Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war#Forced evacuation

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023.jpg

Israel's adherence to the principles of distinction and proportionality, as required by the laws of war, has been questioned.{{#invoke:cite news||date=14 October 2023 |title=Is Israel acting within the laws of war? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/is-israel-acting-within-the-laws-of-war-in-gaza |access-date=2 January 2024}}{{#invoke:cite news||last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=13 December 2023 |title=Under Rules of War, 'Proportionality' in Gaza Is Not About Evening the Score |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-proportionality-law-of-war.html |access-date=2 January 2024 |issn=0362-4331}} The former principle requires armies to distinguish between legitimate military targets and protected civilians.{{Citation |last=Melzer |first=Nils |title=The Principle of Distinction Between Civilians and Combatants |date=2014-06-02 |work=The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict |pages=296–331 |editor-last=Clapham |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/43487/chapter/363759932 |access-date=2025-03-03 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/law/9780199559695.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-955969-5 |editor2-last=Gaeta |editor2-first=Paola}} The latter principle requires that when attacking a legitimate military target the expected harm caused to civilians or civilian objects must be proportional and not excessive (disproportionate) in relation to the military advantage anticipated.{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Robert |date=2023-11-09 |title=What is the rule of proportionality, and is it being observed in the Israeli siege of Gaza? |url=https://theconversation.com/what-is-the-rule-of-proportionality-and-is-it-being-observed-in-the-israeli-siege-of-gaza-217321 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}

Human Rights Watch has stated that the overall civilian death toll, and Israel's use of powerful weapons in Gaza's densely-populated neighbourhoods, raised "serious questions" about the legality of Israel's conduct. Human Rights Watch further argued that a higher proportion of casualties among women and children is indicative of a lack of proportionality, demonstrating what they describe as "a disregard toward Palestinian lives". Amnesty International accused Israel of war crimes. In a report they published they analyzed five incidents between 7 and 12 October where the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) targeted residential areas in Gaza. It found that in several cases the IDF struck targets with no evidence of military activity and that these attacks were "indiscriminate" in nature. Anonymous IDF officials cited in a report by +972 Magazine indicated a "loosening of constraints" in the rules of engagement, and that in numerous cases the IDF struck targets despite no evidence of military activity. The report claims that the rationale behind such attacks was "to harm Palestinian civil society" and, according to one source cited by the report, to "lead civilians to put pressure on Hamas".

Experts cited by The Washington Post argue that certain Israeli airstrikes show that Israel has a tolerance for civilian casualties "orders of magnitude greater" than that of the US in its war against ISIS.{{cite news |title=As Gaza death toll soars, secrecy shrouds Israel's targeting process |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/05/israel-strike-targets-gaza-civilians-hamas/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226140439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/05/israel-strike-targets-gaza-civilians-hamas/ |url-status=live}} United Nations (UN) officials and human rights groups have argued that Israel has not done enough to protect civilians. In March 2024, the UN said that more children were killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of all the wars around the world combined.{{cite web |first=Nataliya |last=Vasilyeva |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/13/children-killed-gaza-united-nations-wars-worldwide/ |title=More children killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of worldwide wars, says UN |work=The Telegraph |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240313165714/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/13/children-killed-gaza-united-nations-wars-worldwide/ |url-status=live}} Philippe Lazzarini, head of the UN’s agency for Palestinian refugees, declared: "This war is a war on children".

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 23.jpg in Jabalia refugee camp, October 2023.]]

Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, an associate fellow at Chatham House, argued that, given the size and nature of the 7 October attacks, Israel has the right of self-defence that could include its stated military aim of destroying Hamas. She added that Hamas has threatened to repeat its assault and eradicate the state of Israel. According to The Economist, the law of armed conflict and international humanitarian law grant Israel flexibility when it comes to taking military action against Hamas, but in its view, Israel's "definition of military targets is being stretched to breaking-point".

Amichai Cohen, an Israeli lawyer, alleges that Israel does not deliberately target civilians but that Hamas's tactics make it hard to take action without affecting civilians. Jill Goldenziel, an American law professor, argued that if Israel conducted every strike legally and with utmost precision, civilian casualties in war would still remain. She stated that the goal of a proportionality analysis is to decide whether attacks are excessive.{{#invoke:cite web||last=Goldenziel |first=Jill |title=Proportionality Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means In Gaza |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillgoldenziel/2023/10/31/proportionality-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-means-in-gaza/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=Forbes}} Israeli security officials state that their proportionality criteria in this conflict are unchanged and that they receive legal advice in relation to strikes. Other Israeli officials, speaking anonymously, acknowledged that Israel has struck "private residences and public structures, like the Gaza Parliament and the Islamic University", which would not previously have been considered valuable enough to justify the risk to civilian life.

In April 2024, Human Rights Watch found that Israel violated international law by launching an airstrike on an apartment building in Gaza, killing 106 people, including 54 children, as there were no viable military targets in the area.{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Gaza: Israeli Strike Killing 106 Civilians an Apparent War Crime |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |access-date=6 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513053930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |url-status=live }}

In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office described possible violations of the rules of proportionality and distinction during the Nuseirat refugee camp massacre.{{cite web |last1=Keaten |first1=Jamey |title=UN says Israeli forces and Palestinian armed groups may have committed war crimes in a deadly raid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-gaza-un-nuseirat-raid-40a3e17012915c409e8a5d50475dd122?taid=66681b2467dd9a0001d16ef7&utm_campaign=TrueAnthem&utm_medium=AP&utm_source=Twitter |website=Associated Press |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024}} Later the same month, the UN Human Rights Office released a report on six Israeli attacks in which the IDF may have "systematically violated the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack".{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Farge |first2=Emma |title=Israel may have violated laws of war in Gaza, UN rights office says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-may-have-violated-laws-war-gaza-campaign-un-rights-office-says-2024-06-19/ |website=Reuters |access-date=20 June 2024}} Following the Al-Tabaeen school attack, Tariq Kenney-Shawa, a policy fellow at Al-Shabaka suggested the attack violated the laws of proportionality.{{cite web |last1=Salhani |first1=Justin |title=Israel, civilian deaths and the question of proportionality |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/12/israel-civilian-deaths-and-the-question-of-proportionality |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 August 2024}} In response to an Israeli social media campaign that stated "there are no innocent civilians" in Gaza, Mark Kersten, a professor at University of the Fraser Valley, stated, "It is exactly what atrocity perpetrators say".{{cite web |last1=Ingram |first1=David |title=Israeli government sparks outcry with X videos saying 'there are no innocent civilians' in Gaza |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/israel-posts-video-saying-are-no-innocent-civilians-gaza-rcna157111 |website=NBC News |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024}} In June 2024, a UN Commission of Inquiry found the scale of Israel's killing of Palestinians constituted a crime against humanity.{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title='Immense' scale of Gaza killings amount to crime against humanity, UN inquiry says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/immense-scale-gaza-killings-amount-crime-against-humanity-un-inquiry-says-2024-06-12/ |website=Reuters |access-date=4 July 2024}}

By August 2024, data from Gaza indicated the war was one of the deadliest of the twenty-first century.{{cite web |last1=Hasson |first1=Nir |title=The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-08-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-death-toll-in-gaza-is-bad-even-compared-to-the-wars-in-ukraine-iraq-and-myanmar/00000191-50c6-d6a2-a7dd-d1decf340000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=18 August 2024}} Pope Francis suggested Israel's attacks on Lebanon and Gaza were disproportionate.{{cite web |last1=Winfield |first1=Nicole |title=Pope Francis suggests Israel's actions in Gaza and Lebanon are disproportionate and immoral |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-israel-lebanon-hezbollah-72b592696627d1a671e7419e98e354b6?taid=66f9a034589661000183462a&utm_campaign=TrueAnthem&utm_medium=AP&utm_source=Twitter |website=Associated Press |date=29 September 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024}}

{{main|Bombing of the Gaza Strip|Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza}}

{{further|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|2023 Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip}}

{{see also|Tel al-Sultan massacre}}

File:An aerial view showing destruction in Rafah after Israeli forces withdrawal and as the ceasefire took hold, Gaza Strip.jpg in January 2025]]

In the first two days of the war, the Israeli Air Force attacked 1,500 targets in Gaza. Ynet reported that Netanyahu then demanded to know why they hadn't hit 5,000, saying "I'm not interested in targets ... Take down houses, bomb with everything you have."{{Cite news |last=ברנע |first=נחום |date=2025-03-20 |title=המלחמות של הרצי הלוי |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/yedioth/article/yokra14303894 |access-date=2025-03-23 |work=Ynet |language=he}} In the first week of the war, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) carried out 6,000 airstrikes across Gaza, killing over 3,300 civilians and injuring over 12,000 people.{{cite news |last1=Abdel-Baqui |first1=Omar |title=Israeli Air Force Says It Has Dropped 6,000 Bombs on Gaza |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/israeli-air-force-says-it-has-dropped-6-000-bombs-on-gaza-QK1aSnupiGqytMVO86PU |newspaper=WSJ |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019112444/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/israeli-air-force-says-it-has-dropped-6-000-bombs-on-gaza-QK1aSnupiGqytMVO86PU |url-status=live }}{{cite news|last1=Ott|first1=Haley|first2=Tucker|last2=Reals|first3=Kerry|last3=Breen|title=Israel-Hamas war: More airstrikes on Gaza today as aid remains stuck in Egypt; Israeli troops told to "be ready" to invade|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-hamas-war-palestinians-biden-speech-after-gaza-hospital-blast/|access-date=20 October 2023|agency=CBS News|date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019235338/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-hamas-war-palestinians-biden-speech-after-gaza-hospital-blast/|url-status=live}} The strikes hit specifically protected locations, including hospitals, markets, refugee camps, mosques, educational facilities, and entire neighbourhoods.{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Elise|title=Hamas's actions are war crimes. Israel should not respond with further war crimes.|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/hamas-israel-war-crimes/|access-date=19 October 2023|work=The Guardian|date=16 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011548/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/hamas-israel-war-crimes/|url-status=live}} A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate and amount to collective punishment. They stated that these airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".{{cite news|title=UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/|work=Reuters|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012232721/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/|url-status=live}}

During two airstrikes on 10 and 22 October 2023, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".{{cite web |title=US-made munitions killed 43 civilians in two documented Israeli air strikes in Gaza – new investigation |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israelopt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-gaza-new-investigation#:~:text=US%2Dmade%20Joint%20Direct%20Attack,new%20investigation%20into%20those%20strikes. |website=ReliefWeb |date=6 December 2023 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114804/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israelopt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-gaza-new-investigation-enar#:~:text=US%2Dmade%20Joint%20Direct%20Attack,new%20investigation%20into%20those%20strikes. |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Hammer |first1=Matthias |title=U.S. Military Equipment Traced to Possible War Crimes in Gaza, Report Finds |url=https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |website=Time Magazine |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212141927/https://time.com/6342821/israel-airstrike-us-military-war-crimes/ |url-status=live }} On 24 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire, after stating Israel had committed "clear violations" of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title='Clear violations' of international law in Gaza: UN chief |url=https://aje.io/j9jahf?update=2434460 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024213223/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/23/israel-hamas-war-live-hundreds-killed-israeli-strikes-gaza?update=2434460 |url-status=live }} On 13 November 2023, Israel shelled the Gaza Reconstruction Committee, leading three Arab states to condemn the attack, with Jordan calling it "a heinous war crime to add to Israel's criminal record."{{cite web |title=Oman, Saudi Arabia and Jordan condemn Israeli shelling of Qatari organisation in Gaza |url=https://aje.io/jui07c?update=2483900 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/13/israel-hamas-war-live-gazas-two-largest-hospitals-shut-amid-nonstop-raids?update=2483900 |url-status=live }} On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israel exposed to liability for war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |title=UN deplores Israel's 'systematic' refusal to grant access to north Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-deplores-israels-systematic-refusal-grant-access-north-gaza-2024-01-12/#:~:text=%22We%27ve%20repeatedly%20highlighted%20Israel%27s,for%20Human%20Rights%20(OHCHR). |website=Reuters |access-date=13 January 2024}}

In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgium government's Gaza development office.{{cite web |title=Belgium Summons Israeli Ambassador After Agency Hit In Gaza |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-after-agency-hit-in-gaza-72785245 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012359/https://www.barrons.com/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-after-agency-hit-in-gaza-72785245 |url-status=live }} In response, Belgium summoned the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.{{cite web |title=Belgium summons Israeli ambassador and strongly condemns bombing of Belgian development agency Enabel |url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-and-strongly-condemns-bombing-belgian-development-agency-enabel |website=Kingdom of Belgium |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012400/https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-and-strongly-condemns-bombing-belgian-development-agency-enabel |url-status=live }}{{efn|Two weeks after the bombing, the Belgian Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Israel had still not responded to a request for an investigation.{{cite web |title=Belgium receives no clarification from Israel on Gaza building bombing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-planning-rafah-assault-as-talks-continue?update=2703330 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214025432/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-planning-rafah-assault-as-talks-continue?update=2703330 |url-status=live }}}} On 6 February, the UN stated an Israeli assault on Rafah could lead to war crimes.{{cite web |title=War crimes fears over Israeli ground invasion of Rafah |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146242 |website=UN News |date=6 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207054343/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146242 |url-status=live }}

On 22 March 2024, Al Jazeera released a video retrieved from an Israeli drone showing four unarmed Palestinians in Khan Younis who were killed by Israeli air attacks. Two were killed instantly, and the others were killed while trying to stumble and crawl away.{{cite web | title=Gaza drone video shows killing of Palestinians in Israeli air attack | website=Al Jazeera | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/3/22/gaza-drone-video-shows-killing-of-palestinians-in-israeli-air-attack | access-date=23 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322170319/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/3/22/gaza-drone-video-shows-killing-of-palestinians-in-israeli-air-attack | url-status=live }} Al-Jazeera reported that "it is clear from the pictures that these Palestinians were unarmed and posed no threat to anything or anyone".{{cite web | title=IDF probes video of 'unarmed' Palestinians gunned down by drone in Gaza | website=The Jerusalem Post | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-793273 | access-date=23 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322184042/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-793273 | url-status=live }} This footage was described by the UN's special rapporteur Francesca Albanese as a part of the "colossal amount of evidence" of war crimes committed in Gaza by Israel. According to the IDF, they had encountered militants in civilian clothes retrieving previously hidden weapons in that area.{{cite web | title=Israel to investigate drone attack on unarmed Palestinians | website=The Telegraph | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/22/israel-drone-attack-palestine-gaza/ | access-date=24 March 2024 | archive-date=24 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132805/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/03/22/israel-drone-attack-palestine-gaza/ | url-status=live }}

Amnesty International called Israel's indiscriminate attacks illegal and a violation of international law. Secretary General of Amnesty International Agnès Callamard said the 16-year-old "illegal blockade has made Gaza the world's biggest open-air prison", and the international community must now act to avert it from becoming a giant cemetery.{{cite web |title=Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |website=Amnesty International |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020141613/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |url-status=live }} Human Rights Watch reported that Israel has completely shut down communications and put lives at risk in Gaza by carrying out relentless airstrikes and damage to the main communications infrastructure, electricity cuts, fuel blockades, and deliberate shutdowns through technical measures. Deborah Brown, senior technology researcher at Human Rights Watch, said a deliberate shutdown, or restriction of Internet access, is a human rights violation and can be deadly during a crisis. A complete disruption of communications, such as that experienced in Gaza, can provide cover for crimes and impunity, while further undermining humanitarian efforts and putting lives at risk.{{cite web |title=Gaza: Communications Blackout Imminent Due to Fuel Shortage |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/15/gaza-communications-blackout-imminent-due-fuel-shortage#:~:text=(Jerusalem)%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Israeli%20government's,Human%20Rights%20Watch%20said%20today. |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207091621/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/15/gaza-communications-blackout-imminent-due-fuel-shortage#:~:text=(Jerusalem)%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Israeli%20government's,Human%20Rights%20Watch%20said%20today. |url-status=live }}

Following reports about Israel's use of automated systems for target selection, experts in international humanitarian law stated they were alarmed by accounts that the IDF authorized killing up to 20 uninvolved civilians for getting a single militant, even if they were low-ranking or had low military importance.{{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Davies |first2=Harry |title='The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes |website=The Guardian |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132931/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes |url-status=live }} In May 2024, Amnesty International called for war crimes investigations into three Israeli airstrikes that had killed 44 civilians.{{cite web |title=Israeli air strikes that killed 44 civilians further evidence of war crimes – new investigation |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/05/israel-opt-israeli-air-strikes-that-killed-44-civilians-further-evidence-of-war-crimes-new-investigation/ |website=Amnesty International |date=26 May 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024}} The same month, following the Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack, Finnish Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen stated that the orders of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and international humanitarian law must be respected.{{cite web |title=Finland 'devastated' by deaths from Israel's attack on Rafah tent camp |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-intense-israeli-artillery-shelling-across-rafah?update=2932450 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 June 2024}} In June 2024, UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini termed the destruction of UNRWA's Gaza headquarters as "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=Unrwa head says agency's headquarters in Gaza was 'turned into a battlefield' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jul/15/israel-gaza-war-live-khan-younis-hamas-mohammed-deif?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-66951f3c8f08ee3616ac6bec#block-66951f3c8f08ee3616ac6bec |website=The Guardian | date=15 July 2024 |access-date=25 July 2024 | last1=Lowe | first1=Yohannes }} In June 2024, Doctors Without Borders suggested Israel was violating international humanitarian law, stating, "We can no longer accept the statement that Israel is taking 'all precautions'".{{cite web |title=Latest massacres in Gaza illustrate the complete dehumanisation of Palestinians |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/latest-massacres-gaza-illustrate-complete-dehumanisation-palestinians-enar |website=ReliefWeb |date=11 June 2024 |publisher=Doctors Without Borders |access-date=21 June 2024}} The European Union warned Israel in August 2024 that "targeting critical life-saving infrastructure constitutes a war crime".{{cite web |title=Gaza:Statement by the High Representative on the destruction of critical civilian infrastructure and worsening humanitarian situation |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/gazastatement-high-representative-destruction-critical-civilian-infrastructure-and-worsening_en |website=The Diplomatic Service of the European Union |publisher=European Union |access-date=17 August 2024}} The IDF stated it would investigate whether there was a breach of international law following an army commanders' order to destroy a water reservoir in Rafah.{{cite web |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Israeli Army Commanders Gave Order to Blow Up Rafah Reservoir. IDF Suspects Breach of Int'l Law |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-29/ty-article/.premium/idf-commanders-gave-order-to-blow-up-rafah-reservoir-army-suspects-breach-of-intl-law/00000190-fd90-d5ef-a5fe-ff9ec3ea0000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=17 August 2024}}{{efn|Mark Zeitoun, the director of Geneva Water Hub, stated the destruction of the Canada water reservoir was "certainly a breach of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |last1=Stockwell |first1=Billy |last2=Haq |first2=Sana Noor |title=Children are drinking from puddles and wading through sewage pools, as Israel pummels water systems in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/23/middleeast/israel-gaza-water-shortages-heatwave-crisis-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}}}

{{main|Attacks on refugee camps in the Gaza war}}

{{see also|Nuseirat refugee camp massacre}}

File:חורבות בית לאהיא חרבות ברזל.jpg

On 9 October 2023, the IDF carried out a mass-casualty airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp market. The attack resulted in the deaths of over sixty civilians and extensive damage to the market.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|title=Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens|first1=Raja|last1=Abdulrahim|first2=Ameera|last2=Harouda|date=9 October 2023|work=The New York Times |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009155140/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html |url-status=live}} As a result of Israeli airstrikes in other areas, displaced individuals sought refuge in the camp, causing the market to be densely populated at the time of the strike.{{Cite news|last1=Abdulrahim|first1=Raja|last2=Harouda|first2=Ameera|date=9 October 2023|title=Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html |access-date=9 October 2023|issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009145027/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html |url-status=live}} An airstrike on 31 October 2023 that killed 106 civilians near the Nuseirat refugee camp was deemed an apparent war crime by Human Rights Watch.{{cite web |title=Gaza: Israeli Strike Killing 106 Civilians an Apparent War Crime |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |website=Human Rights Watch |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513053930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/gaza-israeli-strike-killing-106-civilians-apparent-war-crime |url-status=live }} On 1 November, following two airstrikes on the Jabalia refugee camp, the United Nations Human Rights Office stated, "We have serious concerns that these are disproportionate attacks that could amount to war crimes."{{cite web |title=UN Human Rights office says Jabalia strikes 'could amount to war crimes' |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2455756 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114757/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455756 |url-status=live }}

On the same day, the IDF carried out an airstrike on the densely populated Al-Shati refugee camp.{{Cite news|last1=Abdulrahim|first1=Raja|last2=Harouda|first2=Ameera|date=9 October 2023|title=Israeli Airstrikes Hit Marketplace and Mosques in Gaza, Killing Dozens|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|access-date=11 October 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009155140/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-market-air-strike-jabaliya.html|url-status=live}} Palestinian media reported that this strike resulted in numerous civilian casualties and the destruction of four mosques, including the al-Gharbi mosque, Yassin mosque, and al-Sousi mosque, all of which were confirmed destroyed by satellite footage.{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=Maps: Tracking the Attacks in Israel and Gaza|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-maps.html|access-date=11 October 2023|work=The New York Times|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010211135/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-maps.html|url-status=live}} The airstrikes in the Al-Shati camp were described as a "massacre against an entire neighborhood" by the Ministry of Health.{{cite web|url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138060|title=Masscre of Shati refugee camp|date=9 October 2023|work=wafa English|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109195512/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138060|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Dahman|first=Ibrahim|date=8 October 2023|title='Nowhere to go': Ordinary Palestinians live in fear as Israel retaliates against Hamas|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/palestine-israel-hamas-gaza-conflict-intl/index.html|access-date=11 October 2023|work=CNN|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010233124/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/palestine-israel-hamas-gaza-conflict-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}

On 24 December 2023, 68 people were killed in an airstrike on the Al-Maghazi refugee camp. According to Al Jazeera, the vast majority of victims were civilians. They also noted that the camp was one of the areas the IDF had previously told Gazans to evacuate to. Hamas called the attack a "massacre" and a "war crime".{{cite web |title='Massacre' as Israel steps up Gaza bombardment for Christmas |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/25/israeli-forces-massacre-at-least-70-people-in-gazas-maghazi-refugee-camp |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228233945/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/25/israeli-forces-massacre-at-least-70-people-in-gazas-maghazi-refugee-camp |url-status=live }} Israel later determined that incorrect munitions were used in the attack and expressed regret that non-combatants were harmed.{{cite web |title=Improper munition said cause of high death toll in strike on Gaza's Maghazi |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/improper-munition-said-cause-of-high-death-toll-in-strike-on-gazas-maghazi/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229014443/https://www.timesofisrael.com/improper-munition-said-cause-of-high-death-toll-in-strike-on-gazas-maghazi/ |url-status=live }}

{{further|Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza}}

{{see also|Al-Sardi school attack|Al-Tabaeen school attack}}

On 17 October 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit a UNRWA school sheltering 4,000 refugees in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six and injuring dozens. Philippe Lazzarini, the UNRWA Commissioner-General, called it "outrageous" and said that it showed "a flagrant disregard for the lives of civilians".{{cite web|title=Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit|url=https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit|website=unrwa.org|date=17 October 2023|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018043659/https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/gaza-unrwa-school-sheltering-displaced-families-hit|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=At least 6 people killed in Israeli air strike on UNRWA school in Gaza|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-6-people-killed-israeli-air-strike-unrwa-school-gaza-2023-10-17/|access-date=19 October 2023|work=Reuters|date=17 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017164355/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-6-people-killed-israeli-air-strike-unrwa-school-gaza-2023-10-17/|url-status=live}} The UN accused Israel of lethally bombing three of its shelters on 2 November 2023.{{cite web |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |title=Airstrikes blast UN shelters, official says, as Israel announces complete encirclement of Gaza city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/02/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-jabalya-camp-strike-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN |date=2 November 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102070827/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/02/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-jabalya-camp-strike-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }} On 27 December 2023, the UN stated Israel had killed 142 UN employees in Gaza thus far.{{cite web |last1=Cornish |first1=Chloe |title=Israel-UN relations plunge to new low as Gaza war rages |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c5104a4d-3468-4cda-9e00-0cbb6fa5520c?shareType=nongift |website=Financial Times |date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227203050/https://www.ft.com/content/c5104a4d-3468-4cda-9e00-0cbb6fa5520c?shareType=nongift |url-status=live }} On 12 January 2024, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured in UNRWA shelters.{{cite web |title=ASG Brands Kehris briefs Security Council on situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/01/asg-brands-kehris-briefs-security-council-on-situation-israel-occupied-palestinian-territory |website=United Nations |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113003219/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/01/asg-brands-kehris-briefs-security-council-on-situation-israel-occupied-palestinian-territory |url-status=live }}

On 24 January 2024, the UN accused Israel of firing two tank shells into a refugee facility in Khan Younis, killing nine people and wounding 75.{{cite news |last1=Yazbek |first1=Hiba |title=U.N. Shelter in Besieged Gaza City Is Struck, and at Least 9 Die |work=The New York Times |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-shelter-strike.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125010522/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-shelter-strike.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=UN shelter reportedly hit as fighting escalates in southern Gaza |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas-war/un-shelter-reportedly-hit-as-fighting-escalates-in-southern-gaza-106633309?id=106553905 |website=ABC News |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125021810/https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas-war/un-shelter-reportedly-hit-as-fighting-escalates-in-southern-gaza-106633309?id=106553905 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Nine killed in direct hit on UNRWA shelter in Gaza |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145837 |website=UN News |date=24 January 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125013117/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145837 |url-status=live }} Israel denied bombing the facility.{{cite web |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=Israel denies attack on UN refuge in Gaza that drew rebuke from Washington |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/plan-one-month-gaza-truce-makes-progress-israel-hits-khan-younis-2024-01-24/#:~:text=The%20agency%27s%20head%20Philippe%20Lazzarini,of%20war%2C%22%20Lazzarini%20said. |website=Reuters |access-date=25 January 2024}}{{efn|The following day, Thomas White, the affairs director of UNRWA, stated, "This is not an isolated incident. This is happening all across Khan Younis and has been a pattern in other parts of Gaza."{{cite web |title=UNRWA official: Israeli assurances 'not followed up' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648979 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126022953/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648979 |url-status=live }}}} Thomas White, a senior UN official in Gaza, called the attack part of "a consistent failure to uphold the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=Senior UN official in Gaza: civilians trapped amid intensified attacks in Khan Youni |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/senior-un-official-gaza-civilians-trapped-amid-intensified-attacks-khan-younis |website=UNOCHA |date=25 January 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125205713/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/senior-un-official-gaza-civilians-trapped-amid-intensified-attacks-khan-younis |url-status=live }} The Palestinian Ministry of Education reported that 65 UN schools in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed, which the Save the Children's director for Palestine called "beyond unconscionable".{{cite web |title=How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |url-status=live }}

In June 2024, the Foreign Ministry of Jordan condemned the Al-Sardi school attack, stating, "These actions and crimes… contradict all human and moral values and represent war crimes against the international community as a whole."{{cite web |title=Jordan: Israeli attack contradicts 'all human and moral values' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-relentless-israeli-strikes-kill-102-palestinians?update=2956414 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 June 2024}} In response to the Al-Sardi school attack, UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini stated that attacking UN buildings showed a "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |last1=Shotter |first1=James |title=Dozens killed in Israeli strike on UN school in Gaza |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bb17ecbf-8f47-4168-940f-51b754598c88?shareType=nongift |website=Financial Times |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024}} Following the Al-Tabaeen school attack in August 2024, the foreign ministry of Jordan called it a "a flagrant violation of international law and of all humanitarian values," while the government of Turkey stated it was a "crime against humanity".{{cite web |title=Egypt: 'Deliberate Killing' of Gazans Shows Israel Lacks Political Will to End War |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810113356/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-08-10/ty-article/egypt-deliberate-killing-of-gazans-shows-israel-lacks-political-will-to-end-war/00000191-3b1a-dc30-aff3-7f1affb10000|archive-date=10 August 2024|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-08-10/ty-article/egypt-deliberate-killing-of-gazans-shows-israel-lacks-political-will-to-end-war/00000191-3b1a-dc30-aff3-7f1affb10000 |website=Haaretz |publisher=Reuters |access-date=10 September 2024 |author1=Haaretz }}{{cite web |title=Turkey Brands Gaza School Strike A 'New Crime Against Humanity' |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/turkey-brands-gaza-school-strike-a-new-crime-against-humanity-ministry-64f4f787 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=10 September 2024}} In September 2024, an Israeli airstrike killed six UN employees at a shelter for displaced people, leading UN secretary general Antonio Guterres to call it a "dramatic violation" of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |last1=Shotter |first1=James |title=Israeli air strikes kill 6 UN staff at Gaza school sheltering homeless |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6760d8ea-f11f-4681-b71a-2dac03a0db2b |website=Financial Times |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024|url-access=subscription}}

Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to.{{cite web |last1=van der Merwe |first1=Ben |last2=Olive |first2=Michelle Inez |last3=Enokido-Lineham |first3=Simon |title=Israel said Gazans could flee to this neighbourhood - then it was hit |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936 |website=Sky News |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222002011/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-said-gazans-could-flee-to-this-neighbourhood-then-it-was-hit-13034936 |url-status=live }} The New York Times found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in areas where civilians were ordered to evacuate to.{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Robin |last2=Willis |first2=Haley |last3=Jhaveri |first3=Ishaan |last4=Miller |first4=Danielle |last5=Byrd |first5=Aaron |last6=Reneau |first6=Natalie |title=Visual Evidence Shows Israel Dropped 2,000-Pound Bombs Where It Ordered Gaza's Civilians to Move for Safety |work=The New York Times |date=22 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000009208814/israel-gaza-bomb-civilians.html?smid=url-share |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222184304/https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000009208814/israel-gaza-bomb-civilians.html?smid=url-share |url-status=live }} CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.{{cite web |last1=Tacchi |first1=Jake |title=Israel struck some areas it directed civilians to in Gaza, CNN analysis shows |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/21/middleeast/israel-strikes-evacuation-zones-gaza-intl-cmd/index.html |website=CNN |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222001352/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/21/middleeast/israel-strikes-evacuation-zones-gaza-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live }} An NBC News investigation found Palestinians were killed in airstrikes in seven areas that the military had designated as safe zones.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/palestinians-killed-israeli-strikes-safe-zones-exclusive-nbc-report-rcna148008|title=NBC News investigation reveals Israel strikes on Gaza areas it said were safe|date=26 April 2024|website=NBC News|access-date=28 April 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524132917/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/palestinians-killed-israeli-strikes-safe-zones-exclusive-nbc-report-rcna148008|url-status=live}}

{{main|Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza}}

{{further|Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 16.jpg, 8 October 2023]]

Under the Rome Statute, it is a war crime to intentionally attack places of worship in non-international conflicts, as long as they are not "used by a party to a conflict for acts harmful to the enemy".{{cite web|title=Attacks against protected objects|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CF/Mapping2003-2015/Factsheet9-EN.pdf|website=UN OHCHR|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014233030/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CF/Mapping2003-2015/Factsheet9-EN.pdf|url-status=live}} On 19 October, the Israeli Air Force damaged the Church of Saint Porphyrius in an attack which targeted a nearby command-and-control center, according to the Israeli military.{{Cite web |last=Ditmars |first=Hadani |date=20 October 2023 |title=Historic Greek Orthodox church in Gaza hit by deadly missile strikes|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/10/20/third-oldest-church-in-the-world-struck-by-missiles-in-gaza |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events |archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193556/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/10/20/third-oldest-church-in-the-world-struck-by-missiles-in-gaza |url-status=live }} Hundreds of Christians and Muslims were sheltering in the church and the strike killed 16 people.{{cite news|last1=Al-Mughrabi|first1=Nidal|title=Hamas frees U.S. hostages Judith and Natalie Raanan held in Gaza|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-seek-billions-military-aid-israel-invasion-gaza-nears-2023-10-20/|website=Reuters|date=20 October 2023|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011549/https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-seek-billions-military-aid-israel-invasion-gaza-nears-2023-10-20/|url-status=live}} The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemned it as "a war crime that cannot be ignored".{{cite web|title=The Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemns Israeli airstrikes targeting humanitarian institutions in Gaza|url=https://en.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/blog/2023/10/20/the-patriarchate-of-jerusalem-condemns-israeli-airstrikes-targeting-humanitarian-institutions-in-gaza/|website=Patriarchate of Jerusalem|date=20 October 2023|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011550/https://en.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/blog/2023/10/20/the-patriarchate-of-jerusalem-condemns-israeli-airstrikes-targeting-humanitarian-institutions-in-gaza/|url-status=live}} Following an investigation, Amnesty International stated the church strike was indiscriminate and should be investigated as a war crime.{{cite web |title='Nowhere safe in Gaza': Unlawful Israeli strikes illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-unlawful-israeli-strikes-illustrate-callous-disregard-for-palestinian-lives/ |website=Amnesty International |date=20 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120105540/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-unlawful-israeli-strikes-illustrate-callous-disregard-for-palestinian-lives/ |url-status=live }}

