List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
{{Short description|none}}
{{Bible related}}
These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus. Biblical figures that are identified in artifacts of questionable authenticity, for example the Jehoash Inscription and the bullae of Baruch ben Neriah, or who are mentioned in ancient but non-contemporary documents, such as David and Balaam,Identified in the Tel Dan Stele and the Deir Alla Inscription respectively. are excluded from this list.
Hebrew Bible
{{Further|Hebrew Bible|Protocanonical books}}
File:Tilglath pileser iii.jpg from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London).]]
Although the first mention of the name 'Israel' in archaeology dates to the 13th century BC,Davies, Philip R., [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJIzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 In Search of Ancient Israel: A Study in Biblical Origins], Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015, p. 48. contemporary information on the Israelite nation prior to the 9th century BC is extremely sparse.Kelle, Brad E., Ancient Israel at War 853–586 BC, Osprey Publishing, 2007, pp. 8–9 [https://books.google.com/books?id=j5hX7ADoWNkC&pg=PA8] In the following centuries a small number of local Hebrew documents, mostly seals and bullae, mention biblical characters. Still, more extensive information is available in the royal inscriptions from neighbouring kingdoms, particularly Babylon, Assyria and Egypt.
Deuterocanonicals
{{Further|Deuterocanonical books}}
File:AlexanderIBalasAndCleopatraThea.jpg with her first husband, Alexander Balas]]
While the deuterocanon describes events between the eighth and second centuries BCE, most historically identifiable people mentioned in the deuterocanon lived around the time of the Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE), during which Judea was part of the Seleucid Empire. Coins featuring the names of rulers had become widespread and many of them were inscribed with the year number in the Seleucid era, allowing them to be dated precisely.
First-hand information comes also from the Greek historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BCE), whose Histories covers much of the same period as the Books of Maccabees, and from Greek and Babylonian inscriptions. Josephus also discusses the Maccabean Revolt in some detail in Jewish Antiquities Book XII, although the Greek version of the book of 1 Maccabees was one of Josephus's main sources, so Antiquities is considered by some scholars a circular reference rather than truly independent confirmation.{{cite book |last=Bar-Kochva |first=Bezalel |authorlink=Bezalel Bar-Kochva |date=1989 |title=Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-32352-5 |pages=190–193}}
New Testament
File:Cameo August BM Gem3577.jpg (20–50 AD) depicting Roman emperor Augustus]]
By far the most important and most detailed sources for first-century Jewish history are the works of Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100 AD).Grabbe, Lester L., An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period, A&C Black, 1996, p. 22 [https://books.google.com/books?id=DO6kT5RPuxgC&pg=PA22]Millar, Fergus, The Roman Near East, 31 BC–AD 337, Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 70 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA70] These books mention many of the same prominent political figures as the New Testament books and are crucial for understanding the historical background of the emergence of Christianity.Feldman, Louis H., Josephus, the Bible, and History, Brill, 1989, p. 18 [https://books.google.com/books?id=lV70mR-E0DQC&pg=PA18] Josephus also mentions Jesus and the execution of John the BaptistAntiquities, Book XVIII Chr. 5 § 2 although he was not a contemporary of either. Apart from Josephus, information about some New Testament figures comes from Roman historians such as Tacitus and Suetonius and from ancient coins and inscriptions.
=Persons mentioned in the Gospels=
=Persons mentioned in the New Testament outside the Gospels=
Tentatively identified
These are Biblical figures for which tentative but likely identifications have been found in contemporary sources based on matching names and credentials. The possibility of coincidental matching of names cannot be ruled out however.
=Hebrew Bible (Protocanonical Old Testament)=
File:Hebrew Kings in Archaeology.svg. Kings that are known from contemporary extra-biblical sources are highlighted in yellow. Tentatively identified kings are highlighted in orange.]]
