Lord Howe Island#History

Lord Howe Island is part of the IBRA region Pacific Subtropical Islands and is subregion PSI01 with an area of {{convert|1909|ha|acre|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html |title=Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes |work=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population, and Communities |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |year=2012 |access-date=2018-08-11 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131214300/http://environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html |url-status=live }} In the WWF ecoregion system, Lord Howe Island constitutes the entirety of the 'Lord Howe Island subtropical forests' ecoregion (WWF ID#AA0109). This ecoregion is in the Australasian realm, and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. The WWF ecoregion has an area of 14 km² (5½ sq. mi).{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412100438/https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Lord Howe Island subtropical forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/10109|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417232957/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/10109|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Lord Howe Island subtropical forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island_subtropical_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=January 17, 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107063806/https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island_subtropical_forests|url-status=live}}

Before European discovery and settlement, Lord Howe Island apparently was uninhabited, and unknown to Polynesian peoples of the South Pacific.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=5}} No evidence to suggest prehistoric human activity has ever been found on Lord Howe Island, even after an extensive archaeological investigation in 1996.{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Atholl |url=https://media.australian.museum/media/Uploads/Journals/17923/1348_complete.pdf |title=Prehistoric Settlement on Norfolk Island and its Oceanic Context |last2=White |first2=Peter |year=2001 |isbn=0-7347-2305-9 |series=Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 27 |pages=135–141}} In Australian Archaeology Atholl Anderson concluded in 2003 that, "the case for no pre-European settlement on Lord Howe Island is now more compelling than before" and that "the absence of pre-European settlement on Lord Howe Island is not easily explained. At 16 km² (6¼ sq. mi) it is twice the size of Pitcairn Island and half the size of Norfolk Island, two other remote subtropical islands that were inhabited prehistorically, and it had a biota very similar to that of Norfolk Island."http://australianarchaeology.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Anderson-2003.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}

File:HenryLidgbirdBall.jpg of Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, the commander of HMS Supply]]

The first reported sighting of Lord Howe Island was on 17 February 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, commander of the Armed Tender {{HMS|Supply|1759|6}} (the oldest and smallest of the First Fleet ships), which was on its way from Botany Bay with a cargo of nine male and six female convicts to found a penal settlement on Norfolk Island. On the return journey of 13 March 1788, Ball observed Ball's Pyramid and sent a party ashore on Lord Howe Island to claim it as a British possession. Numerous turtles and tame birds were captured and returned to Sydney.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=10}} Ball named Mount Lidgbird and Ball's Pyramid after himself and the main island after Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, who was First Lord of the Admiralty at the time.

A drawing made in May 1788 by Arthur Bowes Smyth who was the surgeon aboard {{ship||Lady Penrhyn|1786 ship|2}}, a ship of the First Fleet heading for China on its return trip to England.

Many names on the island date from this time, and also from May of the same year, when four ships of the First Fleet, {{HMS|Supply|1759|6}}, {{ship||Charlotte|1784 ship|2}}, Lady Penrhyn and {{ship||Scarborough|1782 ship|2}}, visited it. Much of the plant and animal life was first recorded in the journals and diaries of visitors such as David Blackburn, Master of Supply, and Arthur Bowes Smyth,{{cite web|title=Arthur Bowes-Smyth, illustrated journal, 1787–1789. Titled 'A Journal of a Voyage from Portsmouth to New South Wales and China in the Lady Penrhyn, Merchantman William Cropton Sever, Commander by Arthur Bowes-Smyth, Surgeon – 1787-1788-1789'; being a fair copy compiled ca 1790.|url=http://www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/itemDetailPaged.cgi?itemID=412747|work=catalogue|publisher=State Library of New South Wales|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106214937/http://www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/itemDetailPaged.cgi?itemID=412747|url-status=live}} surgeon of Lady Penrhyn.

Smyth was in Sydney when Supply returned from the first voyage to Norfolk Island. His journal entry for 19 March 1788 noted that:

"...the Supply, in her return, landed at the island she [discovered] in going out, and all were very agreeably surprised to find great numbers of a fine turtle on the beach and, on the land amongst the trees, great numbers of fowls very like a guinea hen, and another species of fowl not unlike the landrail in England, and all so perfectly tame that you could frequently take hold of them with your hands but could, at all times, knock down as many as you thought proper, with a short stick. Inside the reef also there were fish innumerable, which were so easily taken with a hook and line as to be able to catch a boat full in a short time. She brought thirteen large turtles to Port Jackson and many were distributed among the camp and fleet."