On 16 December 2023, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem stated the Israeli army had killed two women sheltering at the Holy Family Parish, stating, "They were shot in cold blood inside the premises of the Parish, where there are no belligerents."{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Miriam |title=IDF kills two women taking shelter at Gaza church, Catholic authorities say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/16/women-killed-at-holy-family-parish-gaza-israel/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217012816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/16/women-killed-at-holy-family-parish-gaza-israel/ |url-status=live }} Pope Francis described the Israeli attack on the church as terrorism.{{cite web |last1=Pullella |first1=Philip |title=Pope Francis deplores Israeli killings of civilians in Gaza church |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-francis-deplores-israeli-killings-civilians-gaza-church-2023-12-17/ |website=Reuters |access-date=18 December 2023}}

An independent United Nations expert said that both Israel's widespread bombing of homes and civilian sites in Gaza and the indiscriminate firing of rockets by Hamas are "war crimes". Balakrishnan Rajagopal stated Israeli strikes had destroyed or damaged 45% of homes in the Palestinian territory, causing "enormous cost in human lives". The UN Special Rapporteur stated targeting of residential areas is strictly prohibited under international law. He further stated that engaging in military actions with the knowledge that it will result in the deliberate destruction of civilian residences and infrastructure, leading to the uninhabitability of entire cities, constitutes a violation of international law.[https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/08/israeli-troops-in-heart-of-gaza-city-us-warns-against-gaza-occupation-cemeteries-now-full UN expert denounces 'war crimes' in Gaza and Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226161303/https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/08/israeli-troops-in-heart-of-gaza-city-us-warns-against-gaza-occupation-cemeteries-now-full |date=26 February 2024 }} Retrieved 12 February 2024

A +972 Magazine investigation found the Israeli army had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.{{cite web |last1=Abraham |first1=Yuval |title='A mass assassination factory': Inside Israel's calculated bombing of Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |website=+972 Magazine |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203003813/https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ |url-status=live }} Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, stating Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title=Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/09/civilian-toll-israeli-airstrikes-gaza-unprecedented-killing-study#:~:text=Haaretz%20published%20an%20analysis%20by,airstrikes%20hovered%20at%20about%2040%25. |website=The Guardian |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209212750/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/09/civilian-toll-israeli-airstrikes-gaza-unprecedented-killing-study#:~:text=Haaretz%20published%20an%20analysis%20by,airstrikes%20hovered%20at%20about%2040%25. |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

On 5 November 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit a car near Ainata, Lebanon, killing three children and their grandmother, and injuring their mother. The Israeli military admitted to striking the vehicle.{{cite web |title=A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-civilians-killed-hamas-03a050045c6bf3f87e12086b63b40a1c |website=apnews.com |date=5 November 2023 |publisher=AP News |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116221133/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-civilians-killed-hamas-03a050045c6bf3f87e12086b63b40a1c |url-status=live }} Human Rights Watch stated that their killings should be investigated as an apparent war crime.{{cite web |title=Lebanon: Israeli Strike an Apparent War Crime |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/14/lebanon-israeli-strike-apparent-war-crime |website=hrw.org |date=14 November 2023 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116013206/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/14/lebanon-israeli-strike-apparent-war-crime |url-status=live }} Najib Mikati, Lebanon's caretaker prime minister, called the attack a "heinous crime" and said that Lebanon would file a complaint to the UN Security Council. Following an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus, the Lebanese Foreign Ministry called it a "breach of international law and a serious violation of the Vienna agreements for diplomatic and consular relations".{{cite web |title=Lebanon denounces Israeli attack on Iranian consulate in Syria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812320 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410043941/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812320 |url-status=live }} The UN Human Rights Office said the attack "violated the prohibition on the use of armed force against another state".{{cite web |title=Israel and Iran must de-escalate conflict to protect human rights, warn UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/israel-and-iran-must-de-escalate-conflict-protect-human-rights-warn-un |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416172525/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/israel-and-iran-must-de-escalate-conflict-protect-human-rights-warn-un |url-status=live }}

{{see also|Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war#Killing of aid workers}}

The Gaza war has been deadliest conflict for United Nations workers in world history.{{cite web |date=17 December 2023 |title=Complete communication blackout for four days and counting makes aid distribution in Gaza near impossible |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/complete-communication-blackout-four-days-and-counting-makes-aid-distribution-gaza-near-impossible |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312025733/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/complete-communication-blackout-four-days-and-counting-makes-aid-distribution-gaza-near-impossible |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=Save the Children}}{{cite web |last1=Atay Alam |first1=Hande |date=14 November 2023 |title=UN mourns the deaths of more than 100 aid workers in Gaza, the highest number killed in any conflict in its history |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/middleeast/united-nations-staff-deaths-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218234353/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/middleeast/united-nations-staff-deaths-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=CNN}} By March 2024, at least 196 UN relief workers had been killed and more than 150 facilities attacked in the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |title=UNRWA spokeswoman says aid operation ongoing at targeted Rafah aid centre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771982 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316233035/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771982 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief to Israel: 196 aid workers have been killed, why? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-hopes-israel-quickly-effectively-boost-gaza-aid-access-2024-04-05/ |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Reuters}}

Following the death of one of their aid workers — the fifth American aid worker killed in Gaza — the American Near East Refugee Aid released a statement: "We demand an independent investigation into his death, which threatens our team’s ability to function safely and deliver aid to civilians facing starvation".{{cite web |title=US charity demands independent probe into staff member's killing in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-is-restricting-lifesaving-aid-unrwa?update=2762711 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313013414/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-is-restricting-lifesaving-aid-unrwa?update=2762711 |url-status=live }} In March 2024, Israel bombed a United Nations food distribution center, killing one UN staff member and wounding 22 others.{{cite web |last1=Besheer |first1=Margaret |title=UN: Israeli Strike on Gaza Food Distribution Center Kills 1, Injures 22 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-israeli-strike-on-gaza-food-distribution-center-kills-1-injures-22-/7526237.html |website=VOA |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315025604/https://www.voanews.com/a/un-israeli-strike-on-gaza-food-distribution-center-kills-1-injures-22-/7526237.html |url-status=live }}{{efn|In reaction to news of the bombing, the US Secretary of State said that Israel should not bomb "clearly marked" humanitarian facilities.{{cite web |title=Blinken comments on Israeli attack on UNRWA facility |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770945 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316015538/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770945 |url-status=live }}}} It was one of the UN's last remaining distribution centers, leading the organization's humanitarian aid chief Martin Griffiths to state that aid teams "must be protected".{{cite web |title=Scenes of the aftermath of Israeli bombing of UNRWA distribution centre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770768 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316030642/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770768 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Gaza: Aid missions constantly under threat, warns UN humanitarian chief |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147516 |website=UN News |date=14 March 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316030319/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147516 |url-status=live }}

A New York Times investigation showed six Western aid groups had humanitarian sites hit by Israeli strikes, even though the locations were shared with the IDF.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000009393031/aid-groups-gaza-israel.html|title=Video: 'We're Aware of the Location': Aid Groups in Gaza Coordinated With I.D.F. but Still Came Under Fire|first1=Haley|last1=Willis|first2=Robin|last2=Stein|first3=Ainara|last3=Tiefenthäler|first4=Natalie|last4=Reneau|first5=Aaron|last5=Byrd|first6=Anushka|last6=Patil|work=The New York Times|date=25 April 2024|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=27 April 2024|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427133552/https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000009393031/aid-groups-gaza-israel.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/aid-groups-gaza-targeted-israel-despite-coordination|title=Aid groups in Gaza targeted by Israel despite coordination|first=Anam|last=Alam|date=26 April 2024|website=New Arab|access-date=27 April 2024|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427133556/https://www.newarab.com/news/aid-groups-gaza-targeted-israel-despite-coordination|url-status=live}} In April 2024, Belgium recalled its ambassador to Israel after an Enabel aid worker and his son were killed by an Israel airstrike. The Belgian Foreign Minister Hadja Lahbib reacted by stating, "Bombing civilian areas and populations is contrary to international law."{{cite web |title=Belgium Summons Israeli Ambassador Over Aid Worker's Death |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-over-aid-worker-s-death-5194499d |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430002425/https://www.barrons.com/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-over-aid-worker-s-death-5194499d |url-status=live }} The Quincy Institute found fourteen incidents where Israel attacked humanitarian aid workers, despite being identified as civilians.{{cite web |last1=Semler |first1=Stephen |title=Is Israel intentionally attacking aid workers? |url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/israel-hamas-war-gaza/ |website=Responsible Statecraft |access-date=17 September 2024}}

{{main|Flour massacre}}

On 29 February 2024, more than 100 people seeking aid were killed in Gaza City during an incident that became known as the flour massacre.{{cite web |title='Massacre': Dozens killed by Israeli fire in Gaza while collecting food aid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/dozens-killed-injured-by-israeli-fire-in-gaza-while-collecting-food-aid |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240229194025/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/dozens-killed-injured-by-israeli-fire-in-gaza-while-collecting-food-aid |url-status=live }} Belgian Deputy Prime Minister Petra de Sutter stated the massacre was a "flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".{{Cite news |title='Heinous': Deadly Israeli attack on Gaza aid-seekers condemned |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/heinous-deadly-israeli-attack-on-gaza-aid-seekers-condemned |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229160619/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/heinous-deadly-israeli-attack-on-gaza-aid-seekers-condemned |url-status=live }} Josep Borrell stated it was a serious violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=Deaths of Palestinians seeking aid 'unacceptable': EU top diplomat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/1/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-shooting-of-aid-seekers-condemned-globally?update=2741209 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301014654/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/1/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-shooting-of-aid-seekers-condemned-globally?update=2741209 |url-status=live }} The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the attack a crime against humanity.{{cite web |title=Turkey says Israel committed 'yet another crime against humanity' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2741016 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229220536/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2741016 |url-status=live }} The Omani Foreign Ministry called the attack a violation of international law.{{cite web |title=Israeli attack on aid seekers continuation of 'extermination' policy: Oman |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2740937 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301000318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2740937 |url-status=live }} Amnesty International announced it was launching an investigation.{{cite web |title=Amnesty says investigating deadly Israeli attack on aid seekers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2741141 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301161839/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2741141 |url-status=live }} The United Nations Human Rights Office also called for an investigation, stating it had "recorded at least 14 incidents involving shooting and shelling of people gathered to receive desperately needed supplies".{{cite web |title=UN Human Rights Office strongly deplores killing of at least 112 Palestinians during food aid distribution in Gaza City |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-un-human-rights-office-strongly-deplores-killing-least-112-palestinians-during-food-aid-distribution-gaza-city-enar#:~:text=From%20mid%2DJanuary%20to%20the,a%20majority%20of%20these%20incidents |website=ReliefWeb |date=March 2024 |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304061538/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-un-human-rights-office-strongly-deplores-killing-least-112-palestinians-during-food-aid-distribution-gaza-city-enar#:~:text=From%20mid%2DJanuary%20to%20the,a%20majority%20of%20these%20incidents |url-status=live }}

{{main|World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack}}

File:World Central Kitchen car after IDF strike - 2.jpg

On 1 April 2024, an Israeli drone fired three consecutive missiles at three cars belonging to the World Central Kitchen (WCK), killing seven aid workers who had been distributing food in the northern Gaza.{{Cite web |last=Talmazan |first=Yuliya |date=2 April 2024 |title=Israeli strike kills 7 aid workers in Gaza, World Central Kitchen halts operations |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/world-central-kitchen-says-israeli-strike-kills-7-workers-halts-aid-rcna145976 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402171915/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/world-central-kitchen-says-israeli-strike-kills-7-workers-halts-aid-rcna145976 |url-status=live }} The president of Refugees International called the killings "part of a clear pattern" and a war crime.{{cite web |title='A clear war crime': President of Refugees International on killed aid workers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2813502 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409205955/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2813502 |url-status=live }} Doctors Without Borders stated the killings were an example of how "international humanitarian law is not respected".{{cite web |title=Aid workers 'part of collective punishment faced by Gaza civilians' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2813109 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410014950/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2813109 |url-status=live }} The Polish Foreign Ministry stated, "Poland objects to the disregard for international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=Poland's Foreign Ministry reacts to killing of Polish aid volunteer |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812388 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410040545/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812388 |url-status=live }} The Cyprus Foreign Ministry stated, "[International humanitarian law] principles are absolute: humanitarian aid workers must always be respected and protected."{{cite web |title=Cyprus condemns killings of World Central Kitchen workers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812164 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510124442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812164 |url-status=live }} Ben Saul, a UN special rapporteur, stated, "It could well be a violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=Targeting of aid workers a violation of international humanitarian law: Expert |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812143 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410045323/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812143 |url-status=live }} Jose Andres, the founder of World Central Kitchen, stated Israel needed "to stop this indiscriminate killing."{{cite web |last1=Frazier |first1=Kierra |title=José Andrés calls on Israel to 'stop killing civilians and aid workers' after airstrike kills staff |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/03/jose-andres-world-central-kitchen-gaza-00150314 |website=Politico |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410051117/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/03/jose-andres-world-central-kitchen-gaza-00150314 |url-status=live }}

On 10 November 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit three hostages, Corporal Nik Beizer, Sergeant Ron Sherman, and Elia Toledano, unintentionally killing them. The IDF conducted an investigation and, in September 2024, they concluded that there was a high probability that the airstrike caused their deaths. The IDF stated they were unaware of the hostages’ presence in the targeted tunnel complex at the time of the operation.{{cite news|title= Israeli army says 'high probability' its strike killed three Gaza captives |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/15/israeli-army-says-high-probability-its-strike-killed-three-gaza-captives|work=Al Jazeera|date=15 September 2024}}{{cite news|title= Months after bodies recovered, IDF says 3 hostages were killed as 'byproduct' of strike|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/months-after-bodies-recovered-idf-says-3-hostages-killed-as-byproduct-of-strike/amp/|work=The Times of Israel|date=15 September 2024}}{{cite news|title='I Often Felt That They Were Hiding Things From Me, I Felt I Was Fighting to Get Answers'|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-12-19/ty-article/.premium/i-often-felt-that-they-were-hiding-things-from-me-i-felt-i-was-fighting-to-get-answers/00000193-dfe5-da9e-a997-ffff68ff0000|work=Haaretz|last=Solomon|first=Eden|date=19 December 2024}}

{{See also|Executions and assassinations during the Gaza war}}

Summary execution refers to the killing of persons who are not actively taking part in hostilities, even if otherwise they are combatants. It includes killing unarmed, surrendering or wounded people instead of giving the benefit of a fair trial.{{Cite web |date=September 2007 |title=State of Anarchy: Rebellion and Abuses against Civilians:   Applicable legal standards |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/car0907/5.htm |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Human Rights Watch}} Regarding summary executions in Gaza, Middlesex University professor William Schabas stated, "It's not really important to demonstrate that they're civilians. Summary executions even of fighters, even of combatants is a war crime."{{cite web |title='Summary execution is a war crime' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2634326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119165218/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2634326 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}

OHCHR stated on 20 December it had received allegations of Israeli soldiers summarily killing at least eleven unarmed men in Rimal.{{cite web |title=UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Unlawful killings in Gaza City |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-unlawful-killings-gaza-city |website=ReliefWeb |date=20 December 2023 |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224110520/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-unlawful-killings-gaza-city |url-status=live }} Al Jazeera reported the number summary execution of 15 people during an apartment raid. The execution was witnessed by the families of the men.{{Cite web |title=Video shows aftermath of a summary execution of 15 men in a Gaza apartment |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/18/video-shows-aftermath-of-a-summary-execution-of-15-men-in-a-gaza-apartment |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120020001/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/18/video-shows-aftermath-of-a-summary-execution-of-15-men-in-a-gaza-apartment |url-status=live }} Euro-Med Monitor stated they believe this is part a pattern of "systematic" killing. They added that "In at least 13 of field executions, we corroborated that it was arbitrary on the part of the Israeli forces."{{cite web | title=Palestinians accuse Israeli forces of executing 19 civilians in Gaza | website=Al Jazeera | date=20 January 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/20/palestinians-accuse-israeli-forces-of-executing-19-civilians-in-gaza | access-date=18 April 2024 | archive-date=16 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416111102/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/20/palestinians-accuse-israeli-forces-of-executing-19-civilians-in-gaza | url-status=live }} On 26 December 2023, Euro-Med Monitor submitted a file to the International Criminal Court and the UN that documented dozens of cases of summary executions carried out by Israeli forces, and called for an investigation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/|title=Euro-Med submits findings on Israeli army executions in Gaza to ICC, UN, calling them 'genocide' – Middle East Monitor|date=26 December 2023 |access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213949/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-executions|title=Watchdog Submits Evidence of Israeli Executions of Gaza Civilians to UN, ICC|website=www.commondreams.org|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213151431/https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-executions|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105179|title=جريدة القدس|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324114657/https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105179|url-status=live}}

In March 2024, video of an Israeli soldier bragging about killing an elderly deaf man hiding under his bed was released. The Council on American-Islamic Relations condemned the killing as an execution and war crime.{{cite web |title=Video of Israeli soldier bragging about killing elderly Palestinian condemned |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-by-ramadan-looking-tough-biden-says?update=2761177 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183750/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-by-ramadan-looking-tough-biden-says?update=2761177 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Palestinian killed by Israeli soldier identified as elderly deaf man |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-is-restricting-lifesaving-aid-unrwa?update=2762212 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313021719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-is-restricting-lifesaving-aid-unrwa?update=2762212 |url-status=live }} The Israeli military stated they would begin a probe into the incident.{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Laura |title=Israeli military to probe killing of unarmed, elderly and disabled Palestinian |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2764061 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314213254/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2764061 |url-status=live }}

Defense officials told Haaretz that the Israeli army had created kill zones in Gaza, in which any person who crossed an "invisible line" was killed.{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Israel Created 'Kill Zones' in Gaza. Anyone Who Crosses Into Them Is Shot |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |website=Haaretz |date=31 March 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401001912/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |url-status=live }} Israeli soldiers gave testimony to +972 Magazine stating soldiers were given authorization to shoot Palestinian civilians at will.{{cite web |last1=Ziv |first1=Oren |title='I'm bored, so I shoot': The Israeli army's approval of free-for-all violence in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/israeli-soldiers-gaza-firing-regulations/ |website=+972 Magazine |date=8 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024}}

Mark Perlmutter, an American doctor working in Gaza, stated Israeli snipers were deliberately targeting children. He stated "No toddler gets shot twice by mistake by the 'world's best sniper.' And they're dead-center shots."{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Tracy |title=Children of Gaza |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/children-of-gaza/ |website=CBS News |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024}} In a letter addressed to US President Joe Biden, a group of American doctors and nurses returning from Gaza stated, "Every one of us on a daily basis treated pre-teen children who were shot in the head and chest".{{cite web |last1=Akbarzai |first1=Sahar |title='We cannot remain silent about what we saw.' US doctors who volunteered in Gaza demand ceasefire in letter to White House |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/world/open-letter-45-us-physicians-gaza/index.html |website=CNN |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}

In October 2024, The New York Times reported compiled testimony from 44 doctors, nurses, and paramedics who treated multiple cases of preteen children with gunshot wounds to the head or chest in Gaza. The Israeli army reacted to the experiences of these health care workers with a statement that did not directly confirm whether investigations into the shootings of children had been conducted or if any soldiers faced disciplinary action for firing at them.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/09/opinion/gaza-doctor-interviews.html|title=65 Doctors, Nurses and Paramedics: What We Saw in Gaza|last=Sidhwa|first=Feroze|date=9 October 2024|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012012500/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/09/opinion/gaza-doctor-interviews.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} In response to claims alleging that the report was based on "fabricated evidence", The New York Times issued a statement defending the integrity of the piece, emphasizing that it had undergone rigorous editing and verification, including consultations with experts and the use of supporting photographs, which they deemed "too horrific for publication."*{{cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/nyt-rebuts-claims-fake-images-gaza-children-shot-head|title=NYT rebuts pro-Israeli denial of scans showing Gaza children shot in head by soldiers|date=16 October 2024|work=The New Arab|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241022011857/https://www.newarab.com/news/nyt-rebuts-claims-fake-images-gaza-children-shot-head|archive-date=22 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2024}}

• {{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/new-york-times-stands-by-report-child-gunshot-wounds-gaza/|title=New York Times Stands By Report of Child Gunshot Wounds in Gaza: 'Rigorously Edited' and Double-Vetted|last=Dickey|first=Josh|date=16 October 2024|work=The Wrap|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241022013025/https://www.thewrap.com/new-york-times-stands-by-report-child-gunshot-wounds-gaza/|archive-date=22 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2024}} In an interview with Mother Jones, Dr. Feroze Sidhwa explained the circumstances of the children's death, stating, "On the occasion when the child survived long enough and there was family... to ask what happened—they would say, the kids were just playing. I never heard from a family that they were in a crossfire".{{cite web |last1=Hurwitz |first1=Sophie |title=The Doctor Who Saw Children Shot in the Head in Gaza—and Tried to Tell the World |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/feroze-sidhwa-new-york-times-children-gaza-shot-in-head-israel-palestine-doctor/ |website=Mother Jones |access-date=31 October 2024}}

{{main|Gaza mass graves}}

A mass grave with 283 bodies was uncovered in April 2024 at Khan Younis's Nasser medical complex in Gaza City. Further mass graves with several hundreds of bodies were found in the courtyard of Al-Shifa Hospital.{{cite web |title=Nearly 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, authorities say |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-khan-younis-israel-war-1.7181040 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=Cbc.ca |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422175944/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-khan-younis-israel-war-1.7181040 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Nearly 200 bodies found in mass grave at hospital in Gaza's Khan Younis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/21/nearly-200-bodies-found-in-mass-grave-at-hospital-in-gazas-khan-younis |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422210426/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/21/nearly-200-bodies-found-in-mass-grave-at-hospital-in-gazas-khan-younis |url-status=live }} Reports indicated that some of the bodies were found with their hands and feet tied.{{Cite web |last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Dahman |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Lister |first3=Tim |date=22 April 2024 |title=Nearly 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, says Gaza Civil Defense |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/middleeast/khan-younis-nasser-hospital-mass-grave-intl/index.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055513/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/middleeast/khan-younis-nasser-hospital-mass-grave-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Mass Burials At Al-shifa Hospital |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/mass-burials-at-al-shifa-hospital |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Forensic Architecture}} Following the discovery of the mass graves, UN human rights chief Volker Türk called for an independent investigation on the intentional killing of civilians by the Israeli Defense Forces. He stated the "intentional killing of civilians, detainees, and others who are hors de combat is a war crime."{{Cite web |date=23 April 2024 |title=Mass graves in Gaza show victims' hands were tied, says UN rights office {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148876 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=news.un.org |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424005326/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148876 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=UN rights chief 'horrified' by mass grave reports at Gaza hospitals |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/un-rights-chief-horrified-mass-181544829.html |website=Yahoo! News |date=24 April 2024 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504232721/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/un-rights-chief-horrified-mass-181544829.html |url-status=live }} A spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights described the discoveries, stating, "Some of them had their hands tied, which of course indicates serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and these need to be subjected to further investigations".{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title=UN rights chief 'horrified' by mass grave reports at Gaza hospitals |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-horrified-by-mass-grave-reports-gaza-hospitals-2024-04-23/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423182757/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-horrified-by-mass-grave-reports-gaza-hospitals-2024-04-23/ |url-status=live }} William Schabas, a Canadian expert on international human rights law, stated mass graves have "always been an indication that war crimes have been committed".{{cite web |title=Mass graves 'an indication that war crimes have been committed' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mother-child-among-killed-in-new-rafah-strike?update=2851884 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424023955/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mother-child-among-killed-in-new-rafah-strike?update=2851884 |url-status=live }}

Following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the Iraqi foreign ministry stated the killing was a "flagrant violation of international law and a threat to security and stability in the region".{{cite web |title=Iraq Says Hamas Chief Killing Could Threaten Region's Stability |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/iraq-says-hamas-chief-killing-could-threaten-region-s-stability-68a0ad6a?refsec=topics_afp-news |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=18 August 2024}}

{{main|Torture during the Gaza war}}

{{See also|Palestinians in Israeli custody|Mass detentions in the Gaza war}}

Multiple pieces of video evidence depicting the degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees has surfaced. One of the videos show Israeli soldiers in the occupied West Bank who were dragging and assaulting detainees after surrounding them. Many of the detainees had been stripped naked, having both their arms and feet bound, and beaten with the butts of rifles and trampled. Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor described this as a "flagrant violation of international laws related to the protection of civilians".{{cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Egregious acts of torture, abuse committed by Israeli army against Palestinian civilians in the West Bank |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/5906 |work=Euromed}}

Further video evidence shows Israeli soldiers transporting Palestinians from Ofer Prison, all of whom are blindfolded and stripped completely naked.{{cite web|url= https://arn.ps/post/277763.html | title= ت الاحتلال ينقل أسرى من سجن عوفر وهم عراة |work=Ajeel}} In another video uploaded by an Israeli soldier, a blindfolded and bound Palestinian is shown kneeling on the ground. The soldier taunts him in Arabic, telling him "صباح الخير يا قحبة" (Good morning, whore) before repeatedly kicking and spitting on him.{{cite web |title=IDF soldiers film themselves abusing, humiliating West Bank Palestinians|date=1 November 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldiers-film-themselves-abusing-humiliating-west-bank-palestinians/amp/ |work=The Times of Israel|first=Gianluca|last=Pacchiani|access-date=24 November 2023}} Human Rights Watch director, Omar Shakir, stated the blindfolding and stripping of Palestinian detainees represented a war crime.{{cite web |title=HRW says inhumane treatment of Palestinian detainees amounts to 'war crime' |url=https://aje.io/2hwa2q?update=2550195 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 December 2023}}{{cite web |title=Both sides of the Israeli-Hamas war are being accused of war crimes|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/12/1212534838/both-sides-of-the-israeli-hamas-war-are-being-accused-of-war-crimes|access-date=12 February 2024|publisher=NPR|last=Northam|first=Jackie|date=12 November 2023}}

On 20 December 2023, Amnesty International called for an investigation into mass detentions, disappearances, inhumane treatment, and detainee deaths.{{cite web |title=Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |website=Amnesty International |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}} In February 2024, the BBC published a report detailing documented instances of Israeli soldiers abusing and humiliating Palestinian detainees. According to Mark Ellis, an expert on international criminal tribunals, the report showed possible violations of laws regarding prisoners of war.{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |title=Israeli soldier videos from Gaza could breach international law, experts say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68249962 |website=BBC |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024}} After the Israeli military dismissed one of the reservists shown in the video, Sir Geoffrey Nice, an expert on war crimes, stated a wider investigation was needed beyond the dismissal.{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |title=Israel to act on soldier misconduct after BBC investigation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68277124 |website=BBC |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024}} In March 2024, the United Nations stated that Israel had detained and tortured its employees in Gaza, extracting forced confessions.{{cite web |title=UN Agency For Palestinians Says Israel Authorities Tortured Detained Staff |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/un-agency-for-palestinians-says-israel-authorities-tortured-detained-staff-e55739f8 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=6 March 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |title=UN agency accuses Israel of detaining, coercing staffers into false confessions about ties to Hamas |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/04/middleeast/un-israel-confessions-allegations-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=4 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024}} A Bellingcat analysis found instances of a collection of images and videos showing the IDF degrading Palestinian detainees. Queen’s University Belfast war crimes professor Luke Moffett stated these showed potential war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Tirawi |first1=Younis |title=Social Media Posts Show Off Blindfolded and Bound Palestinian Detainees |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2024/03/05/social-media-posts-show-off-blindfolded-and-bound-palestinian-detainees/ |website=Bellingcat |date=5 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024}} CNN reported of an Israeli military base in the Negev desert that functions as a detention center for Palestinians who are exposed to inhumane treatment.{{cite web | last=Qiblawi | first=Tamara | title=Israeli whistleblowers detail horror of shadowy detention facility for Palestinians | website=CNN | date=10 May 2024 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html | access-date=11 May 2024 | archive-date=10 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510233624/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/10/middleeast/israel-sde-teiman-detention-whistleblowers-intl-cmd/index.html | url-status=live }} In July 2024, Amnesty International stated Israel needed to end the indefinite detention of Palestinian prisoners without trial, stating it was a "flagrant violation of international law".{{cite web |title=Amnesty calls for end to Israel's 'incommunicado' detention of Gazans |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-prison-incommunicado-detention-palestinians-must-end |website=The New Arab |access-date=20 July 2024}}

{{main|Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war}}

On February 19, 2024, a group of United Nations special rapporteurs published a report calling for an investigation into violations against Palestinian women and girls in Gaza and the West Bank by Israeli forces.{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=22 February 2024 |title=Claims of Israeli sexual assault of Palestinian women are credible, UN panel says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/22/claims-of-israeli-sexual-assault-of-palestinian-women-are-credible-un-panel-says |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410160540/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/22/claims-of-israeli-sexual-assault-of-palestinian-women-are-credible-un-panel-says |archive-date=10 April 2024}} The report presented evidence of wartime sexual violence committed against them during the Gaza conflict, detailing how they endured inhumane treatment by the IDF, including being denied essential items such as menstrual products, food, and medicine. They were also subjected to physical abuse, including severe beatings, sexual assaults, threats of rape, and other forms of sexual violence.{{cite news |date=19 February 2024 |title=UN experts warn of Israeli violations against Palestinian women, girls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/un-experts-warn-of-israeli-violations-against-palestinian-women-girls |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410143556/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/un-experts-warn-of-israeli-violations-against-palestinian-women-girls |archive-date=10 April 2024}}{{cite news |date=19 February 2024 |title=Rights experts call for probe into alleged violations against Palestinian women and girls |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146667 |work=United Nations News |publisher=United Nations Department of Global Communications |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317080119/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146667 |archive-date=17 March 2024}} In addition, female detainees were stripped and searched by male Israeli soldiers.{{cite press release |date=19 February 2024 |title=Israel/oPt: UN experts appalled by reported human rights violations against Palestinian women and girls |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-human-rights-violations-against |location=Geneva |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410182953/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-human-rights-violations-against |archive-date=10 April 2024}}{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sexual-violence-against-palestinian-women-un-report/ |title=Sexual violence against Palestinian women 'may be higher than first thought', says UN expert |first=Maeve |last=Cullinan |date=21 February 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410135606/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sexual-violence-against-palestinian-women-un-report/ |archive-date=10 April 2024}} The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a press release on the same day, stating that Israeli troops had photographed female detainees in “degrading circumstances” and that the photos had been uploaded online.{{cite news |last=Robertson |first=Nick |date=19 February 2024 |title=UN experts condemn 'credible' reports of executions, sexual assault by Israeli soldiers |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4477340-un-experts-reports-executions-sexual-assault-israeli-soldiers/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409122432/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4477340-un-experts-reports-executions-sexual-assault-israeli-soldiers/ |archive-date=9 April 2024}}{{cite web|title=UN experts demand investigation into claims Israeli forces killed, raped and sexually assaulted Palestinian women and girls|website=CNN|date=20 February 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/20/middleeast/israel-hamas-un-investigation-sexual-abuse-intl/index.html|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220122416/https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/20/middleeast/israel-hamas-un-investigation-sexual-abuse-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} Reem Alsalem, the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, criticized that sexual violence against Palestinians is often not reported and investigated. She stated, "Rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide! It must stop!"{{cite web |title=UN special rapporteurs decry underreporting of sexual violence against Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/24/israels-war-on-gaza-live-19-killed-as-israel-again-fires-on-aid-seekers?update=2795432 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=26 March 2024}}

Physicians for Human Rights-Israel also described the sexual humiliation of detainees, including sexual insults and urination on prisoners.{{cite web |title=Cruel and systematic violations of Palestinian rights in Israeli prisons: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-food-trucks-surrounded-as-hunger-spreads-in-gaza?update=2718554 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 February 2024}} The Palestinian Prisoner's Society stated men had been subjected to severe sexual assault, including attempted rape and violating strip searches.{{cite web |last1=Al Tahhan |first1=Zena |title=Palestinian groups share testimonies of sexual assault, rape of prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2720319 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 February 2024}}

In June 2024, a detailed and legally mandated investigative report by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory concluded that "The frequency, prevalence and severity of sexual and gender-based crimes perpetrated against Palestinians since 7 October across the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) indicate that specific forms of Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) are part of Israeli Security Forces (ISF) operating procedures."{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Israeli authorities, Palestinian armed groups are responsible for war crimes, other grave violations of international law, UN Inquiry finds |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/israeli-authorities-palestinian-armed-groups-are-responsible-war-crimes |website=UN Human Rights Office}}

A June 2024 investigation by The New York Times detailed reports that Israeli interrogators at the Sde Teiman detention camp inserted hot metal sticks into detainees' anuses. One detainee reportedly died from the resulting injuries.{{cite web |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |title=Inside the Base Where Israel Has Detained Thousands of Gazans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-detention-base.html |website=The New York Times |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024}} An April 2024 Haaretz investigation found that prisoners in Ktzi'ot Prison were routinely stripped and humiliated, and they were also deliberately struck in the testicles while undergoing naked checks with a metal detector.{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Gideon |last2=Levac |first2=Alex |title=Palestinian Released From Israeli Prison Describes Beatings, Sexual Abuse and Torture |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2024-04-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/palestinian-released-from-israeli-prison-describes-beatings-sexual-abuse-and-torture/0000018f-15e9-d2e1-a7df-15efb6590000# |website=haaretz.com |publisher=Haaretz |access-date=8 June 2024}} In August 2024, a video emerged from the same detention camp depicting the gang rape of a prisoner.{{Cite web |last=Cordall |first=Simon Speakman |title='Everything is legitimate': Israeli leaders defend soldiers accused of rape |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/9/everything-is-legitimate-israeli-leaders-defend-soldiers-accused-of-rape |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} At the same time, Ibrahim Salem, who appeared in one of the first leaked photos from Sde Teiman, was released after being held there for 52 days without charge.{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/raped-female-soldiers-palestinian-leaked-sde-teiman-photo-speaks-out|title='Raped by female soldiers': Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out|last1=al-Hajjar|first1=Mohammed|last2=Durgham|first2=Nader|date=8 August 2024|work=Middle East Eye|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808182030/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/raped-female-soldiers-palestinian-leaked-sde-teiman-photo-speaks-out|archive-date=8 August 2024|url-status=live|access-date=9 August 2024}} He reported widespread torture, including by medical staff, as well as electrocution during interrogations, sexual abuse, constant beatings, forced stripping, genital grabbing, and frequent occurrences of rape committed by both male and female soldiers. Children were also subjected to rape.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WKeKZ6Csro|title=Palestinian in leaked Sde Teiman photo speaks out|date=10 August 2024|work=Middle East Eye|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811152052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WKeKZ6Csro|archive-date=11 August 2024|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2024}}{{Cite web |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |date=2024-08-25 |title='They told me to strip.' Former Palestinian detainee says he was sexually abused in an Israeli prison |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/25/middleeast/former-palestinian-detainee-sexually-abused-in-israeli-prison-mime-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=CNN |language=en}} In one instance, a prisoner in his 40s was handcuffed and forced to bend over a desk while a female soldier inserted her fingers and other objects into his rectum. If the prisoner moved, a male soldier positioned in front of him would beat him and compel him to remain in that position. According to Salem, "Most of the prisoners will come out with rectal injuries [caused by the sexual assault]." In an interview with CNN, Salem stated that Palestinians were transported "like animals" to Israeli prisons on trucks, and described being hit in the genitals with metal detectors, as well as raped with a baton.

