Kurds in Iran

File:Iranian Kurds demonstration in support of Kobanî people 04.jpg protest against ISIL during the Siege of Kobanî, 6 October 2014]]

Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan ({{lang|ku-Latn|Rojhilatê Kurdistanê}}), refers to the parts of western Iran inhabited by Kurds which borders Iraq and Turkey.Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland, (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press It includes the Kurdistan province, Kermanshah province, West Azerbaijan province, Ilam province, and Lorestan province.Federal Research Division, 2004, Iran: A Country Study, Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|1-4191-2670-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-2670-3}}, p. 121, "The Kurdish area of Iran includes most of West Azerbaijan."Youssef Courbage, Emmanuel Todd, 2011, A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World, p. 74. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|0-231-15002-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-231-15002-6}}. "Kurds are also a majority of the population in the provinces of Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, and Ilam."

Shia Feyli Kurds inhabit Kermanshah province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan and Hamadan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan, in the North Khorasan province of northeastern Iran, are Shi'ite Muslims.{{Cite web |script-title=fa:ایل‌هاوطوایف کرد ایران|url=http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir/ایل%E2%80%8Cهاوطوایف-کرد-ایران/ |website=rangvarehayeyekrang.ir |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217230209/http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir/ایل%E2%80%8Cهاوطوایف-کرد-ایران/ |archive-date=2017-12-17 }}{{cite news |title=عشایر کرد خراسان؛ گردشگری عشایری |url=https://www.kojaro.com/2016/10/29/122951/kurdish-tribes-khorasan/ |access-date=22 April 2020 |date=29 October 2016 |language=fa}} The Lak tribe populate parts of Ilam province and Lorestan province, while Chegini Kurds reside in central Lorestan.

{{main|Religion in Kurdistan}}

The two major religions among Kurds in Iran are Islam and Yarsanism, while fewer Kurds adhere to Baháʼí Faith and Judaism.{{cite book |editor1=Helen Chapin Metz |editor1-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Iran: a country study |date=1989 |publisher=Federal Research Division |page=126}} There is disagreement on which is the largest denomination among Kurds; experts such as Richard N. Frye and Martin van Bruinessen argue that Sunni Islam (the Shafi'i branch) is the majority religion,{{cite web |author1=R. N. Frye |title=Iran v. Peoples of Iran |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |publisher=Iranica Online |access-date=24 April 2020}}{{cite journal |author1=Martin Van Bruinessen |author-link=Martin Van Bruinessen |title=Religion in Kurdistan |journal=Kurdish Times |date=1991 |volume=4 |page=8 |doi=10.31826/9781463229887-003 |publisher=The Isis Press |location=Istanbul|isbn=9781463229887 }} while researcher Anu Leinonen believes it is the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.{{cite book |author1=Anu Leinonen |title=Unity or Diversity? Turkish Nationalism, Kurds, and the Turkish Mainstream Press |date=2017 |page=66 |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/172952 |access-date=24 April 2020 |location=Helsinki |isbn=978-951-51-2890-4}}

Pockets of Sunni Kurds belong to the Qadiriyya tariqa (around Marivan and Sanandaj). These orders have experienced repression from the state, including the destruction of their places of worship.{{cite news |title=Iran's Sufis Under Pressure |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Sufism_Under_Attack_In_Iran/1499990.html |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |date=26 February 2009 |language=en}} Yarsanis are also targeted by the central government.{{cite news |title=Yarsan under attack in Iran |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/d441cd8f-dafa-4496-ae24-0a87da832a91/Yarsan-under-attack-in-Iran |access-date=24 April 2020 |agency=Kurdistan24 |date=8 March 2016}}

While Ottoman Kurdistan has been identified as the source of Kurdish national inspiration, Iranian Kurdistan has been identified as the ideological cradle for the emergence of Kurdish nationalism.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|pp=21–22}}

In Iran, Kurdish intellectual writings and poetry from the 16th and 17th century indicate that the Kurdish population in the country was aware of the necessity of Kurdish unity and the need to form political and administrative entities for Kurds. However, these calls for Kurdish unity did not reach the broader Kurdish population until the 20th century when it awakened and diffused as a response to the implementation of nation-state policies (Persianization) by changing Iranian rulers. These policies not only alienated Kurds but also excluded them from equal access to citizenship. An example was the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911, which elevated Persian above Kurdish by asserting it as official language, language of administration and language of education.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|pp=18–20}}

Kurds have a strong cross-border ethnic linkage and few historical Kurdish rebellions were limited to the borders of a single country. For example, the rebellion of Sheikh Ubeydullah in Turkish Kurdistan around 1880 inspired Simko Shikak to rebel in 1918, while the various Barzani rebellions in Iraqi Kurdistan became a source of support for the Republic of Mahabad.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=21}} Other examples of cross-border interaction include the subjugation of the Simko Shikak revolt forcing Simko to flee to Rawandiz in Iraqi Kurdistan – where he sought the support of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=58–59}} Following the fall of the Republic of Mahabad in 1946, some of its leaders also fled to Iraqi Kurdistan where they were sheltered by the son of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji. Mustafa Barzani had also supported the Republic of Mahabad by sending 2,100 soldiers which in turn also increased Kurdish self-confidence. Many teachers and military officers from Iraqi Kurdistan moreover crossed the border to support the republic.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=58–59}}