- Amariah son of Hezekiah, an ancestor of the prophet Zephaniah mentioned in the genealogy of {{bibleverse|Zephaniah|1:1|KJV}}. A late 8th – early 7th century BCE bulla reading "[belonging to] Amaryahu, son of the King" might refer to him.{{cite journal|title=The Bulla of 'Amaryahu Son of the King, the ancestor of the prophet Zephaniah|journal=Transeuphratène|url=https://www.academia.edu/9823742|last1=van der Veen|first1=P.|location=Paris|last2=Deutsch|first2=R.|volume=46|pages=121–132 (with Pls. 9–10)|year=2014|series=J. Elayi – J.-M. Durand (eds.). Bible et Proche-Orient. Mélanges André Lemaire. 3 vol. (Transeuphratène 46)|issn=0996-5904}}
- Asaiah, servant of king Josiah (2 Kings 22:12). A seal with the text Asayahu servant of the king probably belonged to him.Heltzer, Michael, THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 204
- Azaliah son of Meshullam, scribe in the Temple in Jerusalem: Mentioned in 2 Kings 22:3 and 2 Chronicles 34:8. A bulla reading "belonging to Azaliahu son of Meshullam." is likely to be his, according to archaeologist Nahman Avigad.{{cite book|last=Avigad |first=Nahman |title=Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals |year=1997 |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem |edition=2 |page=237 |isbn=978-9652081384}}; WSS 90, published by the Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities
- Azariah son of Hilkiah and grandfather of Ezra: Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:13,14; 9:11 and Ezra 7:1. A bulla reading Azariah son of Hilkiah is likely to be his, according to Tsvi Schneider.Schneider, Tsvi, "Six Biblical Signatures: Seals and seal impressions of six biblical personages recovered", Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1991
- Baalis king of Ammon is mentioned in Jeremiah 40:14. In 1984 an Ammonite seal, dated to c. 600 BCE, was excavated in Tell El-`Umeiri, Jordan that reads "belonging to Milkomor, the servant of Baalisha". Identification of 'Baalisha' with the biblical Baalis is likely,Grabbe, Lester L., Can a 'History of Israel' Be Written?, Continuum International, 1997, pp. 80–82 [https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7Oy64C2fYC&pg=PA80] but it is not currently known if there was only one Ammonite king of that name.Mykytiuk, Lawrence J., Identifying Biblical persons in Northwest Semitic inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E., Society of Biblical Literature, 2004, Baalis: p. 242 [https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA242]; Jeroboam: p. 136 [https://books.google.com/books?id=eprY1Qd0veAC&pg=PA136]
- Ben-Hadad I, was identified by William F. Albright as the "Bar-Hadad, son of [...], king of Aram" mentioned on the Melqart stele,{{cite journal |last1=Albright |first1=W. F. |title=A Votive Stele Erected by Ben-Hadad I of Damascus to the God Melcarth |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=October 1942 |volume=87 |issue=87 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.2307/1355460 |jstor=1355460 |s2cid=163203878}} however, several other scholars, such as Kenneth Kitchen,{{cite book |last1=Kitchen |first1=K. A. |title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament |date=2006 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-0396-2 }} dispute this identification, as the stele's inscription is damaged and there is no outside evidence supporting this conclusion.
- David, or more accurately his royal house, is mentioned in the Tel Dan Stele, see above entry for Ahaziah.