Save the Children reported receiving credible reports of sexual violence from children who had been detained by the IDF.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Physical abuse, infectious disease spreading as conditions for Palestinian children in Israeli military detention deteriorate |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/physical-abuse-infectious-disease-spreading-conditions-palestinian-children-israeli-military |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Save the Children International |language=en}}

In March 2025, the UN Human Rights Commission published a report on sexual and gender-based abuses perpetrated by Israel against the Palestinian people, which concluded that sexual abuse of Palestinians is "committed either under explicit orders or with implicit encouragement by Israel's top civilian and military leadership."{{Cite news |last=Gritten|first=David|date=2025-03-13 |title=UN experts accuse Israel of sexual violence and 'genocidal acts' in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyr154314vo|work=BBC |language=en-GB}}

{{Main|Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}File:Holy Family Church in Gaza City (Catholic Church) - interior.jpg, one of the buildings damaged by Israel.]]

A report in early November 2023 listed over 100 significant cultural heritage sites with religious, cultural and historical importance that Israel had partly or completely destroyed.{{cite web |title=Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip - Palestine |url=https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1adISTNx0oAWoqXuYDF0lCoxruPnP5dBylyFG7C0JmfATOiy0ciEK3Gyk |website=Heritage for Peace |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114065536/http://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1adISTNx0oAWoqXuYDF0lCoxruPnP5dBylyFG7C0JmfATOiy0ciEK3Gyk |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Chamaa |first1=Mohamad El |title=Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=28 January 2024 |date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229210059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Bombing of Gaza has damaged or destroyed more than 100 heritage sites, NGO report reveals |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/11/28/bombing-of-gaza-has-damaged-or-destroyed-more-than-100-heritage-sites-ngo-report-reveals |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events |date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128215553/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/11/28/bombing-of-gaza-has-damaged-or-destroyed-more-than-100-heritage-sites-ngo-report-reveals |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Gilad |first1=Moshe |title=Bombing Historical Sites in Gaza:'Israel Is Destroying Everything Beautiful': The 13th century Great Omari Mosque, the Church of Saint Porphyrius, the excavation site at the ancient port: Alongside thousands of dead and hundreds of thousands of displaced, dozens of heritage sites in the Gaza Strip have been destroyed by Israeli bombardment |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/bombing-historical-sites-in-gaza-israel-is-destroying-everything-beautiful/0000018c-a565-df1f-a7bf-b7e53e8e0000 |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=26 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131242/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/bombing-historical-sites-in-gaza-israel-is-destroying-everything-beautiful/0000018c-a565-df1f-a7bf-b7e53e8e0000 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=New report details 104 Gaza cultural landmarks destoyed or damaged |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=NPR |date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127172320/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel |url-status=live }}

In January 2024 BBC has verified 74 cases where religious sites were damaged or destroyed, of which 72 were mosques and two were churches.{{cite news |last1=Kansara |first1=Reha |last2=Nour |first2=Ahmed |date=30 January 2024 |title=Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67983018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201054751/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67983018 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=BBC}} I n October 2024, the Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza estimated that 814 mosques and three churches were destroyed since the war started and a further 148 mosques damaged with the repair costs of over 350 million dollars.{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Israeli army destroys 814 mosques, 3 churches, 19 cemeteries |url=https://aje.io/3vwl57?update=3223479 |website=Al Jazeera}}

The Nation wrote that the destruction of the Great Omari Mosque in particular, originally a fifth-century Byzantine church, was "a crime against cultural heritage. But more importantly... part of a campaign of total annihilation... a deliberate element of the Israeli campaign to erase all traces of Palestinian life.".{{cite news |last1=Wagner |first1=Kate |title=What Israel's Destruction of the Great Omari Mosque Means |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/great-omari-mosque-urbicide-gaza/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |date=24 January 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127063347/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/great-omari-mosque-urbicide-gaza/ |url-status=live }}

{{See also|Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians}}

{{CSS crop

|Location=right

|Description=Map of the 12 northernmost cemeteries that Israel has damaged or destroyed in the Gaza Strip so far during the war.
*approximate location

|bSize=350

|cWidth=350

|cHeight=250

|oLeft=

|oTop=25

|Content=

{{Location map many | Palestine Gaza

| caption =

| width=350px

| alt=.

| coordinates1 = {{coord|31.498|34.4733}} | label1 =
Tunisian Cemetery | position1 = right

| coordinates2 = {{coord|31.524167|34.444167}} | label2 = Al-Batsh* | position2 = left

| coordinates3 = {{coord|31.5009016|34.4653459}} | label3 = ↑
Shajaiye small* | position3 = bottom

| coordinates4 = {{coord|31.502778|34.415278}} | label4 = Sheikh
Ijlin* | position4 = right

| coordinates5 = {{coord|31.535997|34.465486}} | label5 = Sheikh Radwan* | position5 = left

| coordinates6 = {{coord|31.5226327|34.4453522}} | label6 = Sheikh Shaaban | position6 =

| coordinates7 = {{coord|31.5033228|34.4574368}} | label7 = St. Por- phyrius | position7 = left

| coordinates8 = {{coord|31.5124547|34.4734622}} | label8 = Al-Tuffah* | position8 = right

| coordinates9 = {{coord|31.504164|34.469014}} | label9 = Ali ibn-Marwan | position9 = right

| coordinates10 = {{coord|31.534045|34.4897366}} | label10 = Al-Falouja | position10 = top

| coordinates11 = {{coord|31.5344632|34.5258105}} | label11 = Beit
Hanoun* | position11 = left

| coordinates12 = {{coord|31.5513064|34.4989008}} | label12 = Beit Lahia* | position12 = top

| coordinates13 = {{coord|31.4305301|34.3954921}} | label13 = New Bureij | position13 =

| coordinates14 = {{coord|31.3437206|34.2882929}} | label14 = Khan Yunis Central | position14 = left

| coordinates15 = {{coord|31.3421572|34.3148899}} | label15 = Bani Suheila* 1.7km east of Khan Younis

}}

}}

Israel has damaged or destroyed at least 19 cemeteries across the Gaza Strip, in some cases, creating dirt roads across them or establishing military positions.{{cite web |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |date=20 January 2024 |title=At least 16 cemeteries in Gaza have been desecrated by Israeli forces, satellite imagery and videos reveal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/20/middleeast/israel-gaza-cemeteries-desecrated-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120225627/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/20/middleeast/israel-gaza-cemeteries-desecrated-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=CNN}}

The intentional destruction of religious sites without military necessity is a possible war crime.{{cite news |title=Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=14 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001940/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/14/world/middleeast/gaza-cemeteries-damage-israel.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Destruction of Cemeteries |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/2021%20Factsheet%20-%20Destruction%20of%20Cemeteries.pdf |website=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415164700/https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/2021%20Factsheet%20-%20Destruction%20of%20Cemeteries.pdf |url-status=live}} The Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza stated that the Israeli military was guilty of desecrating graves, exhuming bodies and committing acts of violence against those who died, such as stealing their remains and mutilating them.

On 21 December, bulldozers destroyed a cemetery in the Al-Saha neighborhood in eastern Gaza.{{cite web |title=Israeli forces bulldoze cemetery in eastern Gaza, crushing the dead |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/israeli-forces-bulldoze-cemetery-in-eastern-gaza-crushing-the-dead/vi-AA1lQLMf#details |website=MSN |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222005956/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/israeli-forces-bulldoze-cemetery-in-eastern-gaza-crushing-the-dead/vi-AA1lQLMf#details |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Allison |first1=Ismail |title=CAIR Calls Israel's New Ethnic Cleansing, Bulldozing of Bodies in Cemetery, Forced Starvation of Gaza Children the Latest 'Israeli War Crimes of the Day' |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-calls-israels-new-ethnic-cleansing-bulldozing-of-bodies-in-cemetery-forced-starvation-of-gaza-children-the-latest-israeli-war-crimes-of-the-day/ |website=Council on American Islamic Relations |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222005956/https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-calls-israels-new-ethnic-cleansing-bulldozing-of-bodies-in-cemetery-forced-starvation-of-gaza-children-the-latest-israeli-war-crimes-of-the-day/ |url-status=live }} On 6 January 2024, Palestinians in Tuffah reburied bodies after the Israeli army reportedly exhumed them and smashed their graves.{{cite web |title=Palestinians Rebury Bodies Exhumed From Gaza Cemetery |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/palestinians-rebury-bodies-exhumed-from-gaza-cemetery-78208338 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107002054/https://www.barrons.com/news/palestinians-rebury-bodies-exhumed-from-gaza-cemetery-78208338 |url-status=live }} Gazans in Khan Younis reported the Israeli army raided a cemetery and took corpses.{{cite web |last1=Talmazan |first1=Yuliya |title=Gazans in Khan Younis allege Israeli soldiers raided cemetery |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna134245/rcrd31194?canonicalCard=true |website=NBC News |date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118035157/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna134245/rcrd31194?canonicalCard=true |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #95 |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-95 |website=UNOCHA |date=17 January 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119002114/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-95 |url-status=live }} The Khan Younis cemetery was reportedly bulldozed over, tombstones crushed, and the human remains were visible.{{cite web |title=Israeli military indicates it searched Gaza cemetery for bodies of hostages |url=https://news.sky.com/story/middle-east-crisis-us-uk-launch-strikes-houthi-targets-israel-gaza-hamas-12978800?postid=7088248#liveblog-body |website=Sky News |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119031436/https://news.sky.com/story/middle-east-crisis-us-uk-launch-strikes-houthi-targets-israel-gaza-hamas-12978800?postid=7088248#liveblog-body |url-status=live }} Muna Haddad, a human rights lawyer, stated, "What is happening is... considered a war crime of 'committing outrages upon personal dignity' under the Rome Statute." On 27 January 2024, Israeli forces escorted CNN into Gaza in an attempt to explain the destruction of Bani Suheila cemetery. According to the IDF a tunnel ran through the cemetery, but during the three hour visit, Israeli commanders failed to prove their claim.{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/29/world/israel-cemetery-bani-suheila-intl/index.html|title=Israel claims a tunnel ran through this Gaza cemetery it destroyed. A visit to the site raised more questions than answers|first=Jeremy|last=Diamond|date=29 January 2024|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201170334/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/29/world/israel-cemetery-bani-suheila-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} Moreover, the IDF did not allow CNN to see any alleged entrance to the tunnel inside the cemetery, and later provided drone footage of two tunnel entrances, both located outside the cemetery. CNN broadcast footage of completely destroyed, and dug-up cemetery grounds.{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |title=IDF says they destroyed this Gaza graveyard because of Hamas activity. CNN can't find the evidence {{!}} CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/01/29/idf-gaza-graveyard-destruction-diamond-pkg-lead-vpx.cnn |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=CNN |date=29 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131143452/https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/01/29/idf-gaza-graveyard-destruction-diamond-pkg-lead-vpx.cnn |url-status=live }}

On 3 of October 2024, the Israeli air force bombed and destroyed a cemetery in Lebanon's Bashoura neighbourhood.{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Bashoura cemetery damaged due to Israeli attack |url=https://aje.io/l9o832?update=3219058 |website=Al Jazeera}}

{{main|2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip}}

{{see also|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Structural abuse}}

{{Rquote|right|It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It's absolutely not true. They could have risen up. They could have fought against that evil regime which took over Gaza in a coup d'etat.|Isaac Herzog{{cite web|title='No Innocent Civilians in Gaza', Israel President Says as Northern Gaza Struggles to Flee Israeli Bombs|url=https://thewire.in/world/northern-gaza-israel-palestine-conflict|website=The Wire|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011552/https://thewire.in/world/northern-gaza-israel-palestine-conflict|url-status=live}}}}

Collective punishment refers to punishing a whole group of people for an act committed by some of its members. Such punishment targets innocent people along with those who can be held responsible for the punished act.{{Cite web |title=Collective punishments |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/collective-punishments |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=ICRC Casebook}} In the Gaza war this refers to punishing all Palestinian civilians in Gaza for crimes committed by a number of Hamas militants.{{Cite web |title=Civilians in Gaza Must Not Be Collectively Punished for Atrocities Committed by Hamas, Speakers Tell Security Council, Urging Ceasefire |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15473.doc.htm |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=United Nations}} Collective punishment constitutes a war crime prohibited by treaty in both international and non-international armed conflicts.{{Cite web |title=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}

Several actions taken by the Israeli army, including its blockade on electricity, food, fuel and water, were characterized as collective punishment, therefore a war crime.{{cite book |editor1-last=Garner |editor1-first=Bryan A. |editor1-link=Bryan A. Garner|title=Black's Law Dictionary|date=2007|publisher=Thomson West|location=St. Paul, MN|isbn=978-0314151995|page=280|edition=8th|quote=Collective punishment was outlawed in 1949 by the Geneva Convention.}}{{cite book|last=Klocker|first=Cornelia|title=Collective Punishment and Human Rights Law: Addressing Gaps in International Law|publisher=Routledge}} Israel's president Isaac Herzog accused the residents of Gaza of collective responsibility for the war.{{cite news|last1=Reed|first1=John|last2=Srivastava|first2=Mehul|title=Israel tells 1.1mn people to leave northern Gaza|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231013142041/https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa |archive-date=13 October 2023}}{{efn|The Financial Times later silently deleted Herzog's quote from its article, cf. [https://archive.today/20231013224947/https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa archive] copy of the article from the evening of 13 October.{{Cite news|last=El-Kurd|first=Mohammed|date=20 October 2023|title=Western Journalists Have Palestinian Blood on Their Hands|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/western-journalists-have-palestinian-blood-on-their-hands/|work=The Nation|access-date=21 October 2023|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021072332/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/western-journalists-have-palestinian-blood-on-their-hands/|url-status=live}}}}{{cite web|last1=Blumenthal|first1=Paul|title=Israeli President Says There Are No Innocent Civilians In Gaza|url=https://news.yahoo.com/israeli-president-says-no-innocent-154330724.html|website=Y! News|publisher=HuffPost|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011553/https://news.yahoo.com/israeli-president-says-no-innocent-154330724.html|url-status=live}} Doctors Without Borders international president Christos Christou said millions of civilians in Gaza faced "collective punishment" due to Israel's blockade on fuel and medicine.{{cite news|last1=Regan|first1=Helen|title=Israel calls on 1.1 million Gazans to evacuate south in order UN warns is 'impossible'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-friday-intl-hnk/index.html|work=CNN|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012054/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/13/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-war-friday-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Indiscriminate violence and the collective punishment of Gaza must cease|url=https://www.msf.org/indiscriminate-violence-and-collective-punishment-gaza-must-cease|website=Doctors Without Borders|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012057/https://www.msf.org/indiscriminate-violence-and-collective-punishment-gaza-must-cease|url-status=live}}

In an interview with The New Yorker, human rights expert Sari Bashi noted the historical uniqueness of Israeli officials openly admitting they are engaging in collective punishment.{{cite magazine|last1=Chotiner|first1=Isaac|title=The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-humanitarian-catastrophe-in-gaza|magazine=The New Yorker|date=15 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016023052/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-humanitarian-catastrophe-in-gaza|url-status=live}} On 18 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated Hamas' attacks "cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."{{cite web|title=UN's Guterres Says Hamas Attacks Do Not Justify 'Collective Punishment' Of Palestinians|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/un-s-guterres-says-hamas-attacks-do-not-justify-collective-punishment-of-palestinians-d56430f0|work=Barron's|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018171445/https://www.barrons.com/news/un-s-guterres-says-hamas-attacks-do-not-justify-collective-punishment-of-palestinians-d56430f0|url-status=live}} On 24 October, Human Rights Watch criticized Israel's refusal to allow fuel or water into a Gaza, terming it a war crime.{{cite web |title=HRW slams Israel for committing war crimes against Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/23/israel-hamas-war-live-hundreds-killed-israeli-strikes-gaza?update=2434221 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024213227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/23/israel-hamas-war-live-hundreds-killed-israeli-strikes-gaza?update=2434221 |url-status=live }} On 29 October, Karim Ahmad Khan stated Israel's impeding aid to Gaza may constitute a crime under the International Criminal Court.{{cite web |title=Impeding aid to Gaza may constitute crime under ICC jurisdiction |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/28/israel-hamas-war-live-invasion-under-way-as-gaza-cut-off-from-the-world?update=2447182 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029225458/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/28/israel-hamas-war-live-invasion-under-way-as-gaza-cut-off-from-the-world?update=2447182 |url-status=live }} On 7 December, Khan again stated "wilfully impeding relief supplies" may constitute a war crime under the Rome Statute.{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Washington faces UN showdown over fresh resolution for Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/07/washington-faces-showdown-over-fresh-un-resolution-for-gaza-ceasefire-us-israel |website=The Guardian |date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207125502/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/07/washington-faces-showdown-over-fresh-un-resolution-for-gaza-ceasefire-us-israel |url-status=live |ref=none}} On 20 January 2024, the IDF dropped leaflets with hostages' images on Rafah, stating, "Do you want to return home? Please make the call if you recognise one of them."{{cite web |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=Fighting across Gaza as Israel drops leaflets seeking its hostages |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fighting-across-gaza-israel-drops-leaflets-seeking-its-hostages-2024-01-20/ |website=Reuters |access-date=21 January 2024}} On 25 January 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that Israeli troops had fired upon and killed twenty civilians seeking humanitarian aid in Gaza City.{{cite web |last1=Jobain |first1=Najib |title=Gaza's Health Ministry blames Israeli troops for deadly shooting as crowd waited for aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-25-2024-e5592d58f88fd04a87363b0137025926 |website=Associated Press |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125211606/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-25-2024-e5592d58f88fd04a87363b0137025926 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=U.N. slams Israel for deadly strike on Gaza shelter as war with Hamas leaves hospitals under siege |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-idf-unrwa-shelter-khan-younis-hospitals-under-siege/ |website=CBS News |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024701/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-idf-unrwa-shelter-khan-younis-hospitals-under-siege/ |url-status=live }}

On 31 January 2024, Haaretz reported that Israeli army commanders were ordering troops to burn down and destroy unoccupied buildings in Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Israeli Army Occupies Gaza Homes – Then Burns Them Down |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-31/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-occupies-gaza-homes-then-burns-them-down/0000018d-6021-d16e-a39f-7f3f01e30000 |website=Haaretz |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201165613/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-31/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-occupies-gaza-homes-then-burns-them-down/0000018d-6021-d16e-a39f-7f3f01e30000 |url-status=live }} According to Human Rights Watch: "Unlawful and wanton excessive destruction of property that is not militarily justified, is also a war crime."{{cite web |title=Deadly Attacks Kill, Injure Civilians, Destroy Homes |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/18/ukraine-deadly-attacks-kill-injure-civilians-destroy-homes |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404131119/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/18/ukraine-deadly-attacks-kill-injure-civilians-destroy-homes |url-status=live }} On 16 April 2024, a spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office stated, "Israel continues to impose unlawful restrictions on the entry and distribution of humanitarian assistance, and to carry out widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure".{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title=Israel still imposing 'unlawful' restrictions on Gaza aid, UN rights office says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-still-imposing-unlawful-restrictions-gaza-aid-un-rights-office-says-2024-04-16/#:~:text=%22Israel%20continues%20to%20impose%20unlawful,reiterating%20calls%20for%20unfettered%20access. |website=Reuters |access-date=19 April 2024}} The Irish foreign minister Micheál Martin called Israel's actions "fully disproportionate and... a breach of humanitarian law in terms of the destruction of Gaza".{{cite news |title=Ireland accuses Israel of war crime in Gaza |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/04/22/israel-hamas-gaza-war-iran-latest-news-jerusalem-car-terror/ |website=The Telegraph |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |last1=Henderson |first1=Cameron |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425004003/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/04/22/israel-hamas-gaza-war-iran-latest-news-jerusalem-car-terror/ |url-status=live }}

As part of Israel's blockade on Gaza, water supplies from Israel were cut off.{{cite news|last1=Shurafa|first1=Wafaa|last2=Krauss|first2=Joseph|title=Gaza residents struggle to follow Israeli evacuation order amid critical water shortage|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/gaza-residents-struggle-to-follow-israeli-evacuation-order-amid-critical-water-shortage|work=PBS Newshour|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015020157/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/gaza-residents-struggle-to-follow-israeli-evacuation-order-amid-critical-water-shortage|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Mehta|first1=Lyla|last2=Nicol|first2=Alan|title=Cutting off water to Gaza is a war crime|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/19/cutting-off-water-to-gaza-is-a-war|website=The Guardian|date=19 October 2023|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019171300/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/19/cutting-off-water-to-gaza-is-a-war|url-status=live}} Article 51 of the Berlin Rules on Water Resources bars combatants from removing water or water infrastructure to cause death or force its movement.{{cite web|title=Water and Armed Conflicts|url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/water-and-armed-conflicts|website=Casebook|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015200255/https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/water-and-armed-conflicts|url-status=live}} The EU's chief diplomat Josep Borrell called Israel's cutting off water, electricity and food as "not in accordance with international law".{{cite news|last1=O'Leary|first1=Naomi|title=Israel's move to cut Gaza off from food and water is against international law, says EU|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/cutting-gaza-off-from-food-and-water-against-international-law-says-eu/|work=Irish Times|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015185207/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/cutting-gaza-off-from-food-and-water-against-international-law-says-eu/|url-status=live}} On 14 October, the UNRWA announced Gaza no longer had clean drinking water, and two million people were at risk of death from dehydration.{{cite news|title=Water a 'matter of life and death' for Gaza after Israeli siege, says UN|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/water-a-matter-of-life-and-death-for-gaza-strip-says-un-agency|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014215043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/water-a-matter-of-life-and-death-for-gaza-strip-says-un-agency|url-status=live}} On 15 October, Israel announced it had resumed supplying water to a single location in southern Gaza to "encourage" movement.{{Cite news|last1=Spiro|first1=Amy|last2=Magid|first2=Jacob|date=15 October 2023|title=Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip|language=en-US|work=Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-is-restarting-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-strip/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016002435/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-is-restarting-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-strip/ |archive-date=16 October 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Oliphant |first1=Roland |title=Israel resumes water supply to south of Gaza to encourage evacuation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/15/israel-gaza-hamas-evacuation-water-supply-south-encourage/ |website=The Telegraph |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115256/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/15/israel-gaza-hamas-evacuation-water-supply-south-encourage/ |url-status=live }} Aid workers in Gaza refuted water was available.{{cite news|last1=Jobain|first1=Najib|last2=Kullab|first2=Samya|title=Water runs out at UN shelters in Gaza|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/water-runs-shelters-gaza-medics-fear-patients-israeli-103991022|work=ABC News|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012056/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/water-runs-shelters-gaza-medics-fear-patients-israeli-103991022|url-status=live}} By 16 October, civilians drank seawater and water contaminated with sewage to survive.{{cite news|last1=Al-Mughrabi|first1=Nidal|title=In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/|work=Reuters|date=16 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012057/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/|url-status=live}} In July 2024, Oxfam published a report titled Water War Crimes in which it started that Israel was "systematically weaponizing water against Palestinians" in violation of international law.{{cite web |title=Israel Using Water As Weapon Of War As Gaza Supply Plummets By 94%, Creating Deadly Health Catastrophe |url=https://www.oxfam.org.uk/media/press-releases/israel-using-water-as-weapon-of-war-as-gaza-supply-plummets-by-94-creating-deadly-health-catastrophe-oxfam/ |website=Oxfam |date=18 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}

{{main|Gaza Strip famine}}

Israel imposed a "complete siege" on Gaza in the first ten days of the war, due to alleged security concerns that weapons, fuel, and armaments would be transferred to Hamas in the guise of humanitarian aid.{{#invoke:cite news||date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel denies humanitarian aid wasn't checked for weapons before entering Gaza |work=Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-denies-humanitarian-aid-not-checked-for-weapons-before-entering-gaza/}}{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Baruch |first1=Pnina Sharvit |last2=Caner |first2=Tammy |date=26 October 2023 |title=What are Israel's humanitarian obligations toward the civilians in Gaza? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-duties/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=The Institute for National Security Studies}} Israel later allowed the delivery of limited humanitarian aid following security checks.{{#invoke:cite news||title=Live Updates: Current US assessment is Israel 'not responsible' for Gaza hospital blast, White House says |url=https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=AP News}} Israel's restriction of the flow of food, fuel, water, and other humanitarian aid was criticized as a war crime by human rights organizations and termed a "targeted starvation campaign" by United Nations rights experts.{{#invoke:cite news||title=Human Rights Watch: Gaza siege is a 'clear-cut war crime' |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=15 October 2023 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/video/video/2023/10/15/human-rights-watch-gaza-siege-is-a-clear-cut-war-crime/ |ref={{sfnref|The Irish Times|2023}} |access-date=22 October 2023}}{{cite web |title=U.N. experts say Gaza children dying in Israeli "targeted starvation campaign" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-n-experts-say-gaza-children-dying-in-israeli-targeted-starvation-campaign/ |website=CBS News |date=9 July 2024 |access-date=20 July 2024}}

Tom Dannenbaum, co-director of the Center for International Law & Governance at the Fletcher School at Tufts University, wrote that the order "commands the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime".{{#invoke:cite web||last=Dannenbaum |first=Tom |date=11 October 2023 |title=The Siege of Gaza and the Starvation War Crime |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/89403/the-siege-of-gaza-and-the-starvation-war-crime/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |work=Just Security}} Oxfam issued a statement that accused Israel of using starvation as a weapon of war, saying "International Humanitarian Law (IHL) strictly prohibits the use of starvation as a method of warfare and as the occupying power in Gaza, Israel is bound by IHL obligations to provide for the needs and protection of the population of Gaza".{{#invoke:cite news||date=25 October 2023 |title=Starvation used as a 'weapon of war' in Gaza amid Israeli siege: Oxfam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/25/starvation-used-as-a-weapon-of-war-on-civilians-in-gaza-oxfam |access-date=27 October 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |ref={{sfnref |Al Jazeera |2023}}}} Oxfam further stated that attacks on civilian infrastructure were part of the crime of using starvation as a weapon of war.{{cite web |title=Oxfam condemns killing of water engineers in Gaza |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-condemns-killing-water-engineers-gaza |website=Oxfam International |date=21 October 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024}}

Geoffrey S. Corn, Chair of Criminal Law and Director of the Center for Military Law and Policy at Texas Tech University School of Law, and Sean Watts, professor in the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy at West Point, write that sieges are subject to the same laws of war as other military tactics such as distinction and proportionality.{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Corn |first1=Geoff |last2=Watts |first2=Sean |title=Israel – Hamas 2023 Symposium – Siege Law and Military Necessity |publisher=United States Military Academy at West Point |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/siege-law-military-necessity/ |website=Articles of War |access-date=7 November 2023 |date=13 October 2023}} Watts previously wrote that Article 23 of the Fourth Geneva Convention "requires that parties to a conflict allow passage of a limited class of relief supplies for civilians...only if the parties are satisfied no advantage will result 'to the military efforts or economy of the enemy'", but that if the law is interpreted to allow "incidental" starvation of civilians proportional to anticipated military advantage, it "reduces the rule's humanitarian effect, perhaps to the vanishing point".{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Watts |first1=Sean |title=Siege Law |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/siege-law |website=Articles of War |publisher=United States Military Academy at West Point |access-date=5 January 2024 |date=4 March 2022}}

