List of galaxies#Galaxies by mass and density

!Image

!Galaxy

!Constellation

!Origin of name

!Notes

|Alcyoneus

|Lynx

|

|A low-exitation, Fanaroff and Riley Class II radio galaxy, one of the largest discovered.

|Andromeda I

|Andromeda

| Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda

|Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to M31 at an estimated projected distance of ~40 kpc or ~150,000 light-years.

|Andromeda Galaxy

|Andromeda

|Andromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Andromeda is the closest big galaxy to the Milky Way and is expected to collide with the Milky Way around 4.5 billion years from now. The two will eventually merge into a single new galaxy called Milkdromeda{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Ambartsumian's Knot

|Ursa Major

|Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot

|NGC 3561, also known as Arp 105, is a pair of interacting galaxies NGC 3561A and NGC 3561B within the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 in Ursa Major. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 30 March 1827.[6] Its common name is "the Guitar" and contains a small tidal dwarf galaxy known as Ambartsumian's Knot that is believed to be the remnant of the extensive tidal tail pulled out of one of the galaxies.

|Antennae Galaxies

|Corvus

|Appearance is similar to an insect's antennae.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Two colliding galaxies{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Backward Galaxy

|Centaurus

|It appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Barnard's Galaxy

|

|Named after Edward Emerson Barnard.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Bear Paw Galaxy

|Lynx

|It resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as "Bear Claw Galaxy."{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Black Eye Galaxy

|Coma Berenices

|It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Blinking Galaxy

|Serpens

|Its difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Bode's Galaxy

|Ursa Major

|Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in the M81 Group. It harbors a supermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Butterfly Galaxies

|Virgo

|Looks are similar to a butterfly.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Cartwheel Galaxy

|Sculptor

|Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|The largest in the Cartwheel Galaxy group, made up of four spiral galaxies{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Cigar Galaxy

|Ursa Major

|Appears similar in shape to a cigar.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Messier 82 or M82{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Circinus Galaxy

|Circinus

|Named after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Cocoon Galaxy

|Canes Venatici

|Its resemblance in shape to cocoon{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Coma Pinwheel Galaxy

|Coma Berenices

|Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Messier 99 or M99{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Comet Galaxy

|Sculptor

|This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Condor Galaxy

|Pavo

|Named after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over {{convert|665300|ly|kpc|abbr=off}}.{{cite web |url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=56033 |title=Detailed Information for Object NGC 6872 |work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |access-date=30 December 2014}} It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxy IC 4970.{{cite journal |title=When the Largest Spiral is Formed |journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |first1=Rafael T. |last1=Eufrasio |first2=Duília F. |last2=de Mello |first3=Fernanda |last3=Urrutia-Viscarra |first4=Claudia |last4=Mendes de Oliveira |first5=Eli |last5=Dwek |volume=292 |page=328 |date=March 2013 |doi=10.1017/S1743921313001543 |bibcode=2013IAUS..292..328E|doi-access=free }}

|{{nowrap|Cosmos Redshift 7}}

|Sextans

|The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).

|Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.{{cite journal |last1=Sobral |first1=David |last2=Matthee |first2=Jorryt |last3=Darvish |first3=Behnam |last4=Schaerer |first4=Daniel |last5=Mobasher |first5=Bahram |last6=Röttgering |first6=Huub J. A. |last7=Santos |first7=Sérgio |last8=Hemmati |first8=Shoubaneh |title=Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations in the Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters at the Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation |date=4 June 2015 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |doi=10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139|bibcode=2015ApJ...808..139S |volume=808 |issue=2 |pages=139|arxiv = 1504.01734 |s2cid=18471887 }}

|Dusty Hand Galaxy

|Camelopardalis

|Named after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Eye of God

|Eridanus

|Named after its structural appearance{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|A prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxies{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Eye of Sauron

|Canes Venatici

|Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Fireworks Galaxy

|Cygnus and Cepheus

|Due to its bright and spotty appearance{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Active starburst galaxy{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Fried Egg Galaxy

|Pegasus

|Due to its similar appearance to a fried egg{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Godzilla Galaxy

|Perseus

|Its extremely large size{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Helix Galaxy

|Ursa Major

|Its shape resembles a helix{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Grasshopper

|Lynx

|Named after its appearance to a grasshopper{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Two colliding galaxies{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Hidden Galaxy

|Camelopardalis

|The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden'{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Hockey Stick Galaxies

|Canes Venatici

|Its elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Crowbar Galaxy{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Hoag's Object

|Serpens Caput

|This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Knife Edge Galaxy

|Draco

|Named after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Large Magellanic Cloud

|Dorado/Mensa

|Named after Ferdinand Magellan{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|This is the fourth-largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2016-11-magellanic-clouds.html|title=What are Magellanic clouds?|last=Williams|first=Matt|date=November 2016|website=phys.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223150/https://phys.org/news/2016-11-magellanic-clouds.html|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=live}}

|Lindsay-Shapley Ring

|Volans

|Named after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|The ring is the result of collision with another galaxy{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Little Sombrero Galaxy

|Pegasus

|Named after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Malin 1

|Coma Berenices

|Discovered and named by David Malin.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Meathook Galaxy

|Volans

|After its appearance resembling a meathook.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Medusa Merger

|Ursa Major

|Ejected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy

|Sculptor

|Similar to the Sculpture Galaxies{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Sculptor Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, and formerly as the Sculptor System{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Mice Galaxies

|Coma Berenices

|Appearance is similar to a mouse.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Small Magellanic Cloud

|Tucana

|Named after Ferdinand Magellan{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Mayall's Object

|Ursa Major

|This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1941PASP...53..187S

|title=The Radial Velocity of a Peculiar Nebula

|author1=Smith, Robert T.

|volume=53

|issue=313

|date=1941

|pages=187

|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

|doi=10.1086/125301

|s2cid=122687831

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1964ApJ...140.1617B

|title=The Strange Extragalactic Systems: Mayall's Object and IC 883

|author1=Burbidge, E. Margaret

|volume=140

|date=1964

|pages=1617

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/148070

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1954ApJ...119..215B

|title=On the Identification of Radio Sources

|author1=Baade, W.

|author2=Minkowski, R.

|volume=119

|date=1954

|pages=215

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/145813

}}

|Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|File:ESO-VLT-Laser-phot-33a-07.jpg

|Milky Way

|Sagittarius (centre)

|The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|The galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Needle Galaxy

|Coma Berenices

|Named due to its slender appearance.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Caldwell 38{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte

|Cetus

|Named for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Paramecium Galaxy

|Pegasus

|Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium

|It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.

|Peekaboo Galaxy

|Hydra

|Galaxy (aka HIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor ("extremely metal-poor" (XMP)), least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.{{cite journal |author=Karachentsev, J.D. |display-authors=et al. |title=Peekaboo: the extremely metal poor dwarf galaxy HIPASS J1131-31 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/518/4/5893/6825465 |date=12 November 2022 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=518 |issue=4 |pages=5893–5903 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stac3284 |doi-access=free |accessdate=18 December 2022 |arxiv=2212.03478 }}{{cite news |last=Villard |first=Ray |title=Peekaboo! A Tiny, Hidden Galaxy Provides A Peek Into The Past - Tucked Away In A Local Pocket Of Dark Matter, A Late-Blooming Dwarf Galaxy Looks Like iI Belongs In The Early Universe |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-051 |date=6 December 2022 |work=NASA |accessdate=18 December 2022 }}

|Pinwheel Galaxy

|Ursa Major

|Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Messier 101 or M101{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Porphyrion

|Draco

|

|

|Porpoise Galaxy

|Hydra

|Its appearance resembles a porpoise{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as the Penguin Galaxy{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Sculptor Galaxy

|Sculptor

|Named after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy or Caldwell 65{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Skyrocket Galaxy

|Ursa Major

|Its resemblance to a July 4th skyrocket{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Sombrero Galaxy

|Virgo

|Similar in appearance to a sombrero.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Also known as Messier Object 104 or M104{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Southern Pinwheel Galaxy

|Hydra

|Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Spider Galaxy

|Boötes

|Named after its appearance of a spider{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Spiderweb Galaxy

|Hydra

|Its irregular shape and continuous structure resembles a spiderweb.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Starfish Galaxy

|Ophiuchus

|Similar in appearance to a starfish.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Merger of 3 galaxies{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Sunflower Galaxy

|Canes Venatici

|Similar in appearance to a sunflower.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|Tadpole Galaxy

|Draco

|The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Topsy Turvy Galaxy

|Reticulum

|The disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it look topsy turvy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Triangulum Galaxy

|Triangulum

|Named after its location within the Triangulum constellation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|UFO Galaxy

|Lynx

|Named after its resemblance to a UFO.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Whale Galaxy

|Canes Venatici

|Named after its supposed resemblance to a whale.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Whirlpool Galaxy

|Canes Venatici

|From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

|+Naked-eye galaxies

| Milky Way

| −6.5{{efn|name=milkywaycombined}}

| 0

| Sagittarius (centre)

| This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.