In 1944, the Society for the Revival of the Kurds/Kurdistan (JK) considered the first Kurdish nationalist movement met with a Turkish Kurdish delegation and an Iraqi Kurdish delegation at the border area near Mount Dalanpar where they signed the Pact of Three Borders which demonstrated the existence of a strong Kurdish sense of cross-border solidarity and sentiment.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=58}}

Cross-border interaction became difficult to sustain in the 1950s due to repression from SAVAK on the Iranian side. However, Kurds were able to reinforce the cross-border political activity, when the First Iraqi–Kurdish War commenced in 1961, as the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) gave financial support and loyalty to their counterpart in Iraq, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), while KDPI themselves accessed spatial resources. Relations between KDP and KDPI would later deteriorate greatly as KDP became a close ally of SAVAK against Iraq. CIA documents from 1963 show that the KDP rebuffed support from KDPI due to the desire to maintain close relations with Iran.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=62–63}}

In the 1970s, KDPI with Komalah and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) fought around Piranshahr, Sardasht, Baneh in the northern parts of Iranian Kurdistan against Iranian forces who received support from KDP.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=64}}

After the Iranian revolution in 1979, political infighting among Kurds increased and KDPI and Komala fought over political and spatial influence in Iranian Kurdistan as they were fighting Iran together. In the 1980s, the two political and military groups had become powerful and cross-border interaction was therefore less important.{{Sfnp|Hassaniyan|2021|p=64–65}}

{{main|Kurdish separatism in Iran|Republic of Mahabad|Western Iran clashes (2016–present)}}

Kurdish separatism in Iran{{cite book|last1=Habeeb|first1=William Mark|last2=Frankel|first2=Rafael D.|last3=Al-Oraibi|first3=Mina|title=The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Santa Barbara|year=2012|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ENuHIJEqZIC&pg=PA46|isbn=978-0-313-33914-1|oclc=753913763}} or the Kurdish–Iranian conflict{{Citation |first=Surendra |last=Bhutani |publisher=Academic Press |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfHCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22 |title=Contemporary Gulf |year=1980}}{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuG5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22kurdish+iranian+conflict%22 |title=Near East, North Africa report |year=1994}} is an ongoing,{{Citation |first=Benjamin |last=Smith |title=Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective |page=10 |chapter=The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918- |chapter-url=http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615011857/http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/psac/sp09/Smith_Kurdish_Separatism_Feb09_PSAC.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-15 |publisher=Cornell }}University of Arkansas. Political Science department. Iran/Kurds (1943-present). Retrieved 9 September 2012. [http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/irankurds-1943-present/]{{cite book|last=Elling|first=Rasmus Christian|title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|year=2013|page=312|isbn=978-0-230-11584-2|oclc=714725127}} long running, separatist dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Western Iran and the governments of Iran, lasting since the emergence of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1918.

During the Iranian revolution, Kurdish nationalist political parties were unsuccessful in attracting support, who at that time had no interest in autonomy.{{cite book |last=Romano |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00roma |title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-85041-X |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00roma/page/n247 235] |url-access=limited}}{{cite book |last=McDowall |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=1996 |isbn=1-85043-653-3 |location=London |page=270}} However, since the 1990s, Kurdish nationalism in the region has grown, partly due to outrage at the government's violent suppression of Kurdish activism.{{cite book |last=McDowall |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=1996 |isbn=1-85043-653-3 |location=London |page=278}}

{{expand section|date=April 2020}}

{{main|Kurdish tribes}}

• Ardalan
• Mokryan
• List of Iranian Kurds
• A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall

{{Reflist}}

• {{Citation|last=Hassaniyan|first=Allan|title=Kurdish Politics in Iran|date=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781009029971|isbn=9781009029971|s2cid=241171409}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Bayani |first1=Farhad |last2=Serajzadeh |first2=Seyed Hossein |title=Islamic Fundamentalism as a lifestyle? a Sociological Study of Islamic Fundamentalism among Sunni Kurds of Iran |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2021 |volume=50 |pages=123–141 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1937517|s2cid=236293538 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Cabi |first1=Marouf |title=The Formation of Modern Kurdish Society in Iran: Modernity, Modernization and Social Change 1921-1979 |date=2021 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0755642243 |pages=1–232}}

{{Kurdish diaspora}}

{{Iran topics}}

{{Ethnic groups in Iran}}

Category:Ethnic groups in Iran

Iran

Category:Iranian Kurdistan

Category:People from Ilam province

Category:People from Lorestan province

Category:People from Kurdistan province

Category:People from Kermanshah province

Category:People from West Azerbaijan province

Category:Regions of Iran