In March 2024, the European Union's top diplomat, Josep Borrell, stated Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war.{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Gregory |title=Israel Gaza war: EU says starvation being used as a weapon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68550937 |website=BBC |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316071418/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68550937 |url-status=live }} Similarly, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, stated, "The extent of Israel’s continued restrictions on entry of aid into Gaza, together with the manner in which it continues to conduct hostilities, may amount to the use of starvation as a method of war, which is a war crime".{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |title=Israel's restrictions to Gaza aid may be war crime, says UN rights office |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-restrictions-gaza-aid-may-amount-war-crime-says-un-rights-office-2024-03-19/#:~:text=%22The%20extent%20of%20Israel's%20continued,for%20Human%20Rights%2C%20Volker%20Turk. |website=Reuters |access-date=22 March 2024}}

Human Rights Watch stated Israel was committing a war crime by using starvation as a method of warfare.{{cite web |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |website=Human Rights Watch |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110222554/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |url-status=live }} Alex de Waal stated it was the worst man-made famine in 75 years.{{cite news |last1=Nolen |first1=Stephanie |title=Looming Starvation in Gaza Shows Resurgence of Civilian Sieges in Warfare |work=The New York Times |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113173728/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |url-status=live }} Luis Moreno Ocampo, the former chief prosecutor for the ICC, stated, "Stopping aid in particular to destroy civilian life – with intention to destroy a historical community – is genocide."{{cite web |title=Israeli incitement and aid blocking should be investigated: Former ICC prosecutor |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-staggering-destruction-in-north-gaza-unrwa?update=2684111 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 February 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207044423/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-staggering-destruction-in-north-gaza-unrwa?update=2684111 |url-status=live }} In April 2024, the United Nations human rights office stated Israel was placing "unlawful restrictions" on humanitarian aid.{{cite web |title=UN says Israel unlawfully restricting Gaza aid |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-says-israel-unlawfully-restricting-gaza-aid/7572020.html |website=VOA |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428000136/https://www.voanews.com/a/un-says-israel-unlawfully-restricting-gaza-aid/7572020.html |url-status=live }}

EuroMed Monitor described the situation as a war of starvation against civilians in the Gaza Strip. EuroMed noted living conditions had reached catastrophic levels by Israel cutting off all food supplies to the Northern half, and bombing and destroying factories, bakeries, food stores, water stations, and tanks throughout the entire enclave. EuroMed additionally noted Israel deliberately focused its attacks on targeting electrical generators and solar energy units, on which commercial facilities and restaurants depend, to maintain the minimum possible level of their work. Israel also targeted the agricultural areas east of Gaza, flour stores, and fishermen's boats, as well as relief organizations' centers, including those belonging to the UNRWA. As a result, over 90% of the children in Gaza suffered from varying health issues, including malnutrition, anemia, and weakened immunity.{{Cite web |date=5 November 2023 |title=Israel is Waging an Extensive War of Starvation against Gaza's Civilian Population [EN/AR] - occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-waging-extensive-war-starvation-against-gazas-civilian-population-enar |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042658/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-waging-extensive-war-starvation-against-gazas-civilian-population-enar |url-status=live }} Israeli snipers reportedly targeted people waiting for humanitarian aid.{{cite web |last1=Abu Azzoum |first1=Tareq |title=Israel using starvation as 'weapon of war' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716291 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218202937/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716291 |url-status=live }}

The ICJ ruled as part of the interim measures that Israel facilitate the flow of aid and lessen humanitarian suffering in Gaza.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/israels-blocking-of-aid-creating-apocalyptic-conditions-in-gaza|title=Israel's blocking of aid creating 'apocalyptic' conditions in Gaza|author=Al Jazeera Staff|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316103101/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/israels-blocking-of-aid-creating-apocalyptic-conditions-in-gaza|url-status=live}} In its March 2024 interim ruling, the ICJ stated, "The court observes that Palestinians in Gaza are no longer facing only a risk of famine (...) but that famine is setting in."{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/world-court-orders-israel-take-measures-ensure-food-gets-into-gaza-2024-03-28/|title=World court orders Israel to take action to address Gaza famine | Reuters|website=Reuters }}

Aid groups complain about the level of aid, blaming harsh war conditions, strict inspections and limits on the number of crossing points while Israel says that the restrictions are necessary to ensure that weapons and supplies do not fall into the hands of Hamas.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/27/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-humanitarian-aid.html|title=Aid Flows to Gaza Are Rising, U.N. Says, but More Is Needed|first1=Isabel|last1=Kershner|first2=Raja|last2=Abdulrahim|first3=Adam|last3=Rasgon|first4=Troy|last4=Closson|work=The New York Times|date=27 April 2024|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501141150/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/27/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-humanitarian-aid.html|url-status=live}} Three reports, a leaked internal State Department memorandum, an internal assessment by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the report of the Independent Task Force on the Application of National Security Memorandum-20 to Israel, confirm that Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid has triggered the legal requirement to halt military aid.{{Cite web|url=https://dawnmena.org/u-s-state-department-suspend-military-aid-to-israel-under-section-620i-of-the-foreign-assistance-act/|title=U.S. State Department: Suspend Military Aid to Israel Under Section 620I of the Foreign Assistance Act|date=27 April 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429172923/https://dawnmena.org/u-s-state-department-suspend-military-aid-to-israel-under-section-620i-of-the-foreign-assistance-act/|url-status=live}} A report from Refugees International revealed that Israeli authorities have "erected unnecessary hurdles, complicated logistical processes, and an unpredictable vetting system, rendering the inspection regime overwhelmingly burdensome with layers of bureaucracy and inspection and limited working hours". Israeli professor Neve Gordon wrote of Israel’s history of restricting food access in the Gaza Strip "controlling and managing the population through food insecurity."{{Cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2024/4/4/neve_gordon_israel_palestine_hunger_gaza|title=The Road to Famine: Israel's History of Using Food Access as Weapon in Gaza|website=Democracy Now!|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424230739/https://www.democracynow.org/2024/4/4/neve_gordon_israel_palestine_hunger_gaza|url-status=live}} The UN and Human Rights Watch said the Israeli government is using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare in the Gaza Strip, a war crime.{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza | Human Rights Watch|date=18 December 2023|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=1 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301021244/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/19/un-israeli-restrictions-gaza-food-aid-war-crime-hunger|title=UN says Israeli restrictions on Gaza food aid may constitute a war crime|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|date=19 March 2024|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=10 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510150211/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/19/un-israeli-restrictions-gaza-food-aid-war-crime-hunger|url-status=live}}

As of summer 2024, over 60% of Gaza's farmland had been damaged or destroyed.{{Cite news |last1=Tabrizy |first1=Nilo |last2=Piper |first2=Imogen |last3=Berger |first3=Miriam |date=2024-05-03 |title=Israel's offensive is destroying Gaza's ability to grow its own food|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2024/gaza-israel-agriculture-food-fisheries/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{Cite web |last=Haddad |first=Mohammed |title=How Israel destroyed Gaza's ability to feed itself |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2024/7/2/how-israel-destroyed-gazas-ability-to-feed-itself |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Crop destruction is considered a war crime under the Geneva conventions article 54.{{Cite web |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-54/commentary/1987 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org| title=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.}} By November 2024 over 70% of farmland had been hit and over 90% of cattle, killed.{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Tantesh |first2=Malak A. |date=2024-11-21 |title=Gaza food production 'decimated' with 70% of farmland hit, UN finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/gaza-food-production-decimated-70-per-cent-farmland-hit |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} 52.5% of agricultural wells and 44.3% of greenhouses have also been damaged.{{Cite web |title=Gaza: Geospatial data shows intensifying damage to cropland |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/gaza-geospatial-data-shows-intensifying-damage-to-cropland/en |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Newsroom |language=en}}

{{see also|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|Killing of health workers in the Gaza war}}

File:Palestine ambulance strike.png ambulance destroyed by an Israeli airstrike]]

Israel is alleged to have broken medical neutrality, a war crime under the Geneva Conventions as hospitals are given special protection under international humanitarian law.{{cite web|last1=Le Poidevin|first1=Olivia|last2=Fleming-Farrell|first2=Niamh|last3=Jadah|first3=Malek|last4=Hamadi|first4=Ghadir|title=Hundreds of Palestinians killed in Israeli airstrike on Gaza hospital: Day 11 of the Hamas-Israel war|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1353474/biden-to-visit-israel-wednesday-iran-threatens-possible-pre-emptive-action-day-11-of-the-israel-hamas-war.html|website=L'Orient Today |date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019201203/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1353474/biden-to-visit-israel-wednesday-iran-threatens-possible-pre-emptive-action-day-11-of-the-israel-hamas-war.html |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023 }}{{cite web|title=Doctors observe black day against Israeli atrocities in Gaza|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441900/doctors-observe-black-day-against-israeli-atrocities-in-gaza|website=The Express Tribune |date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019201447/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441900/doctors-observe-black-day-against-israeli-atrocities-in-gaza |access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023 }} These attacks have been carried out in a manner that aid groups and international bodies are increasingly referring to as systematic.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-hospitals-medical-system.html|title=Israel's Military Campaign Has Left Gaza's Medical System Near Collapse|first1=Vivian|last1=Nereim|first2=Abu Bakr|last2=Bashir|work=The New York Times|date=26 April 2024|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=27 April 2024|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427122433/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-hospitals-medical-system.html|url-status=live}} According to Gaza officials, the IDF deliberately targeted ambulances and health facilities with airstrikes.{{cite news|last1=Basu|first1=Brishti|title=Health-care and relief workers killed in Gaza as humanitarian groups navigate full blockade|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/health-workers-gaza-killed-1.6992828|work=CBC|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013221713/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/health-workers-gaza-killed-1.6992828|url-status=live}}{{multiref|{{cite news|title=Ambulances hit during Israeli air attack in Gaza|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/14/ambulances-hit-during-israeli-air-attack-in-gazavideo-shows-the-moment-a-co|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014184414/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/14/ambulances-hit-during-israeli-air-attack-in-gazavideo-shows-the-moment-a-co|url-status=live}}|{{cite news|last1=Abu Riash|first1=Abed|last2=Marsi|first2=Federica|title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities|url-status=live}}}} In a statement, the Palestine Red Crescent demanded "accountability for this war crime".{{cite web |last1=Abu Riash and Marsi |first1=Abed and Federica |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |website=aljazeera |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |url-status=live }} The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNRWA, and Medecins Sans Frontieres reported the deaths of their medical personnel.{{cite news|title=Eleven workers with UN refugee agency, five IFRC members killed in Gaza|website=Reuters|date=11 October 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nine-staffers-working-with-un-palestinian-refugee-agency-killed-air-strikes-gaza-2023-10-11/|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011182301/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nine-staffers-working-with-un-palestinian-refugee-agency-killed-air-strikes-gaza-2023-10-11/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities|work=Aljazeera|date=12 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities|url-status=live}} On 14 October, the World Health Organization said the killing of health care workers and the destruction of health facilities "denies civilians the basic human right of life-saving health" and is prohibited by International Humanitarian Law.{{cite web|title=Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured|url=https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.html|website=World Health Organization|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011030/https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Gaza: Forcing patients to flee hospitals a 'death sentence' warns WHO|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142347|website=United Nations|date=14 October 2023|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017075513/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142347|url-status=live}} On 17 October, WHO stated 51 health facilities had been attacked by Israel.{{cite news|title=In Gaza's deadliest day, hospital strike kills about 500|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/in-gazas-deadliest-day-hospital-strike-kills-about-500/articleshow/104506456.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=18 October 2023|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018133423/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/in-gazas-deadliest-day-hospital-strike-kills-about-500/articleshow/104506456.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Ortiz|first1=Jorge L.|last2=Bacon|first2=John|title=After Gaza hospital bombing kills hundreds, Israel and Hamas blame each other: Updates|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-updates/71212615007/|work=USA Today|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018133436/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-updates/71212615007/|url-status=live}} On 4 November, the Gaza Health Ministry stated 105 medical facilities had been deliberately targeted.{{cite web |title=105 medical facilities 'deliberately targeted' by Israeli forces: Health ministry |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2461707 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115326/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry?update=2461707 |url-status=live }}

On 21 October, the Ministry of Health noted Israel had attacked 69 health facilities, 24 ambulances, put 7 hospitals out of commission, and killed 37 medical staff.{{cite web|title=250 attacks on medical staff and health facilities: Health ministry|url=https://aje.io/tkd154?|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022180346/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/20/israel-gaza-war-live-hamas-releases-two-american-captives-from-gaza|url-status=live}} Health workers and aid groups said several hospitals in Gaza were hit by airstrikes and shelling. The Palestine Red Crescent Society accused Israel of "deliberately" carrying out airstrikes "directly around" Gaza's second-largest hospital, al-Quds Hospital, in north Gaza, to force them to evacuate the facility. The World Health Organization (WHO) found it impossible to evacuate the hospital. According to CNN, even those who evacuated south have not been safe.{{cite web|last1=Paddison|first1=Laura|last2=Michaelis|first2=Tamar|last3=Dahman|first3=Ibrahim|last4=Tal|first4=Amir|last5=McCarthy|first5=Simone|title=Israeli troops advance in Gaza, hostage freed and 'impossible' hospital evacuation: What to know Monday |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/29/middleeast/israel-second-stage-war-ground-forces-gaza-sunday-hnk-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106034840/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/29/middleeast/israel-second-stage-war-ground-forces-gaza-sunday-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live }} On 30 October 2023, a Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, located in the south of Gaza, was struck by a "direct hit", causing damage and injuries.{{cite web |title=Israel-Hamas war live: Israeli attacks near Gaza City |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/31/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-air-attacks-continue-across-gaza |website=Al Jazeera |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129052657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/31/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-air-attacks-continue-across-gaza |url-status=live }}

On 3 November, an Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying, according to a Palestinian Health Ministry spokesman, 15-20 critically injured patients.{{cite news |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-strikes-hit-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-al-rashid-road |title=New Israeli airstrikes hit Al-Shifa hospital, al-Rashid road as Israel's bombardment of the Gaza Strip continues |publisher=The New Arab |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107192212/https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-strikes-hit-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-al-rashid-road |url-status=live }} The Israeli military confirmed the strike, saying one of the ambulances was being used by a "Hamas terrorist cell", and was close to their position.{{cite news |date=3 November 2023 |title=Israel strikes ambulance near Gaza hospital, 15 reported killed |work=Reuters |publisher= |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/#:~:text=GAZA%2C%20Nov%203%20(Reuters),the%20south%20of%20the%20territory. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103235417/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/health-ministry-gaza-says-israel-targeted-convoy-ambulances-leaving-al-shifa-2023-11-03/ |archive-date=3 November 2023}} In response, Yanis Varoufakis noted, "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention."{{cite web |title=Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention. |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2460653 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115319/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry?update=2460653 |url-status=live }} UN chief António Guterres stated he was "horrified" by the attack.{{cite web |title=UN secretary-general 'horrified' by Israel's attack on ambulances |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2460796 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry?update=2460796 |url-status=live }} In prior weeks, Israel had released an animated video stating Al-Shifa hospital contained a hidden, top-secret underground military center.{{Unbulleted list citebundle |{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Andrew|last2=John|first2=Tara|last3=Flower|first3=Kevin |title=Israel admits airstrike on ambulance near hospital that witnesses say killed and wounded dozens |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/03/middleeast/casualties-gazas-shifa-hospital-idf/index.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=CNN |date=3 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104002513/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/03/middleeast/casualties-gazas-shifa-hospital-idf/index.html |url-status=live }}|{{cite news |title=How Hamas uses hospitals as shields during war |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/hamas-hospitals-israel |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115321/https://nationalpost.com/news/hamas-hospitals-israel |url-status=live }}|{{cite news |last1=Bettini |first1=Daniel |title=Foreign journalists reveal Hamas' false front |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4556016,00.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=Ynetnews |date=7 August 2014 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104081743/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4556016,00.html |url-status=live }}|{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |title=What is a human shield and how has Hamas been accused of using them? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/human-shield-israel-claim-hamas-command-centre-under-hospital-palestinian-civilian-gaza-city |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107212606/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/human-shield-israel-claim-hamas-command-centre-under-hospital-palestinian-civilian-gaza-city |url-status=live }}}} This was flatly denied, with Hamas stating Israel was using "prefabricated" evidence to pre-empt a military strike on a hospital.{{cite web |title=Hamas rejects Israeli claim over installations under al-Shifa hospital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/hamas-rejects-israeli-claim-over-installations-under-al-shifa-hospital |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115182224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/hamas-rejects-israeli-claim-over-installations-under-al-shifa-hospital |url-status=live }} Laws of war provide limited protections to medical facilities used in such capacities.{{cite web |title=Practice relating to Rule 28. Medical Units I. Treaties |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v2/rule28 |website=International Order of the Red Cross |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104135422/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v2/rule28 |url-status=live }} HRW stated the strikes were apparently unlawful and should be investigated as a possible war crime.{{cite web |title=Gaza: Israeli Ambulance Strike Apparently Unlawful |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/07/gaza-israeli-ambulance-strike-apparently-unlawful |website=Human Rights Watch |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115152357/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/07/gaza-israeli-ambulance-strike-apparently-unlawful |url-status=live }}

During the Siege of Gaza City, Israeli snipers reportedly fired on the intensive care unit in Al-Quds Hospital, killing one person and wounding 28.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/10/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-benjamin-netanyahu-gaza-fighting-pauses-un-palestine?CMP=share_btn_tw&page=with%3Ablock-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be#block-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be |title= One person killed, many children wounded after Israeli snipers target al-Quds hospital, according to Palestinian Red Crescent |work= The Guardian |access-date= 12 November 2023 |archive-date= 16 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152921/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/10/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-benjamin-netanyahu-gaza-fighting-pauses-un-palestine?CMP=share_btn_tw&page=with%3Ablock-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be#block-654e637a8f08a95ef07ec2be |url-status= live }} Doctors in Al-Shifa Hospital reported snipers at the outskirts of the complex were firing at "any moving person".{{cite web | url= https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/who-loses-contact-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-737686 | title= WHO loses contact with Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital | work= Business Standard | date= 12 November 2023 | access-date= 12 November 2023 | archive-date= 12 November 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231112080718/https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/who-loses-contact-gazas-al-shifa-hospital-737686 | url-status= live }} Fabrizio Carbone, the Middle East regional head of the International Committee of the Red Cross, stated Israel's attacks on al-Shifa Hospital could not continue, stressing patients and hospital staff should be "protected in line with the laws of war".{{cite web |title='Distressing' information coming from al-Shifa Hospital: ICRC |url=https://aje.io/jmh2l8?update=2478828 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/11/israel-hamas-war-live-pleas-for-help-as-israel-bombards-gaza-hospitals?update=2478828 |url-status=live }} In response to the Al-Shifa Hospital siege, Human Rights Watch stated Israel's actions against hospitals need to be investigated as war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Moran |first1=Mark |last2=Godfrey |first2=Paul |title=HRW: Israeli attacks on Gaza hospitals should be investigated as war crimes |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/11/14/Israel-claims-evidence-of-Hamas-headquarters-in-Gaza-childrens-hospital/9471699948488/ |website=UPI |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114081653/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/11/14/Israel-claims-evidence-of-Hamas-headquarters-in-Gaza-childrens-hospital/9471699948488/ |url-status=live }} Jennifer Cassidy, a legal expert at University of Oxford, stated Israel's siege on al-Shifa was a war crime "plain and simple".{{cite web |title=Israel's hospital raid 'a war crime plain and simple' |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2489446 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115621/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2489446 |url-status=live }} Following an Israeli attack on Indonesia Hospital, the Indonesian Foreign Minister called it a clear violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=Indonesia condemns Israeli 'attack' on Gaza hospital |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774171 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=20 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120142351/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774171 |url-status=live }}

File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg

On 18 November 2023, two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified Doctors Without Borders evacuation convoy in Gaza City.{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Nick |title=Doctors Without Borders: Attack on organization's convoy 'deliberate,' calling for investigation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4338868-msf-attack-convoy-deliberate-demanding-investigation/#:~:text=On%20Nov.%2018%2C%20a%20convoy,the%20clinic%2C%20the%20organization%20said. |website=The Hill |date=2 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012656/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4338868-msf-attack-convoy-deliberate-demanding-investigation/#:~:text=On%20Nov.%2018%2C%20a%20convoy,the%20clinic%2C%20the%20organization%20said. |url-status=live }} Doctors Without Borders termed it a "deliberate attack."{{cite web |title=MSF convoy attacked in Gaza: all elements point to Israeli army responsibility |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-convoy-attacked-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility |website=Doctors Without Borders |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202223835/https://www.msf.org/msf-convoy-attacked-gaza-all-elements-point-israeli-army-responsibility |url-status=live }} On 16 December, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes at the Kamal Adwan Hospital.{{cite web |title=Urgent int'l investigation needed to probe Israeli war crimes after Palestinian civilians buried alive at Gaza's Kamal Adwan Hospital |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6039/Urgent-int%E2%80%99l-investigation-needed-to-probe-Israeli-war-crimes-after-Palestinian-civilians-buried-alive-at-Gaza%E2%80%99s-Kamal-Adwan-Hospital |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216224752/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6039/Urgent-int%E2%80%99l-investigation-needed-to-probe-Israeli-war-crimes-after-Palestinian-civilians-buried-alive-at-Gaza%E2%80%99s-Kamal-Adwan-Hospital |url-status=live }} On 17 January 2024, Israeli fire damaged the Jordanian field hospital, leading the Jordanian army to call it a "flagrant breach of international law".{{cite web |last1=Barbakh |first1=Arafat |title=Israel presses southern Gaza assault, Jordan decries damage to hospital |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-southern-gaza-hospital-badly-damaged-by-israeli-shelling-nearby-2024-01-17/#:~:text=The%20Jordanian%20army%20said%20it,cell%22%20next%20to%20the%20hospital. |website=Reuters |access-date=18 January 2024}} On 19 January, Jordan stated Israel had "deliberately" targeted the hospital.{{cite web |last1=Arraf |first1=Jane |title=Jordan accuses Israel of deliberately targeting its Gaza field hospital |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/19/1225623652/jordan-field-hospital-gaza-israel |website=NPR |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120025517/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/19/1225623652/jordan-field-hospital-gaza-israel |url-status=live }} The World Health Organization stated on 24 January it had recorded 660 Israel attacks on healthcare facilities, calling them "a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite news | title=Israel continues to target health institutions in Gaza, says WHO regional director | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-us-military-strikes-houthi-rebels-yemen-red-sea-israel-gaza-war-hamas-hostages?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe#block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe | website=The Guardian | date=24 January 2024 | access-date=25 January 2024 | last1=Chao-Fong | first1=Léonie | last2=Sedghi | first2=Amy | last3=Belam | first3=Martin | last4=Ahmad | first4=Reged | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000009/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/24/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-us-military-strikes-houthi-rebels-yemen-red-sea-israel-gaza-war-hamas-hostages?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe#block-65b11bf28f0898882cc4fbfe | url-status=live }} On 31 January, Doctors Without Borders stated Israel had conducted "systematic attacks on health facilities" which they stated was unprecedented for their organization.{{cite web |title=Facing a 'massacre' in Gaza, MSF laments limited ability to help |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240131-facing-a-massacre-in-gaza-msf-laments-limited-ability-to-help |website=France24 |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131205209/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240131-facing-a-massacre-in-gaza-msf-laments-limited-ability-to-help |url-status=live }}

On 8 February 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately killing one of their paramedics.{{cite web |title=PRCS: Killing of paramedic was 'deliberate' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/8/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-says-space-for-truce-deal-israel-vows-war?update=2691193 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208114341/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/8/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-says-space-for-truce-deal-israel-vows-war?update=2691193 |url-status=live }} On 11 February, the Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately targeting and killing two of their paramedics sent to rescue Hind Rajab, calling the killing a war crime.{{cite web |title=Attacking paramedics a 'war crime': Red Crescent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2701166 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 February 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211215058/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2701166 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=The Palestine Red Crescent Society renews its calls to the international community to ensure the protection of its personnel and facilities and to provide a safe humanitarian space |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescent-society-renews-its-calls-international-community-ensure-protection-its-personnel-and-facilities-and-provide-safe-humanitarian-space-enar |website=ReliefWeb |date=12 February 2024 |publisher=Palestine Red Crescent Society |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115621/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestine-red-crescent-society-renews-its-calls-international-community-ensure-protection-its-personnel-and-facilities-and-provide-safe-humanitarian-space-enar |url-status=live }} In response to an Israeli attack at the Al-Aqsa Hospital on 31 March 2024, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated, "The ongoing attacks and militarisation of hospitals must stop. International humanitarian law must be respected."{{cite news |last1=Abualouf |first1=Rushdi |last2=Wright |first2=George |title=Journalists injured in al-Aqsa hospital air strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68704280 |website=BBC |date=31 March 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024}} In May 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated an Israeli attack on their ambulances near Rafah was a war crime.{{cite web |title=PRCS says killing of medics in south Gaza 'war crime' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-no-safe-shelter-as-dozens-killed-in-rafah?update=2936480 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 June 2024}} Following the attack, WHO stated, "Health workers are protected under international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=WHO mourns 2 Red Crescent paramedics slain in Rafah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unrelenting-nightmare-for-weary-palestinians?update=2938462 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 June 2024}} In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office discussed the killing of health workers in Gaza, stating, "These killings have occurred against the backdrop of systematic attacks on hospitals and other medical facilities in violation of the laws of war".{{cite web |last1=Ngendakumana |first1=Pierre Emmanuel |title=500 medical workers killed during Israel's military assault on Gaza, UN says |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/500-healthcare-workers-killed-during-israel-military-assault-on-gaza-hospital-un-charity-says/ |website=Politico |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024}} In July 2024, the government of Turkey stated that images showing Israel using the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital as a military base indicated violations of international humanitarian law and threatened to take Israel to court.{{cite web |title=Turkey 'threatens' Israel with legal action after army uses Gaza hospital as base |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/turkey-threatens-israel-after-army-uses-gaza-hospital-base |website=The New Arab |access-date=26 July 2024}}

In October 2024, a UN inquiry accused Israel of "committing war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical personnel and facilities", as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza.

• {{cite press release|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks|title=UN Commission finds war crimes and crimes against humanity in Israeli attacks on Gaza health facilities and treatment of detainees, hostages|date=10 October 2024|agency=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012003905/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-of-deliberately-hitting-gaza-health-facilities|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of crime of 'extermination' in Gaza|date=10 October 2024|work=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011095557/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-of-deliberately-hitting-gaza-health-facilities|archive-date=11 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/un-israel-war-crimes-gaza-health-system-intl/index.html|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of 'crime of extermination' through deliberate destruction of Gaza's health care system|last1=Kennedy|first1=Niamh|last2=Darwish|first2=Muhammad|date=11 October 2024|work=CNN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012174219/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/un-israel-war-crimes-gaza-health-system-intl/index.html|archive-date=12 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lnw2gvllxo|title=UN accuses Israel of war crimes over attacks on Gaza hospitals|last=Foulkes|first=Imogen|date=10 October 2024|work=BBC|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011105921/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lnw2gvllxo|archive-date=11 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/|title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of seeking to destroy Gaza healthcare system|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=10 October 2024|work=Reuters|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010193354/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/|archive-date=10 October 2024|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2024}} The chair of the UN Human Rights Council-appointed team, Navi Pillay, stated that Israel's destruction and targeting was part of an Israeli policy to destroy Gaza's healthcare system.{{cite web |title=Israel has 'concerted policy to destroy Gaza healthcare system': Independent UN report |url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2024/10/1156281 |website=UN News |date=30 October 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024}}

{{main|Rafah paramedic massacre}}

In March 2025, the United Nations said that Israeli troops killed 15 Palestinian aid workers in southern Gaza and buried them in a mass grave. On March 23, the PRCS said it lost contact with an ambulance sent to the scene of an Israeli airstrike. A convoy sent to retrieve the medics subsequently went missing as well.{{cite web |last1=Shurafa |first1=Wafaa |last2=Keath |first2=Lee |last3=Khaled |first3=Fatima |title=Israeli troops killed 15 Palestinian medics and buried them in a mass grave, UN says |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-medics-killed-israel-ambulances-f34b6ecc985d9127265a400bd52c72b7 |website=Associated Press |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025}}{{cite web |last1=Tondo |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Tantesh |first2=Malak |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |title=Israel killed 15 Palestinian paramedics and rescue workers one by one, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/31/israel-killed-15-palestinian-paramedics-and-rescue-workers-one-by-one-says-un |website=The Guardian |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025}} The IDF claimed that it fired on "suspicious vehicles" that were driving with their lights off. However, video taken by one of the men killed by Israel showed clearly marked ambulances driving with both headlights and flashing emergency lights.{{cite web |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |title=Phone footage appears to contradict Israeli account of killing of Gaza medics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/05/phone-footage-appears-to-contradict-israeli-account-of-killing-of-gaza-paramedics |website=The Guardian |access-date=5 April 2025}} The U.N. said that it was prevented from accessing the site where the medics went missing for several days. On March 29, one of the bodies was found and 14 more were recovered the next day, buried alongside their emergency vehicles. According to eyewitness accounts, some of the bodies were found with their hands or legs tied and appeard to have been shot in the head.{{cite web |last1=Tondo |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Tantesh |first2=Malak |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |title=Palestinian paramedics shot by Israeli forces had hands tied, eyewitnesses say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/01/palestinian-paramedics-shot-by-israeli-forces-had-hands-tied-eyewitnesses-say |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 April 2025}} According to an OCHA spokesperson, "The available information indicates that the first team was killed by Israeli forces on 23 March, and that other emergency and aid crews were struck one after another over several hours as they searched for their missing colleagues." The Gaza health ministry claimed, "They were executed, some of them handcuffed and had sustained head and chest injuries. They were buried in a deep hole to prevent their identities from being identified."

Israel alleges medical facilities are used to store weapons and have been used as a base of fire, and that hospitals' special protection is lost if that is the case.{{cite news |title=Israel shows CNN an underground tunnel between a school and hospital in Gaza {{!}} CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/13/cnn-inside-gaza-hospital-israel-defense-forces-hamas-robertson-pkg-src-vpx.cnn |access-date=15 November 2023 |date=14 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095513/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/11/13/cnn-inside-gaza-hospital-israel-defense-forces-hamas-robertson-pkg-src-vpx.cnn |url-status=live }} However, the IDF has not presented hard evidence to support their claims.{{cite web |title=Israeli military: Gaza hospitals risk losing protection |url=https://aje.io/u0xc67?update=2487009 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025853/https://aje.io/u0xc67?update=2487009 |url-status=live }} Israel also does not have the power to unilaterally decide if a hospital has lost protected status. According to International Criminal Court prosecutor Karim Khan, the bar for evidence that a hospital, school, or place of worship is being used for military purposes is very high.{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Karim |title=We are witnessing a pandemic of inhumanity: to halt the spread, we must cling to the law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/nov/10/law-israel-hamas-international-criminal-court-icc |website=The Guardian |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114230514/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/nov/10/law-israel-hamas-international-criminal-court-icc |url-status=live }} The burden of proof also lays with the Israelis.{{cite web |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |title=In wars, hospitals have special protection under international law. How does that apply in Gaza? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/in-wars-hospitals-have-special-protection-under-international-law-how-does-that-apply-in-gaza#:~:text=International%20humanitarian%20law%20lends%20hospitals,of%20the%20Red%20Cross%20said. |website=PBS |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025853/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/in-wars-hospitals-have-special-protection-under-international-law-how-does-that-apply-in-gaza#:~:text=International%20humanitarian%20law%20lends%20hospitals,of%20the%20Red%20Cross%20said. |url-status=live }} Jessica Wolfendale, an expert in military ethics at Case Western Reserve University, stated that even if Israel had been able to prove Shifa concealed a military operation, international law remains in place, as, "Steps need to be taken to protect the innocent." A hospital attack is also still illegal under international law if it harms civilians disproportionately to the military objective.