{{cite web

|author = Karen Masters

|date = December 2003

|title = Curious About Astronomy: Can any galaxies be seen with the naked eye?

|url = http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=590

|work = Ask an Astronomer

|access-date = 1 November 2008

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220093820/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=590

|archive-date = 20 December 2008

}}

| 0.9

| {{cvt|160|kly|kpc}}

| Dorado/Mensa

| Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.

{{cite web

|work = Astronomy Knowledge Base

|url = http://www.site.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/index.html#MagellanicCloud

|title = Magellanic Cloud

|publisher = University of Ottawa

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060705214728/http://www.site.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/index.html#MagellanicCloud

|archive-date = 5 July 2006

}}

{{cite web

|publisher = SEDS

|url = http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/lmc.html

|title = The Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140223084733/http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/lmc.html

|archive-date = 23 February 2014

}}

| 2.7

| {{cvt|200|kly|kpc}}

| Tucana

| Visible only from the southern hemisphere.

{{cite web

|publisher = SEDS

|url = http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/smc.html

|title = The Small Magellanic Cloud, SMC

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150307132050/http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/smc.html

|archive-date = 7 March 2015

}}

| 3.4

| {{cvt|2.5|Mly|kpc}}

| Andromeda

| Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.

{{cite web

|publisher = SEDS

|url = http://messier.seds.org/m/m031.html

|title = Messier 31

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219220349/http://messier.seds.org/m/m031.html

|archive-date = 19 December 2015

}}

| 5.7

| {{cvt|2.9|Mly|kpc}}

| Triangulum

| Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.{{cite web

|author=John E. Bortle

|date=February 2001

|title=The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale

|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html

|work=Sky & Telescope

|access-date=4 September 2009

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323232806/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html

|archive-date=23 March 2009

|url-status=dead

}}

| 6.84

| {{cvt|13.7|Mly|Mpc}}

| Centaurus

| Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.

{{cite web |author1=Barbara Wilson |author2=Larry Mitchell |name-list-style=amp |title=The Revised AINTNO 100 |url=http://astronomy-mall.com/Adventures.In.Deep.Space/aintno.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105073745/http://www.astronomy-mall.com/Adventures.In.Deep.Space/aintno.htm |archive-date=5 January 2010}}

| 6.94

| {{cvt|12|Mly|Mpc}}

| Ursa Major

| Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.

{{cite web

|author = Stephen Uitti

|url = http://www.uitti.net/stephen/astro/essays/farthest_naked_eye_object.shtml

|title = Farthest Naked Eye Object

|access-date = 1 November 2008

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080819153956/http://www.uitti.net/stephen/astro/essays/farthest_naked_eye_object.shtml

|archive-date = 19 August 2008

}}

{{cite web

|publisher = SEDS

|url = http://messier.seds.org/m/m081.html

|title = Messier 81

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223151254/http://messier.seds.org/m/m081.html

|archive-date = 23 December 2015

}}

{{cite book

| author=S. J. O'Meara

| date=1998

| title=The Messier Objects

| publisher=Cambridge University Press

| page=228

| isbn=978-0-521-55332-2

| url-access=registration

| url=https://archive.org/details/messierobjectsfi00omea

}}

| Whirlpool Galaxy

| Canes Venatici

| 1845

| Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing M51 (recognition of the spiral shape without the recognition of the object as outside the Milky Way).SEDS, [http://messier.seds.org/more/m051_rosse.html Lord Rosse's drawings of M51, his "Question Mark" "Spiral Nebula"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626201347/http://messier.seds.org/more/m051_rosse.html |date=26 June 2015 }}

| Milky Way
& Andromeda Galaxy

| Sagittarius (centre)
& Andromeda

| 1923

| Recognition of the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula as two separate galaxies by Edwin Hubble.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| NGC 1068 (M77)

| Cetus

| 1943
(1908)

| The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.SEDS, [http://spider.seds.org/spider/ScholarX/seyferts.html Seyfert Galaxies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921070950/http://spider.seds.org/spider/ScholarX/seyferts.html |date=21 September 2013 }}

| Cygnus A

| Cygnus

| 1951

| Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.

{{cite journal

|title=Baade & Minkowski's Identification of Radio Sources

|author1=Burbidge, G.

|volume=525

|date=1999

|pages=569

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|bibcode=1999ApJ...525C.569B

}}{{cite journal |doi= 10.1086/145812|author=Baade, W. |author2=Minkowski, R. | bibcode=1954ApJ...119..206B | volume=119 | title=Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus a, and Puppis a | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | page=206|year=1954 }}

| 3C 273

| Virgo

| 1962

| 3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Triangulum

| 1960

| 3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 3C 279

| Virgo

| 1971

| The jet is emitted by a quasar{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Malin 1

| Coma Berenices

| 1986

| Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.Scientific American, "The Ghostliest Galaxies", GD Bothun, Vol. 276, No. 2, February 1997, pp.40–45, {{bibcode|1997SciAm.276b..40B}}

| III Zw 2

| Pisces{{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez-Perez |first1=J. |last2=Kidger |first2=M. |last3=Martin-Luis |first3=F. |title=Optical and Near-Infrared Calibration of AGN Field Stars: An All-Sky Network of Faint Stars Calibrated on the Landolt System |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=2055 |bibcode=2001AJ....122.2055G |year=2001 |doi=10.1086/322129 |s2cid=121521014 |doi-access=free }}

| 2000

|

{{cite journal

|last=Brunthaler |first=A.

|display-authors=etal

|date=2000

|title=III Zw 2, the first superluminal jet in a Seyfert galaxy

|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters

|volume=357 |pages=45

|arxiv = astro-ph/0004256

|bibcode=2000A&A...357L..45B

}}

|+Prototype Galaxies

| BL Lacertae (BL Lac)

| Lacerta

|

| This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.

| Hoag's Object

| Serpens Caput

|

| This is the prototype Hoag-type ring galaxy

| Malin 1

| Coma Berenices

| 1986

|Ken Crosswell, [http://kencroswell.com/Malin1.html "Malin 1: A Bizarre Galaxy Gets Slightly Less So"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614152319/http://kencroswell.com/Malin1.html |date=14 June 2011 }}, 22 January 2007

| Cygnus A

| Cygnus

| 1951

|{{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.aa.04.090166.001045|author=Moffet, Alan T. | volume=4 | title=The Structure of Radio Galaxies | journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | pages=145–170|bibcode = 1966ARA&A...4..145M |year=1966 }}

| Cigar Galaxy

| Ursa Major

|

|

| NGC 2841

| Ursa Major

|

|

| Ursa Major III

| Ursa Major

| 32,600 light-years
(10 kiloparsecs)

| A proposed dwarf galaxy known as the Canis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.{{Cite arXiv |eprint=1207.2749 |class=astro-ph.GA |first1=M. |last1=Lopez-Corredoira |first2=A. |last2=Moitinho |title=Comments on the "Monoceros" affair |date=Jul 2012 |last3=Zaggia |first3=S. |last4=Momany |first4=Y. |last5=Carraro |first5=G. |last6=Hammersley |first6=P. L. |last7=Cabrera-Lavers |first7=A. |last8=Vazquez |first8=R. A.}}{{Cite journal |last1=Momany |first1=Y. |last2=Zaggia |first2=S. R. |last3=Bonifacio |first3=P. |last4=Piotto |first4=G. |last5=De Angeli |first5=F. |last6=Bedin |first6=L. R. |last7=Carraro |first7=G. |date=July 2004 |title=Probing the Canis Major stellar over-density as due to the Galactic warp |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=421 |issue=2 |pages=L29 |arxiv=astro-ph/0405526 |bibcode=2004A&A...421L..29M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040183|s2cid=6371010 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Mateu, Cecilia |last2=Vivas, A. Katherina |last3=Zinn, Robert |last4=Miller, Lissa R. |last5=Abad, Carlos |year=2009 |title=No Excess of RR Lyrae Stars in the Canis Major Overdensity |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=4412–23 |arxiv=0903.0376 |bibcode=2009AJ....137.4412M |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4412|s2cid=18967866 }}

| MoM-z14

|

| z=14.44

| Existed 280 million years after the Big Bang.{{cite arXiv |eprint=2505.11263 |last1=Naidu |first1=Rohan P. |last2=Oesch |first2=Pascal A. |last3=Brammer |first3=Gabriel |last4=Weibel |first4=Andrea |last5=Li |first5=Yijia |last6=Matthee |first6=Jorryt |last7=Chisholm |first7=John |last8=Pollock |first8=Clara L. |last9=Heintz |first9=Kasper E. |last10=Johnson |first10=Benjamin D. |last11=Shen |first11=Xuejian |last12=Hviding |first12=Raphael E. |last13=Leja |first13=Joel |last14=Tacchella |first14=Sandro |last15=Ganguly |first15=Arpita |last16=Witten |first16=Callum |last17=Atek |first17=Hakim |last18=Belli |first18=Sirio |last19=Bose |first19=Sownak |last20=Bouwens |first20=Rychard |last21=Dayal |first21=Pratika |last22=Decarli |first22=Roberto |author23=Anna de Graaff |last24=Fudamoto |first24=Yoshinobu |last25=Giovinazzo |first25=Emma |last26=Greene |first26=Jenny E. |last27=Illingworth |first27=Garth |last28=Inoue |first28=Akio K. |last29=Kane |first29=Sarah G. |last30=Labbe |first30=Ivo |title=A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at $z_{\rm{spec}}=14.44$ Confirmed with JWST |date=2025 |class=astro-ph.GA |display-authors=1 }}

