Islam in Australia#Education

Islam has been in Australia since the 1700s when Makassar traders were long-term visitors to Arnhem land (now Northern Territory).McIntosh, I., (1996) Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land, The Journal of Religious History, volume 20, issue 1, The Journal of Religious History Vol. 20, No. 1, June 1996, 53-77 A dance among the Warramiri people refers to a dreamtime creational being is given the name, Walitha Walitha, which is an adaptation of the Arabic phrase Allah ta'ala (God, the exalted).McIntosh, I., (1996) Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land, The Journal of Religious History, volume 20, issue 1, The Journal of Religious History Vol. 20, No. 1, June 1996, 53, 53. The 'Dreaming' creation figure, Walitha' walitha, is also known as Allah. In the Warramiri tradition, Walitha' walitha descends from heaven to re-establish order from infighting and violence between different groups in Arnhem land. Indigenous Australians share this ceremony, known as the Wurramu, with the people of Macassar Indonesia, but the Aboriginal version is a mortuary ritual. Aboriginal elders explain on an 'outside' level' the dance performance is about the new world introduced to Aborigines in pre-colonial times as a result of this first contact experience, but on an 'inside' level, they focus on the Aboriginal deaths that occurred as a consequence of contact with these fishing peoples from the north of Australia. The 'inside' meaning of the ritual relates to the passage of the soul of the deceased to a heavenly paradise above, the abode of Allah.

{{Main|Makassan contact with Australia}}

Indonesian Muslims trepangers from the southwest corner of Sulawesi visited the coast of northern Australia, "from at least the eighteenth century"{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yalangbara/yolngu|title=The Yolngu |work=National Museum of Australia|access-date=27 March 2015}} to collect and process trepang, a marine invertebrate prized for its culinary and medicinal values in Chinese markets. Remnants of their influence can be seen in the culture of some of the northern Aboriginal peoples. Regina Ganter, an associate professor at Griffith University, says, "Staying on the safe grounds of historical method ... the beginning of the trepang industry in Australia [can be dated] to between the 1720s and 1750s, although this does not preclude earlier, less organised contact." Ganter also writes "the cultural imprint on the Yolngu people of this contact is everywhere: in their language, in their art, in their stories, in their cuisine."Ganter, R.(2008) Journal of Australian Studies, Volume 32,4, 2008: "Muslim Australians: the deep histories of contact."{{cite web|url=http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/58309/Ganter.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415153222/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/58309/Ganter.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012 }} Retrieved on 6 April 2012 According to anthropologist John Bradley from Monash University, the contact between the two groups was a success: "They traded together. It was fair - there was no racial judgement, no race policy." Even into the early 21st century, the shared history between the two peoples is still celebrated by Aboriginal communities in Northern Australia as a period of mutual trust and respect.{{cite news|author1=Janak Rogers|title=When Islam came to Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27260027|access-date=25 June 2014|agency=BBC News Magazine|date=24 June 2014 }}

Others who have studied this period have come to a different conclusion regarding the relationship between the Aboriginal people and the visiting trepangers. Anthropologist Ian McIntosh{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/history/research/conferences_and_seminars/barks_birds_billabongs/speakers_and_abstracts/ian_s_mcintosh|title=Dr Ian S McIntosh - Biography|work=National Museum of Australia|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115705/http://www.nma.gov.au/history/research/conferences_and_seminars/barks_birds_billabongs/speakers_and_abstracts/ian_s_mcintosh}} has said that the initial effects of the Macassan fishermen were "terrible", which resulted in "turmoil"{{cite web|url=http://booksc.org/book/15308586|title=Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land|author=McIntosh, Ian|date=June 1996|work=The Journal of Religious History, Vol. 20, No. 1|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152836/http://booksc.org/book/15308586|archive-date=2 April 2015}}{{rp|65–67}} with the extent of Islamic influence being "indeterminate".{{rp|76}} In another paper McIntosh concludes, "strife, poverty and domination . . is a previously unrecorded legacy of contact between Aborigines and Indonesians."{{cite web|url=http://www.une.edu.au/folklorejournal/issues/macintos.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611105325/http://www.une.edu.au/folklorejournal/issues/macintos.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |title=Allah and the Spirit of the Dead - The hidden legacy of pre-colonial Indonesian/Aboriginal contact in north-east Arnhem Land |author=McIntosh, Ian|date=1996|work=Australian National University|access-date=26 March 2015}}{{rp|138}} A report prepared by the History Department of the Australian National University says that the Macassans appear to have been welcomed initially, however relations deteriorated when, "aborigines began to feel they were being exploited . . leading to violence on both sides".{{cite journal|url=http://press.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/whole41.pdf |title=Aboriginal History Volume 21 |editor=Howie-Willis, Ian|date=1997|journal=History Department, Australian National University|volume=21 |doi=10.22459/AH.21.2011 |doi-access=free |access-date=26 March 2015}}{{rp|81–82}}

A number of "Mohammedans" were listed in the musters of 1802, 1811, 1822, and the 1828 census, and a small number of Muslims arrived during the convict period. Beyond this, Muslims generally are not thought to have settled in large numbers in other regions of Australia until 1860.{{rp|10}}

Muslims were among the earliest settlers of Norfolk Island while the island was used as a British penal colony in the early 19th century. They arrived from 1796, having been employed on British ships. They left following the closure of the penal colony and moved to Tasmania. The community left no remnants; only seven permanent residents of the island identified themselves as "non-Christian" in a 2006 census.{{cite web|url = http://www.info.gov.nf/reports/reports/census_2006.pdf|title = Norfolk Island Census of Population and Housing 2006|publisher = Government of Norfolk Island|page = 25|access-date = 30 June 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723042720/http://www.info.gov.nf/reports/Reports/Census_2006.pdf|archive-date = 23 July 2011|df = dmy-all}}{{cite web|url = http://www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/teachlearn/student/lem/keynotes6islam.pdf|title = Combating Racism and Prejudice in Schools|publisher = Victorian Department of Education|page = 13|access-date = 30 June 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110411232800/http://www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/teachlearn/student/lem/keynotes6islam.pdf|archive-date = 11 April 2011|df = dmy-all}}{{cite book|last1 = Shahram Akbarzadeh|last2 = Abdullah Saeed|title = Muslim communities in Australia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsRbpV8P5oC&q=%22norfolk+island%22+muslims&pg=PA14|year = 2001|publisher = UNSW Press|pages = 13–15|isbn = 978-0-86840-580-3}}

{{further|Afghan cameleers in Australia|Pearling in Western Australia}}

File:mosque in bourke cemetery nsw australia.jpg in cemetery, Bourke, New South Wales]]

Among the early Muslims were the "Afghan" camel drivers who migrated to and settled in Australia during the mid to late 19th century. Between 1860 and the 1890s a number of Central Asians came to Australia to work as camel drivers.

Camels were first imported into Australia in 1840, initially for exploring the arid interior (see Australian camel), and later for the camel trains that were uniquely suited to the demands of Australia's vast deserts. The first camel drivers arrived in Melbourne, Victoria, in June 1860, when eight Muslims and Hindus arrived with the camels for the Burke and Wills expedition. The next arrival of camel drivers was in 1866 when 31 men from Rajasthan and Baluchistan arrived in South Australia with camels for Thomas Elder. Although they came from several countries, they were usually known in Australia as 'Afghans' and they brought with them the first formal establishment of Islam in Australia.Jones, Philip G and Kenny, Anna (2007) Australia's Muslim cameleers: pioneers of the inland, 1860s–1930s Kent Town, S. Aust. : Wakefield Press. {{ISBN|978-1-86254-778-0}}

File:Afghan grave bourke.jpg

Cameleers settled in the areas near Alice Springs and other areas of the Northern Territory and inter-married with the Indigenous population. The Adelaide, South Australia to Darwin, Northern Territory, railway is named The Ghan (short for The Afghan) in their memory.{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198801/camels.down.under.htm |title=Camels Down Under |publisher=Saudi Aramco World |date=January–February 1988 |author=Arthur Clark |access-date=19 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708141922/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198801/camels.down.under.htm |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}

The first mosque in Australia was built in 1861 at Marree, South Australia.{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2007/09/01/perspective.htm |title=A History of Muslims in Australia |publisher=The (Dhaka) Daily Star, Bangladesh |date=7 September 2007 |author= Nahid Kabir |access-date=18 July 2009}} The Great Mosque of Adelaide was built in 1888 by the descendants of the Afghan cameleers. The Broken Hill Mosque at North camel camp was built by the cameleers between 1887 and 1891.{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Abu Bakr Sirajuddin |last2=Dawood |first2=Rami |date=2022-03-18 |title=On the History of Sufism in Australia: A Manuscript from the Broken Hill Mosque |journal=Journal of Sufi Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=115–135 |doi=10.1163/22105956-bja10021 |issn=2210-5948|doi-access=free }}

During the 1870s, in slave like conditions, White owned companies brought in Malay Muslims as indentured servants to work on Western Australian and Northern Territory pearling grounds.{{Cite web |title=Pearl Divers · WA Migration Stories · Exhibitions |url=https://exhibitions.slwa.wa.gov.au/s/migration/page/pearl_divers |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=exhibitions.slwa.wa.gov.au}}{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Kelly |date=2023-12-20 |title='It was too dangerous for white men': the racist history of pearl diving in Australia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/dec/20/it-was-too-dangerous-for-white-men-the-racist-history-of-pearl-diving-in-australia |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} This was in response to amounting public pressure on the pearling industry, who practiced child kidnapping and forced labour of Aboriginal women, girls, and even pregnant mothers, as they were thought to be the best at diving for pearls. By 1900, 38% of indentured-servant pearl divers were Malay. It is thought that thousands were killed in this industry and are buried in Australia; one cemetery alone of indenture Japanese pearl divers had over 1000 graves, with the average age of mid-20's.{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Australia - Japanese divers in Broome |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/japanese-divers-broome |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en}}

One of the earliest recorded Islamic festivals celebrated in Australia occurred on 23 July 1884 when 70 Muslims assembled for Eid prayers at Albert Park, Melbourne. The Auckland Star noted the ceremony's calm demeanor, stating: "During the whole service the worshippers wore a remarkably reverential aspect.""Mahomedan Festival in Melbourne", Auckland Star, 16 August 1884, page 3.

File:Ice Cream Cart.jpg".]]

Most of the cameleers returned to their countries after their work had dried up, but a few had brought wives and settled in Australia with their families, and others settled either on their own (some living at the Adelaide Mosque), or married Aboriginal or European women. Halimah Schwerdt, secretary to Mahomet Allum, a former cameleer who established himself as herbalist, healer and philanthropist in Adelaide, became first European woman in Australia to publicly embrace Islam. She was engaged to Allum in 1935-37, but there is no record of a wedding.{{cite journal|last=Batchelor|first=Daud Abdul-Fattah|title=Mahomet Allum: Australia's Leading Herbalist Benefactor?|journal=Australian Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=3|issue=3|date=2018|pages=121–138|issn=2207-4414|publisher=Centre for Islamic Studies and Civilisation (a collaboration between Charles Sturt University and the Islamic Sciences and Research Academy of Australia|url=https://ajis.com.au/index.php/ajis/issue/view/13|access-date=25 November 2019}} He married Jean Emsley in 1940, who converted to Islam later. Allam also published pamphlets and articles about Islam.{{cite web|url=https://www.amust.com.au/2018/09/mahomet-allum-australias-leading-herbalist-benefactor/|website=AMUST: Australasian Muslim Times|title=Mahomet Allum, Australia's leading herbalist-benefactor|first=Daud|last=Batchelor|date= 22 September 2018|access-date=25 November 2019}}

From 1901, under the provisions of the White Australia policy, immigration to Australia was restricted to persons of white European descent (including white Europeans of the Muslim faith). Meanwhile, persons not of white European heritage (including most Muslims) were denied entry to Australia during this period, and those already settled were not granted Australian citizenship.{{cite book|first1=Philip G.| last1=Jones| first2=Anna |last2=Jones| title=Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland, 1860s-1930s|date=2007|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-86254-778-0|edition=Pbk|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34934991?selectedversion=NBD42302474|pages=11, 21}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=6p-V7d-eLE0C Online version of 2010 ed. at Google Books]

Notable events involving Australian Muslims during this early period include what has been described either as an act of war by the Ottoman Empire, or the earliest terrorist attack planned against Australian civilians.Murphy, Damien. [https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/battle-of-broken-hill-an-act-of-war-or-terrorism-wont-be-commemorated-20141031-11eukj.html "Broken Hill an act of war or terrorism won't be commemorated."] Sydney Morning Herald. 31 October 2014. The attack was carried out at Broken Hill, New South Wales, in 1915, in what was described as the Battle of Broken Hill. Two Afghans who pledged allegiance to the Ottoman Empire shot and killed four Australians and wounded seven others before being killed by the police.Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns; A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia. Oxford University Press. Melbourne 1989, p. 163 {{ISBN|0-19-554976-7}}

File:Albanian Mosque (Carlton North) 17.jpg, built by the Albanian community]]

In the 1920s and 1930s Albanian Muslims, whose European heritage made them compatible with the White Australia Policy, immigrated to the country.{{cite journal|last=Pratt|first=Douglas|title=Antipodean Ummah: Islam and Muslims in Australia and New Zealand|journal=Religion Compass|volume=5|issue=12|year=2011|page=744|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00322.x}}{{harvnb|Amath|2017|p=98.}} The Albanian arrival revived the Australian Muslim community whose ageing demographics were until that time in decline{{cite book|last=Aslan|first=Alice|title=Islamophobia in Australia|year=2009|publisher=Agora Press|isbn=978-0-646-52182-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFeGYw1CqCUC|pages=37–38}} and Albanians became some of the earliest post-colonial Muslim groups to establish themselves in Australia.{{harvnb|Ahmeti|2017|pp=186.}} Some of the earliest communities with a sizable Albanian Muslim population were Mareeba, Queensland and Shepparton in Victoria.{{harvnb|Ahmeti|2017|p=35.}}{{harvnb|Barry|Yilmaz|2019|pp=1169, 1172.}}

The perceived need for population growth and economic development in Australia led to the broadening of Australia's immigration policy in the post-World War II period. This allowed for the acceptance of a number of displaced white European Muslims who began to arrive from other parts of Europe, mainly from the Balkans, especially from Bosnia and Herzegovina. As with the Albanian Muslim immigrants before them, the European heritage of these displaced Muslims also made them compatible with the White Australia Policy.{{harvnb|Haveric|2019|pp=1–3.}}

Albanians partook in the revival of Islamic life within Australia, in particular toward creating networks and institutions for the community.{{harvnb|Haveric|2019|p=27.}} Albanian Muslims built the first mosque in Shepparton, Victoria (1960),{{cite book|last=Cleland|first=Bilal|chapter=The History of Muslims in Australia|editor1-last=Akbarzadeh|editor1-first=Shahram|editor2-last=Saeed|editor2-first=Abdullah|title=Muslim communities in Australia|year=2001|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-580-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsRbpV8P5oC&dq=Shepparton&pg=PA24|page=24}}{{cite book|last=Amath|first=Nora|chapter=We're serving the community, in whichever form it may be": Muslim Community Building in Australia|editor1-last=Peucker|editor1-first=Mario|editor2-last=Ceylan|editor2-first=Rauf|title=Muslim Community Organizations in the West: History, Developments and Future Perspectives|year=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-658-13889-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgynDgAAQBAJ&dq=Albanian+Australians&pg=PA99|page=100}} first mosque in Melbourne (1969) and another in 1985,{{cite book|last1=Bouma|first1=Gary D.|last2=Daw|first2=Joan|last3=Munawar|first3=Riffat|chapter=Muslims Managing Religious Diversity|editor1-last=Akbarzadeh|editor1-first=Shahram|editor2-last=Saeed|editor2-first=Abdullah|title=Muslim communities in Australia|year=2001|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-580-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsRbpV8P5oC&dq=Dandenong+Mosque+Albanian&pg=PA65|pages=65–66}}{{cite news|last=Rexhepi|first=Nizami|title=Historia e vendosjes së 4 mijë shqiptarëve në qytetin Dandenong|trans-title=The history of the settlement of 4 thousand Albanians in the city of Dandenong|url=https://diasporashqiptare.al/2021/08/31/australi-historia-e-vendosjes-se-4-mije-shqiptareve-ne-qytetin-dandenong/|agency=Diaspora Shqiptare|date=31 August 2021|access-date=23 October 2021|language=sq}} and a mosque in Mareeba, Far North Queensland (1970).

