| class="wikitable"
! Sovereign state
! Predecessors |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|A}} Albania
| Illyrians
Illyrian kingdom (c. 650 - c. 135 BC)
Part of the 24px Roman Empire, within the province of Macedonia (148 BC – 324 AD)
Part of the {{flag|Byzantine Empire}}, within the province of Macedonia (324–1190)
Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255)
:::{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (1190–1204)
:::{{noflag|Despotate of Epirus}} (1205–1255)
24px Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368)
:::24px Kingdom of Sicily (1258–1368)
{{noflag|Lordship of Berat}} (1396–1417)
{{noflag|Principality of Valona}} (1346–1417)
:::{{flag|Serbian Empire}} (1346–1355)
24px Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374)
24px Despotate of Arta (1359–1416)
24px Princedom of Albania (1368–1392)
{{noflag|Principality of Gjirokastër}} (1386–1418)
24px Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1444)
24px Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444)
{{flag|Most Serene Republic of Venice}} (1420–1797)
24px League of Lezhë (1444 – {{circa|lk=no|1468}})
{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Ottoman Empire (1479–1912)
24px Independent Albania (1912–1914)
{{flagicon|Albania|1914}} Principality of Albania (1914–1925)
24px Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
{{flagicon|Albania|1928}} Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
24px Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)
24px Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)
24px Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
{{flagicon|Albania|1946}} People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
{{flagicon|Albania|1946}} People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1991)
{{flag|Republic of Albania}} (1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Andorra
| 24px County of Urgell (843–1133)
{{noflag|Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell}} (1133–1208)
24px County of Foix (1208–1607/1610)
{{flag|Principality of Andorra}} (1278–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Armenia
| Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC – 428)
24px Roman Armenia (114–118 AD)
Sassanian (Persian) Armenia (252–299; 363–428; 428–646)
{{noflag|Arminiya}} – Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (654–884)
Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia (884–1045)
{{noflag|Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget}} (dependent) (979–1118)
{{noflag|Kingdom of Syunik}} (dependent) (987–1170)
Kingdom of Artsakh (dependent) (1000–1261)
{{noflag|Seljuq Armenia}} (1071–1124)
{{noflag|Georgian Armenia}} (1124–1386): Zakarid Armenia (1201–1360)
24px Ilkhanate (1260–1335)
Principality of Khachen (1261–1603)
{{noflag|Turkmen Armenia}} (1386–1502)
{{noflag|Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)}}: 24px Safavid dynasty (1502–1736),
24px Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796),
24px Qajar dynasty (1789–1828)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1586–1828)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1828–1917)
24px Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
{{flag|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} (1918–1920)
24px Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
24px Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936)(republic of the Soviet Union)
24px Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Republic of Armenia}} (1991–present) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Austria
|{{noflag|Margraviate of Austria}} (976–1156)
24px Duchy of Austria (1156–1453)
24px Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804)
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1804–1867)
24px Cisleithania (1867–1918)
24px Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919)
24px First Austrian Republic (1919–1934)
24px Federal State of Austria (1934–1938)
24px German Reich (1938–1945)
{{flag|Republic of Austria}} (1945–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Azerbaijan
| 24px Achaemenid Empire (549 – 331 BC)
Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC – 705)
24px Shirvanshah (861–1539)
24px Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
24px Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
24px Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
24px Russian Empire (1813–1917)
24px Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
24px Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
24px Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
24px Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
24px Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".] (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Azerbaijan|name=Republic of Azerbaijan}} (1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|B}} Belarus
| {{noflag|Kievan Rus'}} (879–1240)
File:Iziaslav of Polock Seal avers.svg Principality of Polotsk (987–1307)
{{noflag|Principality of Turov}} (10th century – 14th century)
{{noflag|Kingdom of Lithuania}} (1251–1263)
24px Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1263–1569)
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1793–1917)
File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991-1995).svg Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919)
File:Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919-1927).svg Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (1919; 1920–1922)
24px Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1920)
24px Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991 and UN member 1945–1991)