- Darius II of Persia, is mentioned by the contemporary historian Xenophon of Athens,[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1174/1174-h/1174-h.htm#2H_4_0002 Xenophon of Athens, Hellenica, Book 1, Chapter 2] in the Elephantine Papyri, and other sources. 'Darius the Persian', mentioned in Nehemiah 12:22, is probably Darius II, although some scholars identify him with Darius I or Darius III.VanderKam, James C., From revelation to canon: studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple literature, Volume 2000, Brill, 2002, p. 181 [https://books.google.com/books?id=L352z_jZSmcC&pg=PA181]Freedman, David N., The Unity of the Hebrew Bible, University of Michigan Press, 1993, p. 93 [https://books.google.com/books?id=f-VqAdnCD20C&pg=PA93]
- Gedaliah son of Ahikam, governor of Judah. A seal impression with the name 'Gedaliah who is over the house' is commonly identified with Gedaliah, son of Ahikam.Wright, G. Ernest, Some Personal Seals of Judean Royal Officials [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3209241] in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 1, No. 2 (May, 1938), pp. 10–12
- Gedaliah son of Pashhur, an opponent of Jeremiah. A bulla bearing his name was found in the City of DavidUnique biblical discovery at City of David excavation site [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Unique+biblical+discovery+at+City+of+David+excavation+site+18-Aug-2008.htm], Israel Ministry of Foreign affairs; 18-Aug-2008. Retrieved 2009-11-16
- Gemariah (son of Shaphan), son of Shaphan the scribe. A bulla was found with the text "To Gemaryahu ben Shaphan". This may have been the same person as "Gemariah son of Shaphan the scribe" mentioned in Jeremiah 36:10,12.Ogden, D. Kelly [http://en.scientificcommons.org/23488503 Bulla *2 "To Gemaryahu ben Shaphan"], published by Brigham Young University. Dept. of Religious Education
- Geshem (Gusham) the Arab, mentioned in Nehemia 6:1,6 is likely the same person as Gusham, king of Kedar, found in two inscriptions in Dedan and Tell el-Mashkutah (near the Suez Canal)Wright, G. Ernest [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3209101 Judean Lachish] in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Feb., 1955), pp. 9–17
- Isaiah, In February 2018 archaeologist Eilat Mazar announced that she and her team had discovered a small seal impression which reads "[belonging] to Isaiah nvy" (could be reconstructed and read as "[belonging] to Isaiah the prophet") during the Ophel excavations, just south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.Mazar, Eilat. [https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/44/2/7 Is This the "Prophet Isaiah’s Signature?"] Biblical Archaeology Review 44:2, March/April May/June 2018. The tiny bulla was found "only 10 feet away" from where an intact bulla bearing the inscription "[belonging] to King Hezekiah of Judah" was discovered in 2015 by the same team.[https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-find-of-biblical-proportions-proof-of-prophet-isaiah-believed-unearthed/ In find of biblical proportions, seal of Prophet Isaiah said found in Jerusalem]. By Amanda Borschel-Dan. The Times of Israel. 22 February 2018. Quote: "Chanced upon near a seal identified with King Hezekiah, a tiny clay piece may be the first-ever proof of the prophet, though a missing letter leaves room for doubt." Although the name "Isaiah" in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet is unmistakable, the damage on the bottom left part of the seal causes difficulties in confirming the word "prophet" or a common Hebrew name "Navi", casting some doubts whether this seal really belongs to the prophet Isaiah.[https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/prophet-isaiah-signature-jerusalem/ "Isaiah’s Signature Uncovered in Jerusalem: Evidence of the prophet Isaiah?"] By Megan Sauter. Bible History Daily. Biblical Archeology Society. 22 Feb 2018. Quote by Mazar: "Because the bulla has been slightly damaged at end of the word nvy, it is not known if it originally ended with the Hebrew letter aleph, which would have resulted in the Hebrew word for "prophet" and would have definitively identified the seal as the signature of the prophet Isaiah. The absence of this final letter, however, requires that we leave open the possibility that it could just be the name Navi. The name of Isaiah, however, is clear."
- Jehucal son of Shelemiah, an opponent of Jeremiah. Archaeologists excavated a bulla with his name,[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/01/clay-seal-connects-to-bible/ Clay seal connects to Bible] in The Washington Times, Wednesday, October 1, 2008 but some scholars question the dating of the seal to the time of Jeremiah.