With the increase in immigration of Muslims after the war from countries such as Bosnia, Albania and Kosovo, the Islam in Australia developed its characteristic plurality. The move proved enriching for Muslim migrants, who "met Muslim fellows from many different ethnic, racial, cultural, sectarian and linguistic backgrounds" and "found Islam more pluralistic and more sophisticated" than their countries of origin.

Later, between 1967 and 1971, during the final years of the step-by-step dismantling of the White Australia policy, approximately 10,000 Turkish citizens settled in Australia under an agreement between Australia and Turkey. From the 1970s onwards, there was a significant shift in the government's attitude towards immigration, and with the White Australia policy now totally dismantled from 1973 onwards, instead of trying to make newer foreign nationals assimilate and forgo their heritage, the government became more accommodating and tolerant of differences by adopting a policy of multiculturalism.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

File:Chullora Greenacre Mosque.JPG

Larger-scale Muslim migration of non-White non-European Muslims began in 1975 with the migration of Lebanese Muslims, which rapidly increased during the Lebanese Civil War from 22,311 or 0.17% of the Australian population in 1971, to 45,200 or 0.33% in 1976.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Lebanese Muslims are still the largest and highest-profile Muslim group in Australia, although Lebanese Christians form a majority of Lebanese Australians, outnumbering their Muslim counterparts at a 6-to-4 ratio.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Trade and educational links have been developed between Australia and several Muslim countries. Muslim students from countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, are among the thousands of international students studying in Australian universities.{{quantify|date=August 2008}}{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

A number of Australian Arabs experienced anti-Arab backlash during the First Gulf War (1990–91). Newspapers received numerous letters calling for Arab Australians to "prove their loyalty" or "go home", and some Arab Australian Muslim women wearing hijab head coverings were reportedly harassed in public. The Australian government's Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission included accounts of racial harassment experienced by some Australian Arabs in their 1991 report on racism in Australia.{{rp|11–13}}

File:Kuraby Mosque Brisbane.jpg

By the beginning of the 21st-century, Muslims from more than sixty countries had settled in Australia. While a very large number of them come from Bosnia, Turkey, and Lebanon, there are Muslims from Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran, Fiji, Albania, Sudan, Somalia, Egypt, the Palestinian territories, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh, among others.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} At the time of the 2011 census, 476,000 Australians (representing 2.2 percent of the population) reported Islam as their religion.{{cite web|title=Cultural Diversity in Australia|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=30 September 2014|date=21 June 2012}}

On a few occasions in the 2000s and 2010s, tensions have flared between Australian Muslims and the general population. The Sydney gang rapes formed a much-reported set of incidents in 2000; a group of Lebanese men sexually assaulted non-Muslim women. In 2005, tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Cronulla area of Sydney led to violent rioting; the incident resulted in mass arrests and criminal prosecution. In 2012, Muslims protesting in central Sydney against Innocence of Muslims, an anti-Islam film trailer, resulted in rioting.[http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/8534089/govt-hopes-no-islamic-protest-in-melbourne "Govt Hopes No Islamic Protests In Melbourne."]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Nine MSN. Accessed 20 September 2014. There was an increase in anti-Muslim sentiment in the aftermath of the Sydney hostage crisis on 15–16 December 2014, including a threat made against a mosque in Sydney.{{cite news|last1=Simmonds|first1=Kylie|title=Sydney siege: Police respond to anti-Muslim sentiment in wake of Lindt cafe shootout|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-17/anti-muslim-sentiment-sydney-siege-auburn-mosque-threat/5972784|access-date=17 December 2014|work=ABC News|date=17 December 2014}} However, the Muslim community also received support from the Australian public through a social media campaign.[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-15/illridewithyou-hashtag-takes-off-following-siege/5969102 "#illridewithyou: support for Muslim Australians takes off following Sydney siege."] ABC News. 15 December 2014.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-30479306 "Sydney cafe: Australians say to Muslims 'I'll ride with you.'"] BBC. 16 December 2014.

File:Palestine Rally End The Siege, Stop the War on Gaza (53263758012).jpg in Melbourne, 15 October 2023]]

The founding president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils has said that with moderate Muslims being sidelined by those promoting more fundamentalist views, there is a need to be more careful in regard to potential Australian immigrants. Keysar Trad has said moderate Muslims need to take back control.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-19/tighter-australian-immigration-policies-needed-islamic-council/6479942 |title=Muslim integration: Australian immigration policies need tightening, Islamic Council founding president says |author=Kim, Sharnie|date=19 May 2015|work=ABC News|access-date=20 May 2015}}

An article in The Australian in May 2015 opined, "Most Muslims want the peace and prosperity that comes from an Islam that coexists with modernity; it is a fanatical fringe that seeks to impose a fabricated medieval Islam". It describes Dr Jamal Rifi as a brave insider who is working to assist "the cause of good Muslims who are struggling for the soul of Islam".{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/editorials/reflections-on-a-muslim-community-under-siege/story-e6frg71x-1227365879193 |title=Reflections on a Muslim community under siege |date=23 May 2015|work=The Australian|access-date=23 May 2015}}

{{See also|Islamic schools and branches}}

Most Australian Muslims are Sunni, with Shia, Sufi and Ahmadiyya as minorities.{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/gateways/police/resources/_pdf/building_bridges.pdf |title=Islam in Australia - Demographic Profile of Muslim Youth |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212104116/http://www.immi.gov.au/gateways/police/resources/_pdf/building_bridges.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2014 }}

File:Rochedale Bosnian Mosque, Brisbane.jpg

In Sydney, adherents of the Sunni denomination of Islam are concentrated in the suburb of Lakemba and surrounding areas such as Punchbowl, Wiley Park, Bankstown and Auburn.

In Australia there are also groups associated with the "hardline" Salafi branch of Sunni Islam, including the Islamic Information and Services Network of Australasia{{cite web|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/sites/almanac.afpc.org/files/Australia_0.pdf|title=World Almanac of Islamism - Australia|work=American Foreign Policy Council|access-date=6 April 2015|page=9|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618161712/http://almanac.afpc.org/sites/almanac.afpc.org/files/Australia_0.pdf}} and Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah Association (Australia) (ASWJA).{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA119 |title=Guide to Islamist Movements, Volume 2 |author=Rubvin, Barry|date = 2010|access-date=6 April 2015| page = 119|publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-4138-0 }} While their numbers are small,{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/extremists-lure-young-minds-20110730-1i5e0.html|title=Extremists lure young minds|date=31 July 2011|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210516/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/extremists-lure-young-minds-20110730-1i5e0.html}} the ASWJA is said to "punch above its weight".

There are communities of NSW Muslims who adhere to Tablighi Jamaat form of Islam and worship at the Granville, Al Noor Masjid, which is led by Sheik Omar El-Banna.{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/community-under-siege/halal-certification-charter-signed-in-secret-in-mecca/news-story/f828c9625e3e9a03c90d766141bf9ceb |title=Halal certification charter signed in secret in Mecca |author=Morton, Rick|date=25 May 2015 |work=The Australian|access-date=13 March 2017}} Similarly many Bangladeshi Tablighi Jamaat, Muslims{{cite news|url=http://researchdirect.uws.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A36236/datastream/PDF/view |title=Social welfare program of Islamic political party: a case study of Bangladesh Jama'at-e-Islami |author=Amin, Faroque |date=2016|work=School of Social Science and Psychology, University of Western Sydney|page = 29|access-date=13 March 2017}} worship at mosques in Seaton, NSW{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladeshislamiccentre.org/index.php|title=Bangladesh Islamic Centre of NSW|date=2013|work=BIC NSW|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111051351/http://www.bangladeshislamiccentre.org/index.php}} and in Huntingdale Victoria.{{cite web|url=http://www.abicmasjid.com/|title=Huntingdale Masjid|date=2012|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003629/http://abicmasjid.com/}}

Dawateislami, which is a "non-political Islamic organisation based in Pakistan", has adherents in Australia.{{cite web |url=http://www.dawateislami.net.au/ |title=Dawat-e-Islami Australia |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220054531/http://www.dawateislami.net.au/ }}

In 2015, Wikileaks cables released information that Saudi Arabia closely monitors the situation of Islam and Arab community in Australia, whilst at the same time spending considerately to promote its fundamentalist version of Sunni Islam within the country.{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/wikileaks-saudi-cables-reveal-secret-saudi-government-influence-in-australia-20150620-ght4kp.html |title=WikiLeaks 'Saudi Cables' reveal secret Saudi government influence in Australia |date=15 June 2015|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2 May 2017}}

In 1977 Sheikh Fahd Mehdi the first Shia cleric arrived in Australia and established the first Shia place of worship in Sydney, Al Zahra Mosque with funding from overseas and the help of Sayed Mohamed Kadhim Al Qazwini. He went on to establish the first Shia Islamic centre in Sydney AL-Jaafaria Society in Rockdale NSW.

File:1170488615 RIMG1144.JPG outside the Opera House, Sydney.]]

The Shi'a denomination of Islam is centred in the St George, Campbelltown, Fairfield, Auburn and Liverpool regions of Sydney, with the al-Zahra Mosque, built in Arncliffe in 1983,{{cite web | year = 2001 | url = http://uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/muslim-journeys/arrivals/lebanese.aspx | title = Muslim Journeys – Arrivals – Lebanese | publisher = National Archives of Australia | access-date = 16 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110227081046/http://uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/muslim-journeys/arrivals/lebanese.aspx | archive-date = 27 February 2011 | df = dmy-all }} and the Al-Rasool Al-A'dham Mosque serves the region in Bankstown. In 2008, the mainstream Shia community numbered 30,000 followers nationally.{{cite news|author1=Kerbja, Richard|title=Call to probe mystery Shia cleric|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/call-to-probe-mystery-shia-cleric/story-e6frg8yx-1111115413357|access-date=4 April 2015|work=The Australian|date=28 January 2008}}

In October 2004 Sheikh Mansour Leghaei established the Imam Hasan Centre{{cite web|url=http://www.imamhasancentre.com.au/about/ |title=Imam Hasan Centre - About |work=Imam Hasan Centre|access-date=9 March 2017}} in Annangrove, NSW.

In November 2014, up to 3,000 Shi'a Muslims marched in Sydney on the annual Ashura Procession to mark the death of the prophet's grandson.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-04/ashura-rally-shia-muslim-sydney-peace/5864876 |title=Shia Muslims stand against IS at annual Ashura march in Sydney |publisher=ABC News (Australia)|date=4 November 2014|access-date=15 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/thousands-take-part-in-ashura-march-through-sydney-20141103-11gh1k.html |title=Thousands take part in Ashura march through Sydney |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=4 November 2014|access-date=15 February 2015}} In November 2015 there was Ashura march in Sydney{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} and a Victorian school observed Muharram.{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/department-backs-school-over-national-anthem-furore-20151026-gkix7e.html|title=Department backs school over national anthem furore |author=Cook, Henrietta|date=27 October 2015|work=The Age|access-date=28 October 2015}}

There are also others from smaller non-mainstream sects of Islam, including approximately 20,000 Alawites from Turkish, Syrian and Lebanese backgrounds.{{cite news|author1=Rintoul, Stuart|title=Bobb (sic) Carr condemns Alawite attacks in Australia|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/bobb-carr-condemns-alawite-attacks-in-australia/story-fn59niix-1226409356234|access-date=15 October 2014|work=The Australian|date=26 June 2012}} They have at least one school called Al Sadiq College, with campuses in the Sydney suburbs of Yagoona and Greenacre.{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.alsadiq.nsw.edu.au/aboutus.html|website=alsadiq.nsw.edu.au|access-date=15 October 2014}} There is also a population of the related, though distinct, Alevis.{{cite news|author1=Cooper, Adam|title=Petrol-bomb attack on religious group|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/petrolbomb-attack-on-religious-group-20120319-1vfe7.html|access-date=16 April 2015|work=The Age|date=19 March 2012}}

There is also an Ismaili population of unspecified size.{{cite book|author1=R. S. McGregor|editor1-last=McGregor|editor1-first=R. S.|title=Devotional Literature in South Asia: Current Research, 1985-1988|date=25 September 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-41311-4|page=103|edition=illustrated}}{{cite book|author1=Pratap Kumar|title=Indian Diaspora: Socio-Cultural and Religious Worlds|date=30 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28806-5|page=280}} While Dawoodi Bohra, a small Ismaili Shia sect{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/mother-midwife-and-sheikh-guilty-in-australias-first-genital-mutilation-trial-20151112-gkx0b3.html |title= Mother, midwife and sheikh guilty in Australia's first genital mutilation trial |author=Gardiner, Stephanie |date=12 November 2015|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=16 November 2015}} has its Sydney Jamaat located in Auburn NSW.{{cite web|url=http://www.sydneybd.com.au/company/Dawoodi-Bohra-Jamaat_240118/|title=Dawoodi Bohra Jamaat|work=Sydney Business Directory|access-date=16 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020433/http://www.sydneybd.com.au/company/Dawoodi-Bohra-Jamaat_240118/}}

Additionally, the Druze, who practice Druzism, a religion that began as an offshoot of 11th-century Ismaili Islam,{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/cry-my-fathers-country-20140228-33b69.html |title=Cry, my father's country |date=1 March 2014|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=4 April 2015}} are reported to have around 20,000 followers living in Australia.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sundaynights/stories/s3550861.htm |title=The good life: Druze practical spirituality (Part 1) |author=Debien, Noel|date=22 July 2012|work=ABC News|access-date=4 April 2015}}

The study of the history of Sufism in Australia is a fledgling discipline. Initial examination indicates that the Sufis have played an important part in Muslim engagement with Australia and its peoples.{{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=Abu Bakr Sirajuddin|date=2018|title=Tasawwuf 'Usturaliya|url=https://ajis.com.au/index.php/ajis/article/view/119|journal=Australian Journal of Islamic Studies|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=60–74|doi=10.55831/ajis.v3i3.119 |s2cid=248537054 |issn=2207-4414|doi-access=free}} There are many reported instances of Sufism amongst the cameleers, though the best available evidence of this to date exists within a hand written manuscript at the historic Broken Hill mosque, providing at least one instance of Qadiri Sufis amongst the cameleers.{{Cite web |last=Footsteps |first=Sacred |date=2021-11-29 |title=Podcast Ep 35 Islam in Australia: Makassan Traders, Afghan Cameleers & a Sufi Qadiri Connection |url=https://www.sacredfootsteps.org/2021/11/29/podcast-ep-35-islam-in-australia-makassan-traders-afghan-cameleers-a-sufi-qadiri-connection/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Sacred Footsteps |language=en-US}}

Baron Friedrich von Frankenberg, who was inspired by the man who first brought to the West, Inayat Khan, moved to Australia from Germany with his family in 1927. The baron and his Australian wife were well-liked, and students would study Sufism under von Frankenberg at their home in Camden, New South Wales. In 1939 he organised the visit of a renowned Sufi leader, or Murshida, and devotee of Khan, known as Murshida Rabia Martin. Born Ada Ginsberg, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants to the US, Martin's visit was of great significance because of her link to Khan. After the baron's death in 1950, the poet and artist Francis Brabazon, student of Meher Baba, another early spiritual teacher took up a leadership role.{{cite news|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-13/baron-friedrich-von-frankenberg-australian-sufism/11583680|title=This extroverted German baron helped a 'pluralistic, sophisticated' Islam bloom in Australia|first=Alice |last=Moldovan|series=The Religion and Ethics Report (for ABC Radio National)|date=13 October 2019|access-date=13 October 2019}} However, there is some contention regarding the extent to which this group adhered to Islamic practice, limiting the extent to which this group can be considered a representation of Islam in Australia.