| Markarian 231

| Ursa Major

| z=0.0415

| Sometimes classified as a Type-2 Seyfert galaxy, though mostly considered to be the nearest quasar.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| UHZ1

| Sculptor

| z=10.1

| Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster (Abell 2744). It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.{{citation |author=Bogdan |title=Evidence for heavy-seed origin of early supermassive black holes from a z≈10 x-ray quasar |date=November 6, 2023 |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=8 |pages=126–133 |doi=10.1038/s41550-023-02111-9 |display-authors=etal|arxiv=2305.15458 }}{{cite news|publisher=CNN|title= Telescopes spot the oldest and most distant black hole formed after the big bang|author= Ashley Strickland|date=November 7, 2023 |url= https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/07/world/most-distant-black-hole-webb-chandra-scn/index.html }}

| Centaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322–427)

| Centaurus

| 13.7 Mly

|Sub-parsec-scale structure and evolution in Centaurus A [http://dsnra.jpl.nasa.gov/research/theses/Tingay/node41.html Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704162507/http://dsnra.jpl.nasa.gov/research/theses/Tingay/node41.html |date=4 July 2009 }}; Tue 26 November, 15:27:29 PST 1996

| TGSS J1530+1049

| Serpens

| z=5.72

{{cite journal

|author1=Saxena A.

|author2=Marinello M.

|author3=Overzier R.A.

|author4=Rottgering H.J.A.

|title=Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72

|doi=10.1093/mnras/sty1996

|date=2018

|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

|volume=480

|issue=2

|pages=2733

|doi-access=free

|arxiv=1806.01191

|bibcode = 2018MNRAS.480.2733S|s2cid=118830412

}}

| Another radio galaxy, GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.{{cite journal | arxiv=2203.01349 | doi=10.1017/pasa.2022.4 | title=HST WFC3/Grism observations of the candidate ultra-high-redshift radio galaxy GLEAM J0917–0012 | year=2022 | last1=Seymour | first1=N. | last2=Drouart | first2=G. | last3=Noirot | first3=G. | last4=Broderick | first4=J. W. | last5=Turner | first5=R. J. | last6=Shabala | first6=S. S. | last7=Stern | first7=D. K. | last8=Bellstedt | first8=S. | last9=Driver | first9=S. | last10=Davies | first10=L. | last11=De Breuck | first11=C. A. | last12=Afonso | first12=J. A. | last13=Vernet | first13=J. D. R. | last14=Galvin | first14=T. J. | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia | volume=39 | bibcode=2022PASA...39...16S | s2cid=247222828 }}

| Circinus Galaxy

| Circinus

| 13 Mly

| Closest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby (2.05 Mly) dwarf galaxy NGC 185 may also be a Seyfert,{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Luis C. |last2=Filippenko |first2=Alexei V. |last3=Sargent |first3=Wallace L. W. |title=A Search for 'Dwarf' Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies |date=October 1997 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=315–390 |arxiv=astro-ph/9704107 |bibcode=1997ApJS..112..315H |doi=10.1086/313041 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|s2cid=17086638 }} though this status has been disputed.{{cite journal |title=The ionization mechanism of NGC 185: How to fake a Seyfert galaxy? |first1=Lucimara P. |last1=Martins |first2=Gustavo |last2=Lanfranchi |first3=Denise R. |last3=Goncalves |first4=Laura |last4=Magrini |first5=Ana M. |last5=Teodorescu |first6=Cintia |last6=Quireza |date=February 2012 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19954.x |bibcode=2012MNRAS.419.3159M |arxiv=1110.5891 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=419 |issue=4 |pages=3159–3166|doi-access=free |s2cid=119188037 }}

| HSC 0921+0007

| Hydra

| z=6.56{{cite journal | arxiv=2211.13820 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202244688 | title=X-ray emission from a rapidly accreting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at z=6.56 | year=2023 | last1=Wolf | first1=J. | last2=Nandra | first2=K. | last3=Salvato | first3=M. | last4=Buchner | first4=J. | last5=Onoue | first5=M. | last6=Liu | first6=T. | last7=Merloni | first7=A. | last8=Ciroi | first8=S. | last9=Di Mille | first9=F. | last10=Arcodia | first10=R. | last11=Burwitz | first11=V. | last12=Brusa | first12=M. | last13=Ishimoto | first13=R. | last14=Kashikawa | first14=N. | last15=Matsuoka | first15=Y. | last16=Urrutia | first16=T. | last17=Waddell | first17=Sophia | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=669 | pages=A127 | bibcode=2023A&A...669A.127W | s2cid=253704774 }}

| Seyfert 1 galaxy; also a low-luminosity quasar.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)

| Ursa Major

| z=0.030

| This is a BL Lac object.[http://www.gravity.psu.edu/events/tev_workshop/talks/justin_fink_tevunid_flare.pdf The 2006 Giant Flare in PKS 2155-304 and Unidentified TeV Sources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024635/http://www.gravity.psu.edu/events/tev_workshop/talks/justin_fink_tevunid_flare.pdf |date=20 March 2009 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.iac.es/blazars/mcenery.html |title=Time Variability of the TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Markarian 421 |publisher=Iac.es |author=Julie McEnery |access-date=1 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112222738/http://www.iac.es/blazars/mcenery.html |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}

| Q0906+6930

| Ursa Major

| z=5.47

| This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.bNet, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_113/ai_n6249016 Ablaze from afar: astronomers may have identified the most distant "blazar" yet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803085356/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_113/ai_n6249016/ |date=3 August 2009 }}, Sept 2004

{{cite journal

|author1=Romani

|author2=David Sowards-Emmerd

|author3=Lincoln Greenhill

|author4=Peter Michelson

|title=Q0906+6930: The Highest-Redshift Blazar

|doi=10.1086/423201

|date=2004

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=610

|issue=1

|pages=L9–L11

|arxiv=astro-ph/0406252

|bibcode = 2004ApJ...610L...9R |s2cid=118885000

}}

| Centaurus A

| Centaurus

| 13.7 Mly

| Misaligned BL Lac nucleus.{{cite journal |title=The BL Lac heart of Centaurus A |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2024-06-30 |last1=Chiaberge |first1=M. |last2=Capetti |first2=A. |last3=Celotti |first3=A. |volume=324 |issue=4 |pages=L33–L37 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04642.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0105159 }} Also the closest radio galaxy (see above)

| FIRST J233153.20+112952.11

| Pegasus

| z=6.57

| {{cite journal | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac61e0 | title=A BL Lacertae Object at a Cosmic Age of 800 Myr | year=2022 | last1=Koptelova | first1=Ekaterina | last2=Hwang | first2=Chorng-Yuan | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=929 | issue=1 | pages=L7 | bibcode=2022ApJ...929L...7K | s2cid=237802766 | doi-access=free }}

|

|

|

|

|

|

| z=

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

| z=

|

| IC 1127 (Arp 220/APG 220)

| Serpens Caput

| z=0.018

|

{{cite journal

|bibcode=2008MNRAS.384..875R

|title=Optical spectroscopy of Arp220: the star formation history of the closest ULIRG

|author1=Rodríguez Zaurín, J.

|author2=Tadhunter, C. N.

|author3=González Delgado, R. M.

|volume=384

|date=2008

|pages=875–885

|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12658.x

|issue=3

|doi-access=free

|arxiv = 0711.0166 |s2cid=16172034

}}

|

|

| z=

|

| IC 10 (UGC 192, PGC 1305)

| Cassiopeia

| {{convert|750|+/-|150|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}

|A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within the Local Group.{{Cite web|title=APOD: 2012 January 4 - Starburst Galaxy IC 10|url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120104.html|access-date=2022-11-14|website=apod.nasa.gov}}{{cite journal | last=Bolatto | first = A. D. |author2=Jackson, J. M. |author3=Wilson, C. D. |author4=Moriarty-Schieven, G. | title = Submillimeter Observations of IC 10: The Dust Properties and Neutral Carbon Content of a Low-Metallicity Starburst | date = 2000 | journal=Astrophysical Journal | volume = 532 | issue=2 | pages = 909–921 | bibcode = 2000ApJ...532..909B | doi = 10.1086/308590 |arxiv = astro-ph/9910564 | s2cid = 15330330 }}

| SPT 0243-49

|

| z=5.698

|Science Daily, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130313142558.htm "'Monster' Starburst Galaxies Discovered in Early Universe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313155219/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130313142558.htm |date=13 March 2018 }}, NRAO, 13 March 2013 (accessed 13 March 2013){{cite journal |doi= 10.1038/nature12001 |first=J. D. |last=Vieira |display-authors=etal |arxiv=1303.2723 |volume=495 |issue=7441 |title=Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing |journal=Nature |pages=344–347 |pmid=23485967 |bibcode = 2013Natur.495..344V |year=2013 |s2cid=4383464 }}

| Zhúlóng

|

|z=5.2

|{{Cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Mengyuan |last2=Williams |first2=Christina C. |last3=Oesch |first3=Pascal A. |last4=Elbaz |first4=David |last5=Dessauges-Zavadsky |first5=Miroslava |last6=Marques-Chaves |first6=Rui |last7=Bing |first7=Longji |last8=Ji |first8=Zhiyuan |last9=Weibel |first9=Andrea |last10=Bezanson |first10=Rachel |last11=Brammer |first11=Gabriel |last12=Casey |first12=Caitlin |last13=Cloonan |first13=Aidan P. |last14=Daddi |first14=Emanuele |last15=Dayal |first15=Pratika |date=2025-04-01 |title=PANORAMIC: Discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design spiral galaxy at z ∼ 5.2 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/04/aa53487-24/aa53487-24.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=696 |pages=A156 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202453487 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=2412.13264 }}

|+5 Closest Galaxies

| 1

| Milky Way Galaxy

| 0

| This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.