- Jerahmeel, prince of Judah. A bulla bearing his name was found.Avigad, Nahman, Baruch the Scribe and Jerahmeel the King's Son [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3209372] in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Spring, 1979), pp. 114–118
- Jezebel, wife of king Ahab of Israel. A seal was found that may bear her name, but the dating and identification with the biblical Jezebel is a subject of debate among scholars.Korpel, Marjo C.A., [http://www.bib-arch.org/debates/jezebel-seal-01.asp Scholars Debate “Jezebel” Seal], Biblical Archaeology Review
- Josiah, king of Judah. Three seals were found that may have belonged to his son Eliashib.Albright, W. F. in Pritchard 1969, p. 569
- Nathan-melech, one of Josiah's officials in {{bibleverse|2 Kings|23:11|KJV}}. A clay bulla dated to the middle of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century BCE was found in March 2019 during the Givati Parking Lot dig excavation in the City of the David area of Jerusalem bearing the inscription, "(belonging) to Nathan-melech, servant of the king."Weiss, Bari. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/30/opinion/sunday/bible-josiah-david-seal.html The Story Behind a 2,600-Year-Old Seal]
Who was Natan-Melech, the king's servant?" New York Times. March 30, 2019[https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/2600-year-old-seal-discovered-in-City-of-David-585321 2,600-year old seal discovered in City of David]. Jerusalem Post. April 1, 2019
- Nergal-sharezer, king of Babylon is probably identical to an official of Nebuchadnezzar II mentioned in Jeremiah 39:3, 13. A record of his war with Syria was found on a tablet from the 'Neo-Babylonian Chronicle texts'.[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/neriglissar/ The Chronicle Concerning Year Three of Neriglissar], translation adapted from A. K. Grayson & Jean-Jacques Glassner
- Seraiah son of Neriah. He was the brother of Baruch. Nahman Avigad identified him as the owner of a seal with the name "to Seriahu/Neriyahu".
- Shebna (or Shebaniah), royal steward of Hezekiah: only the last two letters of a name (hw) survive on the so-called Shebna lintel, but the title of his position ("over the house" of the king) and the date indicated by the script style, have inclined many scholars to identify the person it refers to with Shebna.Deutsch, Robert, [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=35&Issue=3&ArticleID=9 Tracking Down Shebnayahu, Servant of the King] in Biblical Archaeology Review May/Jun 2009
- Shelomith, a daughter of Zerubbabel mentioned in the genealogy of {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|3:19|KJV}}. She has been identified with the owner of a seal reading "Belonging to Shelomith, maidservant of Elnathan the governor".Cataldo, Jeremiah W. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TraoAwAAQBAJ&dq=shelomit+seal&pg=PA91 A Theocratic Yehud?: Issues of Government in a Persian Province]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 91. {{ISBN|978-0-567-54223-6}}.