Currently there are communities representing most of the major Sufi Orders within Australia, including, but not limited to the [http://www.mevleviaustralia.org/ Mevlevi], [https://www.ansarisufiorder.org/ Rifaii], [https://sufipath.com.au/ Naqshbandiyya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222014527/https://sufipath.com.au/ |date=22 December 2022 }},{{Cite web |url=https://sufipath.com.au/ |title=Home - Sufi Path Group | Naqshbandiyya-Nazimiyya | Australia |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222014527/https://sufipath.com.au/ }} and [http://www.almirajsuficentre.org.au/ Burhaniyya]. Amongst these Sufi communities, it is estimated there are at least 5,000 adherents.{{cite news|author1=Patrick Abboud|title=Sufism: The invisible branch of Islam|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/09/28/sufism-invisible-branch-islam|access-date=27 October 2014|work=SBS|date=28 September 2012}}

Conflict between religious groups in the Middle East are reflecting as tensions within the Australian community{{cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/11/03/warning-members-sydneys-shia-community-fear-beheading |title='This is a warning': Members of Sydney's Shia community fear IS beheading | date=3 November 2013|work=SBS |access-date=3 April 2015}}{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/home-front-opens-in-a-foreign-war-20130629-2p3pi.html |title=Home front opens in a foreign war |author=Olding, Rachel |date=30 June 2013|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=3 April 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/syria-hostilities-reach-back-to-australia/4733292 |title=Sectarian tensions underlying conflict in Syria erupt in Sydney and Melbourne |author=Meldrum-Hanna, Caro|date=4 June 2013|work=ABC News|access-date=19 November 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/syrias-civil-war-spills-over-in-sydney/450 |title=Syria's Civil War Spills Over in Sydney |author=Jopson, Debra |date=30 October 2012 |work=The Global Mail |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031001654/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/syrias-civil-war-spills-over-in-sydney/450/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 }} and in the schools.{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/islamic-state-grooming-aussie-teens-as-young-as-14-for-terror-army-online/story-fnpn118l-1227288477523 |title= Islamic State grooming Aussie teens as young as 14 for terror army online|author=Auerbach, Taylor|date=2 April 2015|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=2 April 2015}}

The Australian Muslim community has built a number of mosques and Islamic schools, and a number of imams and clerics act as the community's spiritual and religious leaders. {{citation needed span |text=In 1988, the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils (AFIC) appointed Sheikh Taj El-Din Hilaly as the first Grand Mufti of Australia and New Zealand.|reason=While this is apparently true and frequently stated, it is also said it was an honorary title, so a source should still be provided |date=January 2015|}} In 2007, Hilaly was succeeded by Fehmi Naji in June 2007{{cite news |last1=Zwartz|first1=Barney |title=Hilali out as Mufti, moderate in |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/hilali-out-as-mufti-moderate-in/2007/06/10/1181414138977.html |access-date=29 January 2015 |work=The Age |date=11 June 2007}} who was succeeded by the current Grand Mufti, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed in September 2011.{{cite web |last1=Kilani|first1=Ahmed |title=Australian Imams appoint a new Mufti |url=http://muslimvillage.com/2011/09/19/14728/australian-imams-appoint-a-new-mufti/ |website=muslimvillage.com |publisher=MuslimVillage Incorporated |access-date=29 January 2015 |date=19 September 2011 |quote=Imams and Sheikhs from around Australia held a meeting last night in which they appointed Dr Ibrahim Abu Muhammad as the new Grand Mufti of Australia.}}

File:Sunshine Mosque.jpg located in Melbourne serves the Turkish Cypriot community.]]

Fatwas, edicts based on Islamic jurisprudence which aim to provide "guidance to Muslim Australians in the personal, individual and private spheres of life",{{cite journal|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=lawpapers|format=PDF|title=Fatwas: their role in contemporary secular Australia |website=Ro.uow.edu.au|date=January 2009 |access-date=2 July 2022 |last1=Hosen |first1=Nadirsyah |last2=Black |first2=Ann }} are issued by various Australian Islamic authorities.{{cite web |url=http://www.darulfatwa.org.au/en/Table/Fiqh-Jurisprudence/ |title=Fiqh (Jurisprudence) | Table |publisher=Darulfatwa.org.au |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330161535/http://darulfatwa.org.au/en/Table/Fiqh-Jurisprudence/ |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamiat.org.au/category/fatwa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603101622/http://www.jamiat.org.au/category/fatwa/|archive-date=2014-06-03|title=Fatwa Archives - Jamiatul Ulama of Victoria|date=3 June 2014|access-date=2 July 2022}}

{{Main|Islamic organisations in Australia}}

A number of organisations and associations are run by the Australian Islamic community including mosques, private schools and charities and other community groups and associations. Broad community associations which represent large segments of the Australian Muslim public are usually termed "Islamic councils". Some organisations are focused on providing assistance and support for specific sectors within the community, such as women.

Two organisations with strong political emphasis are Hizb ut-Tahrir{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/government-seeks-advice-over-radical-islamic-group-hizb-uttahrir-cant-act-against-them-under-current-laws/story-fni0cx12-1226966995385 |title=Government seeks advice over radical Islamic group Hizb ut-Tahrir: Can't act against them under current laws |author=Benson, Simon|date=26 June 2014|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=5 January 2015}} which describes itself as a, "political party whose ideology is Islam"{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/charlie-hebdo-terrorist-attacks-a-cure-says-leader-of-hizb-ut-tahrir-australia-ismail-alwahwah/story-fni0cx12-1227182578266 |title=Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks a 'cure', says leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir Australia Ismail Alwahwah |author=Auerbach, Taylor|date=11 January 2015|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=11 January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://archive.hizb-australia.org/hizbut-tahrir/about-hizb-ut-tahrir|title=About Hizb ut-Tahrir|date=29 January 2009|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118103739/http://archive.hizb-australia.org/hizbut-tahrir/about-hizb-ut-tahrir|archive-date=18 January 2015}} and Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah Association (ASWJA).{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/sheikh-defends-radical-preachers-attendance-at-conference-20140927-10n17g.html |title=Sheikh defends radical preacher's attendance at conference |author=Lillebuen, Steve|date=28 September 2014|work=The Age|access-date=5 January 2015}}{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/members-of-street-dawah-preaching-group-feature-heavily-in-sydneys-counterterrorism-raids-20140927-10myuk.html |title=Members of Street Dawah preaching group feature heavily in Sydney's counter-terrorism raids |author=Olding, Rachel |date=28 September 2014|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=5 January 2015}}

File:Islamic Museum of Australia 1.jpg in Melbourne]]

A number of financial institutions have developed Sharia-compliant finance products,{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business/nab-set-to-join-rush-for-islamic-cash/story-fnay3vxj-1226313956583 |title=NAB set to join rush for Islamic cash |author=Henshaw, Carolyn|date=30 March 2013|work=The Australian|access-date=17 February 2015}} with university courses leading to Islamic financial qualifications also being established.{{cite web|url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au/handbook/2015/postgraduate/assc/bus-econ/finance/lmisbf.htm |title=Master of Islamic Banking and Finance|work=La Trobe University|access-date=17 February 2015}} Other Australian Islamic organisations have been set up to manage sharia-compliant investments, superannuation,{{cite web|url=http://www.hejazfs.com.au/ |title=Hejaz Financial Services |access-date=30 June 2021}}{{cite web|url=http://www.crescentwealth.com.au/ |title=Crescent Wealth |access-date=17 February 2015}} Islamic wills{{cite web|url=https://www.wasiyyah.com.au/ |title=Wasiyyah |publisher=Wasiyyah.com.au |access-date=30 March 2015}} and zakat management.{{cite web |url=https://www.humanappeal.org.au/projects/zakat-al-mal |title=Zakat Al-Mal Project, Pay Zakat, What is Zakat in Islam? – Human Appeal International |publisher=Humanappeal.org.au |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100303/https://www.humanappeal.org.au/projects/zakat-al-mal }}{{cite web|url=http://nzf.org.au/|title=National Zakat Foundation|publisher=National Zakat Foundation|access-date=17 February 2015}}

{{Main|Halal certification in Australia}}

There are close to two dozen Halal certification authorities in Australia. Halal meat and meat product exports to the Middle East and Southeast Asia have greatly increased from the 1970s onwards; this expansion was due in part to efforts of the AFIC.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c_lgz1lXsQC |title=Muslims In Australia - Nahid Kabir - Google Books |date=11 January 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204204412/http://books.google.com.au/books?id=9c_lgz1lXsQC |archive-date=4 December 2014 |isbn=978-1-136-21506-3 |last1=Kabir |first1=Nahid |publisher=Routledge }}{{rp|151}} Halal certification has been criticised by anti-Halal campaigners who argue that the practice funds the growth of Islam, results in added costs, a requirement to officially certify intrinsically-halal foods and with consumers required to subsidise a particular religious belief.{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/why-halal-certification-is-in-turmoil-20141227-12cmd3.html |title=Why halal certification is in turmoil |author=Johnson, Chris|date=28 December 2014|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=8 January 2015}}

An inquiry by an Australian Senate committee, which concluded in December 2015, found the current system is "lacklustre" and made recommendations for improvement.{{cite news|last1=Medhora|first1=Shalailah|title=Overhaul 'lacklustre' halal certification to root out exploitation, report says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/dec/01/halal-certification-standards-should-be-set-by-government-report-finds|access-date=1 December 2015|work=The Guardian|date=1 December 2015}} It found there was no evidence to support claims that the profits of halal certification are used to fund terrorism.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-24/senate-inquiry-no-direct-link-between-halal-certification/6801968 |title=No direct link between halal certification and Islamic terrorism, Senate inquiry told|date = 24 September 2015|author=Ockenden, Will|work=ABC|access-date=2 December 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.skynews.com.au/news/politics/national/2015/12/01/no-halal-link-to-terror--senate-committee.html |title=No Halal link to terror: Senate committee |date=1 December 2015 |work=Sky News |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201103453/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/politics/national/2015/12/01/no-halal-link-to-terror--senate-committee.html |archive-date= 1 December 2015 }} The report recognised that halal certification has economic benefits for Australia because of increased export opportunities. It recommended that the federal government increase its oversight of halal certifiers to address fraudulent conduct, with halal products to be clearly labelled and for meat products sourced from animals subject to religious slaughter, to be specifically labelled.{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Food_Cert_Schemes/Report/b01 |title= Australian Senate Committee Inquiry Recommendations |date=1 December 2015|work=APH|access-date=2 December 2015}}

It said that it had heard, "credible reports suggesting that the lack of regulation has been unscrupulously exploited". In tabling the report, committee chairman Sam Dastyari said, "Some certifiers are nothing more than scammers."

The committee recommended a single halal certification authority.{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/nothing-more-than-scammers-senate-committee-calls-for-halal-overhaul-20151201-glcrli.html |title='Nothing more than scammers': Senate committee calls for halal overhaul |author=Aston, Heath|date=2 December 2015|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2 December 2015}} The committee in recommending clearer labelling, specifically referred to the need for meat processors to label products sourced from animals subject to religious slaughter.{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Food_Cert_Schemes/Report/b01 |title= Australian Senate Committee Inquiry Recommendations |date=1 December 2015|work=APH|access-date=2 December 2015}}

{{See also|Demographics of Australia|Immigration to Australia}}

{{Historical populations

|type =

|footnote =

|1981 | 76792

|1991 | 147487

|2001 | 281578

|2011 | 476291

|2021 |813,392

}}

During the 1980s the Australian Muslim population increased from 76,792 or 0.53% of the Australian population in 1981, to 109,523 or 0.70% in 1986.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} In the 2011 Census, the Muslim population was 479,300 or 2.25%, an increase of 438% on the 1981 number.

The general increase of the Muslim population in this decade was from 147,487 or 0.88% of the Australian population in 1991, to 200,885 or 1.12% in 1996.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

In 2005 the overall Muslim population in Australia had grown from 281,600 or 1.50% of the general Australian population in 2001, to 340,400 or 1.71% in 2006. The growth of Muslim population at this time was recorded as 3.88% compared to 1.13% for the general Australian population.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} From 2011-2016, Muslim population grew by 27% from 476,291 to 604,200 with majority residing in New South Wales.

The following is a breakdown of the country of birth of Muslims in Australia from 2001:{{cite web|url=http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/consultations/facts/fact_muslim.html|title=HREOC Website: Isma - Listen: National consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australias|access-date=15 December 2014}}

There were 281,578 Muslims recorded in this survey; in the 2006 census the population had grown to 340,392. 48% of Australian-born Muslims claimed Lebanese or Turkish ancestry.

The distribution by state of the nation's Islamic followers has New South Wales with 50% of the total number of Muslims, followed by Victoria (33%), Western Australia (7%), Queensland (5%), South Australia (3%), ACT (1%) and both Northern Territory and Tasmania sharing 0.3%.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

The majority of people who reported Islam as their religion in the 2006 Census were born overseas: 58% (198,400).{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3416.0Main%20Features22007?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3416.0&issue=2007&num=&view= |title=3416.0 – Perspectives on Migrants, 2007: Birthplace and Religion |date=25 February 2008 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302025448/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3416.0Main%20Features22007?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3416.0&issue=2007&num=&view= |archive-date= 2 March 2008 }} Of all persons affiliating with Islam in 2006 almost 9% were born in Lebanon and 7% were born in Turkey.{{cite web|url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/636F496B2B943F12CA2573D200109DA9?opendocument |work = 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008 |title = Cultural diversity |date = 7 February 2008 | publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date = 15 July 2008}}

File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 2778 Islam Persons.svg

File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Inner Sydney by POA - BCP field 2778 Islam Persons.svg divided geographically by postal area]]

According to the {{CensusAU|2021}}, the Muslim population of Australia numbered 813,392 individuals.

At the 2021 Census, 258,250 people in Greater Melbourne reported their religious affiliation as Islam, representing 5.3% of the city's population.https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?BMID=10&WebID=270&EndYear=2016&DataType=UR

Muslims in Melbourne live mostly in the outer northern suburbs of Broadmeadows, Coolaroo, and Thomastown (mostly Lebanese and Turkish), Meadow Heights and Dallas, (the latter of which has one highest adherences to Islam in Australia, at 55% of the populationhttps://profile.id.com.au/hume/religion?BMID=20&WebID=160&EndYear=2016&DataType=UR) (mostly Turkish), Campbellfield, Epping, and Lalor (mostly Lebanese), Fawkner (mostly Lebanese and Pakistani), Wollert (mostly Indian), Roxburgh Park (mostly Turkish and Iraqi), and Craigieburn (mostly Indian and Iraqi).https://profile.id.com.au/hume/religionhttps://profile.id.com.au/whittlesea/religion There is also a large Muslim community in the outer south-eastern suburbs of Dandenong (mostly Afghan and Albanian), Doveton, Hampton Park, Hallam, Narre Warren South, and Cranbourne North (mostly Afghan),https://profile.id.com.au/casey/religion as well as in the outer west, primarily in the suburbs of Truganina and Tarneit (mostly Indian),https://profile.id.com.au/wyndham/religion

Very few Muslims live in rural areas with the exceptions of the sizeable Albanian and Turkish communities in Shepparton, which has Victoria's oldest mosque, and Malays in Katanning, Western Australia. A community of Iraqis have settled in Cobram on the Murray River in Victoria.{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://arts.monash.edu.au/politics/cmmips/publications/cobram-integration.pdf | title = Social integration of Muslim Settlers in Cobram | publisher = Centre for Muslim Minorities and Islam Policy Studies – Monash University | access-date = 30 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070902143324/http://arts.monash.edu.au/politics/cmmips/publications/cobram-integration.pdf |archive-date = 2 September 2007}} An Albanian Muslim community resides in Mareeba who established Queensland's second oldest mosque.

Perth also has a Muslim community focussed in and around the suburb of Thornlie, where there is a mosque. Perth's Australian Islamic School has around 2,000 students on three campuses.

Mirrabooka and Beechboro contain predominantly Bosnian communities. The oldest mosque in Perth is the Perth Mosque on William Street in Northbridge. It has undergone many renovations although the original section still remains. Other mosques in Perth are located in Rivervale, Mirrabooka, Beechboro and Hepburn.