{{flag|Republic of Belarus}} (1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Belgium
| | 24px Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)
24px Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1794) – 24px Spanish Netherlands (1556–1713) and 24px Austrian Netherlands (1713–1797)
24px France (1797–1815)
{{flag|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} (1815–1830)
{{flag|Kingdom of Belgium}} (1830–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Bosnia and Herzegovina
| {{noflag|Banate of Bosnia}} (1154–1377)
{{noflag|Kingdom of Bosnia}} (1377–1463)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1463–1878)
24px Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918)
File:Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}} (1918–1929)
{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1929–1943)
{{flag|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} (1943–1946)
{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1992)
{{flag|Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} (1945–1992)
{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995)
{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} (1995–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Bulgaria
|24px Odrysian kingdom (480 BC – 30 BC) ["Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition." The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, Westview Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-89158-530-3}}, p. 27.][{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 |pmid=26332464 |pmc=4558026 |title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0135820 |year=2015 |last1=Kushniarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Utevska |first2=Olga |last3=Chuhryaeva |first3=Marina |last4=Agdzhoyan |first4=Anastasia |last5=Dibirova |first5=Khadizhat |last6=Uktveryte |first6=Ingrida |last7=Möls |first7=Märt |last8=Mulahasanovic |first8=Lejla |last9=Pshenichnov |first9=Andrey |last10=Frolova |first10=Svetlana |last11=Shanko |first11=Andrey |last12=Metspalu |first12=Ene |last13=Reidla |first13=Maere |last14=Tambets |first14=Kristiina |last15=Tamm |first15=Erika |last16=Koshel |first16=Sergey |last17=Zaporozhchenko |first17=Valery |last18=Atramentova |first18=Lubov |last19=Kučinskas |first19=Vaidutis |last20=Davydenko |first20=Oleg |last21=Goncharova |first21=Olga |last22=Evseeva |first22=Irina |last23=Churnosov |first23=Michail |last24=Pocheshchova |first24=Elvira |last25=Yunusbayev |first25=Bayazit |last26=Khusnutdinova |first26=Elza |last27=Marjanović |first27=Damir |last28=Rudan |first28=Pavao |last29=Rootsi |first29=Siiri |last30=Yankovsky |first30=Nick |display-authors=29 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K |doi-access=free }}]["A detailed analysis is made of the assimilation process which took place between Slavs and Thracians. It ended in the triumph of the Slav element and in the ultimate disappearance of the Thracian ethnos...Attention is drawn to the fact that even though assimilated, the Thracian ethnicon left behind traces of its existence (in toponymy, the lexical wealth of the Bulgarian language, religious beliefs, material culture, etc.) which should be extensively studied in all their aspects in the future..." For more see: Димитър Ангелов, Образуване на българската народност, (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971) pp. 409–410. ([http://macedonia.kroraina.com/da/da_summary.htm Summary in English] ).]
Paeonia (kingdom) Tylis (277 -212 BC)
{{noflag|Thracian kingdom (Roman vassal state)}} (30 BC – 46 AD)
24px Province of Thracia, Roman Empire (46–395)
{{flag|Eastern Roman Empire}} Province of Thracia (395–628)
{{flag|Eastern Roman Empire}} (628–680)
{{noflag|Bulgars}} (Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Onogurs?) (469 – 632)
24px Old Great Bulgaria (632–668)
24px First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)
::{{flag|Eastern Roman Empire}} (1018–1185)
File:Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396/1422)
File:Flag of Vicina.svg Despotate of Dobruja (1356 - 1411)
Tsardom of Vidin (1356 - 1396)
{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Ottoman Bulgaria (1396/1422–1878)
{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) (sovereignty within Ottoman Empire)
{{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1908–1946)
{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
{{flag|Republic of Bulgaria}} (1990–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|C}} Croatia
| {{plainlist|
:* File:Flag of Croatia Landesfarben.gif Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (1526–1804)
- {{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1804–1867)
:* File:Flag of Croatia Landesfarben.gif Kingdom of Croatia (1804–1867)
- {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} (1867–1918)
:* 24px Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1867–1918)
:* {{flag|Banovina of Croatia}} (1939–1941)
- {{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} (1941–1945) (unrecognized)
- {{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1992)
:* {{flag|Socialist Republic of Croatia}} (1945–1991)
- {{flag|Republic of Croatia}} (1991–present)}}
|
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Cyprus
|23x23px Macedonian Empire (333–323 BC), Hellenistic States (323–58 BC)
24pxRoman Republic (58–27 BC), 24px Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD){{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (395–1191)
24px Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489 AD), {{flag|Most Serene Republic of Venice}} (1489–1570)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1570–1914)