Ardi Imseis, an international law expert at Queen's University at Kingston, stated, "Until such time that the Israelis provide proof that it has been converted into a military object, the civilian nature of the object does not change."{{cite web |title=What does the Geneva Convention say about the protection of civilians inside hospitals? |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2487375 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115623/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2487375 |url-status=live }} Human Rights Watch stated, "The Israeli government has put forward no evidence that would justify stripping hospitals of their special protections."{{cite web |title=Gaza's hospitals under 'sustained, systematic assault': HRW |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2487320 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115720/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2487320 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Helen |last2=Chao-Fong |first2=Léonie |last3=Banfield-Nwachi |first3=Mabel |last4=Livingstone |first4=Helen |date=17 November 2023 |title=Human Rights Watch (HRW) have said images released by Israel showing what it said were weapons found inside Gaza's al-Shifa hospital were not sufficient to justify the hospital's status as protected by the laws of war. |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/16/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-biden-ceasefire-israel-criticises-un-humanitarian-pauses?page=with:block-655641f58f08d1d922ef829e |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118095841/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/16/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-biden-ceasefire-israel-criticises-un-humanitarian-pauses?page=with:block-655641f58f08d1d922ef829e |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Israel's attacks on hospitals 'should be investigated as war crimes': HRW |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/israels-attacks-on-hospitals-should-be-investigated-as-war-crimes-hrw |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114224711/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/israels-attacks-on-hospitals-should-be-investigated-as-war-crimes-hrw |url-status=live }} The OHCHR stated, "Even if Israel contends that a medical facility has lost its protection... it must nevertheless comply with the principles of precautions and proportionality."{{cite web |last1=Parvaz |first1=D. |title=Searching for the remains of hostages, Israeli forces raid another Gaza hospital |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/02/16/1231942329/israel-hamas-war-gaza-nasser-hospital-khan-younis#:~:text=%22Even%20if%20Israel%20contends%20that,said%20in%20a%20statement%20Thursday. |website=NPR |date=16 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217004117/https://www.npr.org/2024/02/16/1231942329/israel-hamas-war-gaza-nasser-hospital-khan-younis#:~:text=%22Even%20if%20Israel%20contends%20that,said%20in%20a%20statement%20Thursday. |url-status=live }}

{{See also|Killing of journalists in the Gaza war}}

File:Hossam Shabat.jpg's Gaza correspondent Hossam Shabat was assassinated by Israel on 24 March 2025]]

On 1 November 2023, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) asked the International Criminal Court (ICC) to begin a priority war crimes investigation into the killing of nine journalists.{{cite web |title=Media watchdog files war crimes complaint with ICC |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2453874 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 November 2023}} RSF noted that of the 41 journalists killed in the first month of the conflict, 36 among them were Palestinian reporters killed by Israeli strikes in the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |title=Israel/Palestine war: 41 journalists, more than one a day, killed in first month of Israel-Palestine war |url=https://rsf.org/en/israelpalestine-war-41-journalists-more-one-day-killed-first-month-israel-palestine-war |website=Reporters Without Borders |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}}

Jodie Ginsberg, the president of the Committee to Protect Journalists, called for an ICC investigation into the killing of journalists in Gaza, stating the killings "appear to have been targeted".{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Michel |title=Number of journalists killed in Gaza since Oct. 7 attacks called unprecedented loss |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/19/1220210900/number-of-journalists-killed-in-gaza-since-oct-7-attacks-called-unprecedented-lo |website=NPR |access-date=20 December 2023}} On 27 January 2024, the International Federation of Journalists wrote an open-letter to Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant stating they would take Israel to court if it did not comply with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) order to avoid targeting journalists.{{cite web |title=IFJ will take Israel to court if journalists are targeted |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/ifj-will-take-israel-to-court-if-journalists-are-targeted |website=International Federation of Journalists |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024}} In February 2024, the deputy director of the International Federation of Journalists stated, "There appears to have been a systematic campaign to kill and terrify and maim journalists in Gaza".{{cite web |title=Israel carrying out campaign to 'terrify' journalists in Gaza: Advocate |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705425 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}}

On 13 February 2024, Al Jazeera stated Israel had attacked two of its journalists in Gaza. They called it "a full-fledged crime added to Israel's crimes against journalists, and a new part in the series of the deliberate targeting of Al Jazeera's journalists".{{cite web |title=Statement: Al Jazeera condemns Israeli army's 'deliberate targeting' of its correspondent in Rafah, Ismail Abu Omar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705289 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}} A representative from Media Defence stated, "Journalists are civilians so they are entitled to all the protections that civilians should have in times of conflict".{{cite web |title=Journalists entitled to protections as civilians in times of conflict: Legal network |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705296 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}} The director of the International Press Institute stated, "We see journalists clearly targeted… Our organisation has been monitoring press freedom for almost 75 years and this is the worst attack we have seen on journalists in any conflict".{{cite web |title=Journalists 'clearly targeted' in Israel's war on Gaza: IPI |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705188 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}}

Following the Israeli killing of Samer Abu Daqqa, Al Jazeera stated it was referring the incident to the ICC.{{cite web |title=Al Jazeera to refer journalist Samer Abudaqa's killing to ICC |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/16/al-jazeera-to-refer-journalist-samer-abudaqas-killing-to-icc |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 December 2023}} In June 2024, a Forbidden Stories investigation into Israel's killing of journalists suggested that some of the killings were deliberate.{{cite web |last1=Zerrouky |first1=Madjid |last2=Abreu |first2=Mariana |last3=Layan |first3=Eloïse |last4=Delpuech |first4=Aïda |title=How Israel targets journalists in Gaza: 'The press vest now puts us in danger' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/06/25/how-israel-targets-journalists-in-gaza-the-press-vest-now-puts-us-in-danger_6675653_4.html |website=Le Monde |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024}} The investigation further found that Israeli tanks were likely responsible for an attack on the Agence France Press building in Gaza, described by investigators as "likely targeted".{{cite web |title=Media probe finds Israeli tank fire likely hit AFP Gaza office |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240625-media-probe-finds-israeli-tank-fire-likely-hit-afp-gaza-office |website=France24 |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024}} In September 2024, RSF stated there were 31 credible cases where journalists were directly targeted by the Israeli army.{{cite web |last1=Salhani |first1=Justin |title=Israel is deliberately targeting journalists in Gaza: Experts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/23/israel-is-deliberately-targeting-journalists-in-gaza-experts |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 October 2024}}

{{see also|Issam Abdallah#Death}}

File:Reuters Journalist Issam Abdullah killed by a targeted IDF missile strike (53335018159).jpg during mass demonstrations in London, 29 October 2023]]

RSF conducted a preliminary investigation into the killing of Issam Abdallah, a Reuters photojournalist killed in Lebanon. They found that the strike on a clearly marked vehicle marked "Press" was purposely targeted and that the fire had come from Israel.{{cite web | title=RSF video investigation into the death of Reuters reporter Issam Abdallah in Lebanon: the journalists' vehicle was explicitly targeted | website=RSF | date=29 October 2023 | url=https://rsf.org/en/rsf-video-investigation-death-reuters-reporter-issam-abdallah-lebanon-journalists-vehicle-was | access-date=9 November 2023}} An investigation by the Agence France Press found Abdallah's killing was used with tank shells of Israeli origin and were deliberate and targeted.{{cite web |title=Journalists killed and injured in Lebanon: AFP investigation points to Israeli army strike |url=https://www.afp.com/en/agency/press-releases-newsletter/journalists-killed-and-injured-lebanon-afp-investigation-points-israeli-army-strike |website=Agence France Press |date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023}} Amnesty International stated the attack was a likely war crime and that "Israel must not be allowed to kill and attack journalists with impunity."{{cite web |title=Lebanon: Israel's attack on seven journalists was a likely war crime - new investigation |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/lebanon-israels-attack-seven-journalists-was-likely-war-crime-new-investigation |website=Amnesty International |access-date=7 December 2023}} Human Rights Watch stated the attack was apparently deliberate and constitutes a war crime.{{cite web |title=Israel: Strikes on Journalists in Lebanon Apparently Deliberate |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/07/israel-strikes-journalists-lebanon-apparently-deliberate#:~:text=Two%20Israeli%20strikes%20on%20a,were%20firing%20on%20were%20civilians. |website=Human Rights Watch | date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023}} A study by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research found it likely "that a Merkava tank, after firing two tank rounds, also used its machine gun against the location of the journalists".{{cite web |title=Israeli tank in 'likely scenario' fired machine gun at reporters after deadly shelling, report finds |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/08/israeli-tank-in-likely-scenario-fired-machine-gun-at-reporters-after-deadly-shelling-report-finds.html#:~:text=“It%20is%20considered%20a%20likely,fire%20could%20not%20be%20established.” |website=CNBC | date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=9 March 2024}}

A February 2024 report by the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon concluded that an Israeli tank killed Abadallah when it fired at "clearly identifiable journalists", and that this broke international law.{{cite news |last1=Gauthier-Villars |first1=David |last2=Bassam |first2=Laila |last3=Perry |first3=Tom |title=Israeli tank strike killed 'clearly identifiable' Reuters reporter - UN report |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-tank-strike-killed-clearly-identifiable-reuters-reporter-un-report-2024-03-13/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Reuters |date=14 March 2024}} The report "assessed that there was no exchange of fire across the Blue Line at the time of the incident", with no records of any exchange of fire across the border for the 40 minutes before the tank firing. The Israel Defense Forces responded to the United Nations report by claiming that Hezbollah attacked them, so tank fire was used to retaliate. The report concluded that the attack was a violation of UNSCR 1701 and international law.{{cite news |title=Israel broke international law with tank shelling that killed journalist, UN finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/13/israel-broke-international-law-journalist-killed?CMP=twt_b-gdnnews |website=The Guardian | date=13 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}

{{main|Gaza Strip evacuations}}

File:The return of displaced Palestinians from the south to the northern Gaza Strip.jpg in January 2025]]

On 13 October, the Israeli army ordered the evacuation of 1.1 million people from north Gaza, saying that they needed to separate the civilian population from the militants embedded among them, and that the population would be allowed to return after the war.{{cite news|last1=Debre|first1=Isabel|title=Israel orders evacuation of 1 million in northern Gaza in 24 hours|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-orders-evacuation-of-1-million-in-northern-gaza-in-24-hours|work=PBS News|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011029/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-orders-evacuation-of-1-million-in-northern-gaza-in-24-hours|url-status=live}} Gazan officials initially asked residents to ignore the order, with the Interior Ministry stating Israel sought to "displace us once again from our land".{{Unbulleted list citebundle |{{cite web |last1=Batrawy |first1=Aya |last2=Sullivan |first2=Becky |title=Gazans flee their homes after an Israeli evacuation order but have few places to go |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/13/1205672587/israel-warns-evacuate-northern-gaza |website=NPR |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026012822/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/13/1205672587/israel-warns-evacuate-northern-gaza |url-status=live }}|{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Hamas tells Gaza residents to stay put as Israel ground offensive looms |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013165455/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tells-gaza-residents-stay-home-israel-ground-offensive-looms-2023-10-13/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Sharon |first=Itamar |date=14 October 2023 |title=IDF says it's completing preparations to strike Gaza 'from air, sea and land' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232648/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-its-completing-preparations-to-attack-gaza-from-air-sea-and-land/ |url-status=live }}}} The evacuation was characterized as a forcible transfer by Jan Egeland, a Norwegian diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Mehul|title=Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868|work=Financial Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014132458/https://www.ft.com/content/eb4717fc-432e-4251-b778-7a365f8de825?accessToken=zwAGB63wDZbYkdPrRxf8Qy5CUdO3eHo2X43oJQ.MEQCIQDcwGudDMv5bHMEEl000xy4DPGx7c0vFLiArY6aUdpF2AIfL1wVgRM8vtVUAlUm6FxWr3LlBBJD1XlhZAq_ln33rw&sharetype=gift&token=37a455ea-c676-4b2f-9449-fbbae0077868 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023}} Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva Convention is a war crime." UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.{{cite web|title=UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls|website=UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014150546/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls|url-status=live}} Israeli historian Raz Segal termed it a "textbook case of genocide."{{cite web|last1=Segal|first1=Raz|title=A Textbook Case of Genocide|url=https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide|website=Jewish Currents|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014034453/https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide|url-status=live}} The action was condemned by the UN, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, and the IRC.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web|title=WHO pleads for immediate reversal of Gaza evacuation order to protect health and reduce suffering|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering|access-date=14 October 2023|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013232108/https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2023-who-pleads-for-immediate-reversal-of-gaza-evacuation-order-to-protect-health-and-reduce-suffering|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|title=MSF: Israeli order to evacuate northern Gaza 'outrageous'|website=Doctors Without Borders|date=13 October 2023|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous|ref={{sfnref |Doctors Without Borders - USA |2023}}|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013220725/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-israeli-order-evacuate-northern-gaza-outrageous|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|title=Time is running out for children in Gaza—UNICEF|url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/time-running-out-children-gazaunicef|access-date=14 October 2023|website=www.unicef.org|language=en|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014103535/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/time-running-out-children-gazaunicef|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory: The IRC calls for protection of civilians and upholding of International Humanitarian Law|url=https://www.rescue.org/press-release/occupied-palestinian-territory-irc-calls-protection-civilians-and-upholding|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042335/https://www.rescue.org/press-release/occupied-palestinian-territory-irc-calls-protection-civilians-and-upholding |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023|website=www.rescue.org|language=en}}}}n

On 14 October, the World Health Organization issued a statement condemning Israel's order to evacuate 22 hospitals in northern Gaza, calling it a "death sentence".{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Steff Danielle|title=WHO condemns Israel's Gaza evacuation order as 'death sentence' for sick, injured|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4256422-who-condemns-israel-gaza-evacuation-order/|work=The Hill|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011035/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4256422-who-condemns-israel-gaza-evacuation-order/|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured |url=https://www-who-int.translate.goog/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured?_x_tr_sl=fa&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp |website=World Health Organization |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022174722/https://www-who-int.translate.goog/news/item/14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured?_x_tr_sl=fa&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp |url-status=live }} Doctors noted both the southern Gaza Strip's lack of hospital beds and the impossibility of transporting patients, such as newborns in incubators and patients on ventilators.{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=17 October 2023 |title=Attack on Gaza hospital 'unprecedented' in scale, WHO says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/attack-gaza-hospital-unprecedented-scale-who-says-2023-10-17/ |url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017223550/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/attack-gaza-hospital-unprecedented-scale-who-says-2023-10-17/ |archive-date=17 October 2023}}|{{Cite news|last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=15 October 2023 |title=Gaza's Hospitals Face 'Impossible' Choices With Israel Evacuation Order |language=en-US |work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/world/middleeast/israel-gaza.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018020440/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/world/middleeast/israel-gaza.html#:~:text=Since%20last%20Saturday%2C%20at%20least,for%20the%20sick%20and%20wounded. |archive-date=18 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}|{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=UN chief 'horrified' by strike on Gaza hospital, as warring sides blame each other {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142472|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018041701/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142472 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}|{{cite news|last1=Abdel-Baqui |first1=Omar |last2=Jones |first2=Rory |last3=AbdulKarim |first3=Fatima |date=17 October 2023 |title=Blast at Gaza Hospital Kills More Than 500, Palestinian Officials Say |work=The Wall Street Journal|location=New York|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-attacks-200-targets-in-gaza-ahead-of-biden-visit-cd6889d6 |url-status=live |access-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024704/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-attacks-200-targets-in-gaza-ahead-of-biden-visit-cd6889d6 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |url-access=subscription}}}} Nevertheless, on 22 October, the IDF dropped leaflets in northern Gaza stating anyone who did not comply with the evacuation would be considered a "terrorist".{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |last2=Berger |first2=Miriam |title=IDF leaflets says civilians that don't evacuate Gaza can be seen as accomplices |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-HW6X3JZXDFGWLPYFA6667YB4G4 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022053342/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-HW6X3JZXDFGWLPYFA6667YB4G4 |url-status=live }} On 20 December, Human Rights Watch stated the risk of forced displacement was growing.{{cite web |last1=Hardman |first1=Nadia |title=Most of Gaza's Population Remains Displaced and in Harm's Way |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/20/most-gazas-population-remains-displaced-and-harms-way#:~:text=Repeated%20attacks%20by%20the%20Israeli,Gaza%27s%20hospitals%20have%20been%20damaged. |website=Human Rights Watch |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220222612/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/20/most-gazas-population-remains-displaced-and-harms-way#:~:text=Repeated%20attacks%20by%20the%20Israeli,Gaza%27s%20hospitals%20have%20been%20damaged. |url-status=live }} On 12 January, the Assistant Secretary General for Human Rights stated that Israel's compelled evacuations had failed to ensure protections required under international law, thus constituting a potential war crime. In March 2024, Forensic Architecture stated that Israel's "humanitarian evacuations" might amount to the war crime of forced displacement.{{cite web |title=Gaza 'safe zones' led to displacement, Israeli attacks on civilians: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/gaza-safe-zones-led-to-displacement-israeli-attacks-on-civilians-report |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317040054/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/gaza-safe-zones-led-to-displacement-israeli-attacks-on-civilians-report |url-status=live }}

In March 2024, Paula Gaviria Betancur, the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of internally displaced persons, stated ahead of Israel's planned Rafah offensive: "Any evacuation order imposed on Rafah under the current circumstances, with the rest of Gaza reduced to rubble, would be a flagrant violation of international humanitarian and human rights law."{{cite web |title=Israel's evacuation orders in Gaza illegal: UN special rapporteur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-20-starve-to-death-in-gaza-more-feared-dead?update=2755187 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309190842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/7/israels-war-on-gaza-live-20-starve-to-death-in-gaza-more-feared-dead?update=2755187 |url-status=live }} French president Emmanuel Macron told Netanyahu that a forced transfer of the population from Rafah would be a war crime.{{cite news |title=Macron tells Israel forced displacement of people from Rafah would be 'war crime' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/25/macron-tells-israel-forced-transfer-of-people-would-be-war-crime_6650612_4.html#:~:text=French%20President%20Emmanuel%20Macron%20on,constitute%20%22a%20war%20crime.%22 |newspaper=Le Monde.fr | date=25 March 2024 |publisher=AFP |access-date=26 March 2024}} In May 2024, Volker Türk condemned Israel's evacuation orders in Rafah, stating, "This is inhumane. It runs contrary to the basic principles of international humanitarian and human rights laws".{{cite web |title=Israel's Rafah Evacuation Order 'Inhumane': UN |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/rafah-evacuation-order-inhumane-un-f61df640 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=10 May 2024}} A UNOCHA spokesperson said of the Rafah evacuation: "There are strong indications that this is being conducted in violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=UN agencies slam Israeli offensive in Rafah as 'darkest' day |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/un-agencies-slam-israeli-offensive-124845028.html |website=Yahoo! News |date=7 May 2024 |publisher=DPA |access-date=12 May 2024}}

Israel sought to create an expanded buffer zone in Gaza. Satellite analysis by researchers at Hebrew University found the buffer zone was already in advanced stages.{{cite web |title=Almost 40% of buildings within planned Gaza buffer zone said demolished |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/almost-40-of-buildings-within-planned-gaza-buffer-zone-said-demolished/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125125317/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/almost-40-of-buildings-within-planned-gaza-buffer-zone-said-demolished/ |url-status=live }} By January 2024, Israel had destroyed more than 1,000 buildings for the planned zone.{{cite web |last1=Shotter |first1=James |title=Israel demolishes buildings to create buffer zone within Gaza |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0694ab13-a291-4b4a-81c2-53ec91ae1cad |website=Financial Times |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126042136/https://www.ft.com/content/0694ab13-a291-4b4a-81c2-53ec91ae1cad |url-status=live }} In April 2024, UNOSAT found that around 90 percent of the 4,000 buildings on Gaza's eastern border had been damaged or destroyed.{{cite web |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #153 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-153-enarhe |website=ReliefWeb |date=15 April 2024 |publisher=UNOCHA |access-date=19 April 2024}} The Palestinian Center for Human Rights stated such civilian properties were protected under international humanitarian law.{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |title=What to know about Israel's controversial 'buffer zone' in Gaza |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/israel-buffer-zone-gaza-war/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125060625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/24/israel-buffer-zone-gaza-war/ |url-status=live }} Shaul Arieli, a former IDF colonel and expert on Israeli borders, stated that the creation of a permanent buffer zone was illegal, since Israel is prohibited from altering the boundaries of Gaza as an occupying power.{{cite news |last1=Lieber |first1=Dov |title=Israel Builds Buffer Zone Along Gaza Border, Risking New Rift With U.S. |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-border-gaza-buffer-zone-4131020d |newspaper=WSJ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125211342/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-border-gaza-buffer-zone-4131020d |url-status=live }} Geoffrey Nice, a war crimes prosecutor, stated, "It is unjustified, by any view, under international law."{{cite web |title=Israel's Gaza landgrab 'unjustified, by any view, under international law' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648250 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126042136/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648250 |url-status=live }} Volker Türk, the UN human rights chief, stated, "Extensive destruction of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly, amounts to a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and a war crime."{{cite web |title=Gaza 'buffer zone' possible war crime: UN human rights chief |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146352 |website=UN News |date=8 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208164744/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146352 |url-status=live }} An analysis by Haaretz found the buffer zone could occupy as much as 16 percent of Gaza's overall territory.{{cite news |last1=Michaeli |first1=Yarden |last2=Avi |first2=Scharf |title=Buffer Zone and Control Corridor: What the Israeli Army's Entrenchment in Gaza Looks Like |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-03-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/buffer-zone-and-control-corridor-what-israeli-armys-entrenchment-in-gaza-looks-like/0000018e-8556-df92-a5ff-e77e0d6a0000 |website=Haaretz |date=28 March 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024}} A May 2024 Al Jazeera investigation found the buffer zone had taken 32 percent of Gaza's territory.{{cite web |last1=Salhani |first1=Justin |title=Israel has encroached on 32% of Gaza, Al Jazeera investigation shows |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/31/israel-has-encroached-on-32-of-gaza-al-jazeera-investigation-shows |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 June 2024}}

During the war, soldiers looted Palestinian homes in Gaza, reportedly taking "whatever is easy and accessible".{{cite web |last1=Ziv |first1=Oren |title=Rugs, cosmetics, motorbikes: Israeli soldiers are looting Gaza homes en masse |url=https://www.972mag.com/israeli-soldiers-looting-gaza/ |website=+972 Magazine |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222112333/https://www.972mag.com/israeli-soldiers-looting-gaza/ |url-status=live }} On 21 February 2024, Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi, the IDF's Military Advocate General, stated that some soldiers' actions — including looting and the removal of private property — had "crossed the criminal threshold".{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Top IDF Lawyer: Some Soldiers' Behavior in Gaza Has 'Crossed the Criminal Threshold' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-21/ty-article/.premium/top-idf-lawyer-some-israeli-soldiers-have-engaged-in-criminal-behavior-during-war/0000018d-cbb5-d6e9-a38d-fbbdc0610000 |website=Haaretz |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240221152828/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-21/ty-article/.premium/top-idf-lawyer-some-israeli-soldiers-have-engaged-in-criminal-behavior-during-war/0000018d-cbb5-d6e9-a38d-fbbdc0610000 |url-status=live }} Tomer-Yerushalmi stated such cases were under investigation.{{cite web |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=IDF's top lawyer warns against 'cases of unacceptable conduct' by troops in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idfs-top-lawyer-warns-against-unacceptable-cases-of-conduct-by-troops-in-gaza/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223041151/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idfs-top-lawyer-warns-against-unacceptable-cases-of-conduct-by-troops-in-gaza/ |url-status=live }} The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the looting a war crime and demanded the Biden administration to condemn them.{{cite web |title=US Muslim group condemns Israeli soldiers looting Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-ceasefire-veto-a-new-low-as-hunger-spreads?update=2721700 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223023611/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-ceasefire-veto-a-new-low-as-hunger-spreads?update=2721700 |url-status=live }} The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 explicitly prohibits the looting of civilian property during wartime.[https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule52 Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140301/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule52// |date=8 March 2021 }}, Customary IHL Database, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)/Cambridge University Press.Hague Convention on the Law and Customs of War on Land (Hague II), [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague02.asp article 28] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804035218/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague02.asp |date=4 August 2023 }}.E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, Marc Weller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5xVSkGtcT5YC&pg=PA154 The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115623/https://books.google.com/books?id=5xVSkGtcT5YC&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=24 March 2024 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 154. {{ISBN|0521463084}} In August 2024, Yuval Green, an IDF paratrooper returning from Gaza, stated he had witnessed widespread abuses against Palestinians in Gaza, including looting and the destruction of homes.{{cite web |last1=Kaufman |first1=Ami |title=Palestinian homes were destroyed 'for revenge,' says Israeli soldier who served in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/01/middleeast/israeli-soldier-alleges-serious-misconduct-gaza-intl/index.html#:~:text=Destroyed%20homes%2C%20looting%2C%20and%20a,in%20an%20interview%20with%20CNN. |website=CNN |date=August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}

{{further|Red Sea crisis}}

In July 2024, Israel bombed the Hodeidah port during its conflict with the Houthis. Human Rights Watch termed the strikes a possible war crime, as they appeared to be an indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians.{{cite web |last1=Tanios |first1=Clauda |title=Israel's July strikes on Yemen's Hodeidah port a 'possible war crime', HR Watch says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-july-strikes-yemens-hodeidah-port-possible-war-crime-hr-watch-says-2024-08-19/ |website=Reuters |access-date=11 September 2024}}

{{Excerpt|Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)|Killing of Lebanese civilians|paragraphs=1}}

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human rights, 232 Syrian refugees were killed by the IDF in Lebanon since the start of the Israel-Hamas war.{{cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/348470/|title=Israeli military escalation on Lebanon {{!}} 216 Syrian refugees killed in Israeli strikes on Lebanon in 50 days|date=5 November 2024|website=The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights}}

{{further|Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war}}

During the war, the Israeli military was increasingly active in the West Bank. According to Amnesty International, Israel violated international humanitarian law by using disproportionate force during arrest raids, blocking medical assistance to people with life-threatening injuries, attacking paramedics, and conducting unlawful killings.{{cite web |title=Israel/OPT: Israel has unleashed wave of unlawful attacks on Palestinians in West Bank - new research |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israelopt-israel-has-unleashed-wave-unlawful-attacks-palestinians-west-bank-new |website=Amnesty International UK |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206050003/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israelopt-israel-has-unleashed-wave-unlawful-attacks-palestinians-west-bank-new |url-status=live }} Erika Guevara Rosas, Amnesty's director of global research, stated, "These unlawful killings are in blatant violation of international human rights law and are committed with impunity".{{cite web |title=Shocking spike in use of unlawful lethal force by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/shocking-spike-in-use-of-unlawful-lethal-force-by-israeli-forces-against-palestinians-in-the-occupied-west-bank/#:~:text=These%20unlawful%20killings%20are%20in,International%27s%20Director%20of%20Global%20Research%2C |website=Amnesty International |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205145134/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/shocking-spike-in-use-of-unlawful-lethal-force-by-israeli-forces-against-palestinians-in-the-occupied-west-bank/#:~:text=These%20unlawful%20killings%20are%20in,International%27s%20Director%20of%20Global%20Research%2C |url-status=live }} Ben Saul, UN special rapporteur on human rights, stated that a November 2023 IDF killing of two boys appeared to be a war crime.{{cite web |last1=Yeung |first1=Isabel |title=Israel accused of possible war crime over killing of West Bank boy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw07wgrwzywo?xtor=AL-72-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bbbc.news.twitter%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D&at_link_type=web_link&at_link_id=83D388F6-0844-11EF-84E8-B6B516B552E7&at_campaign=Social_Flow&at_format=link&at_ptr_name=twitter&at_link_origin=BBCWorld&at_campaign_type=owned&at_bbc_team=editorial&at_medium=social |website=BBC |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024}} On 5 March 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated that it had recorded 427 violations against its medical mission by Israel in the West Bank, terming these a violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=PRCS says Israel committed hundreds of violations against its medical teams in West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-on-aid-seekers-continue?update=2750410 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308031640/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-on-aid-seekers-continue?update=2750410 |url-status=live }}

Following the demolition of a Palestinian activist's family home in East Jerusalem — part of a broader wave of forced displacement in the West Bank{{efn|On 27 December 2023, UNOCHA stated that since 7 October, 1,208 people had been displaced due settler violence, 393 due to lacking Israeli building permits, 95 on punitive grounds, and 483 due to army demolitions.{{cite web |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel Flash Update #77 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77#:~:text=Since%207%20October%2C%20OCHA%20has,to%20property%20(46%20incidents). |website=ReliefWeb |date=27 December 2023 |publisher=UNOCHA |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227150543/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77#:~:text=Since%207%20October%2C%20OCHA%20has,to%20property%20(46%20incidents). |url-status=live }}}} — the European Union External Action Service stated, "Such acts are in violation of International Humanitarian Law".{{cite web |title=EU condemns demolition of Abu Diab's home in occupied East Jerusalem |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-four-dead-as-israel-hits-city-in-lebanons-south?update=2710530 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 February 2024}} George Noll, head of the U.S. Office of Palestinian Affairs, condemned the demolition.{{cite web |title=US official condemns demolition of Palestinian activist's home |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2752516 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024}} Following the Israeli approval of around 3,500 new illegal settlements in the West Bank, UN human rights chief Volker Türk stated the transfer of Israel's population into the occupied territories was a "war crime under international law".{{cite web |title=Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories amount to 'war crime': UN |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3254714/israeli-settlements-palestinian-territories-amount-war-crime-un |website=South China Morning Post |date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Agence France-Presse and Reuters |access-date=10 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=Israeli settlements in Palestinian areas amount to a 'war crime' says UN rights office |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israeli-settlements-in-palestinian-areas-amount-to-a-war-crime-says-un-rights-office |website=PBS |date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=10 March 2024}} Following the announcement that Israel was seizing 800 hectares of Palestinian land in the West Bank, the Federal Foreign Office stated, "The settlements violate international law and fuel further tensions in this extremely fragile situation."{{cite web |last1=Schrader |first1=Adam |title=German Foreign Ministry condemns illegal Israeli settlements |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/03/24/germany-german-foreign-ministry-condemns-illegal-israel-settlements/7191711311409/ |website=UPI |access-date=27 March 2024}} French president Emmanuel Macron condemned the expanded settlements, stating they "are contrary to international law".{{cite web |title=France Threatens New Sanctions Against West Bank Settlers |url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/news/france-threatens-new-sanctions-against-west-bank-settlers-7d3157b4# |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=28 April 2024}} The UN Human Rights Office stated they were "alarmed" by Israel's expanded settlements and stated they "fly in the face of international law".{{cite web |title=Israel's settlement expansion is alarming and flies in face of international law |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/israels-settlement-expansion-19aug24/ |website=United Nations |access-date=12 September 2024}}

BBC News reported in May 2024 that 11 soldiers of the Kfir Brigade (which is primarily active in the West Bank) posted on social media 45 photos and videos showing detained Palestinians; the Israeli Defence Forces did not respond when asked about the individual incidents or individual soldiers involved and identified, instead broadly stating: "In the event of unacceptable behavior, soldiers were disciplined and even suspended from reserve duty."{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |last2=Ryan |first2=Jamie |last3=Brown |first3=Paul |title=Israel troops continue posting abuse footage despite pledge to act |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69020237 |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=BBC News |date=17 May 2024}} BBC News further reported that the soldiers did not obscure their identities, with some of them posting under names of Yohai Vazana, Ofer Bobrov, Sammy Ben, and Ori Dahbash. According to BBC News, the "detained Palestinians are frequently shown blindfolded and restrained, having been forced to either lie on the floor, or squat, with their hands bound behind their backs", with some detainees being covered in Israeli flags. Jan Egeland, the head of the Norwegian Refugee Council, stated, "The failure to hold Israel accountable has allowed its forces to violate IHL [international humanitarian law] without consequence".{{cite web |title=Lack of accountability allows Israel to use 'excessive force' in West Bank: NRC chief |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/8/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-army-to-be-added-to-un-child-harm-list?update=2960137 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 June 2024}}