{{Pie chart

|thumb=right

|caption=Muslim population by country of origin

|other=yes

|value1=36

|label1=Australia

|color1=Blue

|value2=10

|label2=Lebanon

|color2=Green

|value3=8

|label3=Turkey

|color3=Red

|value4=3.6

|label4=Bosnia-Herzegovina

|color4=Yellow

|value5=3.5

|label5=Afghanistan

|color5=Tan

|value6=3.2

|label6=Pakistan

|color6=Black

|value7=2.9

|label7=Indonesia

|color7=Brown

|value8=2.8

|label8=Iraq

|color8=Gray

|value9=2.7

|label9=Bangladesh

|color9=Orange

|value10=2.3

|label10=Iran

|color10=Pink

|value11=2

|label11=Fiji

|color11=Purple

}}

It is estimated that Australian Muslims come from 63 different backgrounds, with "loose associations" between them.{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/in-muslim-australia-theres-divide-and-no-respected-rule/news-story/45cbf8eff9457eacf608518a0ec62018 |title=In Muslim Australia, there's divide and no respected rule |author=Morton, Rick|date=30 May 2015|work=The Australian|access-date=11 March 2017}}

{{See also|Aboriginal Australians}}

According to Australia's 2011 census, 1,140 people identify as Aboriginal Muslims, almost double the number of Aboriginal Muslims recorded in the 2001 census.{{cite news|author1=Janak Rogers|title=When Islam came to Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27260027|access-date=25 June 2014|agency=BBC News Magazine|date=24 June 2014}} Many are converts and some are descendants of Afghan cameleers or, as in the Arnhem Land people, have Macassan ancestry as a result of the historical Makassan contact with Australia.{{cite news |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2902315.stm |title=Aborigines turn to Islam |access-date=19 November 2006 |author=Phil Mercer |date=31 March 2003}}{{Cite web |url=http://islamicsydney.com/story.php?id=826%2F |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929010259/http://islamicsydney.com/story.php?id=826%2F |url-status=live }} In north east Arnhem Land, there is some Islamic influence on the songs, paintings, dances, prayers with certain hymns to Allah and funeral rituals like facing west during prayers, roughly the direction of Mecca, and ritual prostration reminiscent of the Muslim sujud. As a result of Malay indentured laborers, plenty of families in Northern Australia have names like Doolah, Hassan and Khan. Notable Aboriginal Muslims include the boxer Anthony Mundine and Rugby League footballer Aidan Sezer.Kathy Marks, The Independent [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article120696.ece Militant Aborigines embrace Islam to seek empowerment. 28 February 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112003201/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article120696.ece |date=12 January 2008 }}. Retrieved 1 February 2007. Many indigenous converts are attracted to Islam because they see a compatibility between Aboriginal and Islamic beliefs,{{cite news|author1=Janak Rogers|title=When Islam came to Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27260027|access-date=25 June 2014|agency=BBC News Magazine|date=24 June 2014|quote=This sense of the compatibility of Aboriginal and Islamic beliefs is not uncommon, says Peta Stephenson, a sociologist at Victoria University. Shared practices include male circumcision, arranged or promised marriages and polygamy, and similar cultural attitudes like respect for land and resources, and respecting one's elders. "Many Aboriginal people I spoke with explained these cultural synergies often by quoting the well-known phrase from the Koran that 124,000 prophets had been sent to the Earth," says Stephenson. "They argued that some of these prophets must have visited Aboriginal communities and shared their knowledge."}}{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Abu Bakr Sirajuddin |last2=Yucel |first2=Salih |date=2016 |title=Australia's Indigenous Peoples and Islam: Philosophical and Spiritual Convergences between Belief Structures |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/CIS/article/view/9637 |journal=Comparative Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=165–185 |doi=10.1558/cis.37033 |s2cid=203064611 |issn=1743-1638|url-access=subscription }} while others see it as a fresh start and an aid against common social ills afflicting indigenous Australians, such as alcohol and drug abuse.

Some academics who have studied these issues have come to less positive conclusions regarding the relationship between the Aboriginal people and the visiting trepangers.{{rp|65–67}}{{rp|76}}{{rp|138}}{{rp|81–82}}

{{See also|Albanian Australians}}

In the late twentieth century, 80% of Albanian speakers in Australia followed Islam. In the twenty first century, the largest Albanian communities in Australia, Shepparton and Melbourne's suburb of Dandenong in Victoria are mostly Muslims.{{harvnb|Ahmeti|2017|pp=41, 263.}} Muslim Albanian communities exist in Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory.{{harvnb|Haveric|2019|pp=27, 126, 139, 144, 153–154, 159–160, 199.}}

As Islam is the dominant religion among Albanian Australians, it has given the community a sense of unity and the capacity and resources to construct their own mosques.{{cite book|last=Jupp|first=James|title=The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins|year=2001|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&q=Albanians|isbn=978-0-521-80789-0|page=166}}{{harvnb|Ahmeti|2017|pp=122, 127.}}{{harvnb|Haveric|2019|p=53.}} They have symbolised the Albanian community's permanent settlement in Australia.{{harvnb|Ahmeti|2017|pp=39, 92.}} Mosques serve as important centres for community activities and are pivotal toward retaining the religious identity of Albanian Australians. Albanian representatives serve in most federal Islamic organisations, with some in senior positions.{{cite book|last=Haveric|first=Dzavid|title=Muslims making Australia home: Immigration and Community Building|year=2019|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|isbn=978-0-522-87582-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBemDwAAQBAJ&dq=Albanian+Australians&pg=PT133|pages=95, 97–98}}{{harvnb|Barry|Yilmaz|2019|p=1173.}} In the few areas of concentrated Albanian settlement, their small numbers shaped local areas through the construction of their first mosques or becoming a sizable proportion of the school Muslim population. The foundations created by Albanian Australians have attracted future Muslim migrants to areas which have an existing mosque or services assisting with settlement.{{harvnb|Ahmeti|2017|p=187.}}

Albanians perform certain Muslim practices. Muslim head coverings are worn mainly by a few older women, Ramadan fasts are adhered to by some people and in Shepparton, Islam is influenced by Sufi Bektashism from Albania.{{cite thesis|last=Ahmeti|first=Sharon|date=2017|title=Albanian Muslims in Secular, Multicultural Australia|type=Ph.D.|publisher=University of Aberdeen|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723248|access-date=25 August 2020|pages=67, 82|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123170344/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723248}}{{cite journal|last1=Barry|first1=James|last2=Yilmaz|first2=Ihsan|title=Liminality and Racial Hazing of Muslim Migrants: Media Framing of Albanians in Shepparton, Australia, 1930-1955|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01419870.2018.1484504|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=42|issue=7|year=2019|page=1174|doi=10.1080/01419870.2018.1484504|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30109598 |s2cid=149907029|hdl-access=free}}

{{See also|Bangladeshis in Australia}}

According to the 2016 Australian Census, Bangladeshi origin population were around 55,000; among them about 33,000 were living in NSW. Bangladeshi Muslims are located primarily in Rockdale, Lakemba, Bankstown and many suburbs in Western Sydney region with a mosque in Sefton and in the south-east of Melbourne, with a mosque at Huntingdale.{{cite web|url=http://www.abicmasjid.com/|title=Huntingdale Masjid|date=2012|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003629/http://abicmasjid.com/}} The Sefton Mosque has been linked to the Tablighi Jamaat School of Islam{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/terror-links-in-battle-for-mosque/story-e6frg6o6-1111115261279 |title=Terror links in battle for mosque |first1=Natelie|last1=O'Brien |first2=Sanna |last2=Trad|date=7 January 2008|work=The Australian |access-date=27 April 2015}} and has hosted Hizb ut-Tahrir.{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/radical-muslim-cleric-ismail-alwahwah-tells-supporters-a-new-world-order-is-coming/story-fni0cx12-1227086878686 |title=Radical Muslim cleric Ismail al-Wahwah tells supporters a new world order is coming |first1=Ben |last1=McClellan |first2=Geoff |last2=Chambers |date= 11 October 2014|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=27 April 2015}} For Bangladeshi Muslims attending the Huntingdale Mosque, all Islamic lunar months, such as Ramadan are observed using local moon-sightings, rather than being based on Middle-Eastern, or other, timings.{{cite web|url=http://www.abicmasjid.com/uploads/Statement_of_MAjlis_ul_Ulamaa_of_Australia_2012.pdf|title=Majlis ul Ulamaa of Australia|date=2012|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111051350/http://www.abicmasjid.com/uploads/Statement_of_MAjlis_ul_Ulamaa_of_Australia_2012.pdf}}{{cite news|url=http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=38759 |title=Another round of Ramadan lunar-cy |author=Irfan Yusuf|date=8 January 2014|work=Eureka Street|access-date=27 April 2015|author-link=Irfan Yusuf }} According to the 2016 Australian census, 81.2% of the Bangladesh-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-bangladesh.PDF|title=Bangladesh-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

{{See also|Bosnian Australian}}

File:Rochedale Mosque in Brisbane Australia.jpg

Bosnian Muslims have predominantly arrived in Australia after 1992, with most of the community living in the south east of Melbourne and in the south west of Sydney. There are Bosnian run mosques in Deer Park, Noble Park, Penshurst and Smithfield.{{cite web|url=http://vuir.vu.edu.au/2006/1/Dzavid_Haveric.pdf |title=History of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Australia: Settlement Experience in Victoria |author=Haveric, David|date=February 2009|work=Institute for Community, Ethnicity and Policy Alternatives, Victoria University |access-date=12 May 2015}} According to the 2016 Australian census, 23.2% of the Bosnia and Herzegovina-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-bosnia-and-herzegovina.PDF|title=Bosnian-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

{{See also|Egyptian Australians}}

Egyptian Muslims in Sydney are represented by The Islamic Egyptian Society.{{cite news|url=http://islamicegyptians.com.au/ |title=The Islamic Egyptian Society |access-date=11 March 2017}} The Society has managed the Arkana College{{cite web|url=https://arkana.nsw.edu.au/ |title= Arkana College |access-date=11 March 2017}} in Kingsgrove since 1986. It is reported that enrolments for its 203 co-educational places are booked out until 2020.{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/islamic-college-embraces-community-values/news-story/6f9ff5796c6c7242e220c2ff04b2fd53 |title=Islamic college embraces community values |author=Balogh, Stefanie|date=11 March 2017|work=The Australian|access-date=11 March 2017}} According to the 2016 Australian census, 15.6% of the Egypt-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-egypt.PDF|title=Egypt-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

{{See also|Indonesian Australians}}

Though Islam is the majority religion in Indonesia, Muslims are the minority among Indonesians in Australia.{{citation |last=Saeed|first=Abdullah|year=2003|title=Islam in Australia|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-86508-864-1|page=12}} In the 2006 Australian Census, only 8,656 out of 50,975 Indonesians in Australia, or 17%, identified as Muslim. However, in the 2011 census, that figure rose to 12,241 or 19.4%,{{cite web|title=Community Information Summary – Indonesian-born|url=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/02_2014/indonesia.pdf|website=Department of Immigration and Citizenship|publisher=Community Relations Section of DIAC|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310134305/https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/02_2014/indonesia.pdf}} 18.9% in 2016, and 19.3% in 2021.

{{See also|Iraqi Australians}}

Iraqi Muslims mainly came to the country as a refugees after the Iran–Iraq War, failed 1991 uprisings in Iraq, and then post-2003. They predominately settled in the western suburbs of Sydney, such as Fairfield and Auburn. According to the 2016 Australian census, 31.4% of the Iraqi-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-iraq.PDF|title=Iraq-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

Kurdish Muslims have predominantly arrived in Australia since the second half of the 1980s, with most of the community settling in Melbourne and Sydney. Although the large majority of the Kurdish Australians are Muslims, there are no registered Kurdish run mosques in Australia.{{cite web |url=https://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/your-questions/kurds-in-australia1/ |title=Kurdish Community |date=11 July 2010 |work=Immigration Museum |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195957/https://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/your-questions/kurds-in-australia1/ |archive-date=28 December 2016 }}

{{See also|Lebanese Australians}}

Lebanese Muslims form the core of Australia's Muslim Arab population, particularly in Sydney where most Arabs in Australia live. Approximately 3.4% of Sydney's population are Muslim. Approximately 4.2% of residents in Greater Melbourne are Muslim,{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=260|title=Religion {{!}} Australia {{!}} Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412051324/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=260}} and Sydney Road in Brunswick and Coburg is sometimes called 'Little Lebanon'.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reviewstream.com/reviews/?p=9614|title=Little Lebanon in Melbourne review|website=www.reviewstream.com|access-date=29 March 2020}}

In November 2016, Immigration Minister, Peter Dutton said that it was a mistake of a previous administration to have brought out Lebanese Muslim immigrants.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/18/australia-paying-for-immigration-mistakes-made-by-malcolm-fraser-says-peter-dutton |title=Australia is paying for Malcolm Fraser's immigration mistakes, says Peter Dutton |author=Davidson, Helen|date=18 November 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 November 2016}} Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop said Dutton was making a specific point about those charged with terrorism offences. "He made it quite clear that he respects and appreciates the contribution that the Lebanese community make in Australia".{{cite news|url=http://www.9news.com.au/national/2016/11/23/10/46/dutton-referring-to-lack-of-services-about-1970s-lebanese-immigration-bishop |title=Julie Bishop defends Peter Dutton's comments on Lebanese immigration|date=23 November 2016|work=Nine News|access-date=24 November 2016}}

According to the 2016 Australian census, 43.5% of the Lebanon-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-lebanon.PDF|title=Lebanon-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

{{See also|Somali Australians}}

Although the first Somali community in Victoria was established in 1988, most Somalis began to settle in the country in the early 1990s following the civil war in Somalia.{{cite web|url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730044423/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=55|archive-date=30 July 2008|title=Origins: History of immigration from Somalia - Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia|access-date=15 December 2014}} Somalis are active in the wider Australian Muslim community, and have also contributed significantly to local business.{{Cite web|url=http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2009/ce09090.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425114606/http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2009/ce09090.htm|archive-date=2013-04-25|title=Senator Evans to attend Somali festivities in Melbourne|date=25 April 2013|access-date=2 July 2022}} According to the 2016 Australian census, 93.4% of the Somalia-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-somalia.PDF|title=Somalia-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

{{See also|Turkish Australians}}

Turkish Muslims are a significant segment of the Australian Muslim community. Melbourne has the largest Turkish community in Australia,{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry?WebID=260|title=Ancestry {{!}} Australia {{!}} Community profile|website=profile.id.com.au|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119110231/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry?WebID=260}} with the majority of Turkish Muslims living around Broadmeadows and other northern suburbs. The majority of Turkish Muslims in Sydney are from Auburn, Eastlakes and Prestons. Despite still having a large Turkish population in Auburn and Eastlakes, According to the 2016 Australian census, 64.0% of the Turkey-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-turkey.PDF|title=Turkey-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

{{See also|Cocos Malays}}

According to the 2016 Australian census, only 5.2% of the Malaysia-born population in Australia was Muslim by faith.{{Cite web|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-malaysia.PDF|title=Malaysia-born: Community Information Summary|publisher=Department of Home Affairs}}

Concerns and contemporary issues facing the Australian Muslim community include rates of unemployment, the rights of women, concerns over Islamism and Islamic radicalism, among others.

Islamic preachers and clerics in Australia have been covered in the Australian press on account of the messages they have delivered publicly to the Muslim community or have otherwise shared with others in public settings. In some instances, various ideas and viewpoints espoused by these preachers have been subject of public or internal debate.{{cite book |last1=Rane |first1=Halim |author-link1=Halim Rane |title=Islam and the Australian news media |last2=Ewart |first2=Jacqui |last3=Abdalla |first3=Mohamad |publisher=Academic Monographs |year=2010 |isbn=9780522860047 |series=Volume 4 of the Islamic Studies Series |location=Carlton, Victoria}} Statements viewed as misogynistic and radically paternalistic have come under criticism.{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Christina |date=July–August 2007 |title=Muslim women's new defenders: Women's rights, nationalism and Islamophobia in contemporary Australia |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2007.05.002 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10453/3255}}

A number of incidents have highlighted the issues associated with Islamist extremism in Australia, including terrorism and militant activity.Kabir, Nahid Afrose. Muslims in Australia: immigration, race relations and cultural history. Routledge, 2004.