24px Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960)
{{flag|Cyprus|name=Republic of Cyprus}} (1960–present)
|
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Czech Republic
| {{noflag|Great Moravia}} (833–902)
24px Duchy of Bohemia (c.870–1198)
24px Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804)
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1804–1867)
24px Cisleithania (1867–1918)
24px Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
24px Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
24px German Reich (1939–1945) – 24px Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945)
24px Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960)
24px Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
24px Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
{{flag|Czech Republic}} (1993–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|D}} Denmark
| {{flag|Kingdom of Denmark}}[{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |title=Denmark |date=29 April 2010 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=11 May 2010}}] ({{circa|lk=no|965}} – present)
{{noflag|Anglo-Norse Empire}} (1016–1035)
File:Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg Kalmar Union (1397–1523) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|E}} Estonia
| 24px Terra Mariana (1207–1561)
{{flagicon|Sweden}} Swedish Empire (1561–1721)
{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Governorate of Estonia (1721–1918)
{{flag|Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic}} (1940–1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Republic of Estonia}} (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)[{{cite book|last=Talari|first=Pekka T.|title=State Succession in Respect of Debts: The Effect of State Succession in the 1990s on the Rules of Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nKKnb8uiHsC&pg=PA167|series=The Finnish Yearbook of International Law|volume=2|year=1996|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789041104694|page=167}}][{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=Konrad G.|title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations|series=Legal Aspects of International Organization Series|volume=38|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789041115539|pages=177–9}}] |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|F}} Finland
| File:Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
{{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden ({{circa|lk=no|1210}}–1809)
{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)
{{flag|Republic of Finland}} (1917–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| France
| 34x34pxPart of the Roman Empire, within the province of Roman Gaul (1st century BC-5th century AD)
Gallic Empire (260 - 274)
{{noflag|Kingdom of the Franks}} (481–800)
{{noflag|Carolingian Empire}} (800–843)
{{noflag|West Francia}} (843–987)
Lotharingia (855 - 959)
Duchy of Normandy (911 - 1259)
File:Drapeau de la province de Bretagne (1532).svg Duchy of Brittany (939–1532)
{{flag|Kingdom of France}} (987–1791)
24px French Kingdom (1791–1792)
24px French Republic (1792–1804)
24px First French Empire (1804–1814; 1815)
24px Kingdom of France (1814–1815; 1815–1830)
24px July Monarchy (1830–1848)
24px French Republic (1848–1852)
24px Second French Empire (1852–1870)
24px French Republic (1870–1940)
24px French State (1940–1944)
{{flagicon|Free France}} Free France (1940–1944)
24px Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1946)
24px French Republic (1946–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|G}} Georgia
|
20px Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008)
{{noflag|Caucasian Iberia}} (c. 301 BC – 580)
{{noflag|Principality of Iberia}} (580–891)
{{noflag|Kingdom of Iberia}} (mostly titular revival) (891–1008)
24px Roman Empire
::::Theme of Iberia (1001–1074)
24px Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1465)
:::20px Kingdom of Imereti (1455–1810)
:::20px Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762)
:::20px Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762)
:::25px Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (1762–1801)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1801–1917)
24px Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
24px Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
24px Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union)
24px Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
24px Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union)
24px Republic of Georgia (1990–1995) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991)
{{flag|Georgia|name=Georgia}} (1995–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Germany
| Germanic tribes (5th century BC – 3rd century AD)
24px Part of the Roman Empire, within the provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior (83 AD – 475 AD)
Alamannia (213 - 911)
{{noflag|Old Saxony}} (6th century - 804)
{{noflag|Carolingian Empire}} (800–843)
{{noflag|East Francia}} (843–919)
{{noflag|Kingdom of Germany}} (919–962)
24px Holy Roman Empire (800/962–1806)
24pxConfederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) (client states of the French Empire) and File:Flag of Prussia 1892-1918.svg Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871)
24px German Confederation (1815–1848)
24px German Reich (1848–1849)
24px German Confederation (1849–1866)
File:Flag of the German Empire.svg North German Confederation (1866–1871)
File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German Reich (1871–1918)
24px German Reich (1919–1933) and File:Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) (French League of Nations mandate)