| Ursa Major III

| 0.032 Mly

|

| Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

| 0.081 Mly

|

| Large Magellanic Cloud

| 0.163 Mly

| Largest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|Small Magellanic Cloud

|0.197 Mly

|

{{smalldiv|

• Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
• Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.}}

|+ Nearest Galaxies by Type

| Milky Way

| always

| 0

| This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

| 1994

| 0.070 Mly

| The closest, undisputed galaxy. The disputed dwarf galaxy Canis Major Overdensity is even closer at 25,000 light-years.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

| 1994

| 0.070 Mly

|

| Andromeda Galaxy

| always

| 2.54 Mly

| First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Maffei 1

| 1967

| 11 Mly

| Nearest major elliptical galaxy to the Milky Way{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|+Nearest Neighboring Galaxy Title-holder

| 2023

| 0.01 Mly

|

| 1994–2023

| 0.026 Mly

|

| Large Magellanic Cloud

| antiquity–1994

| 0.163 Mly

| This is the upper bound, as it is the nearest galaxy observable with the naked eye.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Small Magellanic Cloud

| 1913–1914

| 0.197 Mly

| This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Andromeda Galaxy

| 1923

| 2.5 Mly

| This was the first galaxy determined to not be part of the Milky Way.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

{{smalldiv|

• Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
• Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.}}

|+ Most Remote Galaxies by Type

| MoM-z14

| 2025

| z=14.44

| As of its announcement in May 2025.

| UHZ1

| 2023

| z=10.3

| {{further|List of quasars}}

As of its announcement in 2023. {{cite web |url= https://www.nasa.gov/missions/chandra/nasa-telescopes-discover-record-breaking-black-hole/ |title= NASA Telescopes Discover Record-Breaking Black Hole |date= 6 November 2023 |publisher= NASA |work= Chandra X-ray Observatory |author1= Megan Watzke |author2= Jonathan Deal }} {{Cite arXiv |eprint=2312.13837 |last1=Ilie |first1=Cosmin |last2=Freese |first2=Katherine |last3=Petric |first3=Andreea |last4=Paulin |first4=Jillian |title=UHZ1 and the other three most distant quasars observed: Possible evidence for Supermassive Dark Stars |date=2023 |class=astro-ph.GA }} {{cite journal |title= Evidence for heavy-seed origin of early supermassive black holes from a z ≈ 10 X-ray quasar |author= Akos Bogdan, Andy Goulding, Priyamvada Natarajan, Orsolya Kovacs, Grant Tremblay, Urmila Chadayammuri, Marta Volonteri, Ralph Kraft, William Forman, Christine Jones, Eugene Churazov, Irina Zhuravleva |journal= Nature Astronomy |volume= 8 |number= 1 |pages= 126–133 |publication-date= January 2024 |bibcode= 2024NatAs...8..126B |doi= 10.1038/s41550-023-02111-9 |arxiv= 2305.15458 |date= 24 May 2023 }}

| MoM-z14

| 2025

| z=14.44

|

|+ Timeline of Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders{{efn|name=AGNnote}}

| MoM-z14

| 2025–

| z=14.44

| {{Cite web |url= https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/jwst-breaks-record-most-distant-galaxy-mom-z14/ |title= JWST breaks its own record with new most distant galaxy MoM-z14 |author= Ethan Siegel |date= 21 May 2025 |publisher= Big Think }} {{cite web |url= https://gizmodo.com/image-reveals-the-most-distant-galaxy-ever-seen-from-just-280-million-years-after-the-big-bang-2000606085 |title= Image Reveals the Most Distant Galaxy Ever Seen, From Just 280 Million Years After the Big Bang |author= Isaac Schultz |date= 24 May 2025 |publisher= Gizmodo }}

| JADES-GS-z14-0

| 2024–2025

| z=14.32

| {{Cite web |url= https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-two-oldest-most-distant-galaxies |title= James Webb Space Telescope spots the most distant galaxy ever seen (image) |author= Robert Lea |date= 20 May 2024 |publisher= SPACE.com }}

| JADES-GS-z13-0

| 2012–2024

| z=13.20

|

| GN-z11

| 2016–2022

| z=11.09

| Announced March 2016.{{cite magazine | last=Drake | first=Nadia | author-link=Nadia Drake | title=Astronomers Spot Most Distant Galaxy—At Least For Now | url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/03/astronomers-spot-most-distant-galaxy-yet-at-least-for-now/ | magazine=National Geographic | date=3 March 2016 | access-date=10 March 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306162028/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/03/astronomers-spot-most-distant-galaxy-yet-at-least-for-now/ | archive-date=6 March 2016 }}

| EGSY8p7
(EGSY-2008532660)

| 2015–2016

| z=8.68

| This galaxy's redshift was determined by examining its Lyman-alpha emissions, which were released in August 2015.{{cite news |url= http://astronomynow.com/2015/08/06/a-new-record-keck-observatory-measures-most-distant-galaxy/ |title= A new record: Keck Observatory measures most distant galaxy |date= 6 August 2015 |author= W. M. Keck Observatory |publisher= Astronomy Now |url-status= live |archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150812031030/http://astronomynow.com/2015/08/06/a-new-record-keck-observatory-measures-most-distant-galaxy/ |archive-date= 12 August 2015 }}{{cite news |url= http://www.space.com/30170-most-distant-galaxy-discovered.html |title= Ancient Galaxy Is Most Distant Ever Found |date= 5 August 2015 |author= Mike Wall |work= Space.com |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150807181638/http://www.space.com/30170-most-distant-galaxy-discovered.html |archive-date= 7 August 2015 }}

| 2015–2015

| z=7.730

| This was the most distant galaxy as of May 2015.{{cite journal |author=Oesch, P.A. |display-authors=etal |title=A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z=7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE |date=3 May 2015 |journal= The Astrophysical Journal|arxiv=1502.05399 |bibcode = 2015ApJ...804L..30O |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30 |volume=804 |issue=2 |pages=L30|s2cid=55115344 }}

{{cite news |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/galaxy-breaks-record-for-farthest-ever-seen-1.3063187 |title= Galaxy breaks record for farthest ever seen |date= 6 May 2015 |agency= Associated Press |publisher= CBC News |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150507044653/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/galaxy-breaks-record-for-farthest-ever-seen-1.3063187 |archive-date= 7 May 2015 }}

| 2013–2015

| z=7.51

|{{cite journal | bibcode = 2013Natur.502..524F | title=A galaxy rapidly forming stars 700 million years after the Big Bang at redshift 7.51 | journal=Nature | volume=502 | issue=7472 | pages=524–527 | year=2013 |author1=Finkelstein, S. L. |author2=Papovich, C. |author3=Dickinson, M. |author4=Song, M. |author5=Tilvi, V. |author6=Koekemoer, A. M. |author7=Finkelstein, K. D. |author8=Mobasher, B. |author9=Ferguson, H. C. |author10=Giavalisco, M. |author11=Reddy, N. |author12=Ashby, M. L. N. |author13=Dekel, A. |author14=Fazio, G. G. |author15=Fontana, A. |author16=Grogin, N. A. |author17=Huang, J.-S. |author18=Kocevski, D. |author19=Rafelski, M. |author20=Weiner, B. J. |author21=Willner, S. P. | doi=10.1038/nature12657|arxiv = 1310.6031 | pmid=24153304| s2cid=4448085 |author-link19=Marc Rafelski }}

| 2012–2013

| z=7.215

|{{cite journal | bibcode = 2012ApJ...752..114S | title=The First Systematic Survey for Lyalpha Emitters at z = 7.3 with Red-sensitive Subaru/Suprime-Cam | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=752 | issue=2 | year=2012 |author1=Shibuya, Takatoshi |author2=Kashikawa, Nobunari |author3=Ota, Kazuaki |author4=Iye, Masanori |author5=Ouchi, Masami |author6=Furusawa, Hisanori |author7=Shimasaku, Kazuhiro |author8=Hattori, Takashi | doi=10.1088/0004-637x/752/2/114 | pages=114 |arxiv = 1112.3997 |s2cid = 119281732}}

