List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene
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File:Hawaii on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg
File:Moho apicalis-Keulemans.jpg (Moho apicalis) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.]]
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This is a list of Hawaiian animal species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE){{efn|The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.}} and continues to the present day.{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Mike |last2=Johnsen |first2=Sigfus |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Sune Olander |last4=Popp |first4=Trevor |last5=Steffensen |first5=Jorgen-Peder |last6=Gibrard |first6=Phil |last7=Hoek |first7=Wim |last8=Lowe |first8=John |last9=Andrews |first9=John |last10=Bjo Rck |first10=Svante |last11=Cwynar |first11=Les C. |last12=Hughen |first12=Konrad |last13=Kersahw |first13=Peter |last14=Kromer |first14=Bernd |last15=Litt |first15=Thomas |year=2009 |title=Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |bibcode=2009JQS....24....3W |doi=10.1002/jqs.1227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2022-04-24 |doi-access=free |first16=David J. |last16=Lowe |first17=Takeshi |last17=Nakagawa |first18=Rewi |last18=Newnham |first19=Jakob |last19=Schwander}}
The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.{{Cite web |title=MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands |url=https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604034455/https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=modis.gsfc.nasa.gov}}
The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=Janet M. |last2=Hunt |first2=Terry L. |last3=Lipo |first3=Carl P. |last4=Anderson |first4=Atholl J. |date=December 27, 2010 |title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1815–1820 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3033267 |pmid=21187404 |doi-access=free }} Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have been uncertain,{{Cite journal |last=Kirch |first=Patrick |date=2011 |title=When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260248796 |journal=Hawaiian Archaeology |volume=12 |pages=3–26}} but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled by humnas roughly between 1219 and 1266 CE. In 1778, British explorer James Cook became the first recorded European to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.{{cite web |title=[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034308/http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2019 |website=uscode.house.gov}}
Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,{{cite journal |last1=Fleischer |first1=Robert |last2=Olsen |first2=Storrs |last3=James |first3=Helen |last4=Cooper |first4=Alan |date=October 2000 |title=Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4039/Fleischer2002a.pdf |journal=The Auk |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=1051–1056 |doi=10.1093/auk/117.4.1051 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |doi-access=free}} two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.{{cite web |author=Howard Youth |title=Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318100849/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm |archive-date=March 18, 2007 |access-date=October 31, 2008}} The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.{{cite web |title=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128012940/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2014 |access-date=December 15, 2013}}
This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian Poi Dog. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals (class [[Mammal|Mammalia]])
= Bats (order [[Bat|Chiroptera]]) =
== Vesper bats (family [[Vespertilionidae]]) ==
Birds (class [[Bird|Aves]])<!-- There is an overwhelming number of extinct Hawaiian birds. If any species have been overlooked (including undescribed species), please add them to the list below. --><!-- Please keep scientific names up-to-date. Future updates could include: formal scientific names for previously undescribed species, moving a species to a different genus, or splitting a single species into multiple species. -->
= Waterfowl (order [[Anseriformes]]) =
== Ducks, geese, and swans (family [[Anatidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Nēnē-nui
|Branta hylobadistes |Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai |Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380. | |
Giant Hawaiʻi goose
|Branta rhuax |Hawaii (island) |Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.Paxinos, Ellen E., et al. (2002) mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no 3, p. 1399-1404. |
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo
|Chelychelynechen quassus |
Small-billed moa-nalo
|Ptaiochen pau |Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals. |
Kauaʻi mole duck
|Talpanas lippa |Kauai |Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.Iwaniuk, A.N., Olson, S.L., & James, H.F. (2009). Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa. Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand's kiwi, it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals. | |
Oʻahu moa-nalo
|Thambetochen xanion |Oahu |Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.{{cite book |last=Turvey |first=Sam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbU-F42JU1AC |title=Holocene Extinctions |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-953509-5 |pages= |access-date=29 February 2012}} It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss, and nest-predation by introduced mammals. |
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo
|Thambetochen chauliodous |Maui and Molokai |Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375. It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher elevations. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats. |
Giant Oʻahu goose
|Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. |Oahu | rowspan="2" |Prehistoric{{citationneeded|date=April 2023}} | rowspan="2" | |
Long-legged shelduck
|Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. |Kauai |
= Rails and cranes (order [[Gruiformes]]) =
== Rails (family [[Rail (bird)|Rallidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Kepler's crake
|Zapornia keplerorum |Maui |
Molokai crake
|Zapornia menehune |Molokai |Known from subfossil remains. | |
Laysan rail
|Zapornia palmeri |Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats, which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945. |
Hawaiian rail
|Zapornia sandwichensis |Hawaii (island) |Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island of Hawaii and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction. |
Great Maui crake
|Porzana severnsi |Maui |Early 12th century/150 C.E. | |
Great Oʻahu crake
|Porzana ralphorum |O{{okina}}ahu |Early 11th century/200 C.E. Known from subfossil remains. It was apparently limited to lowland areas while Ziegler's crake occupied the highlands, which would make it even more vulnerable to human settlement than other flightless rails. | |
Small Oʻahu crake
|O{{okina}}ahu |Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE. | |
Great Hawaiian crake
|"Porzana" sp. |Hawaii (island) | rowspan="5" |All prehistoric.{{citationneeded|date=April 2023}} | |
Great Kauaʻi crake
|"Porzana" sp. |Kauai | |
Medium Kauaʻi crake
|"Porzana" sp. |Kauai | |
Medium Maui crake
|"Porzana" sp. |Maui | |
Small Hawaiian crake
|"Porzana" sp. |Hawaii (island) | |
= Shorebirds (order [[Charadriiformes]]) =
== Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family [[Laridae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Kauaʻi gull
|Larus sp. |Kauai |Known from mid-Holocene remains. There are no resident gull species in Kauai's modern fauna, though the laughing gull and others occur accidentally.Burney, D. A., James, H. F., Burney, L. P., Olson, S. L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W. L., ... & Nishek, R. (2001). Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua‘i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecological Monographs, 71(4), 615-641. |
= Albatrosses and petrels (order [[Procellariiformes]]) =
== Petrels and shearwaters (family [[Procellariidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Oʻahu petrel
|Pterodroma jugabilis |Hawaii (island) and Oahu |Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.{{cite journal |author1=Olson, Storrs |author2=James, Helen |year=1991 |title=Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I. Non-Passeriformes. |journal=Ornithological Monographs |volume=7 |issue=45 |pages=1–88 |doi=10.2307/40166794 |jstor=40166794}} |
= Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order [[Pelecaniformes]]) =
== Ibises and spoonbills (family [[Threskiornithidae]]) ==
= Hawks and relatives (order [[Accipitriformes]]) =
== Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family [[Accipitridae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Wood harrier
|Circus dossenus |Prehistoric |
Hawaiian eagle
|Haliaeetus sp. |Holocene eagle fossils have been found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. The absence of eagle fossils from other Hawaiian islands might represent a true gap in distribution or a deficiency in the fossil record. Based on DNA research, these fossils represent the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) or a very close relative. The Hawaiian eagle was an isolated, resident population in Hawaii for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator. Its extinction could have been related to human-induced ecological changes, although there is currently no direct evidence for temporal overlap with humans. |
= Owls (order [[Owl|Strigiformes]]) =
== True owls (family [[True owl|Strigidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Kauaʻi stilt-owl
|Grallistrix auceps |Kauai |
Maui stilt-owl
|Grallistrix erdmani |Maui |
Molokaʻi stilt-owl
|Grallistrix geleches | rowspan="2" |Prehistoric |
Oʻahu stilt-owl
|Grallistrix orion |
= Perching birds (order [[Passerine|Passeriformes]]) =
== Crows and relatives (family [[Corvidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
High-billed crow
|Corvus impluviatus |Oahu{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Olson, Storrs L |year=1991 |title=Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes |url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/170 |journal=Ornithological Monographs |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |volume=46 |issue=46 |pages=39–43 |doi=10.2307/40166713|jstor=40166713 }} |rowspan="2"|Prehistoric |
Robust crow
|Corvus viriosus |
=== [[Extinct in the wild]], crows and relatives (family [[Corvidae]]) ===
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Hawaiian crow
|Corvus hawaiiensis |Hawaii (island) and Maui |Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.{{Cite iucn |year=2016 |title=Corvus hawaiiensis|author= BirdLife International |page=e.T22706052A94048187 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706052A94048187.en|doi-access=free }} |
== Reed warblers (family [[Acrocephalidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Laysan millerbird
|Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris |Laysan |Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages. |
== Hawaiian honeyeaters (family [[Mohoidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Kioea