File:Representation of a Bird of the Coot kind, found at Lord Howe Island A604008h.jpg |The extinct white swamphen, 1788 watercolour by Arthur Bowes Smyth]]

Watercolour sketches of native birds including the Lord Howe woodhen, white swamphen and Lord Howe pigeon were made by artists including George Raper and John Hunter. As the latter two birds were soon hunted to extinction, these paintings are their only remaining pictorial record.See {{Harvnb|Hutton| 1986}}{{cite book|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/science.pdf|title=Lord Howe Island: 1788–1988|year=1988|publisher=National Library of Australia|isbn=978-0-7316-3090-5|access-date=2011-06-20|archive-date=21 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121191335/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/science.pdf|url-status=dead}} Over the next three years, Supply returned to the island several times in search of turtles, and the island was also visited by ships of the Second and Third Fleets.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=8}} Between 1789 and 1791, the Pacific whale industry was born with British and American whaling ships chasing sperm whales along the equator to the Gilbert and Ellice archipelago, then south into Australian and New Zealand waters.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=21}} The American fleet numbered 675 ships and Lord Howe was located in a region known as the Middle Ground noted for sperm whales and southern right whales.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=23–24}}

The island was subsequently visited by many governments and whaling ships sailing between New South Wales and Norfolk Island and across the Pacific, including many from the American whaling fleet, so its reputation as a provisioning port preceded settlement, with some ships leaving goats and pigs on the island as food for future visitors. Between July and October 1791, the Third Fleet ships arrived at Sydney and within days, the deck work was being reconstructed for a future in the lucrative whaling industry. Whale oil was to become Australia's most profitable export until the 1830s, and the whaling industry shaped Lord Howe Island's early history.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=17}}

File:Lord Howe Island maritime museum.jpg

Permanent settlement on Lord Howe was established in [https://www.flickr.com/photos/blackdiamondimages/14151018510 June 1834], when the British whaling barque Caroline, sailing from New Zealand and commanded by Captain John Blinkenthorpe, landed at what is now known as Blinky Beach. They left three men, George Ashdown, James Bishop, and Chapman, who was employed by a Sydney whaling firm to establish a supply station. The men were initially to provide meat by fishing and by raising pigs and goats from feral stock. They landed with (or acquired from a visiting ship) their Māori wives and two Māori boys. Huts were built in an area now known as Old Settlement, which had a supply of fresh water, and a garden was established west of Blinky Beach.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=32}}

The settlers bartered their stores of water, wood, vegetables, meat, fish, and bird feathers for clothes, tea, sugar, tools, tobacco, and other commodities not available on the island, but it was the whalers' valuation that had to be accepted.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=38}}{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=23}} These first settlers eventually left the island when they were bought out for £350 in September 1841 by businessmen Owen Poole and Richard Dawson (later joined by John Foulis), whose employees and others then settled on the island.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|pp=26–30}}

The new business was advertised and ships trading between Sydney and the New Hebrides (Vanuatu) would also be put into the island. Rover's Bride, a small cutter, became the first regular trading vessel.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=34}} Between 1839 and 1859, five to 12 ships made landfall each year, occasionally closer to 20, with seven or eight at a time laying off the reef.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=24}} In 1842 and 1844, the first children were born on the island. Then in 1847, Poole, Dawson, and Foulis, bitter at failing to obtain a land lease from the New South Wales government, abandoned the settlement although three of their employees remained.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=30}} One family, the Andrews, after finding some onions on the beach in 1848, cultivated them as the "Lord Howe red onion", which was popular in the Southern Hemisphere for about 30 years until the crop was attacked by smut disease.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=36}}

File:HMS Herald.jpg, 15 May 1852]]

In 1849, just 11 people were living on the island, but soon the island farms expanded. In the 1850s, gold was discovered on mainland Australia, where crews would abandon their ships, preferring to dig for gold than risk their lives at sea. As a consequence, many vessels avoided the mainland and Lord Howe Island experienced an increasing trade, which peaked between 1855 and 1857.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=30}} In 1851, about 16 people were living on the island. Vegetable crops now included potatoes, carrots, maize, pumpkin, taro, watermelon, and even grapes, passionfruit, and coffee.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=32}} Between 1851 and 1853, several aborted proposals were made by the NSW government to establish a penal settlement on the island.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=38–40}}

From 1851 to 1854, Henry Denham captain of HMS Herald, which was on a scientific expedition to the southwest Pacific (1852–1856), completed the island's first hydrographic survey. On board were three Scottish biologists, William Milne (a gardener-botanist from the Edinburgh Botanic Garden), John MacGillivray (naturalist) who collected fish and plant specimens, and assistant surgeon and zoologist Denis Macdonald. Together, these men established much basic information on the island's geology, flora, and fauna.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|pp=30–31}}

Around 1853, a further three settlers arrived on the American whaling barque Belle, captained by Ichabod Handy.See {{Harvnb|Starbuck|1878}} George Campbell (who died in 1856) and Jack Brian (who left the island in 1854) arrived, and the third, Nathan Thompson, brought three women (called Botanga, Bogoroo, and a girl named Bogue) from the Gilbert Islands. When his first wife Botanga died, he then married Bogue. Thompson was the first resident to build a substantial house in the 1860s from mainland cedar washed up on the beach.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|pp=2,44}} Most of the residents with island ancestors have blood relations or are connected by marriage to Thompson and his second wife Bogue.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=33}}

In 1855, the island was officially designated as part of New South Wales by the Constitution Act.