24px German Reich (1934–1945)
File:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
{{flag|Federal Republic of Germany}} (West Germany) (1949–1990), File:Flag of Berlin.svg West Berlin (1949–1990), File:Flag of Saar (1947–1956).svg Saar Protectorate (1947–1956) (French protectorate) and {{flag|German Democratic Republic}} (East Germany) (1949–1990)
{{flag|Federal Republic of Germany}} (1990–present) (Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic, it is not a successor state) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Greece
| Minoan civilisation (3500 - 1100 BC)
Mycenaean Greece (1750 - 1050 BC)
{{noflag|Ancient Greek city states and kingdoms}} (900–146 BC)
17x17px Hellenic League (338–332 BC)
23x23px Macedonian Empire (335–323 BC – Macedonian Kingdom existed since 808 BC)
Delian League (488 - 404 BC)
Aetolian League (4th century - 188 BC)
Hellinistic States (323–146 BC)
Achaean League (280 - 146 BC) 24px Roman Republic (146–27 BC)
24px Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD)
{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (395–1204, 1261–1453), Despotate of Epirus (1205–1337, 1356–1479 Byzantine Successor), Crusader/Feudal/Latin States: Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), Duchy of Athens (1205–1458), Principality of Achaea (1205–1432), 28x28px Genoa (1261–1566), 29x29px Venice (c. 1200s–1479)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (c.1300s–1920), Kingdom of Candia (1205–1669), Kingdom of the Morea (1688–1715), 29x29px Ionian Islands under Venetian rule (1363–1797), 21x21px French Republic (1797–1799 Ionian Islands), Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)
24px Hellenic State (1822–1832) (named "Provisional Administration of Greece" from 1822–1828), 27x27px United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}} (1832–1924), 23x23px Cretan State (1896–1913) (autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire), Free State of Icaria (1912)
24px Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}} (1935–1941)
24px Hellenic State (1941–1944) (Puppet state of Italy and Germany (1941–43), Puppet state of Germany (1943–44), Government in Exile (September–October 1944))
{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}} (1944–1973)
{{flag|Hellenic Republic}} (1973–present)
|
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|H}} Hungary
|({{flag|Principality of Hungary}} (895–1000)
{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)}} Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1526)
{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|name=Kingdom of Hungary}} (1526–1867)
22px Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570), 22px Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), 22px Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711–1848, 1849–1867)
File:Flag of Hungary with great coat of arms (1849).svg Hungarian State (1849)
{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)|name=Kingdom of Hungary}} (1867–1918)
{{flag|Hungarian People's Republic (1918–19)|name=Hungarian People's Republic}} (1918–1919)
{{flag|Hungarian Soviet Republic}} (1919)
{{flag|Hungarian Republic (1919–20)|name=Hungarian Republic}} (1919–1920)
{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|name=Kingdom of Hungary}} (1920–1946)
{{flag|Hungarian Republic (1946–49)|name=Hungarian Republic}} (1946–1949)
{{flag|Hungarian People's Republic}} (1949–1989)
{{flag|Republic of Hungary}} (1989–2012)
{{flag|Hungary}} (2012–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|I}} Iceland
| 23px Icelandic Free State (930–1262)
File:Blason Norvège.svg Kingdom of Norway (1262–1397)
{{flag|Kalmar Union}} (1397–1536)
{{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark–Norway (1536–1814)
{{flag|Kingdom of Denmark}} (1814–1918)
23px Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944)
{{flag|Iceland}} (1944–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Ireland
| {{noflag|Hibernia}} (300 BC – 100 AD)
Gaelic Kingdoms (1st century – 1541)
{{flag|Kingdom of Ireland}} (1542–1651)
{{flag|Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland}} (1653–1659)
{{flag|Kingdom of Ireland}} (1659–1800)
{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} (1801–1922)
{{flag|Irish Free State}} (1922–1937)
{{flag|Ireland}} (1937–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Italy
| Etruscan city states (900 BC–27 BC), Magna Graecia (8th century - 212 BC), Latin League (8th century - 338 BC)
24px Roman Kingdom (753 BC – 509 BC)
24px Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
24px Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)
{{flag|Eastern Roman Empire}} (Byzantine Italy) (476–1071):
{{noflag|Exarchate of Ravenna}} (584–751):
{{noflag|Duchy of Rome}} (536–756)
30px Kingdom of Italy (476–493) (Vassal state of the Eastern Roman Empire)
{{noflag|Ostrogothic Kingdom}} (493–553)
The Italian peninsula divided into many states 568–1861, among them:
{{noflag|Kingdom of the Lombards}} (568–774)
29x29px Republic of Venice (697–1797)
{{noflag|Papal States}} (754–1870)
{{noflag|Kingdom of the Franks}} (774–800)
{{noflag|Carolingian Empire}} (800–843)
Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855)
Kingdom of Italy (855–1801)
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Ancona (c. 1177-1532).svg}} Republic of Ancona (11th century - 1532)
Republic of Genoa (11th century – 1797)
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Florence.svg}} Republic of Florence (1115 - 1569)
{{flag|Kingdom of Sicily}} (1130–1816)
Kingdom of Naples (1282–1799, 1799–1816)
{{flag|Kingdom of Sardinia}} (1324–1861)