In September 2024, Israeli soldiers pushed three corpses from a rooftop during a raid on Qabatiya.{{cite web |last1=Frankel |first1=Julia |title=Israeli soldiers pushed three apparently lifeless bodies from roofs during a West Bank raid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-soldiers-qabatiya-west-bank-ae65d70f7da5db4603ba1b7c77f2ccd3 |website=Associated Press |date=19 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024}}

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International's Crisis Evidence Lab shared evidence that Israeli military units striking in Gaza and Lebanon have employed white phosphorus artillery rounds; Israel denied the report, calling the accusation "unequivocally false", although it has since admitted to its use.{{cite web |last1=Chehayeb |first1=Kareem |title=Rights group accuses Israel of hitting residential buildings with white phosphorous in Lebanon |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-human-rights-watch-white-phosphorus-616984b69e1cbe1efc5bbee4cb3ba8ae |website=apnews.com |date=5 June 2024 |publisher=AP News |access-date=28 July 2024}} White phosphorus munitions are allowed on battlefields for specific purposes such as creating smokescreens, generating illumination, and marking targets. They are not banned as chemical weapons under international conventions due to these legitimate uses.{{Cite magazine|last=Serhan|first=Yasmeen|date=13 October 2023|title=Israel Accused of Using White Phosphorus in Gaza|url=https://time.com/6323482/israel-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon/|access-date=14 October 2023|magazine=TIME|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011038/https://time.com/6323482/israel-white-phosphorus-gaza-lebanon/|url-status=live}}{{multiref|{{cite web|title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon|website=Human Rights Watch|date=12 October 2023|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011547/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|title=Amnesty International shares evidence that Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza|url=https://www.anews.com.tr/middle-east/2023/10/14/amnesty-international-shares-evidence-that-israel-used-white-phosphorus-in-gaza|website=A News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014235439/https://www.anews.com.tr/middle-east/2023/10/14/amnesty-international-shares-evidence-that-israel-used-white-phosphorus-in-gaza|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023}}|{{cite news|last1=Lyon|first1=Emmett|title=Israel accused of using controversial white phosphorus shells in Gaza amid war with Hamas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-white-phosphorous-gaza-palestinians-amnesty-hrw-reports/|work=CBS News|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011719/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-white-phosphorous-gaza-palestinians-amnesty-hrw-reports/|url-status=live}}}} However, white phosphorus is also considered an incendiary weapon, and Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons prohibits their use against military targets located among civilians, although Israel is not a signatory.{{Cite news|date=13 October 2023|title=Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003409/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/|url-status=live}} White phosphorus ignites when exposed to atmospheric oxygen, and on contact can cause deep and severe injuries, potentially leading to multiple organ failure, and even minor burns can be fatal. According to Human Rights Watch, the use of white phosphorus is "unlawfully indiscriminate when airburst in populated urban areas, where it can burn down houses and cause egregious harm to civilians", and "violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life".{{cite web|title=Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|website=Human Rights Watch|date=12 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012235517/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon|url-status=live}} According to Amnesty International weapons investigator Brian Castner, whether employing white phosphorus constitutes a war crime depends on the intended target and intended use, but that "generally, any attacks that fail to discriminate between civilians and military forces can potentially be a violation of the laws of war".{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Meg|title=Israel appears to use white phosphorus in Gaza, video shows|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/white-phosphorus-israel-gaza-strike-video/|access-date=17 October 2023|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/white-phosphorus-israel-gaza-strike-video/|url-status=live}}

On 31 October, after an investigation, Amnesty International stated that a 16 October Israeli white phosphorus attack was indiscriminate, unlawful, and "must be investigated as a war crime", due to its use on the populated Lebanese town of Dhayra, which injured at least nine civilians.{{Cite news |last=null |date=31 October 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Update from Euan Ward |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/31/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |access-date=31 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/lebanon-evidence-of-israels-unlawful-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-southern-lebanon-as-cross-border-hostilities-escalate/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}} On 2 November, Amnesty International stated its investigations into four incidents on 10, 11, 16 and 17 October showed Israel had used white phosphorus munitions.{{cite web |title=Amnesty International says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon |url=https://aje.io/k8y4b6?update=2458373 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 November 2023}} In Lebanon, Israel's white phosphorus bombs have destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon with the economic loses being valued at nearly 20 million dollars.{{Cite news |last=Baaklini |first=Suzanne |date=8 November 2023 |title=Israel's phosphorous bombs destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon |work=L'Orient Today |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1356622/israels-phosphorous-bombs-destroyed-over-45-million-sq-m-of-forest-in-southern-lebanon.html}} An investigation by the Washington Post uncovered that white phosphorus used in an October attack that injured 9 people in Lebanon were supplied by the US.{{Cite news |last=Christou |first=William |date=11 December 2023 |title=Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in Lebanon attack |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/12/11/israel-us-white-phosphorus-lebanon/}} In June 2024, Human Rights Watch verified the unlawful use of white phosphorus munitions over five populated residential municipalities.{{cite web |title=Lebanon: Israel's White Phosphorous Use Risks Civilian Harm |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/06/05/lebanon-israels-white-phosphorous-use-risks-civilian-harm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024}} According to the Lebanese Health Ministry, at least 173 people have needed medical intervention for white phosphorus exposure. In October 2024, a leaked UN report stated the Israeli military entered a Unifil base and used white phosphorus, injuring 15 peacekeepers.{{cite web |last1=Jalabi |first1=Raya |title=Israel launched a dozen attacks on UN troops in Lebanon, says leaked report |url=https://www.ft.com/content/151eb482-6415-48a8-bf3f-baed00018c4e?shareType=nongift |website=Financial Times |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024|url-access=subscription}}

On 10 October, the Israeli Defence Force published a video that appeared to show IDF soldiers shooting four surrendering Palestinians.{{cite web |last1=Naffakh |first1=Mahmoud |title=Israeli army tweets video that appears to show soldiers shooting Palestinians who surrendered |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231013-israeli-army-tweets-video-that-appears-to-show-soldiers-shooting-palestinians-who-surrendered |website=The Observers |date=13 October 2023 |publisher=France24 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016201330/https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231013-israeli-army-tweets-video-that-appears-to-show-soldiers-shooting-palestinians-who-surrendered |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=X post by Al Jazeera English |url=https://twitter.com/AJEnglish/status/1712907775301365989 |website=X |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022172824/https://twitter.com/AJEnglish/status/1712907775301365989 |url-status=live }} Footage analysis indicated the men appeared to be surrendering, with three men getting on the ground with their arms raised, one waving a piece of white clothing. None of them appeared to be armed at the time of the shooting, while a subsequent video showed the bodies had been moved, with weapons placed near them on the ground. The analysis concluded the four men were unarmed Palestinians who left Gaza through a breach in the separation wall. An IDF spokesman said he had no comment. Killing surrendered civilians or combatants is a war crime.{{cite web | last1=Gadzo | first1=Mersiha | last2=Rasheed | first2=Zaheena | last3=Rowlands | first3=Lyndal | last4=Regencia | first4=Ted | last5=Mohamed | first5=Hamza | last6=Pietromarchi | first6=Virginia | title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Hamas claims release of woman and children | website=Al Jazeera | date=10 October 2023 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-war-live-us-redoubles-israel-support-as-bombs-rain-on-gaza | access-date=23 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022225033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-war-live-us-redoubles-israel-support-as-bombs-rain-on-gaza | url-status=live }}{{Cite tweet |user=EuroMedHR |number=1711987472358347201 |title=The crime scene has then been doctored & assault rifles appear to have been added to the bodies. These individuals may have been civilians who crossed the fence after its collapse. Their killing as they surrendered is an act of extrajudicial execution that constitutes a war crime}}

In video footage dated 8 December 2023, the Israeli military is seen killing two Palestinians from the West Bank's Far'a refugee camp in what B'Tselem described as "illegal executions". One man holding a canister was shot, and was then gunned down while he laid bleeding on the ground. A second man, who was completely unarmed and hiding under a car, was shot and killed instantly. The Israeli military later said they would investigate the attacks.{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israeli military opens probe after videos show Israeli forces killing 2 Palestinians at close range |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-gaza-war-east-jerusalem-shooting-army-23338c903c08bdd3e5fade3e2a048ab1 |website=AP News}}

Human rights groups documented multiple instances of civilians in Gaza being shot by Israeli soldiers while waving white flags.{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Mehul |last2=England |first2=Andrew |title=Israeli soldiers kill hostages waving white flag after mistaking them for Hamas fighters |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e299603-2fed-4855-9694-9801008c48dc?shareType=nongift |website=Financial Times |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023}} The Human Rights Watch Israel-Palestine director stated Israel had a "track record of unlawfully firing at unarmed people who pose no threat with impunity – even those waving white flags".{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Doha |title=Hostage killings underscore IDF's shoot-first practice, HRW director says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna130129# |website=NBC News |access-date=17 December 2023}}{{efn|The director stated that in prior cases, "There were statements that they would be investigated but no one was held into account".{{cite web |title=Gaza shooting video shows 'flagrant disregard for Palestinian life' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804167 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 April 2024}}}} In early January, a video surfaced dating to 12 November showing displaced Palestinians evacuating Gaza City, including a woman and her child. Despite the group clearly carrying white flags, the woman was reportedly shot and killed by an Israeli sniper.{{cite web|url= https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Video-shows-Israeli-sniper-killing-a-Palestinian-woman-with-white-flag-33501#:~:text=World%20Jordan%20News-,GAZA%20–%20On%20Monday%2C%20video%20footage%20was%20released%20documenting%20an%20Israeli,while%20holding%20a%20white%20flag. | title= Video shows Israeli sniper killing a Palestinian woman with white flag |work=Jordan News| date=8 January 2024 }}

On 24 January 2024, British network ITV released footage of an Israeli sniper shooting and killing a man carrying a white flag whom the journalist had interviewed only moments before his death.{{cite web |last1=Irvine |first1=John |title=Moment innocent civilian brandishing white flag in Gaza 'safe zone' is shot dead in the street |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-23/moment-civilian-brandishing-white-flag-in-gaza-safe-zone-is-shot-dead |website=ITV |access-date=25 January 2024}} Both the Norwegian Refugee Council and Amnesty International termed it a possible war crime.{{cite web |title='It's a war crime': ITV News' Gaza clip sparks outrage from charities, US officials and Westminster |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-24/pm-questioned-over-itv-news-footage-of-man-with-white-flag-shot-dead-in-gaza |website=ITV |access-date=25 January 2024}} An IDF senior commander later stated, "There are mistakes, it is war."{{cite web |title='There are mistakes, it is war': Israeli commander indicates IDF were behind white flag shooting |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-30/senior-israeli-commander-indicates-idf-were-behind-gaza-white-flag-shooting |website=ITV |access-date=31 January 2024}}

According to a witness interviewed by Al Jazeera, the corpses of 30 people were found on 31 January 2024 inside a schoolyard in northern Gaza, with the bodies reportedly blindfolded, and their legs and hands tied.{{cite web |title=Shocked to find dozens of dead bodies: Witness |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2665536 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 February 2024}}{{cite web |title="30 Palestinian Bodies Found In Gaza", Six-Week Ceasefire In New Israel-Hamas Hostage Deal? |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/world/30-palestinian-bodies-found-in-gaza-six-week-ceasefire-in-new-israel-hamas-hostage-deal-8761519.html |website=News18 |access-date=1 February 2024}}{{cite web |title=Palestinian ngo calls for inquiry into forced disappearance after mass grave found in Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201210701/https://www.laprensalatina.com/palestinian-ngo-calls-for-inquiry-into-forced-disappearance-after-mass-grave-found-in-gaza/|archive-date=1 February 2024|url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/palestinian-ngo-calls-for-inquiry-into-forced-disappearance-after-mass-grave-found-in-gaza/ |website=La Prensa |date=February 2024 |publisher=EFE |access-date=3 February 2024}} The Council on American-Islamic Relations said the incident should be probed and added to South Africa's ICJ case against Israel.{{cite web |last1=Allison |first1=Ismail |title=CAIR Says ICJ Should Probe Israeli Massacre of Bound Palestinians Dumped in Mass Grave |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-says-icj-should-probe-israeli-massacre-of-bound-palestinians-dumped-in-mass-grave/ |website=Council on American-Islamic Relations |access-date=1 February 2024}} The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called it a "violation of all relevant international norms and laws".{{cite web |title=Palestinian foreign affairs ministry calls for investigation after discovery of mass grave |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2665444 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 February 2024}} The Canadian-Palestinian former peace negotiator Diana Buttu stated the incident was "clearly a war crime".{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Sharon |title=Palestinians Uncover Dozens Killed Execution-Style in Schoolyard in Gaza |url=https://truthout.org/articles/palestinians-uncover-dozens-killed-execution-style-in-schoolyard-in-gaza/ |website=Truthout |date=2 February 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024}} In March 2024, a man in Zeitoun was deliberately run over by an Israeli tank while handcuffed, according to the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.{{cite web |title=Israeli tanks have deliberately run over dozens of Palestinian civilians alive |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israeli-tanks-have-deliberately-run-over-dozens-palestinian-civilians-alive-enar |website=ReliefWeb |date=4 March 2024 |publisher=Euro-Med Monitor |access-date=6 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=Euro-Med Monitor: Israeli tanks ran over dozens of Palestinians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-every-minute-counts-as-hunger-kills-in-gaza?update=2745754 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 March 2024}}

Footage obtained by Al Jazeera English showed two men waving white flags being killed by Israeli forces, then buried by army bulldozers.{{cite web |title=More on shooting of two men in Gaza by Israeli forces |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-bombing-intensifies-despite-un-truce-call?update=2802953 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 March 2024}} The IDF confirmed the killing of the two men, stating they had been acting in a "suspicious manner" and didn't respond to warning shots; they said they buried them with bulldozers as they feared they were carrying explosives.{{cite web |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Goodwin |first2=Allegra |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |last4=Salman |first4=Abeer |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Murphy |first6=Paul P. |title=Israel admits killing 2 Palestinians and then burying them with a bulldozer after shocking video surfaces |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-03-29-24/h_ee1132d10e9161991d227bb90a32d120 |website=CNN |date=29 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024}} The Palestine Red Crescent Society condemned Israel's actions as "extrajudicial killings".{{cite web |title=PRCS says Israel must be held accountable after unarmed Palestinians shot in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2803835 |access-date=2 April 2024}} The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the killings a "heinous war crime".{{cite web |title=CAIR calls for UN probe of unarmed Palestinians killed by Israeli army |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2803190 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 April 2024}}

{{Further|Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka}}

On 15 December, the IDF released a statement announcing that they had killed three of their own hostages by friendly fire. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya and subsequently fired at them, killing them.{{cite news |last1=Tabachnick |first1=Cara |date=15 December 2023 |title=3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says - CBS News |work=www.cbsnews.com |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/3-hostages-in-gaza-killed-by-friendly-fire-israeli-military-says/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}{{cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna129901 |access-date=15 December 2023}}{{cite web |title=IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-mistakenly-open-fire-and-kill-3-hostages-in-northern-gaza-battlefield/ |publisher=Times of Israel}} According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and waving a white flag. The official claimed that one soldier responded to this by "open[ing] fire" and "declar[ing] that they're terrorists"; more Israeli forces fired, killing two hostages "immediately" and wounding the third hostage, who appealed for help in Hebrew.{{cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israeli hostages killed in Gaza were holding white flag, official says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-hostages-killed-mistakenly-gaza-were-holding-white-flag-official-says-2023-12-16/ |access-date=16 December 2023}} The wounded hostage was pursued into a nearby building by IDF soldiers, where he was killed despite continued pleas for help.{{Cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=16 December 2023 |title=IDF says Israeli hostages it killed in Gaza were bare chested and waving white flag |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/16/idf-says-hostages-it-killed-were-bare-chested-and-waving-white-flag |access-date= |issn=0029-7712}} Though he claimed that the soldiers were "under pressure" when this happened, Lieutenant General Herzi Halevi also stated that "It is forbidden to shoot at someone who raises a white flag and seeks to surrender", a sentiment echoed by the former head of Mossad, Danny Yatom.{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Cloud |first2=David S. |last3=Keller-Lynn |first3=Carrie |date=16 December 2023 |title=Israel Says Its Soldiers Killed Israeli Hostages as They Held Up White Flag |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-and-qatar-explore-revival-of-deal-for-gaza-hostages-ff7af151 |website=WSJ}} Nahum Barnea wrote that the killing of the hostages, unarmed and waving a white flag, was a "war crime" and that "international law is very clear on the issue".{{cite web | last=Erlanger | first=Steven | title=Gaza Hostage Deaths Weaken Netanyahu's Grip on Power | website=The New York Times | date=17 December 2023 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/middleeast/netanyahu-israel-gaza-hostages-politics.html | access-date=18 December 2023}}{{cite news | last=ברנע | first=נחום | title=בשג'אעיה זו לא הייתה רק טרגדיה | website=ynet | date=16 December 2023 | url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13720297 | language=he | access-date=18 December 2023}} A preliminary IDF investigation found the soldiers were told to open fire on all fighting-age men who approached them, after a number of incidents where militants disguised themselves as civilians to approach soldiers.{{cite web |last1=Bohbot |first1=Amir |title=IDF troops who killed hostages told to shoot fighting-age men in Gaza - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778896 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=25 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023}}

{{Further|Perfidy}}

On 30 January 2024, Israeli forces entered the Ibn Sina hospital in Jenin disguised as medics and civilians while carrying concealed rifles.{{cite web |last1=Tufaha |first1=Aref |title=Israeli forces dressed as women and medics kill 3 militants in West Bank hospital |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-30-2024-b1ba33c7c0c5c62f85932a20c2a0bc92 |website=Associated Press |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024}} After entering the hospital they drew their weapons and killed three militants — one member of Hamas and two members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad — one of whom was a patient.{{Cite magazine |date=30 January 2024 |title=IDF Storms Jenin Hospital, Killing 3 Palestinian Militants |url=https://time.com/6589954/israel-deadly-raid-ibn-sina-hospital/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206010808/https://time.com/6589954/israel-deadly-raid-ibn-sina-hospital/ |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |title=Israeli Security Forces may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/idf-may-have-violated-international-law-west-bank-hospital-raid/story?id=106810456 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=ABC News |language=en}}{{cite web |last1=Al-Shalchi |first1=Hadeel |title=Israeli forces raid a West Bank hospital, killing three Palestinians |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/30/1227832688/israeli-forces-raid-west-bank-hospital-jenin |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=NPR|date=30 January 2024 }} The International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern that the raid was a violation of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Raffi |title=Israeli forces kill three Palestinian fighters in West Bank hospital raid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68137050 |website=BBC |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024}} Aurel Sari, a professor at the University of Exeter, stated, "By disguising themselves as civilians and as medical personnel, the Israeli forces involved in the operation appear to have resorted to perfidy in violation of the applicable rules."{{cite news |last1=Fahim |first1=Kareem |title=Israeli agents disguised as doctors, patients kill 3 at West Bank hospital |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/30/israel-forces-jenin-hospital-raid-west-bank/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=31 January 2024}} Tom Dannenbaum, a professor of international law, stated, "Someone who is paralyzed is incapacitated in that respect, so an attack on that individual would be prohibited. Violating that prohibition would be a war crime."{{cite web |last1=Kaufman |first1=Ellie |title=IDF may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/idf-may-have-violated-international-law-west-bank-hospital-raid/story?id=106810456 |website=ABC News |access-date=31 January 2024}} The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the shootings a crime against humanity.{{cite web |title=Israel undercover agents kill 3 Palestinians in West Bank hospital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240130-israel-undercover-agents-kill-3-palestinians-in-west-bank-hospital |website=France24 |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024}} The Independent Commission for Human Rights called the attack "an assault on an institution protected by international law".{{cite web |last1=Nobani |first1=Ayman |title=Assassination in Jenin hospital a 'war crime': Palestinian rights group |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2663231 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2024}} OHCHR stated it was a "seemingly planned extrajudicial execution."{{cite web |title=Israeli Forces Strike Northern and Southern Gaza Amid Push for New Halt in Fighting |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/israeli-forces-strike-northern-and-southern-gaza-amid-push-for-new-halt-in-fighting-/7464643.html |website=VOA |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024}}

The IDF initially said the raid had been a "joint IDF, ISA, and Israel Police counterterrorism activity", and later said that none of their soldiers were physically present during the raid.{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Israeli Security Forces may have violated international law in West Bank hospital raid, experts say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/idf-may-have-violated-international-law-west-bank-hospital-raid/story?id=106810456 |website=ABC News}} A panel of human rights experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council stated the raid could constitute a war crime and recommended an investigation.{{cite web |title=Israel Undercover Killings In West Bank Hospital May Be War Crime: UN Experts |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-undercover-killings-in-west-bank-hospital-may-be-war-crime-un-experts-1863421f?refsec=topics_afp-news |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=11 February 2024}}

In June 2024, UN experts condemned Israel's use of perfidy during the Nuseirat refugee camp massacre, stating Israeli forces "entered Nuseirat disguised as displaced persons and aid workers in a humanitarian truck. They violently raided the area, assaulting residents with intense ground and air attacks that spread terror, death and despair."{{cite web |title=UN experts condemn outrageous disregard for Palestinian civilians during Israel's military operation in Nuseirat |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-experts-gaza-condemnation-14jun24/#:~:text=On%208%20June%2C%20Israeli%20Occupation,spread%20terror%2C%20death%20and%20despair. |website=United Nations |access-date=16 June 2024}}

{{further|Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict#2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war}}

On 17 January 2024, Israeli soldiers were recorded using a Palestinian shop-owner in Dura, Hebron, West Bank, as a human shield.{{cite web |title=Palestinian shop-owner used as human shield by Israeli forces |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/17/palestinian-shop-owner-used-as-human-shield-by-israeli-forces#:~:text=A%20Palestinian%20shop%2Downer%20was,there%20for%20almost%20two%20decades. |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 January 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Shawer |first1=Mosab |title=West Bank human shield describes '100 breathless minutes' held by Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/31/west-bank-human-shield-describes-100-breathless-minutes-held-by-israel |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 February 2024}} In an interview with Reuters, the shop-owner stated, "He (the first soldier) told me that he will use me as a human shield, that young people shouldn't hurl stones."{{cite web |last1=Holton |first1=Kate |title=Palestinian says Israeli soldiers used him as human shield in West Bank |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-says-israeli-soldiers-used-him-human-shield-west-bank-2024-01-16/ |website=Reuters |access-date=20 January 2024}} On 9 February, the Palestinian Red Crescent Society stated that an ambulance crew in Beita, Nablus, West Bank had been detained by Israeli forces and used as human shields.{{cite web |last1=Nobani |first1=Ayman |title=Palestinian ambulance crew 'detained' while trying to help victims of Israeli West Bank shooting |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695221 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 February 2024}} A 21-year-old man from Gaza City stated to Al Jazeera that he had been used as a human shield by Israeli forces.{{cite web |last1=Humaid |first1=Maram |title='Beaten, stripped, used as human shield': Gaza victim recalls Israel terror |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/2/23/beaten-stripped-used-as-a-human-shield-gaza-man-recounts-israel-terror |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 February 2024}} In June 2024, Israeli forces tied a wounded man to the front of their jeep, eliciting condemnation for the IDF's use of Palestinian human shields.{{cite web |last1=Rahaman Sarkar |first1=Alisha |title=Israeli troops strap injured Palestinian to jeep in West Bank as strikes kill 39 in Gaza |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-military-tie-palestine-jeep-west-bank-gaza-b2567270.html |website=The Independent |access-date=2 July 2024}} In July 2024, footage showed Israeli soldiers apparently using Palestinian human shields to enter buildings.{{cite web |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack |title=Israeli Soldiers Filmed Using Detainees in Gaza as 'Human Shields' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702014501/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-01/ty-article/report-israeli-soldiers-filmed-using-detainees-in-gaza-as-human-shields/00000190-6f2b-d6fc-afba-ef7b8ad20000|archive-date=2 July 2024|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-01/ty-article/report-israeli-soldiers-filmed-using-detainees-in-gaza-as-human-shields/00000190-6f2b-d6fc-afba-ef7b8ad20000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=9 July 2024}}

In August 2024, sources stated that Israeli forces were using Palestinians as human shields when they entered tunnels and buildings in Gaza.{{cite web |last1=Kobowitz |first1=Yaniv |last2=Hauser |first2=Michael |title=תחקיר "הארץ": צה"ל מפעיל אזרחים פלסטינים כמגינים אנושיים לסריקת מנהרות ומבנים בעזה |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/magazine/2024-08-13/ty-article-magazine/.premium/00000191-4adf-d633-a393-cfff82830000 |website=Haaretz |language=he|access-date=17 August 2024}} An investigation found that Israeli regularly used Palestinian human shields in the Gaza Strip to avoid putting Israeli soldiers in danger.{{cite web |last1=Odenheimer |first1=Natan |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |last3=Kingsley |first3=Patrick |title=How Israel's Army Uses Palestinians as Human Shields in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/14/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-military-human-shields.html |website=The New York Times |date=14 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}

In February 2025, according to a report by Israeli outlet 'the Hottest Place in Hell', in May 2024, an IDF officer used an 80-year-old Palestinian man as a human shield to inspect in Gaza for booby traps, while threatening to blow off his head by tying an IED command-wire to his neck. Later, the elderly man and his wife were shot dead by Israeli forces.{{cite news|title= IDF Reportedly Used Elderly Gazan as Human Shield, Tied Explosive Around His Neck|url= https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-02-16/ty-article/idf-reportedly-used-elderly-gazan-as-human-shield-tied-explosive-around-his-neck/00000195-0e56-d1b4-a7fd-cf7742bf0000|work=Haaretz|date=16 February 2025}}{{cite web|title= Israeli soldiers used an 80-year-old Gazan as a human shield. Then they killed him|url= https://www.972mag.com/gaza-human-shield-mosquito/|website=+972 Magazine|last=Pe'ery|first=Illy|date= 16 February 2025|access-date=16 February 2025}}

According to Haaretz, an anonymous senior IDF officer revealed that the Israeli army used Palestinians as human shields at least six times per day and stressed that each brigade has at least 36 human shields.{{cite web|title= In Gaza, Almost Every IDF Platoon Keeps a Human Shield, a Sub-army of Palestinian Slaves|url= https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-03-30/ty-article-opinion/.premium/in-gaza-almost-every-idf-platoon-keeps-a-human-shield-a-sub-army-of-palestinian-slaves/00000195-e627-deaf-a397-f6674e390000?lts=1743398343406|website=Haaretz|access-date=30 March 2025}}

{{main|Gaza genocide|South Africa's genocide case against Israel}}

{{further|Palestinian genocide accusation}}

{{excerpt|Gaza genocide}}

{{see also|Nicaragua v. Germany}}

States transferring weapons to Israel faced charges of violations of international law. In February 2024, a group of more than a dozen United Nations special rapporteurs stated that any export of weapons or munitions to Israel was "likely to violate international humanitarian law."{{cite web |title=UN rights officials call for Israel arms embargo; FM: They're cooperating with Hamas |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-rights-officials-call-for-israel-arms-embargo-fm-theyre-cooperating-with-hamas/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=4 March 2024}} The UN experts stated that parties signed to the Arms Trade Treaty have additional obligations to deny arms exports if the weapons could be used for serious violations of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=Arms exports to Israel must stop immediately: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/arms-exports-israel-must-stop-immediately-un-experts |website=United Nations |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=4 March 2024}} The group called for an arms embargo.{{cite web |title=UN Experts Call for Arms Embargo Against Israel Over Gaza War |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-24/ty-article/un-experts-call-for-arms-embargo-against-israel-over-gaza-war/0000018d-dba2-d47b-a1af-dff6bda60000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=4 March 2024}} In a statement, Human Rights Watch stated that the United Kingdom's refusal to suspend arms transfer to Israel put it "at risk of failing to prevent and being complicit in serious violations of international law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity".{{cite web |title=UK Government's Public Position on Weapons Licences to Israel Inconsistent, Explanation Requested |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/28/uk-governments-public-position-weapons-licences-israel-inconsistent-explanation |website=Human Rights Watch |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024}} In March 2024, Nicaragua filed a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice against Germany, stating that its financial and military support to Israel was facilitating genocide in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Nicaragua says Germany facilitates genocide by aiding Israel |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nicaragua-says-germany-facilitates-genocide-by-aiding-israel/a-68422846 |website=DW |access-date=4 March 2024}}

Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly was sued by the Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights group for authorizing the export of weapons used by Israel to violate international law.{{cite web |last1=Yousif |first1=Nadine |title=Canada faces lawsuit over military exports to Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68451085 |website=BBC |date=5 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024}} Soon after, Joly stated the Canadian government was no longer issuing new weapons export licenses to the Israeli military.{{cite web |last1=Ljunggren |first1=David |title=Canadian freeze on new arms export permits to Israel to stay |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canadian-freeze-new-arms-export-permits-israel-stay-2024-03-20/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 March 2024}} The Government of Denmark was sued by Oxfam, Amnesty International, Action Aid, and Al-Haq for their arms transfers to Israel, with the organizations stating, "Denmark violates international rules on arms trade and risks becoming complicit in violations of international humanitarian law – including war crimes – and a plausible genocide."{{cite web |title=Denmark: NGOs sue the Danish state to stop arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/denmark-ngos-sue-the-danish-state-to-stop-arms-exports-to-israel/ |website=Amnesty International |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024}} In March 2024, Human Rights Watch and Oxfam stated that Israel was committing violations of international humanitarian law with weapons provided by the United States.{{cite web |title=Israeli Assurances to Use US Arms Legally Are Not Credible |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/19/israeli-assurances-use-us-arms-legally-are-not-credible |website=Human Rights Watch |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024}}

After the UK Foreign Office minister Andrew Mitchell stated Israeli compliance with international humanitarian law was under review, the UK shadow foreign secretary David Lammy stated arms export licenses should be denied if "there is a clear risk that the items might be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Cameron urged to publish Foreign Office legal advice on Israel's war in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/22/david-cameron-urged-publish-foreign-office-legal-advice-israel-war-gaza |website=The Guardian |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=24 March 2024 |ref=none}} 600 UK lawyers, including three former justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, stated the UK's arming of Israel was a breach of international law.{{cite web |last1=Siddique |first1=Haroon |last2=Courea |first2=Eleni |last3=Wintour |first3=Patrick |title=Former supreme court judges say UK arming Israel breaches international law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/former-supreme-court-judges-say-uk-arming-israel-breaches-international-law |website=The Guardian |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |ref=none}} Following reports the UK Foreign Office found Israel had violated international humanitarian law, Geoffrey Nice stated, "Countries supplying arms to Israel may now be complicit in criminal warfare."{{cite web |last1=Helm |first1=Toby |title=UK government lawyers say Israel is breaking international law, claims top Tory in leaked recording |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/30/uk-government-lawyers-say-israel-is-breaking-international-law-claims-top-tory-in-leaked-recording |website=The Guardian |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024}}

In May 2024, Amnesty International called on all states to cease weapons transfers to Israel and Palestine while there is "a risk they could be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international law".{{cite web |title=Amnesty calls on 'all states' to halt weapons transfers to Israel, Palestinian groups |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-admits-israel-used-us-bombs-on-civilians?update=2890729 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 May 2024}} In June 2024, a group of thirty UN experts stated arms and ammunitions manufacturers transferring weapons to Israel may be complicit in violations of international law.{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |title=UN experts say firms sending arms to Israel could be complicit in abuses |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-firms-sending-arms-israel-could-be-complicit-abuses-2024-06-20/#:~:text=GENEVA%2C%20June%2020%20(Reuters),and%20violations%20of%20international%20law. |website=Reuters |access-date=29 June 2024}}