From the early 1860s, whaling declined rapidly with the increasing use of petroleum, the onset of the California Gold Rush, and the American Civil War—with unfortunate consequences for the people of the island. To explore alternative means of income, Thompson, in 1867, purchased Sylph, which was the first local vessel to trade with Sydney (mainly pigs and onions). It anchored in deep water at what is now Sylph's Hole off Old Settlement Beach but was eventually tragically lost at sea in 1873, which added to the woes of the island at that time.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=58–59}}

In 1869, the island was visited by magistrate P. Cloete aboard Thetis investigating a possible murder. He was accompanied by Charles Moore, director of the Botanic Gardens in Sydney, and his assistant William Carron, who forwarded plant specimens to Ferdinand von Mueller at the botanic gardens in Melbourne, who by 1875, had catalogued and published 195 species.{{sfn|Mueller|1875|pp=76–79}} Also on the ship was William Fitzgerald, a surveyor, and Mr. Masters from the Australian Museum. Together, they surveyed the island with the findings published in 1870 when the population was listed as 35 people, their 13 houses built of split palm battens thatched on the roof and sides with palm leaves.See {{Harvnb|Hill|1870}} Around this time, a downturn of trade began with the demise of the whaling industry, and sometimes six to 12 months passed without a vessel calling. The older families lost interest in market gardening with the provisions rotting in the storehouses.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=40}}

From 1860 to 1872, 43 ships had collected provisions, but from 1873 to 1887, fewer than a dozen had done so. This prompted some activity from the mainland. In 1876, a government report on the island was submitted by surveyor William Fitzgerald based on a visit in the same year. He suggested that coffee be grown, but the kentia palm was already catching world attention. In 1878, the island was declared a forest reserve and Captain Richard Armstrong became the first resident government administrator. He encouraged schools, tree-planting, and the palm trade, dynamited the north passage to the lagoon, and built roads. He also managed to upset the residents, and parliamentarian Bowie Wilson was sent from the mainland in April 1882 to investigate the situation.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=76–77, 82–3}} With Wilson was a team of scientists who included H. Wilkinson from the Mines Department, W. Condor from the Survey Department, J. Duff from the Sydney Botanical Gardens, and A. Morton from the Australian Museum. J. Sharkey from the Government Printing Office took the earliest known photographs of the island and its residents. A full account of the island appeared in the report from this visit,{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=J. Bowie |author-link=Bowie Wilson |title=Report on the present state and prospects of Lord Howe Island |year=1882 |publisher=T. Richards, Govt. Printer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ytAAQAAMAAJ |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814233406/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ytAAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} which recommended that Armstrong be replaced. Meanwhile, the population had increased considerably and included 29 children; the report recommended that a schoolmaster be appointed.{{Harvnb|Green|1994|p=15}} This study sealed a lasting relationship with three scientific organisations, the Australian Museum, Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens, and Kew Royal Botanic Gardens.

In 1883, the company Burns Philp started a regular shipping service and the number of tourists gradually increased. By 1932, with the regular tourist run of SS Morinda, tourism became the second-largest source of external income after palm sales to Europe. Morinda was replaced by {{SS|Makambo||2}} in 1932, and she in turn by other vessels. The service continues into the present day with the fortnightly Island Trader service from Port Macquarie.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=139}}

The palm trade began in the 1880s when the lowland kentia palm (Howea forsteriana) was first exported to Britain, Europe, and America, but the trade was only placed on a firm financial footing when the Lord Howe Island Kentia Palm Nursery was formed in 1906 (see below).

File:LordHoweIsland NorthBay Reef 35.jpg

The first plane to appear on the island was in 1931, when Francis Chichester alighted on the lagoon in a de Havilland Gipsy Moth converted into a floatplane. It was damaged there in an overnight storm, but repaired with the assistance of islanders and then took off successfully nine weeks later for a flight to Sydney.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=132}} After World War II, in 1947, tourists arrived on Catalina and then four-engined Sandringham flying boats of Ansett Flying Boat Services operating out of Rose Bay, Sydney, and landing on the lagoon, the journey taking about 3½ hours. When Lord Howe Island Airport was completed in 1974, the seaplanes were eventually replaced with QantasLink twin-engined turboprop Dash 8–200 aircraft.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|pp=3–4}}

In 1990, Lance Knight the master of the island's supply ship Sitka called a meeting in the town hall to propose the formation of an island owned shipping service.

Lance set off around the world to find a ship and whilst in South-East Asia made one of the most well-known surf discoveries of all time at Lance's Right on the island of Sipora in the Mentawai Islands of Indonesia.

Lance eventually returned to the island with its now iconic ship, MV Island Trader.

{{cite web | url=https://surfingworld.com.au/in-the-canoe-with-mr-brasur/ | title=In the Canoe with Mr. Brasur | date=18 January 2024 }}

File:Island Trader.jpg

In 2002, the Royal Navy destroyer {{HMS|Nottingham|D91|6}} struck Wolf Rock, a reef at Lord Howe Island, and almost sank.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2112710.stm|title=Battle to save stricken warship|date=7 July 2002|work=BBC News|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-date=21 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221091253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2112710.stm|url-status=live}} In recent times, tourism has increased and the government of New South Wales has been increasingly involved with issues of conservation.