{{Flagicon image|St. Blaise - State Flag of the Ragusan Republic.svg}} Republic of Ragusa (1358 -1808)
Duchy of Milan (Imperial fief under Habsburg Spain) (1395–1447,
1450–1796)
{{flag|Duchy of Savoy}} (Imperial fief) (1416–1792, 1814–1847)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1814–1859, 1859–1860)
{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} (1861–1946)
{{flag|Italian Social Republic}} (Republic of Salò) (1943–1945)
{{flag|Italian Republic}} (1946–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|J|K}} Kazakhstan
| Cuman–Kipchak confederation (10th century – 1241)
24px Golden Horde (1240s–1456)
24px Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1735/1860–1919)
24px Alash Autonomy (1917–1920)
24px Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ({{aka}} Soviet Russia, 1919–1922)
24px Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936), federated state of the 24px Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1919–1936) (itself a republic of the Soviet Union after 1922)
24px Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Republic of Kazakhstan}}[ (1991–present)] |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|L}} Latvia
| 24px Terra Mariana (1207–1583)
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1583–1611)
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and {{flagicon|Sweden}} Swedish Empire (1611–1721)
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and {{flag|Russian Empire}} (1721–1772)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1772–1918)
24px Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
{{flag|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic}} (1940–1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Republic of Latvia}} (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Liechtenstein
| File:Bandera de Schellenberg, Liechtenstein.svgLordship of Schellenberg (9th century–1719) (within the Holy Roman Empire)
24x24pxCounty of Vaduz (1342-1719) (within the Holy Roman Empire)
{{flag|Principality of Liechtenstein}} (1719–present) (within the German Confederation 1815–1866) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Lithuania
| 24px Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century – 1569)
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
24px Russian Tsardom (1795–1812)
File:Flag of France.svg French Occupation (1812)
24px Russian Tsardom (1812–1914)
File:War Ensign of Germany (1903-1918).svg German Occupation (1914–1918)
{{flagicon|Lithuania|1918}} Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
{{flag|Republic of Lithuania|1918}} (1918–1940)
{{flag|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic}} (1940–1990/1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union)
{{flag|Republic of Lithuania|1918}} (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1990–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Luxembourg
| {{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} (1815–1890)
{{flag|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg}} (1890–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|M}} Malta[{{cite web|last1=Debattista|first1=Martin|title=Timeline of Malta History|url=http://www.aboutmalta.com/history/time-Line.htm|website=aboutmalta.com|access-date=24 May 2015}}]
| {{flagicon|SMOM}} Order of Saint John (1530–1798)
{{flagicon|France}} French occupation of Malta (1798–1800), La Nazione Gozitana (1798–1801)
{{flagicon|UK}} British Protectorate of Malta (1800–1813)
{{flagicon|Malta|1943}} Crown Colony of Malta (1813–1964)
{{flagicon|Malta}} State of Malta (1964–1974)
{{flagicon|Malta}} Republic of Malta (1974–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Moldova
| {{flag|Moldavia}} (1359–1812) (vassal of {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} between 1514 and 1812)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1812–1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} (1918–1945)
{{flag|Moldavian SSR|name=Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic}} (republic of the Soviet Union 1940–1990)
{{flag|Republic of Moldova}} (1991–present) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991)
{{flagdeco|Transnistria|state}} Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union 1990–1991)
{{flag|Transnistria|state|name=Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic}} (1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Monaco
| {{flag|Republic of Genoa}} (1215–1297)
{{flag|Principality of Monaco}} (1297–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Montenegro
| Principality of Serbia (768–960/971)
24px First Bulgarian Empire (680–1018) (924–1018)
{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (960–1043)
Duklja (1043–1101)
Serbian Grand Principality (1101–1217)
File:Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
{{flag|Serbian Empire}} (1346–1371)
File:Balsic small COA.svg Principality of Zeta (1371–1402)
File:SLazarevic Coat of Arms.png Serbian Despotate (1402–1540)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1540–1852)
{{flag|Principality of Montenegro}} (1852–1910) (within Ottoman Empire until 1878)
{{flag|Kingdom of Montenegro}} (1910–1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}} (1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}} (1918–1929)
{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1929–1943)
{{flag|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} (1943–1946)
{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1992)
{{flag|Socialist Republic of Montenegro}} (1946–1992)