Several foreign terrorist organisations have sponsored the establishment of cells in Australia, including Lashkar-e-Taiba,Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18- 30.Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007). and Jemaah Islamiah.NATALIE O'BRIEN. [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/mother-of-militant-islams-dark-past/story-e6frg6n6-1111114006143?nk=35d4af11fed30e2be22266138d89df8a "Mother of militant Islam's dark past."] THE AUSTRALIAN. 21 July 2007.David Martin Jones, Sacred Violence: Political Religion in a Secular Age, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.{{rp|111}}Zachary Abuza, Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia, Routledge, 2006.{{rp|38}} Al-Shabaab is believed to have been behind the Holsworthy Barracks terror plot.Andrew Zammit, "THE HOLSWORTHY BARRACKS PLOT: A CASE STUDY OF AN AL-SHABAB SUPPORT NETWORK IN AUSTRALIA." 21 June 2012.Ian Munro, "Terror on Tap," Sydney Morning Herald, 24 December 2010.Raffaello Pantucci, "Operation Neath: Is Somalia's al-Shabaab Movement Active in Australia?" Terrorism Monitor 9:3 (2011).Leah Farrall, "What the al Shabab-al Qaeda Merger Means for Australia," The Conversation, 5 March 2012. A man known as "Ahmed Y" established a small militant group in Australia in 2001 and advocated the idea of establishing an Islamic State in Australia.Bendle, Mervyn F. "Secret Saudi funding of radical Islamic groups in Australia." National Observer 72 (2007): 7.{{rp|14}} Groups led by Abdul Nacer Benbrika and Khaled Cheikho were active in Melbourne and Sydney, respectively, until police arrested their members in 2005.{{cite news |date=9 November 2005 |title=Australia's Howard Says Fanatical Islam Behind Terror |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=aeKIiR31aBXo&refer=asia |work=Bloomberg |edition=2}}RACHEL OLDING, [http://m.smh.com.au/nsw/terrifying-legacy-emerges-from-success-of-operation-pendennis-20140823-106ow0.html "Terrifying Legacy Emerges From Success of Operation Pendennis."] Sydney Morning Herald. 24 August 2014. Instances of domestic terror inspired by radical political Islam include the plots by Faheem Khalid Lodhi, Abdul Nacer Benbrika and Joseph T. Thomas.

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), proscribed by the government as a terrorist organisation,{{cite web |title=Australian National Security - Islamic State |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708054051/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |archive-date=8 July 2017 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=Australian Government}} has targeted Australian Muslims for recruitment.{{cite news |author=Lloyd, Peter |date=21 June 2014 |title=Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-20/isis-fighter-identfied-as-an-australian-in-recruitment-video/5540116 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=ABC News}} Making use of social media, recruiters target those vulnerable to radicalisation,{{cite news |author=Crawford, Carly |date=10 May 2015 |title=Islamic State sets sights on exanding to Canberra |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/islamic-state-sets-sights-on-exanding-to-canberra/story-fni0fee2-1227349685613 |access-date=11 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun}}{{cite web |title=The rapid evolution of the ISIS death cult |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/the-rapid-evolution-of-the-isis-death-cult/story-e6frf7jo-1227282588525 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Heraldsun.com.au}} and encourage local jihad activities.{{cite news |last1=Bachelard |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Bachelard |last2=Wroe |first2=David |date=9 May 2015 |title=Keyboard warrior: Anzac terror plot accused Sevdet Besim allegedly guided online |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/keyboard-warrior-anzac-terror-plot-accused-sevdet-besim-allegedly-guided-online-20150509-ggxlaz.html |access-date=13 May 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}{{cite news |author=Maley, Paul |date=10 May 2015 |title=One missing piece in the Neil Prakash Islamic State puzzle |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/one-missing-piece-in-the-neil-prakash-islamic-state-puzzle/story-e6frg6z6-1227347465597 |access-date=13 May 2015 |work=The Australian}} Some of those targeted have been minors, including a teenager who was arrested in Melbourne in May 2015 for plotting to detonate home-made bombs.{{cite news |author=Dowling, James |date=11 May 2015 |title=Teenager accused of terrorist bomb plot spread radical views of British hate preacher |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/teenager-accused-of-terrorist-bomb-plot-spread-radical-views-of-british-hate-preacher/story-fni0fee2-1227350985154 |access-date=12 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun}} In June 2014, the government claimed that roughly 150 Australians had been recruited to fight in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq."Australia Warns of Islamic Militant Migration: Australia Increases Counterterrorism Strategies to Combat Threat." The Wall Street Journal. 24 June 2014.{{cite news |last=Bourke |first=Latika |author-link=Latika Bourke |date=19 June 2014 |title=Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-19/150-australians-fighting-with-extremists-in-iraq-and-syria/5535018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119174212/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-19/150-australians-fighting-with-extremists-in-iraq-and-syria/5535018 |archive-date=19 January 2016 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=ABC News}} A list released in April 2015 showed that most were young males who have come from a range of occupations, including students.{{cite news |author=Chambers, Geoff |date=16 April 2015 |title=Revealed: Full list of Aussie jihadis fighting with ISIS in Syria and Iraq |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/revealed-full-list-of-aussie-jihadis-fighting-with-isis-in-syria-and-iraq/story-fni0cx12-1227306163660 |access-date=27 April 2015 |work=Daily Telegraph}} It was also reported at the time that 20 Australians had been killed fighting overseas for terror groups, with 249 suspected jihadists prevented from leaving Australia.{{cite news |last1=Doorley |first1=Neil |last2=Snowdon |first2=Tom |date=20 April 2015 |title=Queensland terror suspects removed from flights |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/queensland-terror-suspects-removed-from-flights/story-fnii5v70-1227311096107 |access-date=20 April 2015 |work=Herald Sun}} The Border Force Counter-Terrorism Unit, tasked with stopping jihadists from leaving the country,{{cite news |date=16 March 2015 |title=Australian counter-terror police 'stopping 400 per day' - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31900876 |access-date=30 March 2015 |work=BBC News}} had cancelled more than 100 passports by the end of March 2015. Several jihadists have expressed the desire to return to Australia,{{cite news |author=Dowling, James |date=20 May 2015 |title=Australian laws stopping Melbourne woman leaving IS, father says |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/australian-laws-stopping-melbourne-woman-leaving-is-father-says/story-fni0fee2-1227360837677 |access-date=20 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun}} but Prime Minister Tony Abbott has said that any who do would be prosecuted on their arrival.{{cite news |author=Owens, Jarad |date=19 May 2015 |title=Returning Islamic State foreign fighters face jail, Abbott says |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/returning-islamic-state-foreign-fighters-face-jail-abbott-says/story-fnpdbcmu-1227360196499 |access-date=20 May 2015 |work=The Australian}}{{cite news |author=Maley, Paul |date=20 May 2015 |title=Cold comfort and jail for returning jihadists |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/cold-comfort-and-jail-for-returning-jihadists/story-fnpdbcmu-1227360829593 |access-date=20 May 2015 |work=The Australian}}

In December 2015 the Director General of ASIO Duncan Lewis stated that the number of Australians seeking to travel overseas to fight with groups such as ISIS had "plateaued a bit" due to better awareness of the issue among the Islamic community, few young Australians being attracted to ISIS and improvements to the speed with which passports could be cancelled. He also stated that a "tiny, tiny" proportion of Australian Muslims were influenced by ISIS. At this time the government believed there were around 110 Australians fighting with extremist groups, which was slightly lower than previous levels, and 44 Australians had been killed in Syria.{{cite news |last1=Wroe |first1=David |date=16 December 2015 |title=Flow of Australian Islamic State fighters has hit 'plateau', says ASIO boss |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/flow-of-australian-islamic-state-fighters-has-hit-plateau-says-asio-boss-20151216-glp6ur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217155831/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/flow-of-australian-islamic-state-fighters-has-hit-plateau-says-asio-boss-20151216-glp6ur.html |archive-date=17 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |work=The Canberra Times}}

In an Australia-wide survey published in November 2015, which was based on 1,573 interviews, which asked, "What is the likelihood that Islamic State will carry out a large scale terrorist attack in Australia?" 24% of the respondents said "it is inevitable", 23% said "very likely" and 29% said "likely". Greens' voters were least concerned about an attack.{{cite news |author=Hudson Phillip |date=23 November 2015 |title=Australians fear terror will hit home: Newspoll |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/australians-fear-terror-will-hit-home-newspoll/story-fnpdbcmu-1227618940517 |access-date=2 December 2015 |work=The Australian}}{{cite news |date=23 November 2015 |title=NewsPoll |url=http://resources.news.com.au/files/2015/11/22/1227618/907024-151123terror.pdf |access-date=2 December 2015 |work=The Australian}}

In May 2017, answering the questions during the Australian Senate-hearing, Duncan Lewis, the director-general of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, stated that there's de facto no connection between refugees and terrorism in Australia whilst adding: "But the context is very important. The reason they are terrorists is not because they are refugees but because of the violent, extremist interpretation of Sunni Islam that they have adopted."{{cite web |last=Hunter |first=Fergus |date=30 May 2017 |title=ASIO chief Duncan Lewis: Radical Sunni Islam, not refugees, the source of terrorism |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/asio-chief-duncan-lewis-radical-sunni-islam-not-refugees-the-source-of-terrorism-20170531-gwgsex.html |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}

Saudi Arabia has been involved in the funding of Sunni-Salafi mosques, schools and charitable organisations, a university and Australian Islamic institutions, with estimates up to $120 million.{{cite news |author=Kerbaj, Richard |date=3 May 2008 |title=Saudis' secret agenda |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/saudis-secret-agenda/news-story/e031232505e2600131829b336640aab6 |access-date=26 April 2017 |work=The Australian}}{{cite web |date=25 November 2002 |title=Mosques hooked on foreign cash lifelines |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/24/1037697986285.html |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Smh.com.au}} This funding has generated tensions between Australian Muslim organisations.{{cite news |date=10 September 2005 |title=Revealed: the Saudis' paymaster in Australia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/revealed-the-saudis-paymaster-in-australia/2005/09/09/1125772698477.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}} In 2015, it was uncovered by WikiLeaks, that the Saudi Government has provided finance to build Salafi mosques, to support Sunni Islamic community activities and to fund visits by Sunni clerics to "counter Shiite influence".{{cite news |author=Dorling, Philip |date=20 June 2015 |title=WikiLeaks 'Saudi Cables' reveal secret Saudi government influence in Australia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/wikileaks-saudi-cables-reveal-secret-saudi-government-influence-in-australia-20150620-ght4kp.html |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}

{{Main|Islam and antisemitism|Antisemitism in Australia}}

The leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir has said that the Jews "are evil creatures",{{cite news |author=Ari Gross, Judith |date=13 March 2015 |title=Australian Muslim leader calls Jews 'evil creatures' |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/australian-muslim-leader-calls-jews-evil-creatures/ |access-date=5 April 2015 |work=The Times of Israel}} and the principal of Al-Taqwa College told students that ISIL is a scheme created by Israel.{{cite news |title=Islamic State is a plot by Western countries, Victoria's Al-Taqwa College principal tells students |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/islamic-state-is-a-plot-by-western-countries-victorias-altaqwa-college-principal-tells-students-20150323-1m51a0.html |access-date=5 April 2015 |work=The Age}} An Islamic bookstore in Lakemba was found to be selling a children's book that describes Jews as "much conceited" and intent on world domination.{{cite news |author=Auerbach, Taylor |date=2 April 2015 |title=Islamic State grooming Aussie teens as young as 14 for terror army online |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/islamic-state-grooming-aussie-teens-as-young-as-14-for-terror-army-online/story-fnpn118l-1227288477523 |access-date=2 April 2015 |work=Daily Telegraph}}

Sheik Taj el-Din al-Hilali, former Grand Mufti of Australia said, "Jews try to control the world through sex, then sexual perversion, then the promotion of espionage, treason and economic hoarding"{{cite news |date=27 October 2006 |title=Muddle headed Mufti |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/muddle-headed-mufti/story-e6frg6z6-1111112423726 |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=The Australian}}{{cite news |author=Jones, Jeremy |title=Confronting Reality: Anti-Semitism in Australia Today |url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-jones-f04.htm |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs}} with Christians and Jews being, "the worst in God's creation".{{cite news |date=27 October 2006 |title=Excerpts of al-Hilali's speech |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6089008.stm |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |location=Asia-Pacific}} At a Victorian university, a Muslim group held workshops based on the teachings of Islamic scholars who have recommended the death penalty for homosexuals and apostates, promoted terrorism and preached hatred of Jews and Christians.{{cite news |author=Baxendale, Rachel |date=4 October 2015 |title=Extremist Muslim group to hold workshops at Deakin University |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/extremist-muslim-group-to-hold-workshops-at-deakin-university/story-e6frg6nf-1227554797893 |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=The Australian}}

Dvir Abramovich, a Jewish community leader, said he was deeply troubled by Sheik Hassan's "divisive rhetoric".{{cite news |author=Baxendale, Rachel |date=7 November 2016 |title=Sydney sheik Youssef Hassan downplays Jewish hate claim |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/sydney-sheik-youssef-hassan-downplays-jewish-hate-claim/news-story/8cf673042d96ac80254c6934a3712ddd |access-date=9 November 2016 |work=The Australian}}

{{Main|Islamic extremism|Wahhabism|Salafi jihadism}}

Material sold at some Sunni Islamic bookshops have raised concerns. For example, the Islamic Information Bookshop in Melbourne was stocking literature "calling for violence against non-Muslims";{{cite web |date=19 July 2005 |title=Row over Melbourne 'holy war' book sales - War on Terror - Features - In Depth |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/war-on-terror/row-over-melbourne-holy-war-book-sales/2005/07/18/1121538915909.html |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Theage.com.au}} the Al Risalah Bookshop{{cite web |author=Maley, Paul |date=27 February 2015 |title=Meet the point man for radical Islam |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/meet-the-point-man-for-radical-islam/story-fnpdbcmu-1227240723502 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=The Australian}} {{subscription required}} was said to be "encouraging young Australians to fight in Syria";{{cite news |date=30 May 2013 |title=Sheikhs in Sydney's Al Risalah book store encouraging young Muslims to get involved in Syria's conflict - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-30/sheikhs-encourage-young-australians-to-fight-in-syria/4724432 |access-date=30 March 2015 |newspaper=ABC News |publisher=Abc.net.au}}{{cite news |author=Chambers, Geoff |date=15 October 2014 |title=Aussie sheik Abu Sulayman is hunted by both IS and US forces |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/national/aussie-sheik-abu-sulayman-is-hunted-by-both-is-and-us-forces/story-fnpn0zn5-1227090642757 |access-date=11 April 2015 |work=Daily Telegraph}} and the Al-Furqan Bookshop{{cite news |last1=Welch |first1=Dylan |last2=Chadwick |first2=Vince |date=12 September 2012 |title=What is the Al-Furqan centre? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/what-is-the-alfurqan-centre-20120912-25sj3.html |access-date=18 April 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}{{cite news |author=Dowling, James |date=16 May 2015 |title=Revealed: The split that created Al-Furqan |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/revealed-the-split-that-created-al-furqan/story-fni0fit3-1227357686428 |access-date=21 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun}} was said to be polarising members with extreme views.{{cite web |title=Radical Islamic group : Inside the world of radical group Al-Furqan |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/radical-islamic-group-inside-the-world-of-radical-group-alfurqan/story-fni0fit3-1227069635938 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Heraldsun.com.au}}

The Bukhari House Islamic Bookshop{{cite news |date=31 July 2011 |title=Extremists lure young minds |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/extremists-lure-young-minds-20110730-1i5e0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210516/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/extremists-lure-young-minds-20110730-1i5e0.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}} in Auburn, New South Wales, which is aligned to the Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah Association has featured heavily in counter-terrorism raids.{{cite news |author=Olding, Rachel |date=26 September 2014 |title=Members of Street Dawah preaching group feature heavily in Sydney's counter-terrorism raids |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/members-of-street-dawah-preaching-group-feature-heavily-in-sydneys-counterterrorism-raids-20140927-10myuk.html |access-date=16 October 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}} The gunman responsible for the 2015 Parramatta shooting is said to have spent his final days under the influence of Bukhari House leaders.{{cite news |author=Colvin, Mark |date=9 October 2015 |title=Bukhari House linked to Parramatta killer |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4328772.htm |access-date=16 October 2015 |work=ABC News}}

In Brisbane, the iQraa Bookstore was said to promote extremism.{{cite news |author=Doorley, Neil |date=6 September 2012 |title=Islamic bookshop run by brother of suicide bomber 'promotes extremism' |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/islamic-bookshop-run-by-brother-of-suicide-bomber-promotes-extremism/story-fnihsrf2-1227049545344 |access-date=7 April 2015 |work=Courier Mail}}{{cite web |date=10 September 2014 |title=Islamic centre raided: Police search Logan centre linked to Syria conflict, two men arrested - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-10/two-men-arrested-after-raid-on-islamic-centre/5733134 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Abc.net.au}} It was reported in 2015 that the al-Furqan and al-Risalah bookshops had both closed, but concern has been raised that this might be the "worst thing that could happen" as they provided a place for people to go to "express their frustrations".{{cite news |last1=Bachelard |first1=Michael |last2=Bucci |first2=Nino |date=26 April 2015 |title=How do you solve a problem like radical Islam? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-radical-islam-20150426-1msu8u.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}

A number of forums and meetings have been held about the problem of extremist groups or ideology within the Australian Islamic community.{{cite news |title=BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Sydney's Muslims fear revenge attacks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2331947.stm |access-date=15 December 2014}} After the London bombings in 2005, Prime Minister John Howard established a Muslim Community Reference Group to assist governmental relations with the Muslim community.