On 17 October 2011, the supply ship MV Island Trader, carrying 20 tonnes of fuel, ran aground in the lagoon. The ship refloated at high tide with no loss of crew or cargo.[http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_casualties.php The Law Offices of Countryman & McDaniel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905040604/http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_casualties.php |date=5 September 2012 }}. Cargolaw.com. Retrieved 16 July 2013

The 2016 film The Shallows starring Blake Lively was largely filmed on the island.[http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/a60425/shallows-facts-blake-lively Behind the scenes facts about The Shallows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927234414/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/a60425/shallows-facts-blake-lively/ |date=27 September 2016 }} Cosmopolitan

During the COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales, a public health order was issued on 22 March 2020 that declared Lord Howe Island a public risk area and directed restricted access. As of that date there were no known cases of COVID-19 on the Island.{{cite web |url=https://www.lordhoweisland.info/covid19/ |title=COVID19 Q and A |website=Lordhoweisland.info |publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504125455/https://www.lordhoweisland.info/covid19/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=COVID-19 (Coronavirus) statistics |url=https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20200321_00.aspx |access-date=3 July 2021 |work=www.health.nsw.gov.au |publisher=NSW Health |date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322005609/https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20200321_00.aspx |url-status=live }}

One of the most contentious issues amongst islanders in the 21st century is what to do about the rodent situation. Rodents have only been on the island since the {{ship|SS|Makambo}} ran aground in 1918, and have wiped out several endemic bird species and were thought to have done the same to the Lord Howe Island stick insect. A plan in 2016 was made to drop 42 tonnes of rat bait across the island, but the community was heavily divided.[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/09/trouble-in-paradise-lord-howe-island-divided-over-plan-to-exterminate-rats Trouble in Paradise: Lord Howe divided over plans to exterminate rats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922042522/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/09/trouble-in-paradise-lord-howe-island-divided-over-plan-to-exterminate-rats |date=22 September 2016 }} The Guardian

The island was due to be declared rodent-free in October 2021, two years after the last live rat was found, but a living male and pregnant female were discovered in April 2021.{{Cite news|last=Kurmelovs|first=Royce|date=19 April 2021|title=Rats reappear on Lord Howe Island for the first time since 2019 eradication program|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/apr/19/rats-reappear-on-lord-howe-island-for-the-first-time-since-2019-eradication-program|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004132/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/apr/19/rats-reappear-on-lord-howe-island-for-the-first-time-since-2019-eradication-program}} As of October 2023, the island is considered rat free.{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=John |date=2023-10-05 |title=Australia's Lord Howe Island declared free of introduced rats and mice following a successful eradication operation |url=https://mousefreemarion.org/australias-lord-howe-island-declared-free-of-introduced-rats-and-mice-following-a-successful-eradication-operation/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Mouse-Free Marion |language=en-US}} The eradication, contrary to many community reservations, has seen birds, insects, and plants flourish at levels not seen in decades.{{Cite news|last=O'Malley|first=Nick|date=31 January 2021|title=Endangered animals bounce back on rat-free Lord Howe Island|work=Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/endangered-animals-bounce-back-on-rat-free-lord-howe-island-20210130-p56y1t.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130135117/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/endangered-animals-bounce-back-on-rat-free-lord-howe-island-20210130-p56y1t.html}}

As at the 2016 census, the resident population was 382 people,{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC12387?opendocument|title=2016 Census QuickStats: Lord Howe Island|website=censusdata.abs.gov.au|access-date=2018-01-07|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120209/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC12387?opendocument|url-status=live}} and the number of tourists was not allowed to exceed 400.{{cite web|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/accommodation-dining/accommadationonlhi/|title=Accommodation on Lord Howe Island|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-20|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174934/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/accommodation-dining/accommadationonlhi/|url-status=live}} Early settlers were European and American whalers and many of their offspring have remained on the island for more than six generations. Residents now work in the kentia palm industry, tourism, retail, some fishing, and farming. In 1876 on Sundays, games and labour were suspended, but no religious services were held.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=40}} Nowadays, the area known locally as Church Paddock has Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Adventist churches, the religious affiliations on the island being 30% Anglican, 22% no religion, 18% Catholic and 12% Seventh Day Adventist.{{Census 2011 AUS|id=SSC11408|name=Lord Howe Island (State Suburb)|access-date=1 September 2014|quick=on}} The ratio of the sexes is roughly equal, with 47% of the population in the age group 25–54 and 92% holding Australian citizenship.