- Tou/Toi, king of Hamath. Several scholars have argued that Tou/Toi, mentioned in 2 Samuel 8:9 and 1 Chronicles 18:9, is identical with a certain 'Taita', king of 'Palistin', known from inscriptions found in northern Syria.{{cite journal |last1=Steitler |first1=Charles |date=2010 |title=The Biblical King Toi of Ḥamath and the Late Hittite State "P/Walas(a)tin" |journal=Bibische Notizen |issue=146 |pages=95}}The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data, ([https://www.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/11-english/news-english/900-the-history-of-king-david-in-light-of-new-epigraphic-and-archeological-data link]), website of University of Haifa, citing publications by Gershon Galil from 2013-2014 However, others have challenged this identification based on linguistic analysis and the uncertain dating of king Taita.{{cite book |last=Simon |first=Zsolt |editor-last=Csabai |editor-first=Zoltán |title=Studies in Economic and Social History of the Ancient Near East in Memory of Péter Vargyas |publisher=The University of Pécs, Department of Ancient History |date= 2014 |pages=724–725 |chapter=Remarks on the Anatolian Background of the Tel Reḥov Bees and the Historical Geography of the Luwian States in the 10th c. BC |isbn=9789632367958 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7861592}}
- Zedekiah, son of Hananiah (Jeremiah 36:12). A seal was found of "Zedekiah son of Hanani", identification is likely, but uncertain.Day, John [https://books.google.com/books?id=yM_X2yzRLx4C&dq=zedekiah+son+of+hananiah+seal&pg=PA376 In search of pre-exilic Israel: proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar] p. 376
=Deuterocanonicals or biblical apocrypha=
- Ahikar, a sage mentioned in {{Bibleverse|Tobit|1:21-22|NRSV}} and in the Aramaic Story of Ahikar.{{cite book |title=Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives |last=Oshima |first=Takayoshi |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-447-10727-3 |pages=141–167 |editor-last=Berlejung |editor-first=Angelika |chapter=How Mesopotamian was Ahiqar the Wise? A Search for Ahiqar in Cuneiform Texts |editor-last2=Maeir |editor-first2=Aren M. |editor-last3=Schüle |editor-first3=Andreas |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34084863}}{{rp|148}} At Uruk (Warka), a Late Babylonian cuneiform tablet from the second century BCE mentions an Aramaic sage Aḫu’aqār under Esarhaddon (seventh century BCE).{{rp|148–150}} There are also references to one or more people named Ahī-yaqar in cuneiform texts from the time of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon, although the identification of this person (or people) with the sage Ahiqar is uncertain.{{rp|144–145}}
- Aretas I, King of the Nabataeans ({{floruit}} c. 169 BCE), mentioned in {{Bibleverse|2 Macc.|5:8|NRSV}}, is probably referred to in an inscription from Elusa.Healey, John F., The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus, Brill, 2001, p. 29 [https://books.google.com/books?id=coso-V3gCEAC&pg=PA29]
=New Testament=
- Alexander son of Simon of Cyrene (Mark 15:21): A burial cave in the Kidron Valley discovered in 1941 by E. L. Sukenik, belonging to Cyrenian Jews and dating before AD 70, was found to have an ossuary inscribed twice in Greek "Alexander son of Simon". It cannot, however, be certain that this refers to the same person.{{Cite journal |last=Avigad |first=N. |author-link=Nahman Avigad |date=1962 |title=A Depository of Inscribed Ossuaries in the Kidron Valley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924877 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |issn=0021-2059 |jstor=27924877 |lccn=53036113 |ol=32001168M |access-date=2022-03-27}}{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusarchaeology0000unse |title=Jesus and Archaeology |date=2006 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=0-8028-4880-X |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |editor-link=James H. Charlesworth |page=338 |language=en |chapter=Excavating Caiaphas, Pilate, and Simon of Cyrene |oclc=1302072225 |ol=7904215M |author-link=Craig A. Evans |access-date=2022-03-27 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
- 'The Egyptian', who was according to Acts 21:38 the instigator of a rebellion, also appears to be mentioned by Josephus, although this identification is uncertain.Vanderkam, James C., in The Continuum History of Apocalypticism [https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC] (edited by McGinn, Bernard J.; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J.), Continuum, 2003, p. 133Frankfurter, David, Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt [https://books.google.com/books?id=3yENB_dXAtwC], Brill, 1998, p. 206