Sydney's Muslim leaders, including Keysar Trad, have condemned the actions of suicide bombers and denounced ISIS.{{cite news |last1=Benson |first1=Simon |last2=Mullany |first2=Ashley |date=19 July 2014 |title=Sydney teen kills five in suicide bombing on crowded Iraqi market |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/sydney-teen-kills-five-in-suicide-bombing-on-crowded-iraqi-market/story-fni0cx12-1226994186108 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=Daily Telegraph}} The Shia community in Australia have also expressed their concern regarding ISIS.{{cite news |date=4 November 2014 |title=Shia Muslims stand against IS at annual Ashura march in Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-04/ashura-rally-shia-muslim-sydney-peace/5864876 |access-date=15 February 2015 |publisher=ABC News (Australia)}}{{cite news |author=Jordan, Bev |date=19 August 2014 |title=Young Muslims 'sick to the stomach' over homegrown jihadists |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/the-hills/young-muslims-sick-to-the-stomach-over-homegrown-jihadists/story-fngr8i1f-1227028540050 |access-date=16 April 2015 |work=Hills Shire Times}} In February 2015, Ameer Ali former president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils called on religious leaders to oppose Islamic State as, "I haven't heard so far any single imam in this country that has named IS and condemned it."{{cite web |title=Islamic State: Perth university student Muhammed Sheglabo joins fighters in Middle East |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26386528/islamic-state-perth-university-student-muhammed-sheglabo-joins-fighters-in-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309153218/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26386528/islamic-state-perth-university-student-muhammed-sheglabo-joins-fighters-in-middle-east/ |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Au.news.yahoo.com}}

Glenn Mohammed a Muslim lawyer has written, "Muslims need to be able to discuss these issues openly and denounce barbaric behaviour. Instead, we choose to remain silent and then criticise a government that tries to make Australia safer."{{cite news |author=Mohammed, Glenn |date=29 August 2014 |title=My Muslim religion has problems that need fixing |url=http://www.theage.com.au/comment/my-muslim-religion-has-problems-that-need-fixing-20140828-109ibb.html |access-date=4 January 2014 |work=The Age}} Psychiatrist Tanveer Ahmed has examined underlying causes and has identified the significance of issues relating to 'family' and to 'denial'. He has said, "Muslim youths have unique difficulties in coming to terms with their identity, especially when they have conflicting value systems at home compared with school or work".{{cite news |author=Ahmed, Tanveer |date=14 August 2014 |title=Muslim communities must face up to bad apples |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/muslim-communities-must-face-up-to-bad-apples/story-e6frg6zo-1227023500827 |access-date=14 August 2014 |work=The Australian}}

In September 2014, the external affairs secretary of Australia's Ahmadiyya muslims, urged the Islamic community to denounce ISIS, "because they know very well that ISIS is responsible for brutal, reprehensible killings of Muslims in Syria and Iraq".{{cite news |author=Callick, Rowan |date=29 September 2014 |title=Ahmadiyya Muslims back Australian drive against jihadist radicalisation |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/ahmadiyya-muslims-back-australian-drive-against-jihadist-radicalisation/story-fnpdbcmu-1227073258049 |access-date=4 December 2015 |work=The Australian}}

Peter Jennings, Executive Director of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute has said Australian Muslim leaders need to recognise that there are a "disturbing number of radicalised ideologues" who do not believe Islam is peaceful. He says, "some dramatic self-healing is needed".{{cite news |author=Jennings, Peter |date=10 January 2015 |title=Islamist terrorists in the West betray a pattern of behaviour |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/islamist-terrorists-in-the-west-betray-a-pattern-of-behaviour/story-e6frg6z6-1227180118306 |access-date=10 January 2015 |work=The Australian}}

In May 2015, the Abbott government committed a further AU$450 million to fight home-grown terrorism.{{cite news |last1=Kenny |first1=Mark |last2=Wroe |first2=David |date=12 May 2015 |title=Federal budget 2015: Abbott government commits $450m more to fight local jihadis |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/federal-budget/federal-budget-2015-abbott-government-commits-450m-more-to-fight-local-jihadis-20150511-ggz828.html |access-date=12 May 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}

Muslim leaders have criticised the current Grand Mufti of Australia, following the Muftis response to the November 2015 Paris attacks.{{cite news |author=Virtue, Rob |date=17 November 2015 |title=Muslim cleric blasted for claiming racism from West could have prompted Paris attacks |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/620042/Muslim-cleric-racism-from-West-prompted-Paris-attacks |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Express}} Ameer Ali has said, "The problem I have with the Mufti is he cannot communicate in English. That means he has to rely on the people around him."{{cite news |author=Benns, Matthew |date=19 November 2015 |title=Muslim leaders question role of non-English speaking Grand Mufti's advisers and translators |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/muslim-leaders-question-role-of-non-english-speaking-grand-muftis-advisers-and-translators/story-fni0cx12-1227614464252 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Daily Telegraph}} Anthony Albanese described the Grand Mufti's contribution as "completely unacceptable".{{cite news |author=Kenny, Mark |date=1 December 2015 |title=Grand Mufti controversy: The truth some say should not be spoken |url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/grand-mufti-controversy-the-truth-some-say-should-not-be-spoken-20151201-glcnsi.html |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}} Josh Frydenberg along with other senior politicians have urged moderate Islamic leaders to speak with one voice against extremism.{{cite news |author=Lewis, Rosie |date=30 November 2015 |title=Terror highlights 'problem in Islam', says Josh Frydenberg |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/terror-highlights-problem-in-islam-says-josh-frydenberg/story-fnpdbcmu-1227627609034 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=The Australian}}

The founder of Australia's biggest Muslim media organisation Ahmed Kilani is seeking a "revolution" within the Islamic community and has called upon Muslim leaders to unequivocally repudiate violence conducted in the name of Islam.{{cite news |author=Maley, Paul |date=3 December 2015 |title=Out with the old guard: call for 'revolution' in Muslim community |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/community-under-siege/out-with-the-old-guard-call-for-revolution-in-muslim-community/story-fnubfp6c-1227631756490 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=The Australian}} Dr Recep Dogan of Charles Sturt University's Centre for Islamic Sciences and Civilisation, said as Muslim leaders in Australia do not seem to be engaged at a community level.{{cite news |author=Chang, Charis |date=25 November 2015 |title=Is there a problem with Islam? |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/politics/is-there-a-problem-with-islam/news-story/1e04a2eb51928e79b39e4676b41c90ef |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=News Ltd}}

During an interview on ABC Lateline program, the authors of a book entitled Islam and the Future of Tolerance, Sam Harris, an atheist and neuroscientist, and Maajid Nawaz, a former Hizb-ut-Tahrir member, argued that Islam has failed to modernise. Harris said, "We have a task ahead of us, a monumental task ahead of us, and that is to begin the process of adapting, reinterpreting our scriptures for the modern day and age."{{cite news |author=Rao, Shoba |date=29 October 2015 |title=An atheist and Muslim call on all Muslims to help reform Islam so it is more modern, not used for evil |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/an-atheist-and-muslim-call-on-all-muslims-to-help-reform-islam-so-it-is-more-modern-not-used-for-evil/story-e6frfmyi-1227586147786 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030175954/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/an-atheist-and-muslim-call-on-all-muslims-to-help-reform-islam-so-it-is-more-modern-not-used-for-evil/story-e6frfmyi-1227586147786 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=News Ltd}} Politician Andrew Hastie has said, "Modern Islam needs to cohere with the Australian way of life, our values and institutions. In so far as it doesn't, it needs reform."{{cite news |author=Whinnett, Ellen |date=30 November 2015 |title=Islam must change: War hero MP Andrew Hastie leads radical push |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/islam-must-change-war-hero-mp-andrew-hastie-leads-radical-push/news-story/039933aae6375358724ad7c63f4ee9e7 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Herald Sun}} Former federal Treasurer, Peter Costello has said, "Islamic scholars need to tell would-be jihadis, why these difficult sections of the Koran and the Hadiths," which may have been acceptable in the 7th century, "are not to be taken literally and not to be followed today".{{cite news |author=Peter Costello |author-link=Peter Costello |date=24 November 2015 |title=Extremism needs to be wiped out of Islam |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/extremism-needs-to-be-wiped-out-of-islam/story-fni0cwl5-1227620001361 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Daily Telegraph}}

Former Prime Minister, Tony Abbott has said, "there needs to be a concerted 'hearts and minds' campaign against the versions of Islam that make excuses for terrorists".{{cite news |author=Benson, Simon |date=9 December 2015 |title=Tony Abbott says Islam must change, and we shouldn't apologise for our Western values |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/tony-abbott-says-islam-must-change-and-we-shouldnt-apologise-for-our-western-values/story-fni0cx12-1227638451535 |access-date=9 December 2015 |work=Daily Telegraph}}{{cite news |author=Nicholas McCallum |date=9 December 2015 |title=Abbott calls for Islamic 'religious revolution', the destruction of ISIS |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/30312653/abbott-calls-for-islamic-religious-revolution-the-destruction-of-isis/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |work=Seven News}}

However, Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia) spokesman, Uthman Badar, said, "Islam is not up for negotiation or reform. Islam is what it is."{{cite news |author=Howden, Saffron |date=2 November 2015 |title=Islam is not up for negotiation or reform. Islam is what it is. |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/islam-is-not-up-for-negotiation-or-reform-islam-is-what-it-is-20151101-gko616.html |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}} Hizb ut-Tahrir advocates capital punishment for apostates.{{cite news |author=Seymour, Bryran |date=27 March 2017 |title='We don't shy away from that': Islamic group in Australia calls for ex-Muslims to be executed |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/nsw/a/34811965/hizb-ut-tahrir-islamic-group-in-australia-calls-for-ex-muslims-to-be-executed/ |access-date=29 March 2017 |work=Yahoo News}} Australia's Race Discrimination Commissioner, Tim Soutphommasane has said that Hizb ut-Tahrir's views are, "absurd."{{cite news |author=Howden, Saffron |date=3 November 2015 |title=Race Discrimination Commissioner Tim Soutphommasane labels Hizb ut-Tahrir views 'absurd' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/race-discrimination-commissioner-tim-soutphommasane-labels-hizb-uttahrir-views-absurd-20151102-gkpazj.html |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}

In December 2015 the Grand Mufti of Australia and several high profile imams issued a new year's message supporting a fatwa against Islamic State. In the message they stated that "most Islamic Legal Circles and Fatwa Boards have condemned ISIS", and warned young people to avoid the organisation's propaganda.{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Natalie |date=3 January 2015 |title=Muslim leaders including the Grand Mufti of Australia back fatwa against Islamic State |url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/muslim-leaders-including-the-grand-mufti-of-australia-back-fatwa-against-isis-20160101-glxtbp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104201328/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/muslim-leaders-including-the-grand-mufti-of-australia-back-fatwa-against-isis-20160101-glxtbp.html |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |work=The Canberra Times}}

In March 2017, the Prime Minister said that since September 2014 Australian security forces have disrupted 12 planned domestic attacks and charged 62 people with terrorist-related offences.{{cite news |author=Coorey, Phillip |date=23 March 2017 |title=London terror an attack on all democracies: Malcolm Turnbull |url=http://www.afr.com/news/london-terror-an-attack-on-all-democracies-malcolm-turnbull-20170322-gv4crs |access-date=23 March 2017 |work=Australian Financial Review}}

In December 2018, Australian authorities stripped a jihadist who had fought for ISIS and was held in Turkey on terror-related charges of his Australian citizenship. He had left Australia for Syria in 2013. The jihadist had both Australian and Fijian citizenship and according to Australian law, an individual holding dual citizenship can be stripped of citizenship if convicted or suspected of terror offences.{{Cite news |date=29 December 2018 |title=Australian jihadist stripped of citizenship |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-46706710 |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

{{see also|Islamophobia in Australia}}

According to some scholars, a particular trend of anti-Muslim prejudice has developed in Australia since the late 1980s Poynting, Scott, and Victoria Mason. "The resistible rise of Islamophobia Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001". Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (2007): 61-86. Since the 2001 World Trade Center attacks in New York, and the 2005 Bali bombings, Islam and its place in Australian society has been the subject of much public debate.{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/sp/muslim_australians.htm|title=Muslim Australians – E-Brief|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127092113/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/sp/muslim_australians.htm|archive-date=27 January 2012|date=6 March 2007|publisher=Australian Parliament Library}}

A report published in 2004 by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission pointed to many Muslim Australians who felt the Australian media was unfairly critical of, and often vilified their community due to generalisations of terrorism and the emphasis on crime. The use of ethnic or religious labels in news reports about crime was thought to stir up racial tensions.{{cite web |url=http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/report/chap2.html |title=National consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians |access-date=9 July 2008 |date=16 June 2004 |publisher=HREOC }}

After the White Australia immigration laws were replaced with multicultural policies the social disadvantage of Muslims was thought to have been alleviated. Some sources, however, note that Muslims now face some disadvantages on account of their religion.{{rp|15–16}} At times there has been opposition to the construction of new mosques in Australia. A 2014 report from the Islamic Sciences and Research Academy, University of Western Sydney, on mosques in New South Wales found that 44 percent of mosques in the state had "experienced resistance from the local community when the mosque was initially proposed". In around 20 percent of these cases opposition was from a small number of people.{{cite web|last1=Underabi|first1=Husnia|title=Mosques of Sydney and New South Wales|url=http://uws.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/754140/IS0001_ISRA_NSW_Msq_Rprt.pdf|publisher=Charles Sturt University; ISRA Australia; University of Western Sydney|page=46}}

According to Michael Humphrey, a professor of sociology at the University of Sydney, much of Islamic culture and organisation in Australia has been borne of the social marginalisation experiences of Muslim working class migrants. He states, "Islam in Australia is culturally and theologically plural by virtue of its diverse social and geographical origins which has brought together Muslims from very different cultural, sect, linguistic and national backgrounds".{{cite book |last=Humphrey |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsRbpV8P5oC |title=Muslim Communities in Australia |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-86840-580-3 |editor1-last=Akbarzadeh |editor1-first=Shahram |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsRbpV8P5oC&q=%22%22negotiate%20their%20Muslimness%22%22 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49] |chapter=An Australian Islam? Religion in the Multicultural City |editor2-last=Saeed |editor2-first=Abdullah |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsRbpV8P5oC&pg=PA33}}^p. 35 He states that despite the rhetoric of equity, Australian "multiculturalism differentiates and values cultures differently according to undeclared criteria".^p. 37 While the Australian migration policy assumes that migrants would succumb to the dominant individualising and secularising processes to leave their cultural identities behind, or confine them to private spheres at minimum; the host society treats Muslims as a force of "cultural resistance" toward the self perceived multicultural and secular nature of Australian culture.^p. 36 This narrative results in the "negotiation of 'Muslimness' in the multicultural societies of the West [Australia]"^p.35 Ultimately, "Muslim culture and identity [in Australia] is reduced, simplified and its diversity ignored".^p. 35 Muslim practices of praying, fasting and veiling appear in the Australian western lens as challenging the conformity within public spaces and the values of gender equality in social relationships and individual rights. The immigrant Muslims are often required to "negotiate their Muslimness" in the course of their daily encounters with Australian society, the governmental and other social institutions and bureaucracies.