{{See also|International reactions to the Gaza war}}

Numerous heads of state criticized Israel's war crimes. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized Western countries for their complicity as Israel committed war crimes.{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-israels-netanyahu-will-be-tried-war-criminal-2023-12-04/ |title=Turkey's Erdogan says Israel's Netanyahu 'will be tried as war criminal' |agency=Reuters |date=4 December 2023 | quote=...(OIC) committee meeting in Istanbul, Erdogan said the Western nations supporting Israel were giving it 'unconditional support to kill babies' and were complicit in its crimes. |access-date=23 April 2025}} Colombian President Gustavo Petro termed Israel's campaign as a genocide.{{cite news |last1=Rueda |first1=Manuel |title=Israel suspends military exports to Colombia over its president's criticism of Gaza siege |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28 |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012058/https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28 |archive-date=22 October 2023}} Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and King Abdullah II of Jordan both condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.{{cite web |title=Egypt's Sisi, Jordan King Condemn 'Collective Punishment' In Gaza |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/egypt-s-sisi-to-host-jordan-king-on-thursday-presidency-dfd741c6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012058/https://www.barrons.com/news/egypt-s-sisi-to-host-jordan-king-on-thursday-presidency-dfd741c6 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse}} Irish President Michael D. Higgins demanded the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion be investigated as a war crime.{{efn|The perpetrator of this alleged war crime is disputed. While not a definitive conclusion, as of 23 October 2023, independent analysts asserted the explosion was caused by an errant rocket fired from within Gaza.{{Cite web |last=Danner |first=Chas |date=23 October 2023 |title=Everything We Know About the Gaza City Hospital Blast |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/israel-hamas-war-everything-we-know-about-the-gaza-hospital-blast.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Intelligencer |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027104051/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/israel-hamas-war-everything-we-know-about-the-gaza-hospital-blast.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Nick |date=26 October 2023 |title=Why open-source intelligence can help and hinder understanding of what's happening in Gaza, Israel |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-gaza-what-is-osint-1.7008509 |website=CBC |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027184953/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.7008509 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Ep 38 - Fog of War |url=https://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/episodes/war/103011298 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Media Watch |publisher=abc.net.au |language=en-AU |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027175156/https://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/episodes/war/103011298 |url-status=live }}}}{{cite news |last1=O’Leary |first1=Naomi |last2=McGreevy |first2=Ronan |title=Gaza hospital explosion should be 'investigated as a war crime' - Michael D Higgins |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2023/10/18/gaza-hospital-explosion-should-be-investigated-as-a-war-crime-higgins-says/ |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=21 February 2024}} Chilean President Gabriel Boric condemned Israel's "collective punishment" the Gazan civilian population.{{cite web|title=Chile recalls its ambassador to Israel over 'unacceptable' violations in Gaza|url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2453013|publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 November 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/chile-recalls-israel-ambassador-talks-after-gaza-attacks-2023-11-01/ |title=Chile recalls Israel ambassador for talks after Gaza attacks |date=1 November 2023 |agency=Reuters |access-date=19 April 2025}} South African President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.{{cite web |last1=Ramaphosa |first1=Cyril |title=Peace will not be possible until Palestinians are free |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday%2C-16-october-2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205102331/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday%2C-16-october-2023 |url-status=dead }} Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated, "It's not a war, it's a genocide."{{cite web |last1=Verdélio |first1=Andreia |title=President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Agência Brasil|date=25 October 2023 }}

Belgian deputy Prime Minister Petra De Sutter called for sanctions against Israel and an EU ban on countries responsible for war crimes.{{cite web |title=Deputy PM calls on Belgian government to sanction Israel |url=https://aje.io/d5kugr?update=2472173 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 November 2023}} On 10 November 2023, Norwegian prime minister Jonas Gahr Støre stated Israel's actions violated international laws of war.{{cite web |title=Norwegian prime minister questions how Gaza war will create long-term security |url=https://aje.io/182btv?update=2477481 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 November 2023}} Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez described the Israeli actions in Gaza as "indiscriminate killing" and stated he had "serious doubts" Israel was following international law.{{cite news |title=Spain PM Sanchez angers Israel with comments on Gaza again |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-pm-sanchez-says-he-doubts-israel-respects-humanitarian-law-2023-11-30 |website=Reuters |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023}}{{cite web |title=Spain PM urges Israel to end 'indiscriminate killing' in Gaza |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/israeli-army-detaining-200-palestinians-al-shifa-739882 |website=The Business Standard |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023}} Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas called Israel actions in Gaza a genocide.{{cite web |title=Abbas: Israel's war on Gaza is 'genocide' |url=https://aje.io/rpfpqc?update=2488711 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 November 2023}} Irish PM Leo Varadkar stated Israel was committing collective punishment.{{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Mariamne |title=As Israel bombs Gaza, Ireland's enduring support of Palestine gets stronger |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/17/as-israel-bombs-gaza-irelands-enduring-support-of-palestine-gets-stronger |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 November 2023}} Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes.{{cite news |title=Qatar PM demands investigation into Israeli 'crimes' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/03/israel-hamas-war-latest-news1/ |website=The Telegraph |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023 |last1=Barber |first1=Harriet }}{{cite news |title=Qatar PM demands investigation into Israeli 'crimes' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjjl00mcbp |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023}} On 12 December 2023, Joe Biden described Israel's attacks as "indiscriminate".{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Victoria |title=The U.S. criticizes Israel for 'indiscriminate' bombing in Gaza. |work=The New York Times |date=13 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/world/middleeast/us-criticizes-israel-for-indiscriminate-bombing-in-gaza.html |access-date=13 December 2023}}

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated Israel was collectively punishing Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |title=China and Russia harden positions on Gaza as war stirs geopolitical tensions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/china-russia-harden-positions-gaza-war-geopolitical-tensions |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012058/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/china-russia-harden-positions-gaza-war-geopolitical-tensions |archive-date=22 October 2023}} Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi described Israeli actions in Gaza as crimes against humanity.{{cite web |title=Indonesia Urges UN Security Council to Immediately End War in Gaza |url=https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/5422/berita/indonesia-urges-un-security-council-to-immediately-end-war-in-gaza |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia}} Abdulla Shahid, Foreign Minister of the Maldives, warned the evacuation of northern Gaza could amount to the "war crime of forcible transfer".{{cite web |last1=Shahid |first1=Abdulla |title=X post by Abdulla Shahid |url=https://twitter.com/abdulla_shahid/status/1713009833887277425?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1713009833887277425%7Ctwgr%5E0348de3b57b6843dc7710f22f71cc2e0b410c9ad%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomaticinsight.com%2Fmaldives-reiterates-support-for-palestine%2F |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=X}} Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian described the events as genocide and a crime against humanity.{{cite web |title=Iranian FM writes to UN Human Rights Chief, calls for measures to stop "Gaza genocide" |url=https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/732546/Iranian-FM-writes-to-UN-Human-Rights-Chief-calls-for-measures-to-stop-“Gaza-genocide |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs}} Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov criticized Israel's "indiscriminate" force and "flagrant" violations of international humanitarian law, stating the conflict risked creating a crisis that would last "many decades, if not centuries".{{cite web |title=Russia says Israeli bombardment of Gaza is against international law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/28/russia-says-israeli-bombardment-of-gaza-is-against-international-law |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 October 2023}}{{cite web |title=Russia calls for 'immediate end to bloodshed' |url=https://aje.io/yu4f6n?update=2491771 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 November 2023}}

Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad termed Israeli actions as a genocide.{{cite web |title=Syria denounced Western support for Israel's massacre in Gaza |url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/10/26/syria-denounced-western-support-for-israels-massacre-in-gaza/#:~:text=Damascus%2C%20Oct%2026%20(Prensa%20Latina,led%20by%20the%20United%20States. |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Prensa Latina| date=26 October 2023 }} In a joint statement, the Foreign Ministers of nine Arab countries — the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Egypt and Morocco — described Israeli actions as collective punishment.{{cite web |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |title=9 Arab nations – including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Morocco – accuse Israel of 'collective punishment' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/9-arab-nations-including-saudi-arabia-bahrain-morocco-accuse-israel-of-collective-punishment/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Times of Israel}} Oman's Foreign Minister, Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, called for a war crimes investigation into Israeli action in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Oman calls for war crimes investigation into Israel |url=https://aje.io/ucn3l5?update=2461488 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 November 2023}} Qatari foreign minister, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, stated Israel's Al-Shifa Hospital siege was a "war crime and a blatant violation of international laws".{{cite web |title=Qatar Calls For International Probe Into Israeli Raids On Gaza Hospitals |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/qatar-calls-for-international-probe-into-israeli-raids-on-gaza-hospitals-f6035c47 |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=15 November 2023}} Ayman Safadi, the Jordanian foreign minister, stated Israel's actions fit within the legal definition of genocide.{{cite news |title=Jordan's foreign minister: events in Gaza qualify as genocide |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkomyxzbt# |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=27 November 2023 |agency=Reuters |access-date=28 November 2023}} The Egyptian Foreign Ministry stated Israel was engaged in collective punishment through its sieges, indiscriminate targeting of civilians, and starvation.{{cite web |title=Egypt warns of Rafah invasion dangers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778470 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 March 2024}}

On 9 January 2024, David Cameron, the British foreign secretary, stated he was "worried" Israel had breached international law in Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Francis |first1=Sam |title=David Cameron worried Israel may have broken international law in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67929003 |website=BBC |date=9 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024}} On 14 January 2024, Cameron said that "Israel is acting in self-defence" and denied that Israel is committing war crimes in Gaza.{{cite news |title=Lord Cameron denies suggesting Israel has committed war crimes in Gaza |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/israel-cameron-international-court-of-justice-gaza-mps-b2478376.html |work=The Independent |date=14 January 2024}} On 14 February, Italian foreign minister Antonio Tajani described Israel's attack on Gaza as disproportionate.{{cite web |title=Italy says Israeli response to Hamas 'disproportionate' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705128 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}} Pietro Parolin, the Vatican's Secretary of State, described Israel's response as disproportionate.{{cite web |title=Israel complains after Vatican denounces 'carnage' and disproportionate response |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-complains-after-vatican-denounces-carnage-disproportionate-response-107254263 |website=ABC News |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=16 February 2024}} Quoting Giora Eiland, the EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated Israel's objective appeared to be to "turn Gaza into a place that is temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".{{cite web |last1=Borrell |first1=Josep |title=Gaza: starvation and bloodbath |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/gaza-starvation-and-bloodbath_en |website=European Union External Action |publisher=European Union |access-date=10 March 2024}} Borrell later suggested the EU should consider sanctions on Israeli ministers Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir for "incitement to war crimes".{{cite web |title=EU's Borrell: Consider sanctions on Ben Gvir, Smotrich for 'incitement to war crimes' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/eus-borrell-consider-sanctions-on-ben-gvir-smotrich-for-incitement-to-war-crimes/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=25 August 2024}} Micheál Martin, the Irish foreign minister, stated the 7 October attacks and Israel's actions in Gaza both "represents the blatant violation of international humanitarian law on a mass scale".{{cite news |last1=Specia |first1=Megan |title=Ireland to Intervene in South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at the World Court |work=The New York Times |date=28 March 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/middleeast/ireland-south-africa-israel-genocide-icj.html#:~:text=“But%20I%20want%20to%20be,law%20on%20a%20mass%20scale.” |access-date=30 March 2024}}

Ione Belarra, the Spanish minister of social rights, accused the EU and the US of "being complicit in Israel's war crimes."{{cite web |title=Spanish Minister suggests taking Israel to ICC for 'war crimes' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231016-spanish-minister-suggests-taking-israel-to-icc-for-war-crimes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012059/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231016-spanish-minister-suggests-taking-israel-to-icc-for-war-crimes/ |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Middle East Monitor|date=16 October 2023 }} Belarra further called for Israel to be denounced before the International Criminal Court for genocide in the Gaza Strip.{{multiref|{{cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/spain-netanyahu-war-crimes|title=Spanish Minister Says Netanyahu Should Be Brought Before ICC for War Crimes|date=16 October 2023|last=Johnson|first=Jake|work=Common Dreams|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020213440/https://www.commondreams.org/news/spain-netanyahu-war-crimes|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.trt.net.tr/espanol/espana-y-america-latina/2023/10/16/belarra-netanyahu-debe-ser-juzgado-en-la-corte-penal-internacional-2051531|title=Belarra: Netanyahu debe ser juzgado en la Corte Penal Internacional|trans-title=Belarra: Netanyahu must be tried at the International Criminal Court|date=16 October 2023|language=Spanish|work=TRT Español|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017014411/https://www.trt.net.tr/espanol/espana-y-america-latina/2023/10/16/belarra-netanyahu-debe-ser-juzgado-en-la-corte-penal-internacional-2051531|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/nacional/belarra-pide-sanchez-llevar-netanyahu-93388828|title=Belarra pide a Sánchez llevar a Netanyahu a la Corte Penal Internacional para juzgarle por crímenes de guerra|trans-title=Belarra asks Sánchez to take Netanyahu to the International Criminal Court to try him for war crimes|date=16 October 2023|language=Spanish|work=Sport.es|last=Cabanillas|first=Ana|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019183738/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/nacional/belarra-pide-sanchez-llevar-netanyahu-93388828|url-status=live}}}} The Workers Party of Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva officially classified Israeli actions in Gaza as genocide.{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=PT classifica como "genocídio" ação de Israel na Faixa de Gaza |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/partidos-politicos/pt-classifica-como-genocidio-acao-de-israel-na-faixa-de-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012656/https://www.poder360.com.br/partidos-politicos/pt-classifica-como-genocidio-acao-de-israel-na-faixa-de-gaza/ |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Poder360 |language=pt-br}} The Parliament of Sri Lanka sent a letter to the UN secretary general, stating, Israel's "indiscriminate bombings in hospitals, amounts to a war crime under international law and the Geneva Convention."{{cite web |title='Brutal Israeli onslaught': Sri Lankan MPs call for ceasefire in Gaza |url=https://aje.io/u0xc67?update=2485448 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 November 2023}} U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli claims of the "inevitability" of civilian deaths, after they used the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as historical examples.{{Cite news |last1=Jobain |first1=Najib |last2=Kullab |first2=Samya |last3=Nessman |first3=Ravi |date=19 October 2023 |title=Gaza awaits aid from Egypt as Israel readies troops for ground assault |language=en |work=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-b084e9c453cc99f7bec6f66d7b5913d9 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019205146/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-b084e9c453cc99f7bec6f66d7b5913d9 |archive-date=19 October 2023}} On 20 December 2023, HuffPost reported US officials were urging Switzerland against a Geneva Convention conference.{{cite web |last1=Shahid Ahmed |first1=Akbar |title=Amid U.N. Security Council Intrigue, U.S. Privately Moves To Block Another Option For International Accountability For Gaza |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/un-security-council-us-block-accountability-international-gaza_n_6583338ce4b04da984257b9c#:~:text=The%20Biden%20administration%20is%20finalizing,violations%20of%20the%20Geneva%20Conventions. |website=HuffPost |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}} Eran Etzion, the former deputy head of Israel's National Security Council, stated, "If a soldier or an officer is expected to commit something that might be suspected as a war crime, they must refuse."{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Fergal |title=IDF soldiers should refuse orders that may be war crimes, Israeli ex-security adviser tells BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx24ngy9g70o |website=BBC News |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024}}

U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen accused Israel of committing "textbook war crimes".{{cite web |last1=Suter |first1=Tara |title=Senate Democrat accuses Israel of 'textbook war crime' in Gaza |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4465080-senate-democrat-accuses-israel-textbook-war-crime-gaza/ |website=The Hill |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024}} French Senator Guillaume Gontard stated that the Israeli prime minister was "using hunger as a weapon" in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Netanyahu will go down in history for 'using hunger as a weapon' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-24-hours?update=2786955 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 March 2024}} Australian Senator Mehreen Faruqi stated, "Israel is committing war crime after war crime in broad daylight and is getting away with it."{{cite web |title='Israel committing war crime after war crime in broad daylight': Australian senator |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-five-aid-workers-killed-after-delivering-food?update=2812453 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2024}}

Vanessa Frazier, the Maltese ambassador to the UN, stated Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid "may amount to a crime against humanity and a war crime".{{cite web |title=Malta: denying aid 'may amount to crime against humanity' |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/least-100-killed-israeli-airstrikes-across-gaza |website=The New Arab |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023}} Qatari diplomat Sheikha Alya Ahmed Saif Al-Thani stated the Al-Shifa Hospital siege was a war crime.{{cite web |title=Qatar affirms bombing of Qatar Committee for Reconstruction of Gaza Headquarters will not deter it from providing assistance to the Strip |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/672015/qatar/qatar-affirms-bombing-of-qatar-committee-for-reconstruction-of-gaza-headquarters-will-not-deter-it-from-providing-assistance-to-the-strip |website=Gulf Times |date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023}} Nicolas de Rivière, the French ambassador to the United Nations, called for an immediate ceasefire, stating, "It has to stop. What’s happening right now is totally contrary to the Geneva Conventions."{{cite web |title=Israel's Rafah operation a 'red line'; must be in UN resolution: France |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-the-choice-is-clear-a-2-state-solution?update=2791005 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 March 2024}} In a confidential memo, the Dutch defense attaché stated Israel was violating international law by "deliberately causing massive destruction to the infrastructure and civilian centers" of Gaza to restore deterrence against Iran and Hezbollah.{{cite web |last1=Chiappa |first1=Claudia |title=Israel wants to obliterate Gaza to deter Iran, Hezbollah, says Dutch memo |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-hamas-war-dutch-memo-gaza-disproportionate-force-iran-hezbollah/ |website=Politico |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=12 October 2024}}

On 6 December, Oxfam stated the international community, and in particular, Israel's allies, were "complicit in the mass death, forcible displacement, starvation and deprivation being inflicted upon more than 2 million people."{{cite web |title=Abject failure to forge ceasefire means international community complicit in unfolding catastrophe in Gaza |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/abject-failure-forge-ceasefire-means-international-community-complicit-unfolding# |website=Oxfam |date=6 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023}} The International Federation for Human Rights stated Israel's actions in Gaza constituted an unfolding genocide and called for the arrest of Israeli government officials.{{cite web |title=The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |website=International Federation for Human Rights |access-date=13 December 2023}} A group of 31 Palestinian human rights organizations, led by Al-Haq, wrote to UN chief António Guterres stating UN aid agencies were in breach of international law by aiding Israel's war objectives.{{cite web |title=Aiding Israel's War Objectives Practices of UN Aid Agencies in Gaza in Breach of International Humanitarian Law |url=https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22428.html |website=Al-Haq |access-date=23 December 2023}} The Norwegian Refugee Council stated any push of Gazans into Egypt would be a war crime or crime against humanity.{{cite web |title=Pushing people from Gaza into Egypt would constitute an 'atrocity crime': NRC |url=https://aje.io/trvz4m?update=2582515 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=27 December 2023}} The Non-Aligned Movement, a body of 120 countries, issued a statement calling Israel's war on Gaza "illegal".{{cite web |last1=Kasasira |first1=Risdel |title=The Non-Aligned Movement calls Israel's war in Gaza illegal and condemns attacks on Palestinians |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-non-aligned-movement-israel-gaza-palestinian-22c852bd408cda0a904431d913728f32 |website=Associated Press |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024}}

In February 2024, Amnesty International warned that states arming Israel risked violating international law, stating, "By providing arms to Israel, EU states and the US are violating their responsibility to prevent genocide and contributing to war crimes and crimes against humanity."{{cite web |title=Amnesty says countries sending arms to Israel contributing to war crimes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705664 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 February 2024}} Agnes Callamard, the head of Amnesty, wrote for Foreign Affairs, stating international law was in its "death throes" due to the "culmination of years of erosion of the international rule of law and global human rights system".{{cite journal |last1=Callamard |first1=Agnès |title=Gaza and the End of the Rules-Based Order |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/gaza-and-end-rules-based-order |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024}} The Israel-Palestine director for Human Rights Watch stated that years of no accountability for Israel had led to "this flagrant disregard for the most basic principles" of international law.{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch says international law being 'demolished' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-jordans-king-urges-ceasefire-in-biden-meeting?update=2705591 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 February 2024}} In March 2024, the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights stated that Europe and the U.S. were allowing Israel to commit crimes "with the absence of mechanisms that would compel it to abide by the rules of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=US, European nations allow Israel to act with impunity: Rights group |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-by-ramadan-looking-tough-biden-says?update=2761004 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 March 2024}} Physicians for Human Rights–Israel stated it was preparing to take the Israeli military to court for its "indiscriminate" bombing of Gaza, stating Israel was failing to fulfill its "obligation according to international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=Despite ICJ measures, Israel continues 'indiscriminate' bombings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-2000-medical-staff-starving-in-north-ministry?update=2767611 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 March 2024}}

In May 2024, the World Council of Churches condemned Israel's "violations of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=World Council of Churches condemns Israel's conduct in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-tent-cities-attacked-as-tanks-roll-into-rafah?update=2934128 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 June 2024}} The International Committee of the Red Cross urged adherence to the Geneva Conventions in August 2024, stating they were being ignored in Gaza and elsewhere.{{cite web |title=Red Cross urges adherence to Geneva Conventions, 75 years on |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/8/12/red-cross-urges-adherence-to-geneva-conventions-75-years-on#:~:text=NewsFeed-,Red%20Cross%20urges%20adherence%20to%20Geneva%20Conventions%2C%2075%20years%20on,Sudan%2C%20Myanmar%20and%20the%20DRC. |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 August 2024}}

Independent United Nations experts{{efn|Francesca Albanese, Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, {{interlanguage link|Balakrishnan Rajagopal|de}}, Aua Baldé, Gabriella Citroni, Angkhana Neelapaijit, Grażyna Baranowska, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Pérez, Reem Alsalem, Mama Fatima Singhateh, {{interlanguage link|Morris Tidball-Binz|de}}, {{interlanguage link|Ian Fry|de}}, Javaid Rehman, Siobhán Mullally, {{interlanguage link|Ashwini K. P.|de}}, Tomoya Obokata, {{interlanguage link|Fernand de Varennes|de}}, Michael Fakhri, Irene Khan, Mary Lawlor, Dorothy Estrada-Tanck, {{interlanguage link|Ivana Radačić|hr}}, Elizabeth Broderick, Meskerem Geset Techane, Melissa Upreti, Farida Shaheed, {{interlanguage link|Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker|de}}, Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, Attiya Waris, Vitit Muntarbhorn, {{interlanguage link|Barbara G. Reynolds|de}}, Bina D'Costa, Catherine S. Namakula, Dominique Day, Miriam Ekiudoko, Isha Dyfan, Alexandra Xanthaki, José Francisco Calí Tzay, {{interlanguage link|Richard Bennett (Menschenrechtsexperte)|lt=Richard Bennett|de}}, Obiora C. Okafor, David Richard Boyd, Livingstone Sewanyana, Alice Jill Edwards, {{interlanguage link|Muluka Miti-Drummond|lt=Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond|de}}, Ravindran Daniel, Sorcha MacLeod, Chris Kwaja, Carlos Salazar Couto, and {{interlanguage link|Surya Deva|de}}.}} condemned the IDF's actions in Gaza, saying Israel had resorted to "indiscriminate military attacks" and "collective punishment".{{#invoke:cite news||date=12 October 2023 |title=UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-experts-say-israels-strikes-gaza-amount-collective-punishment-2023-10-12/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=Reuters}} Israeli authorities said that the airstrikes are intended to degrade the military infrastructure that is frequently constructed in close proximity to residential areas and civilian establishments.{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-airstrikes.html |title=Israel's Strikes on Gaza Are Some of the Most Intense This Century |date=25 October 2023 |work=The New York Times}} They also denounced the "deliberate and widespread killing and hostage-taking of innocent civilians" by Hamas, calling them "heinous violations of international law and international crimes".{{#invoke:cite web||date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/un-experts-statement-gaza-israel-12oct2023/ |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}} Israel's forced evacuation of northern Gaza also drew international condemnation. On 13 October 2023, Paula Gaviria Betancur, UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, called it a "crime against humanity".{{Cite web|date=13 October 2023|title=Israel must rescind evacuation order for northern Gaza and comply with international law: UN expert|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international|publisher=OHCHR|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014175126/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israel-must-rescind-evacuation-order-northern-gaza-and-comply-international|url-status=live}} On 14 October, Francesca Albanese, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, characterized it as a "repeat of the 1948 Nakba", noting Israeli public officials' open advocacy for another Nakba.{{#invoke:cite web||date=14 October 2013 |title=UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=15 October 2023}} On 16 November, UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and called on the international community to prevent this unfolding genocide.{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |title=Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |date=16 November 2023 |website=OHCHR |access-date=22 December 2023 |quote=Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224050530/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against |archive-date=24 December 2023}} The OHCHR expressed concern regarding reports of "mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians" in the north of Gaza.{{cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222015304/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |archive-date=22 December 2023 |website=Amnesty International |access-date=22 December 2023}}{{#invoke:cite web||date=16 December 2023 |title=UN Human Rights Office – OPT: Disturbing reports from the north of Gaza of mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians – occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-opt-disturbing-reports-north-gaza-mass-detentions-ill-treatment-and-enforced-disappearances-possibly-thousands-palestinians |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=ReliefWeb}}

On 23 February 2024, the OHCHR stated that any transfer of weapons to Israel must be halted immediately as their use in Gaza is "likely to violate international humanitarian law".{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/arms-exports-israel-must-stop-immediately-un-experts|title=Arms exports to Israel must stop immediately: UN experts |date=23 February 2024|website=OHCHR |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225012016/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/arms-exports-israel-must-stop-immediately-un-experts|url-status=live}} On 27 March, Albanese stated that there are "reasonable grounds" to believe that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza through the use of unlawful weaponry, the destruction of civilian infrastructure and man made starvation, which has been accompanied by "a pervasive anti-Palestinian narrative and dehumanization emanating from the uppermost tiers of Israeli society."{{cite news |last=Mian|first=Louis |date=27 March 2024 |title='Reasonable grounds' to believe Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, UN rights expert says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/27/middleeast/israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-un-rights-expert-says-intl/index.html|work=CNN |location= |access-date=28 March 2024}} In March 2024, Betancur stated the world "must abandon the fiction that Israel will respect the principles of international humanitarian and human rights law in its military operations".{{cite web |title=Gaza: Israel's dehumanisation of displaced persons must end, says UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/03/gaza-israels-dehumanisation-displaced-persons-must-end-says-un-expert |website=OHCHR |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 March 2024}} {{interlanguage link|Balakrishnan Rajagopal|de}}, the UN special rapporteur on the right to adequate housing, stated Israel's destruction of housing and civilian infrastructure amounted to a war crime and crime against humanity.{{cite web |title='War crimes' as Gaza homes 'systematically destroyed': UN expert |url=https://aje.io/d5kugr?update=2472003 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 November 2023}}{{efn|Rajagopal stated, "If the International Criminal Court does not act very soon, we need a special tribunal for Gaza and action by States".{{cite web |title=Events in Gaza stem from 'institutionalised impunity' |url=https://aje.io/53epb7?update=2577125 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 December 2023}}}} UN Human Rights chief Volker Türk stated Israel's collective punishment and forcible evacuation of Gazans were both war crimes.{{cite web |title=At Rafah crossing, Türk says both Israel and Hamas have committed war crimes |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143362 |website=UN News |date=8 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 November 2023}}

According to UNRWA, its staff faced "torture, ill-treatment, abuse, and sexual exploitation" at the hands of Israeli authorities. The organization also accused Israel of extracting forced confessions from its staff of being involved with Hamas through torture.{{Cite web |last=Massoud |first=Adla |date=4 March 2024 |title=Israel accuses UNRWA of hiring hundreds of 'terrorists' as agency claims torture of staff |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/us-news/2024/03/04/israel-accuses-unrwa-of-hiring-hundreds-of-terrorists-as-agency-claims-torture-of-staff/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=The National |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=9 March 2024 |title=UNRWA report says Israel coerced some agency employees to falsely admit Hamas links |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/unrwa-report-says-israel-coerced-some-agency-employees-falsely-admit-hamas-links-2024-03-08 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Reuters}}{{Cite news |date=8 March 2024 |title=Israel abused Gaza war detainees, UN report alleges |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68514816 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

A group of UN experts warned of "a genocide in the making" in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against#:~:text=We%20are%20also%20profoundly%20concerned,prevent%20genocide%2C”%20they%20said. |website=OHCHR |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 November 2023}} Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, the UN special rapporteur on water and sanitation, stated that under Article 7 of the Rome Statute, cutting off basic supplies, such as water, was a crime against humanity.{{cite web |title=Cutting off clean water is crime against humanity: UN expert |url=https://aje.io/2jzuwp?update=2495050 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 November 2023}} Martin Griffiths stated the humanitarian crisis in Gaza was intolerable and that "international humanitarian law appears to have been turned on its head".{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Martin |title=Mr. Martin Griffiths, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator - Informal Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip - Virtual, Friday, 17 November 2023 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/mr-martin-griffiths-under-secretary-general-humanitarian-affairs-and-emergency-relief-coordinator-informal-plenary-meeting-general-assembly-humanitarian-situation-gaza-strip-virtual-friday-17-november-2023 |website=UNOCHA |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023}} Philippe Lazzarini called Israel's killing of United Nations workers a "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=Transcript: Phillippe Lazzarini, UNRWA commissioner general, on "Face the Nation," Nov. 26, 2023 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/phillippe-lazzarini-unrwa-commissioner-general-face-the-nation-transcript-11-26-2023/ |website=CBS News |date=26 November 2023 |publisher=Face the Nation |access-date=27 November 2023}} The United Nations special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions and torture signed a joint statement urging a war crimes investigation.{{cite web |title=UN Experts Urge War Crimes Probe In Israel, Palestinian Territories |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/un-experts-urge-war-crimes-probe-in-israel-palestinian-territories-17c8c4a2# |publisher= Agence France Presse |website=Barron's |access-date=28 November 2023}} The OHCHR stated it had "serious concerns" about Israel's compliance with international law.{{cite web |title=UN's Türk urges probe into alleged sexual violence during Hamas terror attacks |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144432 |website=UN News |date=6 December 2023 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=6 December 2023}} Tlaleng Mofokeng, the special rapporteur on health, stated Israel had violated special medical protections in an "unrelenting war" on health.{{cite web |title=UN expert condemns 'unrelenting war' on health system amid airstrikes on hospitals and health workers |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/12/gaza-un-expert-condemns-unrelenting-war-health-system-amid-airstrikes |website=UNHRC |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 December 2023}}

Speaking about Israel's planned Rafah offensive, the UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres stated, "International humanitarian law lies in tatters".{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief calls for Gaza truce, massive lifesaving aid deliveries |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-calls-gaza-truce-massive-lifesaving-aid-deliveries-2024-03-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=14 March 2024}} A week later, Guterres condemned Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid, stating, "Nothing justifies the collective punishment of the Palestinian people".{{cite web |title=UN Chief Assails Israel for Blocking Gaza Aid Trucks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-chief-assails-israel-for-blocking-gaza-aid-trucks-/7540563.html |website=VOA |date=24 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024}} In September 2024, Guterres stated Israel had committed "very dramatic violations of the international humanitarian law" and described a "total absence of an effective protection of civilians."{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=UN chief says lack of accountability on UN staff killings in Gaza 'unacceptable' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-says-lack-accountability-un-staff-killings-gaza-unacceptable-2024-09-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=17 September 2024}}

On 8 June 2024, the United Nations added Israel, Hamas, and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad to a blacklist of countries and organizations that have committed abuses against children in armed conflict.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=UN will describe Israel and Hamas as violating children's rights in armed conflict |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/06/07/un-israel-hamas-war-childrens-rights-00162370 |access-date=June 8, 2024 |work=Politico |date=June 7, 2024}} Regarding Israel being put on the list, President Netanyahu said the United Nations had put itself on the "blacklist of history".{{cite news |author= |title=Israel military on UN failing to protect children list |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8883ndp2lko |access-date=June 8, 2024 |work=BBC News |date=June 7, 2024}} Israel-UN Reperesentative Gilad Erdan also condemned the designation, describing it as "simply outrageous and wrong", despite Israel being responsible for overwhelming majority of civilian fatalities in the war, and having killed over 15,500 children by June.{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera staff |title=UN adding Israel to 'blacklist' of countries harming children in conflict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/7/un-adding-israel-to-blacklist-of-countries-harming-children-in-conflict |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 June 2024}}{{cite news |author1= |title=UN spokesman blasts Erdan for 'shocking' decision to release video of call informing him Israel on 'list of shame' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-spokesman-blasts-erdan-for-shocking-decision-to-release-video-of-call-informing-him-israel-on-list-of-shame/ |access-date=June 8, 2024 |date=June 7, 2024}} Chris Sidoti, a member of the independent United Nations Commission of Inquiry, stated, "The only conclusion you can draw is that the Israeli army is one of the most criminal armies in the world".{{cite web |title=Independent rights probe highlights Israeli 'destruction and dislocation' tactics in Gaza |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151211 |website=UN News |date=19 June 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=29 June 2024}}

The UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office opened an investigation into Israeli violations of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=UK unable to conclude Israel followed international law in Gaza, court documents show |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-denied-70-of-aid-to-north-gaza-says-un?update=2635267 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 January 2024}} Court documents cited by Amnesty International indicated the UK office was unable to determine if Israel was in compliance with international law, but concluded there were "serious concerns" about legal breaches.{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Foreign Office lawyers 'unable to conclude if Israeli bombing was lawful' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/jan/19/foreign-office-lawyers-unable-conclude-israeli-bombing-lawful#:~:text=UK%20Foreign%20Office%20legal%20advisers,of%20Gaza%2C%20court%20documents%20reveal. |website=The Guardian |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |ref=none}} In February 2024, the U.S. State Department announced it was investigating the 31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike and Israel's possible use of white phosphorus in Lebanon.{{cite news |last1=Nissenbaum |first1=Dion |title=U.S. Probes Israeli Strikes That Killed Civilians in Gaza, Possible Use of White Phosphorus in Lebanon |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-probes-israeli-strikes-that-killed-civilians-in-gaza-possible-use-of-white-phosphorus-in-lebanon-b8fb043b?mod=browser_push |newspaper=WSJ |access-date=14 February 2024}} Alice Jill Edwards, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, stated she was investigating torture and mistreatment of Palestinian detainees by the Israeli army.{{cite web |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |title=U.N. expert on torture examines treatment of Palestinian detainees |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-expert-torture-examines-treatment-palestinian-detainees-2024-03-08/ |website=Reuters |access-date=10 March 2024}}

Following the release of footage showing airstrikes killing five Palestinian men walking along a dirt road in Gaza, the IDF announced the incident was being investigated by its "fact finding" body for potential crimes by its forces.{{cite web |title=Israel to investigate airstrike that killed five men walking in Gaza |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-gaza-hamas-latest-middle-east-live-updates-sky-news-blog-12978800?postid=7423428#liveblog-body |website=Sky News |access-date=24 March 2024}} A US State Department official said, "Israel has an obligation to investigate credible allegations of law of war violations".{{cite web |title=US says video showing Israeli drone killing 4 Palestinians 'disturbing' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/23/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-brushes-off-blinken-over-rafah-attack?update=2792714 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 March 2024}} In April 2024, the U.S. Secretary of State denied it had "double-standards" regarding Israel, stating the U.S. was "looking at" alleged violations of international humanitarian law.{{cite web |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |last2=Landay |first2=Jonathan |title=Blinken denies US double standard over alleged Israeli rights abuses |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-gaza-war-has-negatively-impacted-human-rights-says-us-report-2024-04-22/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 April 2024}} In an internal U.S. State Department memo, senior officials stated they did not find Israel's assurances that it's using U.S. weapons in accordance with international humanitarian law "credible or reliable".{{cite web |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |title=Some US officials say in internal memo Israel may be violating international law in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/some-us-officials-say-internal-memo-israel-may-be-violating-international-law-2024-04-27/ |website=Reuters |access-date=30 April 2024}} On 29 April, the United States reported a finding that five Israeli units committed human rights violations before the Gaza war.{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |title=US finds Israeli units committed human rights abuses before Gaza war

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/29/idf-human-rights-violation-gaza-us-state-department |website=The Guardian |date=29 April 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024}} In May 2024, the U.S. State Department found it was "reasonable to assess" that U.S. made weapons had been used by Israel "in instances inconsistent" with international humanitarian law.{{cite web |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |title=US says Israel's use of weapons may have violated international law |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-says-it-was-reasonable-assess-israel-used-us-weapons-inconsistent-with-2024-05-10/ |website=Reuters |access-date=16 May 2024}} In June 2024, Israel's top military lawyer stated 70 possible legal violations were under investigation.{{cite web |last1=Maanit |first1=Chen |title=Top Israeli Military Lawyer Investigating About 70 Possible Legal Violations During Gaza War |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-05-27/ty-article/.premium/top-idf-lawyer-investigating-about-70-possible-violations-during-gaza-war/0000018f-b9cb-df13-a3af-bddf0d610000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=17 June 2024}} The military did not disclose the full list of investigations.{{cite web |last1=Frankel |first1=Julia |last2=Jeffery |first2=Jack |title=The Israeli army says it investigates itself. Where do those investigations stand? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israeli-army-investigates-investigations-stand-110749914 |website=ABC News |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=17 June 2024}}

In July 2024, Israeli state prosecutors stated they were seeking a probe into National Security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, as a measure to show the International Court of Justice it was complying with its orders to investigate individuals responsible for inciting genocide.{{cite web |title=State prosecutor seeking probe of Ben Gvir for anti-Gazan incitement |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/state-prosecutor-seeking-probe-of-ben-gvir-for-anti-gazan-incitement-report/# |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=13 July 2024}} In September 2024, Behadrei Haredim, an Israeli Orthodox news site, reported that Israeli officials had shared its investigatory findings related to 7 October with the United States, except for evidence collected from IDF soldiers, fearing the evidence could be used in The Hague.{{cite web |last1=לפקוביץ |first1=ישראל |title=ישראל העבירה לארה"ב עדויות מהטבח, מלבד של החיילים |url=https://www.bhol.co.il/news/1673169 |language=he|website=Behadrei Haredim |date=5 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024}} In October 2024, Belgium opened an investigation of one of its dual citizens suspected of committing war crimes in the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |last1=Giordano |first1=Elena |title=Belgium opens war crime probe into Brussels man fighting for Israel in Gaza |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-opens-war-crimes-probe-belgian-soldier-fighting-israel-in-gaza-refaim-unit/ |website=Politico |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}

{{Further|International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures}}

On 9 November 2023, three Palestinian civil rights groups filed a lawsuit against Israel with the International Criminal Court.{{cite web |title=Three rights groups file ICC lawsuit against Israel over Gaza 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 November 2023}} The groups charged Israel with war crimes, apartheid, and genocide, calling for the ICC to issue arrest warrants for top Israeli officials.{{cite web |title=ICC suit filed against Israel over 'genocide' |url=https://aje.io/u6olfz?update=2474380 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 November 2023}} On 10 November, President Gustavo Petro announced Colombia was cosponsoring an Algerian ICC suit charging Israel with war crimes.{{cite web |last1=El-Assasy |first1=Ahmad |title=Colombia Confirms Support Algeria's Lawsuit against Netanyahu |url=https://see.news/colombia-confirms-support-algerias-lawsuit-against-netanyahu |website=Sada El-Balad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110144248/https://see.news/colombia-confirms-support-algerias-lawsuit-against-netanyahu |access-date=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023 }} On 14 November, Human Rights Watch called on the ICC to investigate Israeli attacks on hospitals and ambulances.{{cite web |last1=Iordache |first1=Ruxandra |title=Human Rights Watch calls for investigation into Israeli hostilities against Gaza Strip hospitals |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/14/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-latest-news-from-gaza.html |website=CNBC |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023}} A group of lawyers representing victims of Israeli attacks filed a suit in the ICC, charging Israel with genocide.{{cite web |title=Lawyers for Gaza victims file case at International Criminal Court |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/lawyers-for-gaza-victims-file-case-at-international-criminal-court |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 November 2023}} South African foreign minister Naledi Pandor called on the ICC to speed up its investigation of Israeli war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and stated warrants of arrest should be issued for Benjamin Netanyahu.{{cite web |title=Netanyahu should be arrested: South Africa's foreign minister |url=https://aje.io/bt6i03?update=2480833 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 November 2023}} On 16 November, South African president Cyril Ramaphosa stated South Africa had referred Israel to the ICC for war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Magome |first1=Mogomotsi |title=South Africa refers Israel to ICC over Gaza attacks as pressure mounts to cut diplomatic ties |url=https://news.yahoo.com/south-africa-refers-israel-icc-111827954.html |website=Yahoo! News |date=16 November 2023 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=16 November 2023}} On 17 November, Karim Ahmad Khan stated the ICC had received a joint request by South Africa, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Comoros, and Djibouti to investigate alleged Israeli war crimes.{{cite web |title=Israel is committing war crimes in Palestinian territories, five nations charge |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-773802# |website=Jerusalem Post |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023}} On 28 November, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated Israeli officials should stand trial in international courts for war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Gumrukcu |first1=Tuvan |title=Erdogan tells UN chief Israel must be tried in international courts for Gaza crimes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/erdogan-tells-uns-guterres-that-israel-must-be-tried-international-courts-over-2023-11-28/ |website=Reuters |access-date=21 February 2024}} On 20 December, DAWN provided the ICC prosecutor with a list of 40 Israeli commanding officers to be charged with war crimes.{{cite web |title=DAWN submits to ICC Prosecutor List of 40 Israeli Commanding Officers Executing and Planning Gaza Assault |url=https://dawnmena.org/international-criminal-court-investigate-these-israeli-suspects-in-war-crimes-crimes-against-humanity-probe/ |website=DAWN |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}}

On 22 December 2023, Reporters Without Borders filed an ICC complaint against Israel for "probable war crimes".{{cite web |title=Reporters Without Borders files second Gaza complaint to ICC |url=https://aje.io/cvvtyk?update=2573869 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 December 2023}} On 6 January, a group of 100 Chilean lawyers filed a complaint at the ICC accusing Netanyahu of committing war crimes.{{cite web |title=100 Chilean lawyers accuse Netanyahu of war crimes, file complaint at ICC: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/6/israel-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-raid-occupied-west-bank-towns?update=2600731 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 January 2024}} On 18 January, the foreign ministries of Mexico and Chile referred Israel to the ICC for potential war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Madry |first1=Kylie |title=Mexico, Chile refer Israel-Hamas conflict to ICC over potential crimes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/mexico-chile-refer-israel-hamas-conflict-court-over-possible-crimes-2024-01-18/ |website=Reuters |access-date=19 January 2024}}{{cite web |title=Mexico and Chile ask International Criminal Court to investigate possible crimes in Gaza |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexico-chile-international-criminal-court-investigate-crimes-gaza-106495506 |website=ABC News |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=19 January 2024}}{{efn|Both countries representatives stated the referral was in part due to the increased violence and previous numerous reports from the United Nations.}} In October 2024, a Dutch lawyer submitted the names of 1,000 IDF soldiers to the ICC, stating they had participated in war crimes.{{cite web |title=Dutch lawyer submits case against 1,000 Israeli soldiers to ICC |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/dutch-lawyer-submits-case-against-1000-israeli-soldiers-icc |website=The New Arab |access-date=14 October 2024}}

In April 2024, the government of Israel indicated concern that the ICC might soon issue arrest warrants for senior Israeli officials for alleged violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza.{{cite web |last1=Macaskill |first1=Andrew |title=Israel concerned over possible ICC arrest warrants related to Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-concerned-over-possible-icc-arrest-warrants-related-gaza-war-2024-04-29/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2 May 2024}} In May 2024, prosecutors from the ICC reportedly interviewed two medics from Al-Shifa Hospital and Nasser Hospital about possible crimes committed in Gaza.{{cite web |last1=van den Berg |first1=Stephanie |title=Gaza hospital staff questioned by ICC war crimes prosecutors |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-hospital-staff-questioned-by-icc-war-crimes-prosecutors-sources-say-2024-04-29/#:~:text=THE%20HAGUE%2C%20April%2029%20(Reuters,crimes%20in%20the%20Gaza%20Strip. |website=Reuters |access-date=7 May 2024}} Later the same month, Reporters Without Borders filed its third Gaza complaint at the ICC.{{cite web |title=RSF files third complaint with ICC about Israeli war crimes against journalists in Gaza |url=https://rsf.org/en/rsf-files-third-complaint-icc-about-israeli-war-crimes-against-journalists-gaza |website=Reporters Without Borders |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024}} The ICC chief prosecutor requested arrest warrants for Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and defense minister Yoav Gallant in May 2024; however, the court accepted amicus curiae observations on jurisdictional issues.{{cite web |last1=Haque |first1=Adil Ahmad |title="With Utmost Urgency": Arrest Warrants and Amicus Observations at the International Criminal Court |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/99916/icc-utmost-urgency-arrest-warrants/ |website=Just Security |date=9 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024}} In November 2024, it was announced that the ICC had issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and a senior Hamas official, accusing them of war crimes during and after the October 7 attacks.{{Cite web |last=Lister |first=Abbas Al Lawati, Nadeen Ebrahim, Dana Karni, Tim |date=2024-11-21 |title=International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Israeli Prime Minister |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/21/middleeast/international-criminal-court-issues-arrest-warrant-for-israeli-prime-minister-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}

{{main|South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)}}

{{Excerpt|Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza#International Court of Justice application}}

In May 2024, the ICJ ordered Israel to avoid any attack on Rafah which threatened the people of Gaza in whole or in part. After Israel continued with its offensive on Rafah, Norway’s Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide stated it was in "material breach" of the ICJ ruling and international humanitarian law.{{cite web |title=Continued attacks on Rafah are 'in breach of international humanitarian law': Norway's FM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-news-35-killed-in-rafah-tent-bombings?update=2928769 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 June 2024}}

{{main|Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al}}

{{see also|Accusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Gaza Strip}}

On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) sued Joe Biden for allegedly failing in his duties, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel committing genocide in Gaza.{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=13 November 2023 |title=US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |access-date=23 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077}} The complaint, filed on behalf of Palestinians in Gaza and the US, alleged that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure and forced expulsions amounted to genocide.{{Cite magazine |last=Mansoor |first=Sanya |date=21 November 2023 |title=Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot |url=https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |language=en}} The CCR said that the US and other countries had a duty to do all they could to stop the killing. "As Israel's closest ally and strongest supporter, being its biggest provider of military assistance by a large margin and with Israel being the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II, the United States has the means available to have a deterrent effect on Israeli officials now pursuing genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza," the complaint argued.

The suit, filed in federal court in California, asked the court to bar the US from providing weapons, money and diplomatic support to Israel. It also sought a declaration that the president, the secretary of state, Antony Blinken, and the defense secretary, Lloyd Austin, were required "to take all measures within their power to prevent Israel's commission of genocidal acts against the Palestinian people of Gaza." Genocide scholar William Schabas said in a declaration in the lawsuit that in his view there was a "serious risk of genocide" and that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the 1948 Genocide Convention and international law.{{Cite web |last=Hanson |first=Natalie |date=23 November 2023 |title=Palestinians file lawsuit accusing Biden administration of violating Genocide Convention |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/palestinians-file-lawsuit-accusing-biden-administration-of-violating-genocide-convention/ |website=Courthouse News Service}}

On 31 January 2024, the case was dismissed. The judge said that the US Constitution limited his actions, that he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged President Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing "it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide."{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html|title=A federal judge dismisses a suit to block U.S. support of Israel — but urges Biden to re-examine his approach.|first=Shawn|last=Hubler|work=The New York Times |date=1 February 2024|via=NYTimes.com}}

On 4 December 2023, Human rights organisations Oxfam Novib, PAX Nederland, and The Rights Forum had taken the Dutch State to court to stop the export of parts for F-35 fighter jets arguing that they contribute to violations of international law in Gaza. Oxfam argued that the export "made the Netherlands complicit in violations of the laws of war and the collective punishment of the civilian population of Gaza".{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Rights orgs sue Netherlands over F-35 parts to Israel |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231204-rights-orgs-sue-netherlands-over-f-35-parts-to-israel |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en}} On 15 December 2023, The Hague ruled that the state could keep exporting arms to Israel.{{Cite web |title=Netherlands can keep delivering F-35 parts to Israel, court rules {{!}} NL Times |url=https://nltimes.nl/2023/12/15/netherlands-can-keep-delivering-f-35-parts-israel-court-rules |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=nltimes.nl |date=15 December 2023 |language=en}} On 12 February 2024, the court of appeal in The Hague ruled that "There is a clear risk that Israel's F-35 fighter jets might be used in the commission of serious violations of international humanitarian law." The judges wrote, "Israel does not take sufficient account of the consequences of its attacks for the civilian population. Israel's attacks on Gaza have resulted in a disproportionate number of civilian casualties, including thousands of children" and that, " The Netherlands is a party to several international regulations which stipulate that if a clear risk of serious violations of international humanitarian law exists, the Netherlands has the obligation to prevent the export of military equipment." The court ordered that deliveries must stop within seven days.{{Cite web |title=Appeals court orders Netherlands to stop delivering F-35 fighter jet parts to Israel {{!}} NL Times |url=https://nltimes.nl/2024/02/12/appeals-court-orders-netherlands-stop-delivering-f-35-fighter-jet-parts-israel |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=nltimes.nl |date=12 February 2024 |language=en}}

On 6 December 2023, Palestinian human rights organisation Al-Haq and UK-based Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) have commenced legal proceedings against the UK after written requests to suspend arms sales to Israel, citing alleged breaches of international law and UK rules, were repeatedly ignored. The filed papers detail allegations of indiscriminate attacks on civilians, starvation, forced displacement, and the serious risk of genocide, including statements from members of the Knesset and military leaders. The action is supported by the International Centre of Justice for Palestinians (ICJP) and a press briefing was held with GLAN, Al-Haq and ICJP and with Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) and a member from Oxfam.{{Cite web |title=Legal and human rights groups take UK government to High Court over arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/22299.html |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Al-Haq {{!}} Defending Human rights in Palestine since 1979 |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Abdul |first=Geneva |date=6 December 2023 |title=UK government faces legal challenge over arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/06/uk-government-faces-legal-challenge-over-arms-exports-to-israel |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The NGOs' lawyers submitted more than 100 pages of witness statements to the High Court in August 2024.{{cite web |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Lawyers seeking arms export ban submit claims of Israeli war crimes to UK court |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/19/lawyers-seeking-arms-export-ban-submit-claims-israeli-war-crimes-uk-court |website=The Guardian |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |ref=none}}

On 5 December 2023, Palestinian human rights groups, Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR) have launched legal action in the Federal Court of Australia. The human rights groups seek access to all permits allowing the export of arms and weapons to Israel that have been granted by the Minister for Defence since 7 October 2023. The application is supported by the Australian Centre for International Justice (ACIJ).{{Cite web |date=5 November 2023 |title=Joint Media Release: Palestinian human rights organisations launch court action to reveal 'secret' arms exports from Australia to Israel |url=https://acij.org.au/joint-media-release-palestinian-human-rights-organisations-launch-court-action-to-reveal-secret-arms-exports-from-australia-to-israel/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Australian Centre for International Justice |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Canales |first=Sarah Basford |date=5 November 2023 |title=Legal action attempts to force Australia to reveal if arms exports are supporting Israel assault on Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/nov/06/legal-action-attempts-to-force-australia-to-reveal-if-arms-exports-are-supporting-israel-assault-on-gaza |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

On 5 March 2024, Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights (CLIHR), Al-Haq and a group of Palestinian-Canadians, have sued the Global Affairs Ministry for exporting military goods and technology to Israel during the Gaza conflict. They argue that the exports could be used in alleged human rights violations against Palestinians. The legal action accuses Canada's Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly of authorising the export of military goods and technology to Israel, amounting to at least at least C$28.5m ($21m), that could be used to commit violations of international law.{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Canada faces lawsuit over military exports to Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68451085 |access-date=12 March 2024 |language=en-GB}}

In June 2024, a group of South Korean civil society organizations sued top Israeli government officials for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Chris |title=South Korean lawsuit levels charges against Israeli officials for alleged war crimes in Gaza |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/06/24/south-korea-Israel-genocide-Benjamin-Netanyahu-Peoples-Solidarity-for-Participatory-Democracy/9881719261585/ |website=UPI |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250419080524/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/06/24/south-korea-Israel-genocide-Benjamin-Netanyahu-Peoples-Solidarity-for-Participatory-Democracy/9881719261585/ |archive-date=19 April 2025 |url-status=live}}

The Hind Rajab Foundation has brought legal action in several countries against Israeli soldiers allegedly responsible for war crimes.{{Cite web |last=Karni |first=Dana |last2=Lister |first2=Tim |date=5 January 2025 |title=Israeli soldiers face growing risk of arrest abroad after Gaza service |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/05/world/israel-gaza-soldiers-arrest-war-crimes-intl/index.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=CNN}}

• Risk factors for genocide
• Social cleansing
• War and genocide

{{notelist}}

{{reflist |refs=

}}

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• {{cite report |last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |author1-link=Francesca Albanese |date=25 March 2024 |title=Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |publisher=United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128173148/https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2025}}
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• {{cite magazine |last=Burga |first=Solcyré |date=13 November 2023 |title=Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In |url=https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts |magazine=Time |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022352/https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts/ |archive-date=25 November 2023}}
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• {{cite news |last=Carl |first=Traci |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in a U.N. court. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/world/middleeast/south-africa-israel-genocide.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117041902/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/world/middleeast/south-africa-israel-genocide.html |archive-date=17 January 2024}}
• {{cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=16 May 2024 |title=Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240517001958/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |archive-date=17 May 2024 |ref={{harvid|Casciani|2024a}} }}
• {{Cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=28 May 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c722zv1r5yro |title=Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean? |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529173848/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c722zv1r5yro |archive-date=29 May 2024 |ref={{harvid|Casciani|2024b}} }}
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• {{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=Freddie |date=27 May 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-icj-order-halt-rafah-offensive-what-next-rcna154102 |title=Isolated Israel argues U.N. court ruling leaves door open to Rafah offensive |work=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127025833/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-icj-order-halt-rafah-offensive-what-next-rcna154102 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Clayton|2024a}} }}
• {{cite news |last=Conley |first=Julia |date=3 January 2024 |title=100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ |work=Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123613/https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Conley|2024a}} }}
• {{cite news |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=2 January 2024 |title=South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107013809/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104 |archive-date=7 January 2024}}
• {{cite interview |last=Donoghue |first=Joan |subject-link=Joan Donoghue |interviewer=Stephen Sackur |title=Joan Donoghue – Former President of the International Court of Justice |work=HARDtalk |date=25 April 2024 |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001yplc |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 July 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=El Chamaa |first1=Mohamad |date=1 December 2023 |title=Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231130192807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |archive-date=30 November 2023}}
• {{cite news |last=Fayyad |first=Huthifa |date=17 September 2024 |title=Nearly 1,000 Palestinian health workers killed by Israeli forces in Gaza named |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/nearly-1000-palestinian-health-workers-killed-israeli-forces-gaza-named |newspaper=Middle East Eye |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116123920/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/nearly-1000-palestinian-health-workers-killed-israeli-forces-gaza-named |archive-date=16 January 2025}}
• {{cite news |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |date=25 February 2024 |title=Gaza death toll set to pass 30,000, as Israel prepares assault on Rafah |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/25/gaza-death-toll-set-to-pass-30000-as-israel-prepares-assault-on-rafah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227025505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/25/gaza-death-toll-set-to-pass-30000-as-israel-prepares-assault-on-rafah |archive-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |ref={{harvid|Graham-Harrison|2024a}} }}
• {{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Adil Ahmad |author-link=Adil Ahmad Haque |date=24 May 2024 |title=Halt: The International Court of Justice and the Rafah Offensive |website=Just Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/96123/icj-gaza-israeli-operations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117172555/https://www.justsecurity.org/96123/icj-gaza-israeli-operations/ |archive-date=17 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Haque|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |publisher=Human Rights Watch |title=World Court to hear Genocide Case Against Israel |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110151152/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |archive-date=10 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Human Rights Watch|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |publisher=International State Crime Initiative |date=2023 |title=International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime |website=statecrime.org |url=http://statecrime.org/international-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106140101/http://statecrime.org/international-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime |archive-date=6 January 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|International State Crime Initiative|2023}} }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Jamaluddine |first1=Zeina |last2=Abukmail |first2=Hanan |last3=Aly |first3=Sarah |last4=Campbell |first4=Oona M. R. |last5=Checchi |first5=Francesco |date=9 January 2025 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3 |journal=The Lancet |publisher=Elsevier |title=Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: a capture–recapture analysis |volume=405 |issue=10477 |pages=469–477 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite web |last=Jimoh |first=Abdullahi |date=4 January 2024 |title=Over 100 Global Organisations Rally for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ |website=News Central TV |url=https://newscentral.africa/over-100-global-organisations-rally-for-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123615/https://newscentral.africa/over-100-global-organisations-rally-for-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Khadder |first1=Kareem |last2=Haq |first2=Sanna Noor |date=22 October 2024 |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-lebanon-gaza-war-10-22-24-intl-hnk#cm2kglnfl00003b6o0i7oqdym |work=CNN |title=More than 100,000 Palestinians have been injured in Gaza since last October, according to health ministry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113001144/https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-lebanon-gaza-war-10-22-24-intl-hnk#cm2kglnfl00003b6o0i7oqdym |archive-date=13 November 2024}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |last3=Motamedi |first3=Maziar |date=28 March 2024 |title=ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804475 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402063034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804475 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Massoud |first1=Bassam |last2=Fick |first2=Maggie |date=23 December 2023 |title=Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213315/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{cite news |last1=Moutafa |first1=Laila Hussein |date=12 December 2023 |title=Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808195337/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing |archive-date=8 August 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Neuman |first1=Scott |last2=Baba |first2=Anas |last3=Wood |first3=Daniel |title=In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/g-s1-1780/gaza-israel-infrastructure-water-schools-hospitals |work=NPR |date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822170339/https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/g-s1-1780/gaza-israel-infrastructure-water-schools-hospitals |archive-date=22 August 2024}}
• {{cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |publisher=United Nations |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418145510/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024b}} }}
• {{cite news |title=South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations |work=The Palestine Chronicle |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112210235/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|The Palestine Chronicle|2024a}} }}
• {{Cite web |last=Quigley |first=John |date=3 July 2024 |title=The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-lancet-and-genocide-by-slow-death-in-gaza/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713161805/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-lancet-and-genocide-by-slow-death-in-gaza/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Quigley|2024b}} }}
• {{cite web |last=Rifai |first=Sulaiman Lebbe |date=24 January 2024 |title=The Genocide in Gaza and the Contempt of International Law: Some Reflections |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4704652 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4704652 |s2cid=267982579 |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322013414/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4704652 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Roelf |first1=Wendell |last2=Sterling |first2=Toby |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231123102/https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/ |archive-date=31 December 2023}}
• {{cite news |last=Saber |first=Indlieb Farazi |date=14 January 2024 |title=A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813215702/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |archive-date=13 August 2024}}
• {{cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Gaza: At Least 3,100 Children Aged Under Five Killed With Others at Risk as Famine Looms |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-least-3100-children-aged-under-five-killed-others-risk-famine-looms |website=Save the Children |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104093600/https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-least-3100-children-aged-under-five-killed-others-risk-famine-looms |archive-date=4 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Save the Children|2024}} }}
• {{cite magazine |last=Salzenstein |first=Léopold |date=21 March 2024 |title=Behind the numbers: Gaza's unprecedented aid worker death toll |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/maps-and-graphics/2024/03/21/behind-numbers-gaza-unprecedented-aid-worker-death-toll |magazine=The New Humanitarian |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219094542/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/maps-and-graphics/2024/03/21/behind-numbers-gaza-unprecedented-aid-worker-death-toll |archive-date=19 December 2024}}
• {{cite news |last=Schwarz |first=Franziska |url=https://www.fr.de/politik/israel-news-nahost-gaza-krieg-tote-zahl-statistik-hamas-un-voelkerrecht-waffenruhe-geisel-freilassung-zr-93245254.html |title="Düsterer Meilenstein": UN benennt Zahl der täglichen Toten im Gazastreifen |language=de |trans-title="Gloomy milestone": UN names number of daily deaths in the Gaza Strip |work=Frankfurter Rundschau |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051453/https://www.fr.de/politik/israel-news-nahost-gaza-krieg-tote-zahl-statistik-hamas-un-voelkerrecht-waffenruhe-geisel-freilassung-zr-93245254.html |archive-date=23 August 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Shamim |first1=Sarah |date=11 January 2024 |title=Which countries back South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126071244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |archive-date=26 January 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Scott |last2=Peralta |first2=Eyder |date=27 January 2024 |title=ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/27/1227397107/icj-finds-genocide-case-against-israel-plausible-orders-it-to-stop-violations#:~:text=Live%20Sessions-,ICJ%20finds%20genocide%20case%20against%20Israel%20%27plausible%27%2C%20orders%20it,Africa%20has%20brought%20against%20Israel. |work=NPR |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128232512/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/27/1227397107/icj-finds-genocide-case-against-israel-plausible-orders-it-to-stop-violations |archive-date=28 January 2024}}
• {{cite journal |last=Soni |first=S. |date=December 2023 |title=Gaza and international law: The global obligation to protect life and health |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=16 |number=3 |pages=80–81 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1764 |doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite web |last=Spagat |first=Mike |date=28 May 2024 |title=Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/gaza-ministry-of-health-releases-detailed-new-casualty-amidst-confusion-of-uns-death-numbers-in-gaza/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Action On Armed Violence |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710190121/https://aoav.org.uk/2024/gaza-ministry-of-health-releases-detailed-new-casualty-amidst-confusion-of-uns-death-numbers-in-gaza/ |archive-date=10 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Spagat|2024a}} }}
• {{cite news |last=Sridhar |first=Devi |title=It's not just bullets and bombs. I have never seen health organisations as worried as they are about disease in Gaza |date=29 December 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/29/health-organisations-disease-gaza-population-outbreaks-conflict |work=The Guardian |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217003337/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/29/health-organisations-disease-gaza-population-outbreaks-conflict |archive-date=17 December 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Stack |first1=Liam |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |title=With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/06/world/middleeast/gaza-schools-damaged-destroyed.html |work=New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715234037/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/06/world/middleeast/gaza-schools-damaged-destroyed.html |archive-date=15 July 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Tanielian |first1=Melanie S. |title=The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=5 February 2024 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite news |last1=Tantesh |first1=Malak A. |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |date=15 August 2024 |title=Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/15/gaza-death-toll-hits-40000-with-thousands-more-yet-to-be-counted |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822170140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/15/gaza-death-toll-hits-40000-with-thousands-more-yet-to-be-counted |archive-date=22 August 2024}}
• {{Cite news |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=30 May 2024 |title=What the I.C.J. Ruling Actually Means for Israel's Offensive in Rafah |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/world/europe/icj-israel-rafah-offensive-explained.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219142939/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/world/europe/icj-israel-rafah-offensive-explained.html |archive-date=19 December 2024}}
• {{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=29 May 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/article/2024/may/29/how-a-single-comma-is-allowing-israel-to-question-icj-rafah-ruling |title=How a single comma is allowing Israel to question ICJ Rafah ruling |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113063339/https://www.theguardian.com/global/article/2024/may/29/how-a-single-comma-is-allowing-israel-to-question-icj-rafah-ruling |archive-date=13 November 2024}}
• {{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158176 |title=Gaza: 'Sickening normalisation' of suffering, amid attacks on people and aid convoys |date=13 December 2024 |work=UN News |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219122142/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158176 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|UN News|2024}} }}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-28-august-2024-1500 |title=Reported impact snapshot | Gaza Strip, 28 August 2024 at 15:00 |website=OCHA |date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904132506/https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-28-august-2024-1500 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|UN OCHA|2024}} }}
• {{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a79363-report-special-committee-investigate-israeli-practices-affecting |title=A/79/363: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211143127/https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a79363-report-special-committee-investigate-israeli-practices-affecting |archive-date=11 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024c}} }}
• {{cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (3 April 2025) |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-3-april-2025 |work=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408202825/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-3-april-2025 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |ref={{harvid|UN OCHA|2025}} }}

• "[https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide A Cartography of Genocide]" via Forensic Architecture (25 October 2024)

{{War crimes}}{{Gaza war}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war}}