{{see also|Lord Howe Island Board}}

Official control of Lord Howe Island lay initially with the British Crown until it passed to New South Wales in 1855,{{cite web|url=http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-78.html|title=New South Wales Constitution Act 1855 (UK)|publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy|year=1855|access-date=2011-08-31|archive-date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003124107/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-78.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|last=White|first=Michael|title=Australian Offshore Laws|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKn6tOzSZyIC|publisher=The Federation Press|year=2010|page=305|isbn=978-1-86287-742-9|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708021843/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKn6tOzSZyIC|url-status=live}} although, until at least 1876, the islanders lived in "a relatively harmonious and self-regulating community".{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=106}} In 1878, Richard Armstrong was appointed administrator when the NSW Parliament declared the island a forest reserve, but as a result of ill feeling, and an enquiry, he was eventually removed from office on 31 May 1882 (he returned later that year though to view the transit of Venus from present-day Transit Hill).{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=82–83}} After his removal, the island was administered by four successive magistrates until 1913, when a Sydney-based board was formed; in 1948, a resident superintendent was appointed.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=87,106}} In 1913, the three-man Lord Howe Island Board of Control was established, mostly to regulate the palm seed industry, but also administering the affairs of the island from Sydney until the present Lord Howe Island Board was set up in 1954.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=107–108}}

The Lord Howe Island Board is an NSW Statutory Authority established under the Lord Howe Island Act 1953, to administer the island as part of the state of New South Wales. It reports directly to the state's Minister for Environment and Heritage and is responsible for the island's care, control, and management. Its duties include the protection of World Heritage values; the control of development; the administration of Crown Land, including the island's protected area; provision of community services and infrastructure; and regulating sustainable tourism. In 1981, the Lord Howe Island Amendment Act gave islanders the administrative power of three members on a five-member board.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|p=3}} The board also manages the Lord Howe Island kentia palm nursery, which together with tourism, provides the island's only source of external income. Under an amendment bill in 2004, the board now comprises seven members, four of whom are elected from the islander community, thus giving about 350 permanent residents a high level of autonomy. The remaining three members are appointed by the minister to represent the interests of business, tourism, and conservation. The full board meets on the island every three months, while the day-to-day affairs of the island are managed by the board's administration, with a permanent staff that had increased to 22 people by 1988.{{cite book|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/admin.pdf|title=Lord Howe Island: 1788–1988|publisher=National Library of Australia|isbn=978-0-7316-3090-5|year=1988|access-date=2014-01-24|archive-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220003704/http://lordhoweisland.info/library/admin.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Land tenure has been an issue since the first settlement, as island residents repeatedly requested freehold title or an absolute gift of cultivated land.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=110–115}} Original settlers were squatters. The granting of a {{convert|100|acre|adj=on}} lease to Richard Armstrong in 1878 drew complaints, and a few short-term leases ("permissive occupancies") were granted.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=110}} In 1913, with the appointment of a board of control, permissive occupancies were revoked and the board itself given permissive occupancy of the island.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=111}} Then the Lord Howe Island Act 1953 made all land the property of the Crown. Direct descendants of islanders with permissive occupancies in 1913 were granted perpetual leases on blocks up to {{convert|5|acre|spell=in}} for residential purposes. Short-term special leases were granted for larger areas used for agriculture, so in 1955, 55 perpetual leases and 43 special leases were granted.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=114}} The 1981 amendment to the act extended political and land rights to all residents of 10 years or more. An active debate exists concerning the proportion of residents with tenure and the degree of influence on the board of resident islanders about long-term planning for visitors, and issues relating to the environment, amenities, and global heritage.

As a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales, Lord Howe Island was not represented in parliament until the 1894 New South Wales colonial election following the passage of the Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Act, 1893.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article236130812 |title=The Lord Howe Island Franchise. |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 November 1893 |access-date=29 October 2021 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107063855/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/236130812 |url-status=live }}http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/peaeao1893n36428/ Since 1894, Lord Howe Island has been included in the following New South Wales Legislative Assembly districts:

As part of the redistribution of electoral districts for the 2023 state election, a proposal was received to move Lord Howe Island back into the electorate of Sydney.{{cite news |last1=Jambor |first1=Claudia |title=Lord Howe Island's proposed move to Sydney electorate resisted by Port Macquarie MP |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-26/liberals-propose-electorate-change-for-lord-howe-island/12919548 |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=ABC Coffs Coast |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029122233/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-26/liberals-propose-electorate-change-for-lord-howe-island/12919548 |url-status=live }} However, the NSW Electoral Commission eventually decided to retain the island within the electorate of Port Macquarie.{{cite web |title=Electoral Districts Redistribution Panel determination of New South Wales electoral districts |url=https://www.elections.nsw.gov.au/NSWEC/media/NSWEC/Maps/2020%20Redist%20-%20Determined/SR_4044_Redistribution-report-word-only.pdf |publisher=New South Wales Electoral Commission |access-date=29 October 2021 |date=20 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829032424/https://elections.nsw.gov.au/NSWEC/media/NSWEC/Maps/2020%20Redist%20-%20Determined/SR_4044_Redistribution-report-word-only.pdf |url-status=live }}

Since 1901, Lord Howe Island has been included in the following Australian House of Representatives electoral divisions:

The first exporter of palm seeds was Ned King, a mountain guide for the Fitzgerald surveys of 1869 and 1876, who sent seed to the Sydney Botanic Gardens. Overseas trade began in the 1880s, when one of the four palms endemic to the island, the kentia palm (Howea forsteriana), which grows naturally in the lowlands, was found to be ideally suited to the fashionable conservatories of the well-to-do in Britain, Europe, and the United States. The assistance of mainland magistrate, Frank Farnell, was needed to put the business on a sound commercial footing when in 1906, he became company director of the Lord Howe Island Kentia Palm Nursery, whose shareholders included 21 islanders and a Sydney-based seed company. However, the formation of the Lord Howe Island Board of Control was needed in 1913 to resolve outstanding issues.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=98–105}}

The kentia palm (known locally as the thatch palm, as it was used to roof the houses of the early settlers) is popular worldwide as a decorative palm that grows well both outdoors (in sufficiently warm climates) and indoors; the mild climate of the island has led to the evolution of a palm that can tolerate low light, a dry atmosphere, and lowish temperatures — ideal for indoor conditions, particularly in higher-end venues such as hotel lobbies, galleries and large foyers where their high price (thanks to their relative rarity) is no disincentive to their use. Up until the 1980s, the palms were only sold as seed but from then onwards only as high-quality seedlings. The nursery received certification in 1997 for its high-quality management complying with the requirements of Australian Standard AS/NZS ISO 9002.{{cite web|url=http://www.ngia.com.au/Story?Action=View&Story_id=1755|title=NY520 – Implementation of quality management in Lord Howe Island Kentia Palm Nursery|publisher=Nursery & Garden Industry Australia|access-date=2011-06-23|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005051003/http://www.ngia.com.au/Story?Action=View&Story_id=1755|url-status=dead}}

Seed is gathered from both natural forests and plantations, most collectors being descendants of the original settlers. The seed is then germinated in soilless media and sealed from the atmosphere to prevent contamination. After testing, seedlings are picked, washed (bare-rooted), sanitized, and certified, then packed and sealed into insulated containers for export. Nursery profits, in turn, are used in projects that enhance the island's ecosystems. The nursery plans to expand the business to include the curly palm (Howea belmoreana) and other native plants of special interest.

By the late 1980s, annual exports had begun to provide a revenue of over A$2 million, constituting the only major industry on the island apart from tourism.{{cite book|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/palmseed.pdf|publisher=National Library of Australia|title=Lord Howe Island: 1788–1988|isbn=978-0-7316-3090-5|access-date=2011-08-27|year=1989|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729115622/https://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/palmseed.pdf|url-status=dead}}

File:Shopping Centre Ned's Beach Road.jpg

Lord Howe Island is known for its geology, birds, plants, and marine life. Popular tourist activities include scuba diving, birdwatching, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking, and fishing.{{cite web|url=http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/lord-howe-island|title=Lord Howe Island|publisher=Visit NSW|access-date=25 May 2013|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515120111/http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/lord-howe-island|url-status=live}} To relieve pressure on the small island environment, only 400 tourists are permitted at any one time. The island is reached by plane from Sydney Airport or Brisbane Airport to Lord Howe Island Airport in less than two hours. The Permanent Park Preserve declared in 1981 has similar management guidelines to a national park.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=117}}

With fewer than 800 people on the island at any time, facilities are limited; they include a bakery, butcher, general store, liquor store, restaurants, post office, museum, and information centre, a police officer, a ranger, and an ATM at the bowling club. Stores are shipped to the island fortnightly by Island Trader from Port Macquarie. The island has a small four-bed hospital and dispensary.{{cite web |url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/getting-to-lord-howe-island-factsheet.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110902134433/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/getting-to-lord-howe-island-factsheet.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2011 |title=Getting to Lord Howe Island factsheet |publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association |access-date=2011-08-20 |url-status=dead}} A small botanic garden displays labelled local plants in its grounds. Most electricity is supplied by 1.3 MW solar power and 3.7 MWh battery{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Joshua S |title=Lord Howe enjoys five days and nights with solar and Tesla battery only |url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/lord-howe-islands-solar-and-tesla-battery-microgrid-hits-six-month-milestone/ |website=RenewEconomy |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211005172032/https://reneweconomy.com.au/lord-howe-islands-solar-and-tesla-battery-microgrid-hits-six-month-milestone/ |archive-date=5 October 2021 |language=en-AU |date=20 September 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Solar and battery microgrid saves Lord Howe Island $1.5m in diesel fuel costs in two years |url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/solar-and-battery-microgrid-saves-lord-howe-island-1-5m-in-diesel-fuel-costs-in-two-years/ |website=RenewEconomy |language=en-AU |date=6 September 2024 |quote=$1.5 million in diesel fuel cost savings in its first two years of operation}} at 240 volts AC, complemented by diesel generators. No public transport or mobile phone coverage is available, but public telephones, fax facilities, and internet access are, as well as a local radio station and newsletter, The Signal.