A poll of nearly 600 Muslim residents of Sydney released in November 2015 found that the respondents were three to five times more likely to have experienced racism than the general Australian population. However, approximately 97 per cent of the Muslim respondents reported that they had friendly relations with non-Muslims and felt welcome in Australia.{{cite news|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|title=Sydney Muslims feel at home despite very high racism exposure, survey finds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/nov/30/sydney-muslims-feel-at-home-despite-very-high-racism-exposure-survey-finds|access-date=30 November 2015|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2015}}

In an Australia-wide survey published in November 2015, which was based on 1,573 interviews, which asked, "Are Muslims that live in Australia doing enough to integrate into the Australian community, or should they be doing more?", only 20% of respondents thought Muslims are currently "doing enough".{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/australians-fear-terror-will-hit-home-newspoll/story-fnpdbcmu-1227618940517 |title=Australians fear terror will hit home: Newspoll | author=Hudson Phillip|date=23 November 2015|work=The Australian|access-date=2 December 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://resources.news.com.au/files/2015/11/22/1227618/907024-151123terror.pdf |title= NewsPoll|date=23 November 2015|work=The Australian|access-date=2 December 2015}}

A poll conducted by the University of South Australia's International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding which was released in 2016 found that 10 per cent of Australians have hostile attitudes towards Muslims.{{cite news|last1=Brooth|first1=Meredith|title=One in 10 Australians 'highly Islamophobic' and have a fear of Muslims|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/community-under-siege/only-one-in-10-of-us-fears-or-dreads-muslims/news-story/1f821c2f8ea983e6a51689effdd10910|access-date=24 January 2016|work=The Australian|date=20 January 2016}} The accompanying report concluded that "the great majority of Australians in all states and regions are comfortable to live alongside Australian Muslims".{{cite book|last1=Hassan|first1=Riaz|last2=Martin|first2=Bill|title=Islamophobia, social distance and fear of terrorism in Australia: A Preliminary Report|url=http://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/MnM/Publications/Islamophobia_report.pdf|publisher=International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding|access-date=24 January 2016|page=6|date=2015|isbn=978-0-9874076-2-7|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004072601/http://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/MnM/Publications/Islamophobia_report.pdf}}

A Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia Inc has been established. An Australian speaking tour by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, was proposed for April 2017. Because of her alleged Islamophobia, the Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia told organisers that there would be 5,000 protesters outside the Festival Hall in Melbourne if she was to speak at that venue.{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/ayaan-hirsi-ali-islam-critic-and-author-cancels-australian-tour/news-story/130e9e7659bcc8de20f4cb03fd6c164d |title=Islam critic Ayaan Hirsi Ali cancels tour |author=Maly, Paul|date=4 April 2017|work=The Australian|access-date=4 April 2017}} Her Australian tour was cancelled.{{cite news|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/34888839/islam-critic-hirsi-ali-cancels-aust-tour|title=Islam critic Hirsi Ali cancels Aust tour|author=Tasker, Belinda|date=3 April 2017|work=Yahoo News|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170008/https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/34888839/islam-critic-hirsi-ali-cancels-aust-tour/}} It is likely that Australian Muslims are facing up to six times exclusion from the society.BIN AMIN, Umar. Muslim Employment in Commonwealth Government Departments and Agencies in the Context of Access and Equity. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, [S.l.], p. 1-19, June 2016. ISSN 2442-9848

{{Main|Women in Islam}}

As part of the broader issue of women's rights and Islam, the gender inequality in Islam has often been the focal point of criticism in Australia through comparisons to the situation of women in Islamic nations. Muslim women can face hurdles both from within the Muslim community and from the wider community.{{cite web |date=6 March 2007 |title=Muslim Australians – E-Brief |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/sp/muslim_australians.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127092113/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/sp/muslim_australians.htm |archive-date=27 January 2012 |publisher=Australian Parliament Library}}{{cite web |date=12 September 2006 |title=Heed the PM's call for women's rights - Janet Albrechtsen - The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20360329-32522,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912003413/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20360329-32522,00.html |archive-date=12 September 2006 |access-date=21 March 2018}} Following a successful appeal to the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal by a Muslim lady, who believes it is a sin to be seen without a niqab, the policy of the Monash hospital is now for female doctors to attend to female patients, if requested.{{cite news |date=6 May 2015 |title=Melbourne hospital agrees to female-only doctor requests after Muslim patient complains |url=http://www.9news.com.au/health/2015/05/06/04/56/melbourne-hospital-agrees-to-female-only-doctor-requests |access-date=13 May 2015 |work=Nine News}} Several Melbourne councils have women-only sessions in their swimming pools. Monash Council has provided a curtain to ensure privacy for Muslim women.{{cite news |author=Masanauskas, John |date=11 February 2011 |title=Hefty bill for Muslim women's privacy at public swimming pool |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/hefty-bill-for-muslim-womens-privacy-at-public-swimming-pool/story-e6frf7kx-1226004006696 |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun}}{{cite news |author=Masanauskas, John |date=20 March 2013 |title=Backlash against Muslim enclaves |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/backlash-against-muslim-enclaves/story-e6frf7kx-1226601928100 |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun}}

It has been reported that a "growing number of Muslim men [have] multiple wives"; the same story cited Islamic Friendship Association of Australia president Keysar Trad as stating that there were "not many more than 50" polygamist Muslim families in Australia.{{cite web |title=Growing number of Muslim men and multiple wives exploiting loophoole for taxpayer handouts |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/growing-number-of-muslim-men-and-multiple-wives-exploiting-loophoole-for-taxpayer-handouts/story-e6frf7jo-1225837150560 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=heraldsun.com.au}} Centrelink has been paying spousal benefits to Islamic families with several wives, with Centrelink saying that the payment of spousal benefits for multiple wives is done to save taxpayers' money, rather than paying single-parent-benefits for each wife.{{cite news |date=11 December 2016 |title=Anger over Centrelink benefits for multiple Muslim wives |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/anger-over-centrelink-benefits-for-multiple-muslim-wives/news-story/7dfb6e2004e5439b0b2051f91d686fad |access-date=11 December 2016 |work=The Australian}}

The AFIC has advocated Australian Muslims being able to marry and divorce under the principles of Sharia law, saying that Australian Muslims should enjoy "legal pluralism".{{cite news |author=Jacquelyn Hole |date=17 May 2011 |title=Muslim group wants sharia law in Australia |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-17/muslim-group-wants-sharia-law-in-australia/2717096 |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=ABC}}{{cite news |author=Patricia Karvelas |date=17 May 2011 |title=Muslims to push for sharia |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/muslims-use-multiculturalism-to-push-for-sharia/story-fn59niix-1226057100331022 |access-date=25 February 2015 |newspaper=The Australian}} There are Sharia law based mediation centres in Sydney and Melbourne.{{cite news |author=Seymour, Brian |date=26 April 2016 |title=Law of the Land? Is Sharia Law operating in our suburbs? |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/31440296/law-of-the-land-is-sharia-law-operating-in-our-suburbs/ |access-date=4 May 2016 |work=Yahoo7 News}} To expedite a religious divorce, Australian Muslim women often agree to sharia law principles which result in an unequal distribution of assets and rights.{{cite news |author=Magnay, Jacquelin |date=23 December 2015 |title=Women living in the shadow of Sharia law |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/women-living-in-the-shadow-of-sharia-law/news-story/69b4504acdf5607a527600ed954ef5b9 |access-date=24 December 2015 |work=The Australian}} A Melbourne based, Muslim lawyer has said, "his clients, almost all female, say they have been disadvantaged by Sharia settlements."

At a major Sydney mosque women are required to remain behind tinted glass on the second floor.{{cite news |author=Howden, Saffron |date=25 October 2015 |title=Muslims really aren't this 'other', nefarious group |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/muslims-really-arent-this-other-nefarious-group-20151024-gkhrn3.html |access-date=4 May 2016 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}{{cite news |author=Devine, Miranda |date=31 May 2013 |title=Miranda Devine spends a day at Lakemba Mosque |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/miranda-devine-spends-a-day-at-lakemba-mosque/story-fni0cx12-1226654019818 |access-date=4 May 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}

The leader of the Islamic Information and Services Network of Australasia, Samir Abu Hamza has told his followers that it is permissible to hit women as a, "last resort" but, "you are not allowed to bruise them . . . or to make them bleed".{{cite news |date=22 January 2009 |title=It's OK to hit your wife, says Melbourne Islamic cleric Samir Abu Hamza |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/wife-hitting-lecture-taken-out-of-context/story-e6frfkx0-1111118630373 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511074746/http://www.news.com.au/national/wife-hitting-lecture-taken-out-of-context/story-e6frfkx0-1111118630373 |archive-date=11 May 2010 |access-date=10 March 2017 |work=News Ltd}}{{cite news |author=Malkin, Bonnie |date=22 January 2009 |title=Islamic cleric advises worshippers to rape and beat wives |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/4314334/Islamic-cleric-advises-worshippers-to-rape-and-beat-wives.html |access-date=10 March 2017 |work=The Daily Telegraph}} In response, he said that his message was taken out of context.

In March 2016 the New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal determined that separate male and female seating arrangements at public events hosted by Hizb ut-Tahrir contravened section 33 of the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act. The Tribunal ordered that all future publicity materials for public events hosted by Hizb ut-Tahrir must clearly inform attendees that segregated seating arrangements are not compulsory.{{cite news |author=Visentin, Lisa |date=5 March 2016 |title=Islamic group ordered to stop segregating men and women |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/islamic-group-ordered-to-stop-segregating-men-and-women-20160304-gnapaa.html |access-date=4 May 2016 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}{{cite news |author=Seymour, Brian |date=4 March 2016 |title=Islamist fundamentalist group Hizb ut-Tahrir found guilty of gender discrimination |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/nsw/a/31017155/islamist-fundamentalist-group-hizb-ut-tahrir-found-guilty-of-gender-discrimination/ |access-date=4 May 2016 |work=Yahoo 7 News}}

In May 2016 the United Muslims of Australia held a conference in Sydney where genders were separated by a fence.{{cite news |author=Crawford, Sarah |date=2 May 2016 |title=United Muslims of Australia: Great gender divide splits Islamic event |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/united-muslims-of-australia-great-gender-divide-splits-islamic-event/news-story/de7b7e7418bd3dd381af12e2b078a2c9 |access-date=9 November 2016 |work=Daily Telegraph}}

The president of the Australian National Imams Council, Sheikh Shady Alsuleiman has said that women would be "hung by their breasts in hell" and women should not look at men.{{cite news |author=Campbell, James |date=16 June 2016 |title=Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull dines with hate preacher |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/national/federal-election/prime-minister-malcolm-turnbull-dines-with-hate-preacher/news-story/07b9e88bf961dc60ba9ce16ba3e34a99 |access-date=27 June 2016 |work=The Advertiser}} He has also said that women must obey their husbands to enter paradise.{{cite news |author=Campbell, James |date=16 June 2016 |title=Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull dines with hate preacher |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/national/federal-election/prime-minister-malcolm-turnbull-dines-with-hate-preacher/news-story/07b9e88bf961dc60ba9ce16ba3e34a99 |access-date=24 June 2016 |work=Adelaide Now}}

In February 2017 the promotional flyers for an Islamic Peace Conference, organised by the Islamic Research and Educational Academy, the three females had their faces replaced with black ink, while the faces of all other 12 male speakers were displayed.{{cite news |date=8 February 2017 |title=Women's faces hidden on Australian Islamic Peace Conference flyer, sparking outrage |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/womens-faces-hidden-on-australian-islamic-peace-conference-flyer-sparking-outrage/news-story/565ef11479ce53341a1dc9b8fd17fbc6 |access-date=10 February 2017 |work=Herald Sun}}

In February 2017, in response to a question regarding the meaning of Quran Chapter 4, Surah 34, Keysar Trad president of the AFIC said a husband can beat his wife, but only as "a last resort".{{cite news |date=23 February 2017 |title=Wife beating okay says senior Islamic leader |url=https://tenplay.com.au/news/national/february-2017/wife-beating-okay-says-senior-islamic-leader |access-date=24 February 2017 |work=TenPlay}} He later apologised for his statements conceding Islam does allow for this, but saying he was "clumsy" in the television interview, adding that he condemns all violence against women.{{cite news |author=Balogh, Stefanie |date=23 February 2017 |title=Keysar Trad: 'violence is a last resort' |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/keysar-trad-violence-is-a-last-resort/news-story/357f96aa84d6cd79658b4bb807c72a54 |access-date=24 February 2017 |work=The Australian}} In April 2017 Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia) produced a video in which two women discussed how to resolve marital conflicts. One of the women said, "a man is permitted to hit a woman as an act of discipline" and described the permissive text as "beautiful" and "a blessing".{{cite news |author=Overington, Caroline |date=13 April 2017 |title='It's OK for Muslim men to hit their wives' |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/its-ok-to-hit-wives-say-hizb-uttahrir-women/news-story/52dd838887cb0a0c32686c7a31cb96d8 |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=The Australian}} The video was strongly repudiated by Muslim leaders,{{cite news |author=Burke, Liz |date=13 April 2017 |title='He's permitted to hit her': Alarming video appears to condone domestic violence |url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/relationships/marriage/hes-permitted-to-hit-her-alarming-video-appears-to-condone-domestic-violence/news-story/f6f517cac59eccad98e0768d4604feb0 |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=News Ltd}}{{cite news |author=Lewis, Rosie |date=14 April 2017 |title=Hizb ut-Tahrir domestic violence video denounced by Muslim leaders |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/hizb-uttahrir-australias-domestic-violence-video-denounced-by-muslim-leaders/news-story/fab16efa92613844a11a944c926eb28f |access-date=14 April 2017 |work=The Australian}} with the women subsequently saying, "more thought needs to be given to the question of purpose, worth and risk of sharing content online. We acknowledge our mistake in this respect in this instance".{{cite news |date=13 April 2017 |title=Hizb ut-Tahrir video condoning family violence under fire |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/13/hizb-ut-tahrir-video-condoning-family-violence-under-fire |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=SBS}}{{cite news |last1=Borys |first1=Stephanie |date=13 April 2017 |title=Women of Hizb ut-Tahrir Australia cause outrage among Federal politicians |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2016/s4653584.htm |access-date=15 April 2017 |work=PM |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

{{Main|Islam and children}}

It has been reported that female circumcision has been carried out in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia.{{cite web |date=29 October 2012 |title=7.30 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3621229.htm |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=ABC.net.au}}{{cite web |author=Paul Bibby |date=13 September 2012 |title=Sydney sheikh in court over 'female genital mutilation' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-sheikh-in-court-over-female-genital-mutilation-20120913-25ubq.html |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Smh.com.au}} The act has been a criminal offence since the 1990s. The first criminal trial concerning female circumcision in Australia ended with the conviction of three members of the Dawoodi Bohra Shia Muslim community in November 2015 and in 2016 a community leader was imprisoned.{{cite news |title=First person to be imprisoned over female genital mutilation in Australia |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/first-person-to-be-imprisoned-over-female-genital-mutilation-in-australia-20160609-gpfm5i.html |access-date=3 November 2016}}{{cite news |last1=Gardiner |first1=Stephanie |date=12 November 2015 |title=Mother, midwife and sheikh guilty in Australia's first genital mutilation trial |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/mother-midwife-and-sheikh-guilty-in-australias-first-genital-mutilation-trial-20151112-gkx0b3.html |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}{{cite news |date=12 November 2015 |title=Australia convicts two over female genital mutilation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34795203 |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=BBC News}} There are reportedly 120,000 migrant women living in Australia who have had their genitals mutilated.{{cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=7.30 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3652524.htm |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=ABC}}

A study, conducted by researchers from the Australian paediatric surveillance unit at Westmead Children's Hospital in Sydney, has determined at least 60 Australian girls, from the age of 6 months, have undergone female genital mutilation.{{cite news |author=Laurence, Emily |date=13 January 2017 |title=Female genital mutilation report reveals prevalence of procedure in Australia |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-13/report-on-female-genital-mutilation-shows-hidden-prevalence/8180340 |access-date=17 January 2017 |work=ABC News}}

The school uniform at Sydney's Al-Faisal College "thought to have the strictest uniform policy for girls in the country" requires summer and winter, ankle-length dresses, long-sleeved shirts, plus head covering, for girls, while the boys can wear short-sleeved shirts - has been described as discriminatory.{{cite news |date=17 January 2016 |title=Teacher complains about extreme dress code for girls at Islamic school |url=http://honey.nine.com.au/2017/01/17/06/12/islamic-school-dress-code |access-date=18 January 2016 |work=Nine News}}{{cite news |author=Overington, Carolyn |author-link=Caroline Overington |date=17 January 2017 |title=Call to ban 'extreme' dress rules at Islamic school |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/call-to-ban-extreme-dress-rules-at-islamic-school/news-story/f536ef2247bcd4c63893affa7161a272 |access-date=30 January 2017 |work=The Australian}}