| 2012–2012

| z=7.213

|{{cite journal | bibcode = 2012ApJ...744...83O | title=Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three z-dropout Galaxies at z = 6.844-7.213: Demographics of Lyalpha Emission in z ~ 7 Galaxies | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=744 | issue=2 | year=2012 |author1=Ono, Yoshiaki |author2=Ouchi, Masami |author3=Mobasher, Bahram |author4=Dickinson, Mark |author5=Penner, Kyle |author6=Shimasaku, Kazuhiro |author7=Weiner, Benjamin J. |author8=Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S. |author9=Nakajima, Kimihiko |author10=Nayyeri, Hooshang |author11=Stern, Daniel |author12=Kashikawa, Nobunari |author13=Spinrad, Hyron |arxiv = 1107.3159 |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/83 | page=83|s2cid = 119306980}}

| 2012–2013

| z=7.109

|{{cite journal | bibcode = 2011ApJ...730L..35V | title=Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift Beyond 7 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=730 | issue=2 | year=2011 |author1=Vanzella, E. |author2=Pentericci, L. |author3=Fontana, A. |author4=Grazian, A. |author5=Castellano, M. |author6=Boutsia, K. |author7=Cristiani, S. |author8=Dickinson, M. |author9=Gallozzi, S. |author10=Giallongo, E. |author11=Giavalisco, M. |author12=Maiolino, R. |author13=Moorwood, A. |author14=Paris, D. |author15=Santini, P. | doi=10.1088/2041-8205/730/2/l35 | pages=L35|arxiv = 1011.5500 | s2cid=53459241 }}

| IOK-1

| 2006–2010

| z=6.96

| This was the most remote object known at the time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB 090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.{{cite journal |last1=Lehnert |first1=M. D. |last2=Nesvadba |first2=N. P. H. |last3=Cuby |first3=J.-G. |last4=Swinbank |first4=A. M. |last5=Morris |first5=S. |last6=Clément |first6=B. |last7=Evans |first7=C. J. |last8=Bremer |first8=M. N. |last9=Basa |first9=S. |title=Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6 |journal=Nature |volume=467 |issue=7318 |pages=940–942 |year=2010 |pmid=20962840 |doi=10.1038/nature09462 |arxiv=1010.4312 |bibcode=2010Natur.467..940L|s2cid=4414781 }}{{cite journal | year = 2006 | title = A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96 | journal = Nature | volume = 443 | issue = 7108| pages = 186–188 | doi = 10.1038/nature05104 | pmid = 16971942 | last1 = Iye | first1 = M | last2 = Ota | first2 = K | last3 = Kashikawa | first3 = N | display-authors = et al | arxiv = astro-ph/0609393 | bibcode = 2006Natur.443..186I |s2cid = 2876103}}

{{cite journal

|author1=Yoshi Taniguchi

|title=Star Forming Galaxies at z > 5

|doi=10.1017/S1743921308020796

|date=2008

|journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

|volume=3

|pages=429–436

|arxiv=0804.0644

|bibcode=2008IAUS..250..429T

|s2cid=198472

}}

| SDF J132522.3+273520

| 2005–2006

| z=6.597

| This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.PASJ: Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 57, 165–182, 25 February 2005; [http://pasj.asj.or.jp/v57/n1/570114/570114-frame.html The SUBARU Deep Field Project: Lymanα Emitters at a Redshift of 6.6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130124651/http://pasj.asj.or.jp/v57/n1/570114/570114-frame.html |date=30 January 2016 }}

| SDF J132418.3+271455

| 2003–2005

| z=6.578

| This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2884411.stm Most distant galaxy detected] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062719/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2884411.stm |date=1 December 2008 }}, Tuesday, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMTSpaceRef, [https://archive.today/20121209015117/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=11046 Subaru Telescope Detects the Most Distant Galaxy Yet and Expects Many More], Monday, 24 March 2003

{{cite journal

|arxiv=astro-ph/0301096

|author1=Kodaira

|author2=Taniguchi

|author3=Kashikawa

|author4=Kaifu

|author5=Ando

|author6=Karoji

|title=The Discovery of Two Lyman-α Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field

|date=2003

|doi=10.1093/pasj/55.2.L17

|volume=55

|issue=2

|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

|pages=L17–L21

|bibcode = 2003PASJ...55L..17K |s2cid=16073274

}}

| HCM-6A

| 2002–2003

| z=6.56

| This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28{{cite web |work=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2046-new-record-for-universes-most-distant-object.html |title=New record for Universe's most distant object |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033138/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2046-new-record-for-universes-most-distant-object.html |archive-date=31 December 2014 |author=Hazel Muir |date=14 March 2002}}{{Cite news |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1871043.stm |title=Far away stars light early cosmos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517160125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1871043.stm |archive-date=17 May 2006 |date=14 March 2002}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/340424 |title=A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370 |year=2002 |last1=Hu |first1=E. M. |last2=Cowie |first2=L. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=R. G. |last4=Capak |first4=P. |last5=Iwamuro |first5=F. |last6=Kneib |first6=J.-P. |last7=Maihara |first7=T. |last8=Motohara |first8=K. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=568 |issue=2 |pages=L75–L79|arxiv = astro-ph/0203091 |bibcode = 2002ApJ...568L..75H |s2cid = 117047333}}[http://hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de/~heintzma/U/Lens.htm K2.1 HCM 6A — Discovery of a redshift z = 6.56 galaxy lying behind the cluster Abell 370] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518140741/http://hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de/~heintzma/U/Lens.htm |date=18 May 2011 }}

| SSA22−HCM1

| 1999–2002

| z=5.74

| This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/312205 |title=An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74 |year=1999 |last1=Hu |first1=Esther M. |last2=McMahon |first2=Richard G. |last3=Cowie |first3=Lennox L. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=522 |issue=1 |pages=L9–L12 |arxiv= astro-ph/9907079 |bibcode= 1999ApJ...522L...9H |s2cid = 119499546}}

| HDF 4-473.0

| 1998–1999

| z=5.60

| This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.

| RD1 (0140+326 RD1)

| 1998

| z=5.34

| This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.Astronomy Picture of the Day, [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980324.html A Baby Galaxy] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110704034819/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980324.html |date=4 July 2011 }}, 24 March 1998

{{cite journal

|arxiv=astro-ph/9803137

|author1=Arjun Dey

|author2=Hyron Spinrad

|author3=Daniel Stern

|author4=Graham

|author5=Chaffee

|title=A Galaxy at z=5.34

|date=1998

|doi=10.1086/311331

|bibcode=1998ApJ...498L..93D

|volume=498

|issue=2

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|pages=L93–L97

}}

| CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2

| 1997–1998

| z=4.92

| These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1997ApJ...486L..75F

|doi=10.1086/310844

|title=A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z = 4.92 in the Field of CL 1358+62

|date=1997

|last1=Franx

|first1=Marijn

|last2=Illingworth

|first2=Garth D.

|last3=Kelson

|first3=Daniel D.

|last4=Van Dokkum

|first4=Pieter G.

|last5=Tran

|first5=Kim-Vy

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=486

|issue=2

|pages=L75–L78

|arxiv = astro-ph/9704090 |s2cid=14502310

}}Astronomy Picture of the Day, [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970731.html Behind CL1358+62: A New Farthest Object] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110704034822/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970731.html |date=4 July 2011 }}, 31 July 1997"Astrophysics and Space Science" 1999, 269/270, 165–181; GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT –

[http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Illingworth/Ill8.html 8. Z > 5 GALAXIES] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205091415/http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Illingworth/Ill8.html|date=5 December 2008}}; Garth Illingworth

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.

| 8C 1435+63

| 1994–1997

| z=4.25

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.