|Chaetoptila angustipluma |Hawaii (island), Oahu, and Maui |The last individual was collected on the island of Hawaii in 1859. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui and Oahu before European contact. Deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators likely contributed to its extinction.{{cite iucn|title=Chaetoptila angustipluma|page=e.T22704348A93964400|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704348A93964400.en}} |
Narrow-billed kioea
|?Chaetoptila sp. |Maui |Known from subfossil remains. The species coexisted with the Hawaiian kioea, but had a much narrower bill. | |
Oʻahu ʻōʻō
|Moho apicalis |Oahu |Last recorded in 1837. Presumably extinct due to habitat destruction and the introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.{{cite iucn|title=Moho apicalis|page=e.T22704329A111776064|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704329A111776064.en}} |
Bishop's ʻōʻō
|Moho bishopi |Maui, Lanai, and Molokai |Last recorded on Molokai in 1904, with unconfirmed reports lasting until 1915. A bird thought to be this species was observed on Maui in 1981. It declined due to habitat destruction for agriculture and grazing feral mammals, before being wiped out by introduced black rats and diseases carried by mosquitos.{{cite iucn|title=Moho bishopi|page=e.T22704335A93963979|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704335A93963979.en}} |
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
|Moho braccatus |Kauai |Though common before the 1890s, it became restricted to the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve by the 1970s, and a single pair survived by 1981. The female disappeared when Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982, and the male was recorded singing in solitary until 1987. The species likely declined due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced black rats and feral pigs, as well as disease-carrying mosquitos.{{Cite iucn|title=Moho braccatus|page=e.T22704323A93963628|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en}} |
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō
|Moho nobilis |Hawaii (island) |Last seen in 1934. Presumably disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.{{cite iucn|title=Moho nobilis|page=e.T22704342A93964244|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704342A93964244.en}} |
== Thrushes (family [[Thrush (bird)|Turdidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Kāmaʻo
|Myadestes myadestinus |Kauai |Last reliably sighted in 1985, with unconfirmed sightings until 1991. Likely causes of extinction include disease carried by introduced mosquitos, deforestation and degradation of forests by feral pigs.{{cite iucn|title=Myadestes myadestinus|page=e.T22708559A94165256|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708559A94165256.en}} |
ʻĀmaui
|Myadestes woahensis |Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.{{cite iucn|title=Myadestes woahensis|page=e.T22708564A111775767|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en}} | |
=== Possibly extinct, thrushes (family [[Thrush (bird)|Turdidae]])<!-- April 2023: Keep an eye open for this species to be declared extinct in the future. -->===
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Olomaʻo
|Myadestes lanaiensis |Maui, Lanai and Molokai |Possibly disappeared from Maui in the 19th century. It was last seen in Lanai in 1933, and the last reliable sighting in Molokai happened in 1980 though there were unconfirmed reports in 1988, 1994, and 2005. It could have been driven extinct by diseases spread by introduced mosquitos and habitat destruction.{{cite iucn|title=Myadestes lanaiensis|page=e.T22708574A155254449|author=BirdLife International|date=2019|volume=2019|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22708574A155254449.en}} |
== True finches (family [[Finch|Fringillidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper
|Aidemedia chascax |Oahu | |
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper
|Aidemedia lutetiae |Maui and Molokai | |
Sickle-billed gaper
|Aidemedia zanclops |Oahu | |
O{{okina}}ahu {{okina}}akialoa
|Akialoa ellisiana |Oahu |The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. Thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year= 2017|title= Akialoa ellisiana |amends=2017|page= e.T103823212A119549725|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823212A119549725.en |access-date=2022-07-04}} |
Maui Nui {{okina}}akialoa
|Akialoa lanaiensis |Maui, Lanai and Molokai{{Cite iucn|title=Akialoa lanaiensis|page=e.T103823431A119549974|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=15 January 2018|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en}} |Named from three individuals collected on Lanai in 1892; fossils have also been found on Molokai and Maui. The species is thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, disease, and possibly introduced species. |
Lesser ʻakialoa
|Akialoa obscura |Hawaii (island) |Last reported in 1940. Likely extinct due to deforestation and introduced diseases.{{cite iucn|title=Akialoa obscura|page=e.T22728910A119550231|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728910A119550231.en}} |
Kaua{{okina}}i {{okina}}akialoa
|Akialoa stejnegeri |Kauai |Last reported in 1969. Extinct due to forest clearance and introduced disease.{{Cite iucn|title=Akialoa stejnegeri|page=e.T103823250A119550506|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=14 January 2018|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823250A119550506.en}} |
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa
|Akialoa upupirostris |Oahu and Kauai | |
Giant ʻakialoa
|Akialoa sp. |Hawaii (island) | |
|Akialoa sp.