There have been prosecutions under Australian law in regards to Islamic marriages involving underage girls.{{cite web |title=Shame of our child brides : Court hears how woman was raped and beaten as its revealed hundreds are forced into arranged and unregistered marriages across NSW |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/shame-of-our-child-brides-court-hears-how-woman-was-raped-and-beaten-as-its-revealed-hundreds-are-forced-into-arranged-and-unregistered-marriages-across-nsw/story-fni0cx12-1226824176047 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Dailytelegraph.com.au}}{{cite web |author=Rachel Olding |date=25 February 2015 |title=Child bride: 19-year-old man charged over 'wedding' to 15-year-old |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/child-bride-19yearold-man-charged-over-wedding-to-15yearold-20150225-13oe3q.html |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Smh.com.au}}{{cite web |title=A 12-year-old bride was found to be pregnant after the man she married was charged with multiple sex offences |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/a-12-year-old-bride-was-found-to-be-pregnant-after-the-man-she-married-was-charged-with-multiple-sex-offences/story-fni0cx12-1227215985202 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Dailytelegraph.com.au}} There have been allegations of failure by Australian authorities to respond to reports of child brides. However, the Australian Federal Police has stated that it is unable to follow up on the reports as they concern alleged child marriages which occurred before specific legislation outlawing the practice came into effect in March 2013, and the legislation was not retrospective.{{cite news |title=Sydney woman ignored over child bride reports |url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/sydney-woman-ignored-over-child-bride-reports/news-story/bff122c3fb17e903d0f23ca8ae8de7f8 |access-date=3 November 2016}}{{cite news |title='My friend was wed at 13, a mum at 14': how authorities failed child brides |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/my-friend-was-wed-at-13-a-mum-at-14-how-authorities-failed-child-brides/news-story/5e38e8a54842ee0d956a887adc525980 |access-date=3 November 2016}}

At a Sydney school, Muslim boys were told not to shake the hands of females presenting awards at the school.{{cite news |date=20 February 2017 |title=Public school criticised for allowing male students to avoid shaking hands with women |url=http://honey.nine.com.au/2017/02/20/09/52/muslim-boys-not-shaking-hands-women-hurstville-boys-campus-sydney |access-date=24 February 2017 |work=Honey.Nine}} The instruction is understood to derive from an Islamic hadith which says, "it is better to be stabbed in the head with an iron needle than to touch the hand of a woman who is not permissible to you".{{cite news |author=Urban, Rebecca |date=20 February 2017 |title=Muslim public schoolboys 'excused' from shaking hands with women |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/muslim-public-schoolboys-excused-from-shaking-hands-with-women/news-story/c4adb75696227c673b6760e859323895 |access-date=11 March 2017 |work=The Australian}} There are claims that another Sydney public school is, "run like a mosque"{{cite news |date=10 March 2017 |title='Come and pray': Parents claim Sydney public school is 'run like a mosque' |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/34607276/punchbowl-high-school-being-run-like-a-mosque-parent-says |access-date=11 March 2017 |work=Yahoo News}} with the school refusing to adopt a program aimed at countering violent religious extremism. The principal of the school was removed.{{cite news |author=Lyons, John |date=11 March 2017 |title=Inside Punchbowl Boys High School: a battle for hearts and minds |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/inside-punchbowl-boys-high-school-a-battle-for-hearts-and-minds/news-story/f7145bf107c711647f2e1165fc84aa00 |access-date=11 March 2017 |work=The Australian}}

{{Main|Islam and homosexuality}}

In line with the views of Judaism and Christianity,{{Cite web |last=Australian National Imams Council (ANIC) |date=10 March 2018 |title=Islam's Clear Position on Homosexuality |url=https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Islams-Clear-Position-on-Homosexuality.pdf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325044036/https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Islams-Clear-Position-on-Homosexuality.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=www.anic.org.au}} Islamic leaders in Australia generally believe that "the practice of homosexuality — is a forbidden action".

In June 2016, the president of the Australian National Imams Council (ANIC), Sheikh Shady Alsuleiman participated in an Iftar dinner at Kirribilli House hosted by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister said he would not have been invited Alsuleiman had he known of his position regarding homosexuals.{{cite news |author=Keany, Francis |date=17 June 2016 |title=Malcolm Turnbull regrets hosting homophobic Islamic cleric Sheikh Shady Alsuleiman at Kirribilli |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-17/pm-criticises-islamic-clerics-homophobic-comments/7520884 |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=ABC News}} The sheikh had previously spoken about the "evil actions" of homosexuality.{{cite web |author=MacNiven, Andrew |date=20 November 2014 |title=Controversial speakers at Perth Islamic convention |url=http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/controversial-speakers-at-perth-islamic-convention-20141120-11pzhz.html |work=WAtoday}} Australia's Grand Mufti, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed has defended Alsuleiman, saying Islam has a, "longstanding" position on homosexuality" which "no person can ever change". He said that any attempt to call out its teachings could lead to radicalisation.{{cite news |author=Morton, Rick |date=1 July 2016 |title=Mufti defies Malcolm Turnbull on anti-gay speech |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/mufti-defies-malcolm-turnbull-on-antigay-speech/news-story/70390c15eacdda00987a6866ba8d8634 |access-date=1 July 2016 |work=The Australian}} ANIC treasurer Imam Mohamed Imraan Husain said, "Islam prevents lesbianism and being gay." Uthman Badar spokesman for Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia), said that Mr Turnbull was condemning the "normative Islamic position on homosexuality".{{cite news |author=Morton, Rick |date=8 June 2016 |title=Imams line up to condemn homosexuality |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/imams-line-up-to-condemn-homosexuality/news-story/b1df7829507ae0a60875a5577bd21a43 |access-date=10 February 2017 |work=The Australian}}

Yusuf Peer, president of the Council of Imams Queensland, in referring to the sharia law death penalty for homosexuality said, "that is what Islam teaches and that will never change."{{cite news |date=18 June 2016 |title=Face the truth on radical Islam |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/editorials/face-the-truth-on-radical-islam/news-story/1d7714ef7dbc455ca2b1e6a378960063 |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=The Australian}} The Imam of Australia's largest mosque, located in Lakemba, NSW, Shaykh Yahya Safi has said, "In Islam we believe it's a major sin to have such relations between men and men, a sexual relation. We don't discuss this because it's obvious."{{cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Sheik Yahya Safi, head imam at Lakemba mosque, said same-sex marriage wasn't an issue in the Islamic community |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sheik-yahya-safi-head-imam-at-lakemba-mosque-said-same-sex-marriage-wasnt-an-issue-in-the-islamic-community/story-e6freuy9-1226408301425 |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}

In August 2017, the National Imams Council issued a statement opposing the proposed introduction of same-sex marriage in Australia, and several individual religious leaders have also argued against same-sex marriage. However, some Australian Muslims support same-sex marriage, and the Muslims for Progressive Values and Muslims for Marriage Equality groups have campaigned in favour of such a reform.{{cite news|last1=Baird|first1=Julia|title=Same-sex marriage: Why have Muslims been so quiet in the debate?|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-31/same-sex-marriage-why-have-muslims-been-so-quiet-in-debate/8860486|access-date=30 September 2017|work=ABC News|date=31 August 2017}} As of September 2017, there was no polling data on the Australian Islamic community's views on this issue.{{cite news|last1=Kozioil|first1=Michael|title=Postal survey: gay Muslims shake off conservative image to back same-sex marriage|url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/postal-survey-gay-muslims-shake-off-conservative-image-to-back-samesex-marriage-20170918-gyjlut.html|access-date=30 September 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=18 September 2017}}

{{As of|2007}}, average wages of Muslims were much lower than those of the national average, with just 5% of Muslims earning over $1000 per week compared to the average of 11%. Unemployment rates amongst Muslims born overseas were higher than Muslims born in Australia. Muslims are over-represented in jails in New South Wales, at 9% to 10% of the prison population, compared to less than 3% within the NSW population.{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/inmates-banned-from-speaking-arabic-at-supermax-jail-in-goulburn/story-fnpn118l-1227252909937|title= Inmates banned from speaking Arabic at SuperMax jail in Goulburn|date=7 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/resources/clearinghouse/Ethnic_Minorities_and_Crime.pdf|title=Ethnic minorities and crime in Australia|date=8 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191913/http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/resources/clearinghouse/Ethnic_Minorities_and_Crime.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}

There are a number of notable works in Australian literature that discuss the Muslims during the "Afghan period" (1860-1900).{{rp|10}}

• The Camel in Australia, by Tom L. McKnight
• Fear and Hatred, by Andrew Markus
• Afghans in Australia, by Michael Cigler
• Tin Mosques and Ghantowns, by Christine Stevens
• Ali Abdul v The King, by Hanifa Deen
• Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the inland, 1860s–1930s, by Dr Anna Kenny

Veiled Ambition is a documentary created by Rebel Films for the SBS independent network. A Lebanese-Australian woman named Frida, opens a shop selling fashionable clothing for Muslim women on Melbourne's Sydney Road. The documentary follows Frida as she develops her business in Melbourne also her journey in juggling a home in Sydney and a family life all while pregnant and expecting{{cite web

|title = Veiled Ambition

|publisher = Ronin Films

|url = http://www.roninfilms.com.au/feature/2438059845.html

|access-date = 28 August 2007

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070831082732/http://www.roninfilms.com.au/feature/2438059845.html

|archive-date = 31 August 2007

|df = dmy-all

}} Veiled Ambition won the Palace Films Award for Short Film Promoting Human Rights at the 2006 Melbourne International Film Festival.{{cite news | url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/bridging-the-personalpolitical-gap/2006/08/13/1155407666162.html | title=Bridging the personal-political gap | date=14 August 2006 | first=Jake | last=Wilson | access-date=23 May 2010 | location=Melbourne | work=The Age}}

Ali's Wedding is an Australian film based on a true story of an Iraqi Shia immigrant family. It depicts some of the religious and social practices of the Shia community in Australia.

Slam is a 2018 Australian film about a Muslim Palestinian-Australian family's experience of Islamophobia in Australia.{{cite news |last=A Russell |first=Stephen |date=14 January 2019 |title=Powerful poetry punches through Islamophobia in 'Slam' |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/powerful-poetry-punches-through-islamophobia-in-slam/31wtq9t68 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=SBS}}

{{Main category|Australian Muslims}}

{{Div col |colwidth = 20em }}

• Randa Abdel-Fattah, novelist
• Aziza Abdel-Halim, female political activist
• Yassmin Abdel-Magied, mechanical engineer
• Fawad Ahmed, cricket player
• Ameer Ali, academic and political activist
• Mahomet Allum (c. 1858–1964), Adelaide herbalist and healer, former Afghan cameleer
• Shady Alsuleiman, senior Muslim cleric
• Waleed Aly, radio and television presenter
• Susan Carland, author and academic, wife of Waleed Aly
• Ed Husic, trade unionist, politician
• Anne Aly, academic, politician
• Sam Dastyari, former politician
• Jihad Dib, politician
• Mehreen Faruqi, politician
• Wassim Doureihi, spokesman for Hizb ut-Tahrir
• Ahmed Fahour, former CEO of Australia Post
• Mamdouh Habib, former Guantanamo Bay detainee, anti-war activist
• Abu Hamza, community activist
• Taj El-Din Hilaly, Sunni Imam and Mufti
• Bachar Houli, former Australian rules footballer
• Adem Yze, former Australian rules footballer
• Nazeem Hussain, comedian
• Rabiah Hutchinson, convert, wife of Mustafa Hamid
• Usman Khawaja, cricket player
• Mansour Leghaei, Shia sheikh
• Rashid Mahazi, soccer player
• Hazem El-Masri, rugby league player
• Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, Grand Mufti of Australia
• Feiz Mohammad, Muslim preacher
• Anthony Mundine, boxer and former professional rugby league footballer
• Fehmi Naji, Muslim Imam and Mufti
• Mohammed Omran, ASWJA Sheikh
• Aamer Rahman, comedian
• Jamal Rifi, General Practitioner and community leader
• Osamah Sami, actor
• Keysar Trad, community and political activist
• Mariam Veiszadeh, lawyer and community advocate
• Samina Yasmeen, academic
• Waqar Younis, former Pakistani fast bowler
• Irfan Yusuf, author
• Samier Dandan, president of Lebanese Muslim Association
• Jake Matthews (fighter), mixed martial artist currently competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship's Welterweight division
• Belal Assaad, Islamic scholar
• Ahmed Saad (Australian footballer), Australian rules footballer
• Billy Dib, professional boxer
• Youssef Dib, professional boxer, brother of Billy Dib
• Yahya El Hindi, footballer
• Adam Saad, Australian rules footballer
• Tina Rahimi, first Australian Muslim women boxer to compete in the Olympics in the 2024 Summer Olympics

{{Div col end}}

{{Portal|Islam|Australia}}

• Q Society of Australia
• Ahmadiyya in Australia
• Islam by country
• Islamic organisations in Australia
• Religion in Australia
• Shia–Sunni relations

• CIA Factbook{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/australia/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=30 March 2015}}
• US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71333.htm |title=Australia |publisher=State.gov |access-date=30 March 2015}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• Ali, Jan A. Islam and Muslims in Australia: Settlement, Integration, Shariah, Education and Terrorism. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2020.
• Aslan, Alice. "Islamophobia In Australia"
• {{cite web|last1=Al-Momani|first1=Kais|last2=Dados|first2=Nour|last3=Maddox|first3=Marion|last4=Wise|first4=Amanda|title=Political Participation of Muslims in Australia|url=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/01_2014/political-participation-muslims.pdf|publisher=Department of Social Security|date=2010|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921055306/https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/01_2014/political-participation-muslims.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2015}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120818010146/http://www.islamicmuseum.org.au/boundless/ Boundless Plains: The Australian Muslim Connection], By Islamic Museum of Australia. Author: Moustafa Fahour
• Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin; Yucel, Salih (2016). "[https://sirajuddin.com.au/australias-indigenous-peoples-and-islam-philosophical-and-spiritual-convergences-between-belief-structures/ Australia's Indigenous Peoples and Islam: Philosophical and Spiritual Convergences between Belief Structures]". Comparative Islamic Studies. 12 (1–2): 165–185. doi:10.1558/cis.37033. ISSN 1743-1638.
• Cleland, Bilal. [https://web.archive.org/web/20021013221729/http://www.icv.org.au/history.shtml The Muslims in Australia: A Brief History]. Melbourne: Islamic Council of Victoria, 2002.
• Deen, Hanifa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090913073500/http://uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/life.asp?lID=9 Muslim Journeys]. Online: National Archives of Australia, 2007.
• Drew, Abdul Shaheed. [http://islaminaustralia.com/2013/07/21/muslims-in-australia-since-the-1600s/ Muslims in Australia since the 1600s]
• Kabir, Nahid. Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History. London: Kegan Paul, 2004.
• {{cite journal | last = Kabir | first = Nahid |date= July 2006 | title = Muslims in a 'White Australia': Colour or Religion? | journal = Immigrants and Minorities | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 193–223 | doi = 10.1080/02619280600863671 | s2cid = 144587003 }}
• Saeed, Abdullah. Islam in Australia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2003.
• Saeed, Abdullah and Shahram Akbarzadeh, eds. Muslim Communities in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2001.
• Stephenson, Peta. Islam Dreaming: Indigenous Muslims in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2010.
• Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns.
• Woodlock, Rachel and John Arnold (eds). Isolation, Integration and Identity: The Muslim Experience in Australia. Special Issue of The La Trobe Journal. Melbourne, Victoria: State Library of Victoria Foundation, 2012.
• B Amin, Umar. Muslim Employemnet in Commonwealth Department and Agencies in context of Access and Equity. Tarbiya; Journal of Education in Muslim Society, Jun 2016.

{{Common}}

• [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0191.xml Islam in Australia] - at Oxford Bibliographies Online (2013; subscription only for full content)
• [http://www.islamicmuseum.org.au Islamic Museum of Australia]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090913073500/http://uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/life.asp?lID=9 Muslim Journeys] – historical community biography produced by the National Archives of Australia
• {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/muslims_in_sydney | title = Muslims in Sydney | first=Garry|last= Wotherspoon | date = 2015 | website=Dictionary of Sydney}} [CC-By-SA]

{{Religion in Australia}}

{{Oceania in topic|Islam in}}

Australia

Category:Islam in Oceania