{{cite book

|arxiv=astro-ph/9910311

|author1=Wil van Breugel

|author2=Carlos De Breuck

|author3=Adam Stanford

|author4=Huub Röttgering

|author5=George Miley

|author6=Daniel Stern

|author7=Dante Minniti

|author8=Chris Carilli

|chapter=Ultra-Steep Spectrum Radio Galaxies at Hy Redshifts

|editor1=Andrew J. Bunker |editor2=Wil J. M. van Breugel

|title=The Hy-Redshift Universe: Galaxy Formation and Evolution at High Redshift

|series=ASP Conference Proceedings

|volume=193

|pages=44

|date=1999

|bibcode=1999ASPC..193...44V

|isbn=978-1-58381-019-4

}}

{{cite journal

|author1=Hyron Spinrad

|author2=Arjun Dey

|author3=Graham

|title=Keck Observations of the Most Distant Galaxy: 8C1435+63 at z=4.25

|doi=10.1086/187713

|date=1995

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=438

|pages=L51

|arxiv=astro-ph/9411007

|bibcode = 1995ApJ...438L..51S |s2cid=37520541

}}{{cite journal |journal=New Scientist |volume=1950 |pages=17 |author=Ken Croswell |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14419502-500-galaxy-hunters-close-to-the-edge/ |title=Galaxy hunters close to the edge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413022126/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14419502-500-galaxy-hunters-close-to-the-edge/ |archive-date=13 April 2016 |date=5 November 1994 |access-date=20 October 2018|bibcode=1994NewSc1950...17C }}

| 4C 41.17

| 1990–1994

| z=3.792

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897{{cite journal

|bibcode=1992ApJ...401L..69M

|title=Hubble Space Telescope imaging of distant galaxies – 4C 41.17 at Z = 3.8

|author1=Miley, G. K.

|author2=Chambers, K. C.

|author3=van Breugel, W. J. M.

|author4=Macchetto, F.

|volume=401

|date=1992

|pages=L69

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/186673

|hdl=1887/6628

|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/6628/ApJ_401_L69_L73.pdf?sequence=1

|access-date=4 November 2018

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922011034/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/6628/ApJ_401_L69_L73.pdf?sequence=1

|archive-date=22 September 2017

|url-status=live

|hdl-access=free

}}{{cite journal

|bibcode=1990ApJ...363...21C

|title=4C 41.17 – A radio galaxy at a redshift of 3.8

|author1=Chambers, K. C.

|author2=Miley, G. K.

|author3=van Breugel, W. J. M.

|volume=363

|date=1990

|pages=21

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/169316

|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/6580/ApJ_363_21_39.pdf?sequence=1

|access-date=4 November 2018

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922022758/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/6580/ApJ_363_21_39.pdf?sequence=1

|archive-date=22 September 2017

|url-status=live

}}

| 1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)

| 1988–1990

| z=3.395

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.Science News, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_2002_June_17/ai_6672257 Farthest galaxy is cosmic question – 0902+34] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120709095220/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_2002_June_17/ai_6672257 |date=9 July 2012 }} 23 April 1988Science News, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n20_v142/ai_12917867 Two distant galaxies provide new puzzles – 4c 41.17, B2 09021+34] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120709034832/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n20_v142/ai_12917867 |date=9 July 2012 }}, 14 November 1992

{{cite journal

|arxiv=astro-ph/9509108

|author1=Paola Mazzei

|author2=Gianfranco De Zotti

|title=Dust in High Redshift Radio Galaxies and the Early Evolution of Spheroidal Galaxies

|date=1995

|doi=10.1093/mnras/279.2.535

|volume=279

|issue=2

|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

|pages=535–544

|doi-access=free

|bibcode = 1996MNRAS.279..535M |s2cid=119504023

}}

| 3C 256

| 1984–1988

| z=1.819

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.{{cite journal

|bibcode=1988ApJ...324L...1L

|title=Peculiar morphology of the high-redshift radio galaxies 3C 13 and 3C 256 in subarcsecond seeing

|author1=Le Fevre, O.

|author2=Hammer, F.

|author3=Nottale, L.

|author4=Mazure, A.

|author5=Christian, C.

|volume=324

|date=1988

|pages=L1

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/185078

}}

| 3C 241

| 1984

| z=1.617

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1984MNRAS.211..833L

|title=Stellar populations in distant radio galaxies

|author1=Lilly, S. J.

|author2=Longair, M. S.

|volume=211

|issue=4

|date=1984

|pages=833–855

|journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

|doi=10.1093/mnras/211.4.833

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1984JBAA...94...97L

|title=The Most Distant Galaxies

|author1=Longair, M. S.

|volume=94

|date=1984

|pages=97

|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association

}}

| 3C 324

| 1983–1984

| z=1.206

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.{{cite journal |bibcode=1983S&T....65..321S |title=3C324 – Most Distant Galaxy |journal=Sky and Telescope |volume=65 |pages=321 |last1=Spinrad |first1=H. |last2=Djorgovski |first2=S. |year=1983 }}

| 3C 65

| 1982–1983

| z=1.176

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.

| 3C 368

| 1982

| z=1.132

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.

| 3C 252

| 1981–1982

| z=1.105

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.

| 3C 6.1

| 1979 –

| z=0.840

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1979ApJ...231..307S

|doi=10.1086/157194

|title=Spectrophotometry of three high-redshift radio galaxies - 3C 6.1, 3C 265, and 3C 352

|date=1979

|last1=Smith

|first1=H. E.

|last2=Junkkarinen

|first2=V. T.

|last3=Spinrad

|first3=H.

|last4=Grueff

|first4=G.

|last5=Vigotti

|first5=M.

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=231

|pages=307

}}

| 3C 318

| 1976 –

| z=0.752

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.

| 3C 411

| 1975 –

| z=0.469

| This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.

| 3C 295

| 1960–

| z=0.461

| This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.{{cite web|url=http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt|title=The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars |website=caltech.edu |access-date=1 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181510/http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt |archive-date=3 March 2016}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode= 1993ARA&A..31..639M

|doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231

|title=High Redshift Radio Galaxies

|date=1993

|last1=McCarthy

|first1=P J

|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

|volume=31

|pages=639–688

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1961ApJ...133..355S

|title=The Ability of the 200-INCH Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models

|author1=Sandage, Allan

|volume=133

|date=1961

|pages=355

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/147041

}}

| 1951–1960

| z=0.2
(V=61000 km/s)

| This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 {{RA|08|55|4}} {{DEC|+03|21}} and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1953MNRAS.113..658H

|title=The law of red shifts (George Darwin Lecture)

|author1=Hubble, E. P.

|volume=113

|issue=6

|date=1953

|pages=658–666

|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

|doi=10.1093/mnras/113.6.658

|doi-access=free

}}OBSERVATIONAL TESTS OF WORLD MODELS; [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept01/Sandage/Sand6.html 6.1. Local Tests for Linearity of the Redshift-Distance Relation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920165955/http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept01/Sandage/Sand6.html |date=20 September 2008 }}; Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1988. 26: 561–630

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1956AJ.....61...97H

|title=Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae

|author1=Humason, M. L.

|author2=Mayall, N. U.

|author3=Sandage, A. R.

|volume=61

|date=1956

|pages=97

|journal=Astron. J.

|doi=10.1086/107297

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1953Obs....73...97.

|title=1053 May 8 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society

|volume=73

|date=1953

|pages=97

|journal=The Observatory

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1958ASPL....7..393M

|title=From Atoms to Galaxies

|author1=Merrill, Paul W.

|volume=7

|issue=349

|date=1958

|pages=393

|journal=Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1969AJ.....74..131B

|doi=10.1086/110786

|title=Extragalactic Radio Sources

|author1=Bolton, J. G.

|date=1969

|volume=74

|pages=131

|journal=Astronomical Journal

}} A&AAid:AAA001.141.093

| 1936–

| z=0.13
(V=39000 km/s)

| The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 {{RA|14|30|6}} {{DEC|+31|46}} apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1936ApJ....83...10H

|title=The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae

|author1=Humason, M. L.

|volume=83

|date=1936

|pages=10

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/143696

|doi-access=free

}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.37.1.445|title=The First 50 Years at Palomar: 1949–1999 the Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics |year=1999 |last1=Sandage |first1=Allan |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=37 |pages=445–486 |bibcode=1999ARA&A..37..445S }}

• [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept03/Sandage/Sandage5_2.html 5.2.1. The Mount Wilson Years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704135456/http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept03/Sandage/Sandage5_2.html|date=4 July 2008}}

| 1932 –

| z=0.075
(V=23000 km/s)

| This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 {{RA|07|05|0}} {{DEC|+35|04}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1932JRASC..26..180C

|title=Notes and Queries (Doings at Mount Wilson-Ritchey's Photographic Telescope-Infra-red Photographic Plates)

|author1=Chant, C. A.

|volume=26

|date=1932

|pages=180

|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

}}

| 1931–1932

| z=
(V=19700 km/s)

|

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1931ApJ....74...35H

|title=Apparent Velocity-Shifts in the Spectra of Faint Nebulae

|author1=Humason, Milton L.

|volume=74

|date=1931

|pages=35

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/143287

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1931ApJ....74...43H

|title=The Velocity-Distance Relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae

|author1=Hubble, Edwin

|author2=Humason, Milton L.

|volume=74

|date=1931

|pages=43

|journal=Astrophysical Journal

|doi=10.1086/143323

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1931ASPL....1..149H

|title=The Large Apparent Velocities of Extra-Galactic Nebulae

|author1=Humason, M. L.

|volume=1

|issue=37

|date=1931

|pages=149

|journal=Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets

}}

| 1930–1931

| z=
(V=11700 km/s)

|

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1930ApJ....71..351H

|title=The Rayton short-focus spectrographic objective

|author1=Humason, M. L.

|volume=71

|date=1930

|pages=351

|journal=Astrophys. J.

|doi=10.1086/143255

|doi-access=free

}}

| 1929–1930

| z=0.026
(V=7800 km/s)

|

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1929PASP...41..244.