{{flagdeco|Montenegro|1993}} Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006) (republic within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro)[ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-8 has the official name of Serbia and Montenegro as just "Serbia and Montenegro".] (2003–2006)
{{flag|Montenegro}}[ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-12 has the official name of Montenegro as "Republic of Montenegro".] (2006–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Netherlands
| {{noflag|Frankish Kingdom}} (5th to 10th centuries), Frisian Kingdom (600–734), Duchy of (Lower) Lorraine (903–1190) and File:Counts of Holland Arms.svg County of Holland (880–1384)
24px Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)
24px Seventeen Provinces (1482–1581)
{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795)
{{flag|Batavian Republic}} (1795–1806)
{{flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)
24px First French Empire (1810–1813)
{{flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815)
{{flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)
{{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} (1839–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|N}} North Macedonia
|24px First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)
{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (1018–1185)
File:Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1346)
{{flag|Serbian Empire}} (1346–1371)
File:Coat of arms of Mrnjavčević family (small).svg Kingdom of Prilep (1371–1395)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1395–1913)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}} (1913–1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1915–1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}} (1918–1929)
{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1929–1943)
{{flag|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} (1943–1946)
{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1992)
{{flag|Socialist Republic of Macedonia}} (1945–1991)
{{flag|Republic of Macedonia}} (1991–2019)
{{flag|Republic of North Macedonia}} (2019–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Norway
| {{noflag|Petty Kingdoms of Norway}} (?–876)
File:Raven Banner 2.svg File:Blason Norvège.svg Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
{{noflag|North Sea Empire}} (1016–1035)
File:Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark–Norway (1536–1814)
File:Flag of Norway 1814.png Kingdom of Norway (1814)
File:Flag of Norway 1814.png File:Flag of Norway.svg File:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg File:Flag of Norway.svg United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
File:Flag of_Norway.svg Kingdom of Norway (1905–1940)
:File:Flag of Nasjonal Samling.svg Quisling Regime (puppet state) (1942–1945)
File:Flag of_Norway.svg Kingdom of Norway (1945–present)
|
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|O|P}} Poland
| {{noflag|Civitas Schinesghe}} (960–1025) – Poland in the Early Middle Ages
File:Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)
File:Coat of Arms of the Polish Crown.svg Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
File:Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
24px Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1804), {{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1804–1867), 24px Cisleithania (1867–1918), 24px Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815), {{flag|Prussia}} and the {{flag|Russian Empire}} (1795–1918)
24px Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)
24px Second Polish Republic (1918–1939)
24px Military Administration in Poland (1939)
24px General Government (1939–1944)
24px Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945)
24px Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
24px Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
{{flag|Republic of Poland}} (1989–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Portugal
| 24px Roman Republic (197 BC – 27 BC)
24px Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)
{{noflag|Suebic Kingdom}} (409 – 585)
{{noflag|Visigothic Kingdom}} (418–711)
Umayyad Caliphate (711–750)
Emirate of Córdoba (756–868)
File:PortugueseFlag1095.svg County of Portugal, within the Kingdom of León (868–1139)
File:PortugueseFlag1185.svg Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1189)
File:PortugueseFlag1185.svg Kingdom of Portugal and Silves (1189–1191)
File:PortugueseFlag1248.svg Kingdom of Portugal (1191–1249)
24px Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarve (1249–1471)
File:Flag Portugal (1750).svg Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1471–1815)
File:Flag United Kingdom Portugal Brazil Algarves.svg United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825)
{{flagicon|Portugal|1830}} Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1825–1910)
{{flagicon|Portugal}} First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926)
{{flagicon|Portugal}} Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933)
{{flagicon|Portugal}} Second Portuguese Republic / Estado Novo (1933–1974)
{{flagicon|Portugal}} National Salvation Junta (1974–1975)
{{flagicon|Portugal}} Third Portuguese Republic (1975–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|Q|R}} Romania
| {{flag|Wallachia}} (1330–1859; vassal of {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} between 1415 and 1859)
{{flag|Moldavia}} (1359–1859; vassal of {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} between 1514 and 1859)
22x20px Romanian United Principalities (1859–1866)
22x20px Principality of Romania (1866–1881)
22x20px Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
22x20px Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989) (renamed from "Romanian People's Republic" in 1965)
