1994}}

{{reflist|33em}}

• Eastwood A.B. and Roach J.R. Jet Airliner Production List Volume 1 - Boeing. 2003. The Aviation Hobby Shop. {{ISBN|0-907178-97-9}}.

• "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203192304/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/united-continental-making-the-worlds-largest-airline-fly-02022012.html Making the World's Largest Airline Fly]." BusinessWeek. February 2, 2012.
• {{Cite web |date=2019-12-28 |title=United Airlines Pet Policy |url=https://airlinespolicy.com/pet-policy/united-airlines-pet-policy/ |access-date=2023-11-02}}

Category:United Airlines

United Airlines

United Airlines

Category:Aviation history of the United States