|Maui | |
Kona grosbeak
|Chloridops kona |Hawaii (island) |Restricted to about four square miles by the time of its discovery in the late 19th century, it was last collected in 1894. The reasons of extinction are unknown, but may include habitat destruction, introduced mammalian predators, and avian malaria.{{cite iucn|title=Chloridops kona|page=e.T22728825A94998118|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728825A94998118.en}} |
King Kong grosbeak
|Chloridops regiskongi |Oahu | |
Wahi grosbeak
|Chloridops wahi |Maui and Oahu |Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.). | |
Kauaʻi grosbeak
|Chloridops sp. |Kauai |Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi). | |
Maui grosbeak
|Chloridops sp. |Maui | |
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane
|Ciridops anna |Hawaii (island) |Last collected in 1892, there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1937. The causes of extinction are unknown, but deforestation, malaria, and predation by introduced rats may have been contributing factors.{{cite iucn|title=Ciridops anna|page=e.T22720840A94686158|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720840A94686158.en}} |
Stout-legged finch
|Ciridops tenax |Kauai |Known from subfossil remains. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and hunting for feathers by Polynesians. | |
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane
|Ciridops cf. anna |Molokai | |
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane
|Ciridops sp. |Oahu | |
Black mamo
|Drepanis funerea |Maui and Molokai |Last collected in Molokai in 1907; fossils are known from Maui. It probably disappeared due to destruction of its understorey habitat by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by rats and mongooses.{{cite iucn|title=Drepanis funerea|page=e.T22720852A94686803|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720852A94686803.en}} |
Hawaiʻi mamo
|Drepanis pacifica |Hawaii (island) |Last recorded in 1898. Although heavily trapped for its feathers, it was likely driven to extinction ultimately by habitat destruction and disease.{{cite iucn|title=Drepanis pacifica|page=e.T22720848A94686625|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en}} |
Lānaʻi hookbill
|Dysmorodrepanis munroi |Lanai |Only known from a single specimen collected in 1913 and single sightings in 1916 and 1918. Presumably driven to extinction by clearing forests for pineapple plantation, predation by cats and rats.{{cite iucn|title=Dysmorodrepanis munroi|page=e.T22720738A111776369|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720738A111776369.en}} |
Oʻahu nukupuʻu
|Hemignathus lucidus |Oahu |The last two preserved individuals were collected either during an expedition in 1838 or another in 1840-1841, though native accounts suggest it was still present in 1860. A second-hand report from 1939 is "doubtlessly incorrect".Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. (2017). [http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status]. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) |
Giant nukupuʻu
|Hemignathus vorpalis |Hawaii (island) |Only known from fossils younger than c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE.James, H. F., & Olson, S. L. (2003). A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii. The Auk, 120(4), 970-981. | |
Laysan honeycreeper
|Himatione fraithii |Laysan |Disappeared after almost the entire vegetation cover of the island was eaten by introduced feral rabbits. The last three individuals were killed in a storm in 1923.{{Cite iucn|title=Himatione fraithii|page=e.T103829706A119553201|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103829706A119553201.en}} |
Kauaʻi palila
|Loxioides kikuchi |Kauai |Known from two fossil jaws dated to 1375-1610 CE.James, H. F., & Olson, S. L. (2006). A new species of Hawaiian finch (Drepanidini: Loxioides) from Makauwahi Cave, Kaua‘i. The Auk, 123(2), 335-344. | |
Oʻahu ʻakepa
|Loxops wolstenholmei |Oahu |Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.{{Cite iucn|author=BirdLife International |year=2017 |title=Loxops wolstenholmei |amends=2016 |page=e.T103824105A117232993 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103824105A117232993.en |access-date=15 January 2018}} |
Po{{okina}}ouli
|Melamprosops phaeosoma |Maui |Last two individuals recorded in 2004; one died shortly after being captured. The precise causes of decline are unknown. Suggestions include habitat destruction and modification, spread of disease-carrying mosquitos, pig activity, predation by rats, cats, and small Indian mongooses; and the decline of native Hawaiian snails as a result of predation by rats and the garlic snail Oxychilus alliaricus.{{cite iucn|title=Melamprosops phaeosoma|page=e.T22720863A153774712|author=BirdLife International|date=2019|volume=2019|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22720863A153774712.en}} |
Highland finch
|Orthiospiza howarthi |Maui | |
Kākāwahie
|Paroreomyza flammea |Molokai |Last recorded in 1961-1963. Presumed to have disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.{{cite iucn|title=Paroreomyza flammea|page=e.T22720823A119118273|author=BirdLife International|date=2017|volume=2017|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22720823A119118273.en}} |
Lāna{{okina}}i {{okina}}alauahio