{{flag|Romania}} (1989–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Russia
|{{noflag|Rus' Khaganate}} (838–862)
24px Kievan Rus' (862–1240)
File:Nowogród.svg Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)
{{noflag|Vladimir-Suzdal}} (1157–1331; vassal of the Golden Horde 1240–1331)
File:Символ господарства Псковского.png Pskov Republic (1348–1510)
File:Symbol of Principality of Tver.svg Principality of Tver (1246–1483)
{{noflag|Grand Duchy of Moscow}} (1283–1547; vassal of the Golden Horde until 1480)
File:Flag of Russia.svg Tsardom of Russia (1547–1610)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1612–1917)
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Republic (1917)
24px Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
{{flag|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}} (1922–1991) (a federal state)
{{flag|Russian Federation}} (1991–present) (a federal state, currently have 89 federal subjects. Six federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.[{{Cite news |date=27 September 2022 |title=So-called referenda in Russian-controlled Ukraine 'cannot be regarded as legal': UN political affairs chief |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1128161 |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928072533/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1128161 |archive-date=28 September 2022}}]) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|S}} San Marino
|{{flag|Republic of San Marino}} (301–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Serbia
| Kingdom of Dardania(4th century BC – 28 BC)
24px Part of the Roman Empire, within the provinces of Moesia, Pannonia and Dalmatia (75 BC – 481 AD)
File:Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Principality of Serbia (768–960/971)
24px First Bulgarian Empire (924–1018)
{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (960–1043)
Duklja (1043–1101)
Serbian Grand Principality (1101–1217)
File:Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
{{flag|Serbian Empire}} (1346–1371)
File:Coat of arms of Moravian Serbia.svg Moravian Serbia (1371–1402)
File:SLazarevic Coat of Arms.png Serbian Despotate (1402–1459)
File:Coat of arms of Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39).svg Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739 and 1788–1791)
{{flagicon|Serbia|civil}} Principality of Serbia (1817–1882)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}} (1882–1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}} (1918–1929)
{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1929–1941)
{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1992)
{{flag|Socialist Republic of Serbia}} (1946–1992)
{{flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1992–2003)
{{flagdeco|Serbia|1991}} Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)
{{flag|State Union of Serbia and Montenegro}}[ (2003–2006)]
{{flag|Republic of Serbia}} (2006–present)
{{flagdeco|Socialist Republic of Serbia}} Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (1946–1992)
{{flagdeco|Albania}} Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)
{{flagdeco|Republic of Serbia}} Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1992–present)
{{flagdeco|UN}} United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–present)
{{flag|Republic of Kosovo}} (2008–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Slovakia
| 24px Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
24px Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
24px Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
24px Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960)
24px Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
24px Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
{{flag|Slovak Republic}} (1993–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Slovenia
| 24px Duchy of Carniola (1364–1804)
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1804–1867)
24px Cisleithania (1867–1918)
File:Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
{{flag|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}} (1918–1929)
{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1929–1943)
{{flag|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} (1943–1946)
{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1992)
{{flag|Socialist Republic of Slovenia}} (1946–1991)
{{flag|Republic of Slovenia}} (1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Spain
|Vascones (12th BC? – 1st BC)
Tartessos (12th BC – 5th BC)
Phoenicias (12th BC – 237 BC)
Greeks (9th BC – 218 BC)
Iberians (6th BC – 1st BC)
Celts (6th BC – 1st BC)
Celtiberics (6th BC – 1st BC)
Lusitanians (6th BC – 1st BC)
Carthaginian Empire (237 BC – 208 BC)
Roman Republic (218 BC – 27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)
Vandals (409–534)
Alans (409–429)
Kingdom of the Suebi (409–585)
File:Bandeirareinogaliza.svg Kingdom of Galicia (410–1833)
Visigothic Kingdom (418–711)
Byzantine Empire (552–624)
Umayyad Caliphate (Al-Andalus) (711–756)
Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)
Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
24px Kingdom of Asturias (718/722–924)
24px Kingdom of León (910–1230)
24px Kingdom of Navarre (824 (traditional)–1841)
24px County of Barcelona (formation 801/independence 988–1162)
24px Kingdom of Aragon (1035–1707)
24px Kingdom of Castile (1065–1230)
24px Crown of Aragon (1162–1716)
24px Principality of Catalonia (1162–1714)
{{flag|Crown of Castile}} (1230–1715)
24px Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715(1349))
26px Kingdom of Valencia (1238–1707)
24px Unification of Spain and Spanish Empire (1469/1492/1516–1975)