- Erastus of Corinth (Romans 16:23): An inscription mentioning an Erastus was found in 1929 near a paved area northeast of the theater of Corinth, dated to the mid-first century and reads "Erastus in return for his aedileship paved it at his own expense."{{cite web|title=PH209961|url=http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D209961%26bookid%3D223%26region%3D2%26subregion%3D1|work=Searchable Greek Inscriptions|publisher=The Packard Humanities Institute|access-date=18 May 2012}} Inscription: {{langx|la|ERASTVS. PRO. AED. S. P. STRAVIT}}, abbreviated for ERASTUS PRO AEDILITATE SUA PECUNIA STRAVIT. Some New Testament scholars have identified this aedile Erastus with the Erastus mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans but this is disputed by others.{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=David W. J.|date=1989|title=Erastus The Aedile|journal=Tyndale Bulletin|volume=40|issue=2|pages=298|doi=10.53751/001c.30545 }}
- Joanna, wife of Chuza: An ossuary has been discovered bearing the inscription, "Johanna, granddaughter of Theophilus, the High Priest."D. Barag and D. Flusser, The Ossuary of Yehohanah Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophilus, Israel Exploration Journal, 36 (1986), 39–44. It is unclear if this was the same Joanna since Johanna was the fifth most popular woman's name in Judaea.Richard Bauckham, Gospel Women: Studies of the Named Women in the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002), 143
- Lysanias was tetrarch of Abila around 28 CE, according to Luke (3:1). Because Josephus only mentions a Lysanias of Abila who was executed in 36 BCE, some scholars have considered this an error by Luke. However, one inscription from Abila, which is tentatively dated 14–29 CE, appears to record the existence of a later tetrarch called Lysanias.Kerr, C. M., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Wm. B. Eerdmans 1939, entry Lysanias [http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/L/lysanias.html]Morris, Leon, Luke: an introduction and commentary [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ngd8XtswdEC] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1988, p. 28
- Sergius Paulus was proconsul of Cyprus (Acts 13:4–7), when Paul visited the island around 46–48 CE.Gill, David W. J. (ed.) & Gempf, Conrad (ed.), The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting [https://books.google.com/books?id=W-L1DA1ptKQC] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1994, p. 282 Although several individuals with this name have been identified, no certain identification can be made. One Quintus Sergius Paulus, who was proconsul of Cyprus probably during the reign of Claudius (41–54 CE) is however compatible with the time and context of Luke's account.Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Vol. III: K–P [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1986, pp. 729–730 (entry Paulus, Sergius)
- Theudas. The sole reference to Theudas presents a problem of chronology. In Acts of the Apostles, Gamaliel, a member of the sanhedrin, defends the apostles by referring to Theudas (Acts 5:36–8). The difficulty is that the rising of Theudas is here given as before that of Judas of Galilee, which is itself dated to the time of the taxation (c. 6–7 AD). Josephus, on the other hand, says that Theudas was 45 or 46, which is after Gamaliel is speaking, and long after Judas the Galilean.
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|group=n}}
References
{{reflist|25em}}
Bibliography
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- {{cite book |last= Patterson |first=Richard D. |editor-last1= Grisanti |editor-first1= Michel A. |editor-last2= Howard |editor-first2= David M.|title= Giving the sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts|publisher= Kregel |date=2003 |pages=179–200 |chapter= The Divided Monarchy: Sources, Approaches, and Historicity |isbn=978-0-8254-2892-0}}
- {{cite book|last=Polybius|author-link=Polybius|title=Histories|translator-last=Shuckburgh|translator-first=Evelyn Shirley|translator-link=Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh|url=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1}}
- {{cite book|editor-last1=Pritchard|editor-first1=James B.|editor-link1=James B. Pritchard| title=Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement|year=1969|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691035031|edition=3d|ref=CITEREFAnet|oclc=5342384}}
- {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Hans D. |title=Mélanges Gamal Eddin Mokhtar, vol. II|publisher= Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire|date=1985 |pages= 261–267 |chapter= A royal epigone of the 22nd Dynasty. Two documents of Osorkon IV in Leiden}}
- {{cite journal|first=Christoffer|last=Theis|year=2020|title=Contributions to the Vocabulary of the Old Testament: The Connection of the Name סוֹא with Greek Σηγωρ in 2 Kings 17, 4 |journal=Biblica|pages=107–13|volume=101}}
{{The Bible and history}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Biblical Figures Identified In Extra-Biblical Sources}}
Category:Ancient Israel and Judah
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