|Paroreomyza montana montana |Lanai |
Lesser koa finch
|Rhodacanthis flaviceps |Hawaii (island) |Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Johnathan P. Prince |date=May 2008 |title=Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches |journal=Diversity & Distributions |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x |bibcode=2008DivDi..14..441J |s2cid=40057425}} The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.{{cite iucn|title=Rhodacanthis flaviceps|page=e.T22720745A94681389|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720745A94681389.en}} According to the IUCN red list, "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui" apparently referring to the primitive koa finch (Rhodacanthis litotes). |
Scissor-billed koa finch
|Rhodacanthis forfex |Maui and Kauai{{cite journal |last=James |first=Helen F. |author2=Storrs L. Olson |year=2005 |title=The diversity and biogeography of koa-finches (Drepanidini: Rhodacanthis) with descriptions of two new species |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/217/1/James-05-ZJLS-new+koa+finches.pdf |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |publisher=Linnean Society of London |volume=144 |issue=4 |pages=527–541 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00173.x |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation. The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation. | |
Primitive koa finch
|Rhodacanthis litotes |Known from fossils on Maui and Oahu. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii and perhaps Kauai, although more fossils are needed for confirmation. The primitive koa finch populations from Oahu and Maui might represent two distinct species, but more fossils or genetic data are necessary. The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation. | |
Greater koa finch
|Rhodacanthis palmeri |Hawaii (island) |Last collected in 1896. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria are likely responsible.{{cite iucn|title=Rhodacanthis palmeri|page=e.T22720749A94681538|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720749A94681538.en}} |
Kauaʻi finch
|Telespiza persecutrix |Oahu and Kauai |Most recent remains were found in cave deposits dated to 1425-1660. | |
Maui Nui finch
|Telespiza ypsilon |Maui and Molokai | |
Maui finch
|Telespiza cf. ypsilon |Maui | |
Strange-billed finch
|Vangulifer mirandus | rowspan="2" |Maui | |
Thin-billed finch
|Vangulifer neophasis | |
Greater ʻamakihi
|Viridonia sagittirostris |Wailuku River, Hawaii (island) |Last recorded in 1901. Its only known forest habitat was cleared to plant sugar cane.{{cite iucn|title=Viridonia sagittirostris|page=e.T22720784A94682950|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=18 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720784A94682950.en}} |
Cone-billed finch
|Xestospiza conica |Kauai | |
Ridge-billed finch
|Xestospiza fastigialis |Oahu, Molokai, and Maui | |
|Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet.
|Maui |At least three different species, all prehistoric. | |
|Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet.
|Oahu | |
=== Possibly extinct, true finches (family [[Finch|Fringillidae]])<!-- April 2023: Keep an eye open for these species to be declared extinct in the future. -->===
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Maui nukupuʻu
|Hemignathus affinis |Maui |Last confirmed sighting in 1896, though several "unconfirmed detections" happened in 1986-1998, and a single male was seen by qualified observers in the same area in 1995. The species's forest habitat has been eliminated for cattle ranching or otherwise degraded by introduced ungulates, which also spread alien plants and disease-carrying mosquitos. Predation and competition with introduced birds and insects has also been suggested.{{cite iucn|title=Hemignathus affinis|page=e.T103823664A104234257|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=17 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103823664A104234257.en}} |
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu
|Hemignathus hanapepe |Kauai |Last confirmed sighting in 1899, with unconfirmed records in 1984-1998 and 2007. The more recent observations could actually belong to the Kauaʻi ʻamakihi. It possibly declined due to habitat degradation by introduced ungulates, disease, predation and competition with exotic birds and insects.{{cite iucn|title=Hemignathus hanapepe|page=e.T103823616A125584125|author=BirdLife International|date=2018|volume=2018|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103823616A125584125.en}} |
Maui ʻakepa
|Loxops ochraceus |Maui |Last recorded in 1988, with some dubious audio taken afterward. It could have declined due to habitat loss, invasive diseases, and conflict and competition with introduced species.{{Cite iucn|title=Loxops ochraceus|page=e.T103824084A104236054|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=15 January 2018|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103824084A104236054.en}} |
O{{okina}}ahu {{okina}}alauahio
|Paroreomyza maculata |Oahu |Last collected in 1968 and last well-documented observation, of two birds, in 1985. It may have been driven extinct by disease spread by introduced mosquitos.{{cite iucn|title=Paroreomyza maculata|page=e.T22720827A94685115|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720827A94685115.en}} |