{{flag|Kingdom of Spain}} (1716–1873)
{{flagdeco|Spain|1873}} Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
{{flag|Spain|1785|name=Kingdom of Spain}} (1873–1931)
{{flag|Spanish Republic}} (1931–1939)
{{flag|Spanish State}} (1939–1975)
{{flag|Spain|name=Kingdom of Spain}} (1975–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Sweden
| File:Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
{{flag|Kingdom of Sweden}} (c.1000–1814)
24px United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (Sweden in union with Norway 1814–1905)
{{flag|Kingdom of Sweden}} (1905–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| Switzerland
| {{noflag|Kingdom of the Burgundians}} (411–534)
{{noflag|Kingdom of the Franks}} (481–843)
{{noflag|Middle Francia}} (843 – 855)
{{noflag|East Francia}} (843 – 962)
File:Early Swiss cross.svg Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798)
{{flag|Helvetic Republic}} (1798–1803)
{{flag|Swiss Confederation}} (1803–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|T}} Turkey
| Hellinistic States (323–146 BC)
24px Roman Republic (146–27 BC), 24px Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD), {{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (395–1390)
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)
24pxSultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Karamanids (1250–1487)
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1299–1923)
{{flag|Republic of Turkey}} (1923–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| rowspan="3" | {{anchor|U}} Ukraine
| | {{noflag|Rus' Khaganate}} (838–862)
24px Kievan Rus' (862–1240)
{{noflag|Principality of Kyiv}} (1132–1471; vassal of the Golden Horde 1301–1362)
24px Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (24px Kyiv (1471–1793), 24px Bratslav (1566–1793), 24px Chernihiv (1635–1654), 24px Ruthenian (1434–1772), 24px Podolian (1434–1793), 24px Volhynian (1569–1795), and 24px Belz (1462–1793) Voivodeships)
24px Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764)
{{flag|Russian Empire}} (1764–1917)
24px Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1804), {{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1804–1867), 24px Cisleithania (1867–1918)
File:Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921), File:Flag of Ukraine.svg West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919)
24px Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922, republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991 and UN member 1945–1991) |
| In the Crimean peninsula
Greek city states (6th–5th centuries BC)
Bosporan Kingdom (c. 438 BC – 107 BC)
Kingdom of Pontus (107 BC – 527 AD)
Roman Empire (63 BC – 341 AD)
Byzantine Empire (341–1204)
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Golden Horde (1238–1449)
Principality of Theodoro (1461–1475)
Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)
Ottoman Empire (1475–1774)
Russian Empire (1783–1917)
wartime governments (1917–1921)
Russian SFSR (1921–1922)
Soviet Union (1922–1954)
24px Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1954–1991) |
| {{flag|Ukraine}} (1991–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| United Kingdom{{anchor|United_Kingdom}}
| 34x34pxPart of the Roman Empire, within the province of Roman Britain (43 AD-410 AD)
Kingdom of Elmet (4th–7th century), Kingdom of Deira (c.450–654), Kingdom of Kent/Cantwara (455–871), Kingdom of Lindsey (c. 500 – 7th century), Kingdom of Rheged (500–600), Kingdom of Sussex (c.477–860), Kingdom of Wessex (519 – 927), Kingdom of Essex (527–825), Kingdom of Mercia (527–918), Kingdom of Haestingas (6th century? – 771?), Kingdom of East Anglia (571–918), Kingdom of the Hwicce (577–780s), Kingdom of Bernicia (6th century – 654), Kingdom of Northumbria (654–954), {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (927–1649)
{{noflag|Anglo-Norse Empire}} (1016–1035)
Angevin Empire (1154 - 1214)
24pxKingdom of Gwent (5th century–1075), Kingdom of Gwynedd (5th century – 1216), Ergyng (5th–7th century), Kingdom of Deheubarth (920–1197), Kingdom of Glywysing (5th century - c. 1000), Kingdom of Brycheiniog (c. 450 - c. 1045), Kingdom of Ceredigion, Kingdom of Powys (5th century - 1160), Kingdom of Dyfed (c.410 - 920), Kingdom of Seisyllwg (680–920)
24px Principality of Wales (1216–1542)
{{noflag|Pictland}}, Dál Riata, Kingdom of Strathclyde (5th century – c. 1030), {{flag|Kingdom of Scotland}} (843–1651)
{{noflag|Early Medieval Irish Kingdoms}}, {{flag|Lordship of Ireland}} (1171–1541), {{flag|Kingdom of Ireland}} (1542–1651)
{{flag|Commonwealth of England}} (1649–1653)
{{flag|The Protectorate|name=Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland}} (1653–1659)
{{flag|Commonwealth of England}} (1659–1660)
{{flag|Kingdom of Ireland}} (1659–1800), {{flag|Kingdom of Scotland}} (1659–1707) and {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (1660–1707)
{{flag|Kingdom of Ireland}} and {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800)
{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} (1801–1927)
{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} (1927–present) |
| style="vertical-align:top;"
| {{anchor|V|W|X|Y|Z}} Vatican City
| 24px Roman Republic (509–27 BC)
24px Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)
30px Kingdom of Italy (476–493)
{{noflag|Ostrogothic Kingdom}} (493–533)
{{flag|Byzantine Empire}} (533–754)
{{flag|Papal States}} (754–1798; 1799–1870)
24px Roman Republic (1798–1799) (client state of France)
{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} (1870–1929) (as a prisoner in the Vatican)
{{flagicon|Vatican City}} Vatican City State (1929–present) |