Tourist accommodation ranges from luxury lodges to apartments and villa units.{{cite web|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/accommodation.htm |title=Lord Howe Island Accommodation Directory|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110831103726/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/accommodation.htm |archive-date=31 August 2011|url-status=dead}} The currency is the Australian dollar, and there are two banks. No camping facilities are on the island and remote-area camping is not permitted. To protect the fragile environment of Ball's Pyramid (which carries the last remaining wild population of the endangered Lord Howe Island stick insect), recreational climbing there is prohibited. No pets are allowed without permission from the board. Islanders use tanked rainwater, supplemented by bore water for showers and washing clothes.{{cite web|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/nature.htm |title=Nature experiences on Lord Howe Island|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-06-21|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110917050916/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/nature.htm |archive-date=17 September 2011|url-status=dead}}

File:Lord Howe Golf Course - panoramio.jpg

File:Bushwalkig to Little island along the Mt Lidgbird track Lord Howe Island 8June2011.jpg to Little Island (bottom right) – Mount Lidgbird track]]

As distances to sites of interest are short, cycling is the main means of transport on the island. Tourist activities include golf (9-hole), lawn bowls, tennis, fishing (including deep-sea game fishing), yachting, windsurfing, kitesurfing, kayaking, and boat trips (including glass-bottom tours of the lagoon).{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=166–171}}{{cite web|title=LHI Tourist Agency Fact Sheets – activities|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/important-info.htm|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503074945/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/important-info.htm|archive-date=3 May 2009}} Swimming, snorkelling, and scuba diving are also popular in the lagoon, as well as off Tenth of June Island, a small rocky outcrop in the Admiralty group where an underwater plateau drops {{cvt|36|m|abbr=on}} to reveal extensive gorgonia and black corals growing on the vertical walls. Other diving sites are found off Ball's Pyramid, {{cvt|26|km|abbr=on}} away, where trenches, caves, and volcanic drop-offs occur.{{cite web|title=LHI Tourist Agency Fact Sheets – SCUBA diving|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/scuba-diving/index.htm|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902032747/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/scuba-diving/index.htm|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead}}

Bushwalking, natural history tours, talks, and guided walks take place along the many tracks, the most challenging being the eight-hour guided hike to the top of Mount Gower.{{cite web|title=LHI Tourist Agency Fact Sheets – general activities|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-28|archive-date=9 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165831/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/|url-status=live}} The island has 11 beaches, and hand-feeding the {{convert|1|m|ft|0|adj=mid|abbr=on|-long}} kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and large wrasse at Ned's Beach is very popular.{{cite web|title=LHI Tourist Agency Fact Sheets – marine activities|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/marine.htm|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-28|archive-date=17 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917043316/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/marine.htm|url-status=live}} Walking tracks cover the island with difficulty graded from 1–5, they include—in the north: Transit Hill 2-hour return, {{cvt|2|km|abbr=on}}; Clear Place, 1– to 2-hour return; Stevens Reserve; North Bay, 4-hour return, {{cvt|4|km|abbr=on}}; Mount Eliza; Old Gulch, 20-minute return, {{cvt|300|m|yd|abbr=on}}; Malabar Hill and Kims Lookout, 3 or 5-hour return, {{cvt|7|km|abbr=on}} and—in the south: Goat House Cave, 5-hour return, {{cvt|6|km|abbr=on}}; Mount Gower, 8-hour return, {{cvt|14|km|abbr=on}}; Rocky Run and Boat Harbour; Intermediate Hill, 45-minute return, {{cvt|1|km|mi|abbr=on}}; and Little Island, 40-minute return, {{cvt|3|km|abbr=on}}. Recreational climbers must obtain permission from the Lord Howe Island Board.{{cite web|title=LHI Tourist Agency Fact Sheets – walking|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/walking.htm/important-info.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804073342/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/walking.htm/important-info.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-04|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-28}}{{cite web|title=Permanent Park Preserve and Walking Tracks|series=LHI Tourist Agency Fact Sheets|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/walking_tracks.pdf|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2011-08-28|archive-date=21 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121191346/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/walking_tracks.pdf|url-status=dead}}

File:Ball's Pyramid2.jpg, {{cvt|23|km|abbr=on}} southeast of the main island]]

Lord Howe Island is an irregularly crescent-shaped volcanic remnant in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Lying in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, the island is {{cvt|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of mainland Port Macquarie, {{cvt|702|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Sydney, and about {{cvt|772|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Norfolk Island to its northeast.{{sfn|Rabone|1972|p=18}} The island is about {{cvt|10|km|abbr=on}} long and between {{cvt|0.3|and|2.0|km|abbr=on}} wide with an area of {{cvt|14.55|km2|abbr=on}}. Along the west coast is a semienclosed, sheltered coral reef lagoon with white sand, the most accessible of the island's 11 beaches.

File:Lord Howe Island from North.jpg

Both the north and south sections of the island are the high ground of the relatively untouched forest, in the south comprising two volcanic mountains, Mount Lidgbird ({{cvt|777|m|abbr=on}}) and Mount Gower which, rising to {{cvt|875|m|abbr=on}}, is the highest point on the island.{{cite web|url=http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/lord-howe-island|title=Mt Gower, Lord Howe Island|publisher=New South Wales Government Destination NSW|access-date=2014-04-30|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515120111/http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/lord-howe-island|url-status=live}} The two mountains are separated by the saddle at the head of Erskine Valley. In the north, where most of the population lives, high points are Malabar ({{cvt|209|m|abbr=on}}) and Mount Eliza ({{cvt|147|m|abbr=on}}). Between these two uplands is an area of cleared lowland with some farming, an airstrip, and housing.