{{okina}}Ō{{okina}}ū
|Psittirostra psittacea |Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai |Last recorded with certainty in Hawaii in 1987, and in Kauai in 1989, though there were some unconfirmed sightings after 1995. It disappeared from Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai between 1899 and 1931. It may have been driven extinct by habitat loss, introduced rats, and malaria spread by exotic mosquitos.{{cite iucn|title=Psittirostra psittacea|page=e.T22720734A126791352|author=BirdLife International|date=2018|volume=2018|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720734A126791352.en}} |80px |
== ''[[Incertae sedis|Incertae familiae]]'' ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine
|Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. |Kauai |
Tiny Kauaʻi passerine
|Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. |Kauai |
Insects (class [[Insect|Insecta]])<!-- The most recent IUCN assessment - dated 1996 - describes the levuana moth (''Levuana iridescens'') as a Hawaiian species. This must be an error, as other sources confirm that this pest species was only known from Fiji. It was probably not native to Fiji, and may have originated from islands west of Fiji. (Hawaii is thousands of miles northeast of Fiji.) See the Wikipedia article on the levuana moth for details. -->
= Dragonflies and damselflies (order [[Odonata]]) =
== Narrow-winged damselflies (family [[Coenagrionidae]]) ==
=== Possibly extinct ===
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Maui upland damselfly
|Megalagrion jugorum |
= Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order [[Orthoptera]]) =
== True crickets (family [[Gryllidae]]) ==
=== [[Extinct in the wild]] ===
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket
|Leptogryllus deceptor |
= True bugs (order [[Hemiptera]]) =
== Mealybugs (family [[Mealybug|Pseudococcidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Clavicoccus erinaceus
|Oahu |
Phyllococcus oahuensis
|Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands{{cite iucn|title=Phyllococcus oahuensis|page=e.T17120A6799402|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17120A6799402.en}} |
= Beetles (order [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]) =
== True weevils (family [[Curculionidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
|Dryophthorus distinguendus
|Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands{{cite iucn|title=Dryophthorus distinguendus|page=e.T6862A21424260|author=Lyal, C.|date=2014|volume=2014|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6862A21424260.en}} |
Laysan weevil
|Oodemas laysanensis |
|Rhyncogonus bryani |
= Butterflies and moths (order [[Lepidoptera]]) =
== Pyralid moths (family [[Pyralidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Genophantis leahi
|Maui, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii (island) |Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.{{cite iucn|title=Genophantis leahi|page=e.T9000A12948738|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9000A12948738.en}} |
== Owlet moths (family [[Noctuidae]]) ==
=== Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family [[Noctuidae]]) ===
=== Data deficient, owlet moths (family [[Noctuidae]]) ===
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth
|Agrotis tephrias |Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island){{cite iucn|title=Agrotis tephrias|page=e.T188989484A189703177|author=Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J.|date=2020|volume=2021|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188989484A189703177.en}} |
== Geometer moths (family [[Geometer moth|Geometridae]]) ==
= True flies (order [[Fly|Diptera]]) =
== Long-legged flies (family [[Dolichopodidae]]) ==
class="wikitable"
!Common name !Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments ! class="unsortable" |Pictures |
Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.121077/Emperoptera_mirabilis |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}
|Campsicnemus mirabilis |Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands{{cite iucn|title=Campsicnemus mirabilis|page=e.T3719A10034887|author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=16 December 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3719A10034887.en}} |
== Fruit flies and relatives (family [[Drosophilidae]]) ==
Snails and slugs (class [[Gastropoda]])
= Order [[Stylommatophora]] =
== Family [[Achatinellidae]] ==
== Family [[Amastridae]] ==
== Family [[Pupillidae]] ==
class="wikitable"
!Scientific name !Range ! class="unsortable" |Comments |
Lyropupa perlonga
|Extinct.{{cite iucn|title=Lyropupa perlonga|page=e.T12526A3353315|author=Cowie, R.|date=1996|volume=1996|access-date=17 November 2021|author2=Pokryszko, B.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en}} Observed in 1980. |
See also
- Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
- List of endemic birds of Hawaii
- List of Oceanian species extinct in the Holocene
- List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene
- List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene
- List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene
- List of extinct bird species since 1500
- Holocene extinction
Notes
{{Notelist}}