|title=The Berkeley Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, June 20–21, 1929

|volume=41

|issue=242

|date=1929

|pages=244

|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

|doi=10.1086/123945

|doi-access=free

}}

| NGC 7619

| 1929

| z=0.012
(V=3779 km/s)

| Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance; however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.{{cite journal |author=Milton L. Humason |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=15 |date=15 March 1929 |issue=3 |doi=10.1073/pnas.15.3.167 |url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/hum_1929.html |title=The Large Radial Velocity of N. G. C. 7619 |pages=167–168 |pmid=16577159 |pmc=522426 |bibcode=1929PNAS...15..167H |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080720024023/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/hum_1929.html |archive-date=20 July 2008|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |author=Allan Sandage |journal=The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |volume=83 |issue=6 |date=December 1989 |at=Whole No. 621 |url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/sandage_hubble.html |title=EDWIN HUBBLE 1889–1953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970202203704/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/sandage_hubble.html |archive-date=2 February 1997 }}

| NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)

| 1921–1929

| z=0.006
(V=1800 km/s)

| At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1996PASP..108.1073T

|title=H_0: The Incredible Shrinking Constant, 1925–1975

|author1=Trimble, Virginia

|volume=108

|date=1996

|pages=1073

|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

|doi=10.1086/133837

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|bibcode=1920BHarO.739....1B

|title=Comet Skjellerup

|author1=Bailey, S. I.

|date=1920

|pages=1

|journal=Harvard College Observatory Bulletin |volume=739

}}{{Cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E2DA153CE533A2575AC1A9679C946095D6CF |title=DREYER NEBULA NO. 584 INCONCEIVABLY DISTANT; Dr. Slipher Says the Celestial Speed Champion Is 'Many Millions of Light Years' Away |author=Vesto Melvin Slipher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095527/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E2DA153CE533A2575AC1A9679C946095D6CF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |date=19 January 1921}}{{Cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E1DB153CE533A2575BC1A9679C946095D6CF |title=NEBULA DREYER BREAKS ALL SKY SPEED RECORDS; Portion of the Constellation of Cetus Is Rushing Along at Rate of 1,240 Miles a Second |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313043450/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E1DB153CE533A2575BC1A9679C946095D6CF |archive-date=13 March 2016 |date=18 January 1921}}

| M104 (NGC 4594)

| 1913–1921

| z=0.004
(V=1180 km/s)

| This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda—which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.{{cite book|author=National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)|title=Biographical Memoirs: Volume 52 – VESTO MELVIN SLIPHER|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9xnzIV_zQYC|year=1980|publisher=National Academies|isbn=978-0-309-03099-1|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629062741/http://books.google.com/books?id=h9xnzIV_zQYC|archive-date=29 June 2014|url-status=live}}

| M81

| {{nowrap|antiquity –
20th century{{efn|1=antiquity – 1913 (based on redshift); antiquity – 1930 (based on Cepheids)}} }}

| 11.8 Mly z=-0.10)

| This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it is moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.

| Messier 101

| 1930–

|

| Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Triangulum Galaxy

| 1924–1930

|

| In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Andromeda Galaxy

| 1923–1924

|

| In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.

| Small Magellanic Cloud

| 1913–1923

|

| This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.

| Baby Boom Galaxy

|

| Starburst galaxy located 12 billion light-years away{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Large Magellanic Cloud

| Apparent magnitude 0.6

| This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Ursa Major III

| Absolute magnitude +2.2

| This does not include dark galaxies.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Andromeda IX

|

|

| WISE J224607.57−052635.0

|

| As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy is Infrared radiation.{{cite web |author=Staff |title=PIA19339: Dusty 'Sunrise' at Core of Galaxy (Artist's Concept) |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19339 |date=21 May 2015 |work=NASA |access-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522084908/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19339 |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}{{cite web |author=Staff |title=WISE spacecraft discovers most luminous galaxy in universe |url=http://phys.org/news/2015-05-wise-spacecraft-luminous-galaxy-universe.html |date=21 May 2015 |website=PhysOrg |access-date=22 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522115033/http://phys.org/news/2015-05-wise-spacecraft-luminous-galaxy-universe.html |archive-date=22 May 2015 }} (Image)

| Cosmos Redshift 7

|

| Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Astronomers Report Finding Earliest Stars That Enriched Cosmos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/science/space/astronomers-report-finding-earliest-stars-that-enriched-cosmos.html |date=17 June 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617152417/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/science/space/astronomers-report-finding-earliest-stars-that-enriched-cosmos.html |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}

| {{nowrap|Segue 2}}

| {{nowrap|~550,000 M_Sun}}

| This is not considered a star cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects of dark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and black holes.Sci-News.com, [http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/article01147-segue-2-dwarf-galaxy.html "Segue 2: Most Lightweight Galaxy in Universe"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113062827/http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/article01147-segue-2-dwarf-galaxy.html |date=13 January 2015 }}, Natali Anderson, 11 June 2013 (accessed 11 June 2013){{cite journal | doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/16|arxiv=1304.6080 | bibcode=2013ApJ...770...16K | volume=770 |issue=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | page=16|last1=Kirby |first1=Evan N. |title=Segue 2: The Least Massive Galaxy |last2=Boylan-Kolchin |first2=Michael |last3=Cohen |first3=Judith G. |last4=Geha |first4=Marla|author4-link= Marla Geha |last5=Bullock |first5=James S. |last6=Kaplinghat |first6=Manoj |last7=Smethurst |first7=R. J. |last8=Cheung |first8=Edmond |last9=Nichol |first9=Robert C. |last10=Schawinski |first10=Kevin |last11=Rutkowski |first11=Michael |last12=Kartaltepe |first12=Jeyhan S. |last13=Bell |first13=Eric F. |last14=Casteels |first14=Kevin R. V. |last15=Conselice |first15=Christopher J. |last16=Almaini |first16=Omar |last17=Ferguson |first17=Henry C. |last18=Fortson |first18=Lucy|author18-link= Lucy Fortson |last19=Hartley |first19=William |last20=Kocevski |first20=Dale |last21=Koekemoer |first21=Anton M. |last22=McIntosh |first22=Daniel H. |last23=Mortlock |first23=Alice |last24=Newman |first24=Jeffrey A. |last25=Ownsworth |first25=Jamie |last26=Bamford |first26=Steven |last27=Dahlen |first27=Tomas |last28=Faber |first28=Sandra M. |last29=Finkelstein |first29=Steven L. |last30=Fontana |first30=Adriano |year=2013 |s2cid=42154117 |display-authors=29 }}

| {{nowrap|ESO 146-5}}

| {{nowrap|~30 trillion M_Sun}}

| Central galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.Astronomy Now, [http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1005/13galaxy/ "Heavyweight galaxy is king of its cluster"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215091554/http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1005/13galaxy/ |date=15 February 2013 }}, Keith Cooper, 13 May 2010 (accessed 9 March 2013)Research.gov, [https://www.research.gov/research-portal/appmanager/base/desktop?_nfpb=true&_windowLabel=T23001692911307159226616&_urlType=action&T23001692911307159226616_action=selectAwardDetail&T23001692911307159226616_id=%2FresearchGov%2FAwardHighlight%2FPublicAffairs%2F21694_AstronomersDiscoverMostMassiveGalaxyYetFormedbyGalacticCannabilism.html "Astronomers Discover Most Massive Galaxy Yet, Formed by 'Galactic Cannibalism'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306192727/https://www.research.gov/research-portal/appmanager/base/desktop?_nfpb=true&_windowLabel=T23001692911307159226616&_urlType=action&T23001692911307159226616_action=selectAwardDetail&T23001692911307159226616_id=%2FresearchGov%2FAwardHighlight%2FPublicAffairs%2F21694_AstronomersDiscoverMostMassiveGalaxyYetFormedbyGalacticCannabilism.html |date=6 March 2014 }} (accessed 9 March 2013)

| {{nowrap|M85-HCC1}}

|

| This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy{{cite news |url= http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Undergraduates_discover_the_densest_galaxies_known_999.html |title= Undergraduates discover the densest galaxies known |date= 29 July 2015 |work= Space Daily |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150818040955/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Undergraduates_discover_the_densest_galaxies_known_999.html |archive-date= 18 August 2015 }}

|

|

|

| {{nowrap|ISOHDFS 27}}

| {{nowrap|1.04{{e|12}} M_Sun}}

| The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591{{cite press release |url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0041/ |title=Most Massive Spiral Galaxy Known in the Universe |id=eso0041 |date=8 December 2000 |access-date=21 October 2018 |publisher=European Southern Observatory (ESO) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804224623/https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0041/ |archive-date=4 August 2011}}

| {{nowrap|Andromeda I}}

|

|

{{cite journal

|author1=Grebel

|title=Star Clusters in Local Group Galaxies

|pages=262–269

|volume=211

|journal= ASP Conference Series

|arxiv=astro-ph/9912529

|bibcode = 2000ASPC..211..262G

|year=2000 }}

| Ursa Major III

| Ursa Major

| {{convert|3|pc|ly|abbr=off|lk=on}}

| Half-light radius

| A Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| ESO 383-76

| Centaurus

| {{convert|540.89|kpc|ly

| 90% total B-light

| Central galaxy of Abell 3571{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| NGC 6872

| Pavo

| {{convert|220|kpc|ly

| D_25.5 isophote

| Interacting galaxy, stripped by IC 4970.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| UGC 6697

| Leo

| {{convert|62.82|kpc|ly

| D₂₅ isophote

| Disrupted spiral-like galaxy, possible jellyfish galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| ESO 248-6

| Eridanus

| {{convert|530.62|kpc|ly

| 90% total B-light

| Central galaxy of Abell 3112.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Abell 2125 BCG

| Ursa Minor

| {{convert|219.28|kpc|ly

| 2MASS K-band total mag

|

|ASKAP J0107-2347

|Sculptor

|Projected linear size:

3.8 megaparsec

(12,390,000 light-years)

|

|{{cite arXiv |eprint=2504.07314 |last1=Koribalski |first1=B. S. |title=ASKAP Discoveries of Giant Radio Galaxies in the Sculptor field |date=2025 |class=astro-ph.GA }}

|+ Galaxies in tidal interaction

• Large Magellanic Cloud
• Small Magellanic Cloud

|

| The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to the Milky Way galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

• NGC 5195 (M51b)

|

| The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy architecture.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

• M82
• NGC 3077

|

| These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.Sky and Telescope, [http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/13685257.html Stars in the Middle of Nowhere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011124922/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/13685257.html |date=11 October 2008 }}, 10 January 2008

• NGC 6872
• IC 4970

|

| NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

| The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|+ Galaxies in non-merger significant collision

|

| These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|+Galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisions

|

| This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|+ Galaxies undergoing near-equal merger

| 2 galaxies

| Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| Two galaxies which have interacted or still interacting via an off-center collision, both had interacted with M86 in the past.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 2 galaxies

| These are two starting to collide{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| 4 galaxies

| These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.{{cite web |website=Sky and Telescope |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/9053516.html |title=Galaxy Monster Mash |author=Richard Tresch Fienberg |date=9 August 2007 |access-date=17 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203242/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/9053516.html |archive-date=24 August 2007 |url-status=live }}

| z=3.03

| This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.{{cite web |author=Larry O'Hanlon |website=ABC Science |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/04/09/2211965.htm |title=Found! Oldest galaxy pile-up |date=9 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124232857/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/04/09/2211965.htm |archive-date=24 January 2015}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/590406 |title=A Candidate Brightest Protocluster Galaxy atz= 3.03 |year=2008 |last1=Cooke |first1=Jeff |last2=Barton |first2=Elizabeth J. |last3=Bullock |first3=James S. |last4=Stewart |first4=Kyle R. |last5=Wolfe |first5=Arthur M. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=681 |issue=2 |pages=L57–L60 |bibcode = 2008ApJ...681L..57C |arxiv = 0803.3808 |s2cid = 5899170}}

| z=4.3 (14 galaxies)

| This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.{{cite web |author=Michelle Starr |website=sciencealert |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/galaxy-megamergers-in-the-early-universe-protoclusters-spt2349-56-dusty-red-core |title=This Megamerger of 14 Galaxies Could Become The Most Massive Structure in Our Universe |date=26 April 2018 }}

|+ Recently merged galaxies of near-equals

|

| This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|+ Galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalization

| Milky Way Galaxy

| The Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Milky Way Galaxy

| This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Milky Way Galaxy

| M54 is thought to be the core of this dwarf galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|+ Objects considered destroyed galaxies

| Milky Way Galaxy

| This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.

{{cite web

|work = United Press International

|url = http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/04/10/Black_hole_found_in_Omega_Centauri/UPI-67471207850855/

|title = Black hole found in Omega Centauri

|date = 10 April 2008

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022120553/http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/04/10/Black_hole_found_in_Omega_Centauri/UPI-67471207850855/

|archive-date = 22 October 2012

}}

| Andromeda Galaxy

| This is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| Milky Way Galaxy

| It is now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way about 8-11 billion years ago. It is the last major merger of the Milky Way in its lifetime.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

| Lynx

| Giant radio lobes

| Also termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are some of the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.{{cite journal|last1=Oei|first1=Martijn S. S. L.|last2=van Weeren|first2=Reinout J.|last3=Hardcastle|first3=Martin J.|last4=Botteon|first4=Andrea|last5=Shimwell|first5=Tim W.|last6=Dabhade|first6=Pratik|last7=Gast|first7=Aivin D. J. G. I. B.|last8=Röttgering|first8=Huub J. A.|last9=Brüggen|first9=Marcus|last10=Tasse|first10=Cyril|last11=Williams|first11=Wendy L.|last12=Shulevski|first12=Aleksandar|date=February 14, 2022|title=The discovery of a radio galaxy of at least 5 Mpc|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=660|pages=A2|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202142778|arxiv=2202.05427|bibcode=2022A&A...660A...2O|s2cid=246823634}}

|

| Virgo

|{{clarify|date=April 2013}}

| This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster

{{cite web

|date = 15 September 2008

|title = Local Large-Scale Structure

|url = http://haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgt_local_structure.php

|publisher = Hayden Planetarium

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828195135/http://haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgt_local_structure.php

|archive-date = 28 August 2008

}} It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by the Event Horizon Telescope.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

|

| Draco (Ursa Major)

|{{clarify|date=April 2013}}

| This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.

|

| Lynx

| "Supernova Factory"

| NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.

|

|

|{{clarify|date=April 2013}}

|Arp 122 is a collision of NGC 6040 and PGC 56942 or NGC 6039.

|

| Hydra

|exact visual alignment

| This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.

|

| Triangulum Australe

|"tail" feature

| Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.{{cite web

|first=Stuart

|last=Goldman

|date=28 September 2007

|title=New Stars in a Galaxy's Wake

|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/10003481.html

|work=Sky & Telescope

|access-date=17 July 2008

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110085901/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/10003481.html

|archive-date=10 January 2008

|url-status=live

}}

{{cite press release

|publisher = NASA

|date = 20 September 2007

|title = Orphan' Stars Found in Long Galaxy Tail

|url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/news/07-103.html

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081104091023/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/news/07-103.html

|archive-date = 4 November 2008

}}

{{Cite journal

|arxiv=0706.1220

|author1=Sun

|author2=Donahue|author2-link= Megan Donahue

|author3=Voit

|title=H-alpha tail, intracluster HII regions and star-formation: ESO137-001 in Abell 3627

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=671

|pages=190–202

|year=2007

|issue=1

|doi=10.1086/522690

|bibcode=2007ApJ...671..190S

|s2cid=10841449

}}

{{cite journal

|author = Fraser Cain

|date = 20 September 2007

|title = Galaxy Leaves New Stars Behind in its Death Plunge

|url = http://www.universetoday.com/2007/09/20/galaxy-leaves-news-stars-behind-in-its-death-plunge/

|journal = Universe Today

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081012124758/http://www.universetoday.com/2007/09/20/galaxy-leaves-news-stars-behind-in-its-death-plunge/

|archive-date = 12 October 2008

}}

|

| Sculptor

| interacting with a galaxy cluster

| Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.

| 230 Mpc

| Perseus

| Least separation between binary central black holes, at {{cvt|24|ly|pc}}

| OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.

| SDSS J150636.30+540220.9
{{RA|15|06|36.30}}{{DEC|+54|02|20.9}}
("SDSS J1506+54")

| z = 0.608

|Boötes

|Most efficient star production

|Most extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).{{cite journal |first=J. E. |last=Geach |display-authors=et al |title=A Redline Starburst: CO(2–1) Observations of an Eddington-Limited Galaxy Reveal Star Formation At Its Most Extreme |date=April 2013 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=767 |issue=1 |pages=L17 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L17 |arxiv=1302.6236 |bibcode=2013ApJ...767L..17G |s2cid=48726241 }}

| z = 6.604

| Sextans

| Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6, 12.9 billion light-years)

| Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.

|z = 7.29

|

|Earliest known massive quiescent galaxy

|This galaxy is reported to be the most distant and therefore earliest (700 million years after the Big Bang) massive galaxy where star formation stopped, contrary to expectations based on current models of galaxy formation.{{Cite journal |last1=Weibel |first1=Andrea |last2=de Graaff |first2=Anna |last3=Setton |first3=David J. |last4=Miller |first4=Tim B. |last5=Oesch |first5=Pascal A. |last6=Brammer |first6=Gabriel |last7=Lagos |first7=Claudia D. P. |last8=Whitaker |first8=Katherine E. |last9=Williams |first9=Christina C. |last10=Baggen |first10=Josephine F.W. |last11=Bezanson |first11=Rachel |last12=Boogaard |first12=Leindert A. |last13=Cleri |first13=Nikko J. |last14=Greene |first14=Jenny E. |last15=Hirschmann |first15=Michaela |date=April 2025 |title=RUBIES Reveals a Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z = 7.3 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=983 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/adab7a |doi-access=free |issn=0004-637X}}