The Lord Howe Island Group of islands comprises 28 islands, islets, and rocks. Apart from Lord Howe Island itself, the most notable of these is the pointed rocky islet Balls Pyramid, a {{convert|551|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=on|-high}} eroded volcano about {{cvt|23|km|abbr=on}} to the southeast, which is uninhabited by humans but bird-colonised.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|pp=81–84}} It contains the only known wild population of the Lord Howe Island stick insect, formerly thought to be extinct.{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/02/24/147367644/six-legged-giant-finds-secret-hideaway-hides-for-80-years|title=Six-Legged Giant Finds Secret Hideaway, Hides For 80 Years|newspaper=NPR|date=29 February 2012|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317143735/https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/02/24/147367644/six-legged-giant-finds-secret-hideaway-hides-for-80-years|url-status=live|last1=Krulwich|first1=Robert}} To the north is the Admiralty Group, a cluster of seven small, uninhabited islands. Just off the east coast is {{cvt|4.5|ha|abbr=on}} Mutton Bird Island, and in the lagoon is the {{cvt|2.4|ha|abbr=on}} Blackburn (Rabbit) Island.

Lord Howe Island is the highly eroded remains of a 7-million-year-old shield volcano,{{sfn|McDougall|Embleton|Stone|1981}} the product of eruptions that lasted for about 500,000 years.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|p=7}} It is one of a chain of islands that occur on the western rim of an undersea shelf, the Lord Howe Rise, which is {{cvt|3000|km|abbr=on}} long and {{cvt|300|km|abbr=on}} wide continental ribbon extending from New Zealand to the west of New Caledonia and consisting of continental rocks that separated from the Australian plate 60 to 80 million years ago (Cretaceous to Paleogene) to form a new crust in the deep Tasman Basin.{{sfn|Van Der Linden|1969}}{{sfn|Rogers|Flanigan|Nebel|Nebel-Jacobsen|2023|loc=2. Geological setting}} The shelf is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the Gondwanan supercontinent.{{sfn|Wallis|Trewick|2009|p=3548}} The Lord Howe Seamount Chain is defined by coral-capped guyots stretching to the north of the island for {{cvt|1000|km|abbr=on}} and including the Middleton ({{cvt|220|km|abbr=on}} away) and Elizabeth ({{cvt|160|km|abbr=on}} away) reefs of the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve. This chain of nine volcanic peaks was probably produced by the northward movement of the Australian Plate over a stationary hotspot, so the oldest guyots were the first formed and most northerly as the plate moved northward at a rate of {{cvt|6|cm|abbr=on}} per year (see plate tectonics).{{sfn|Hutton|1986|pp=7–14}}{{sfn|Hutton|2009|p=30}} The chain has also been called the Lord Howe volcanic complex as it has characteristics of a monogenetic volcanic field.{{sfn|Williams|Jones|2024}}

The Lord Howe Seamount Chain is parallel to the Tasmantid Seamount Chain. Because detailed compositional analysis elsewhere has suggested that as well as individual compositional maturation with time within an individual seamount chain, there may be underlying shared mantle plume sources in such parallel chains, this issue has been examined with samples from Lord Howe Island. These samples share certain compositional analysis similarities with the volcanics from Taupo Bank which would be consistent with a common or similar mantle plume source.{{sfn|Rogers|Flanigan|Nebel|Nebel-Jacobsen|2023|loc=6. Conclusions}} The emerging data is consistent with continental rift basalt to continental intraplate basalt origins rather than as previously believed by some ocean island basalt.{{sfn|Williams|Jones|2024}}

File:BasaltDykes LordHoweIsland 7June2011.jpg on the eastern cliffs]]

File:Volcanic breccia Mt Lidgbird beach Lord Howe Island 10June2011.jpg on Mount Lidgbird beach]]

Two periods of volcanic activity produced the major features of the island. The first from 7.20 ± 0.08 {{abbr|Ma|million years ago}} produced the northern and central hills,{{sfn|Rogers|Flanigan|Nebel|Nebel-Jacobsen|2023|loc=2. Geological setting}} while the younger and highly eroded Mount Gower and Mount Lidgbird were produced about 6.3 Ma by successive basalt (an extrusive igneous rock) lava flows that once filled a large volcanic caldera (crater){{cite web|url=http://www.lhimuseum.com/page/view/environment/geology/volcanic|publisher=Lord Howe Island Museum|title=Volcanic Geology|access-date=2011-08-27|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324123115/http://www.lhimuseum.com/page/view/environment/geology/volcanic|url-status=live}} and can now be seen as horizontal basalt strata on mountain cliffs (at Malabar and Mount Gower) occasionally interspersed with dikes (vertical lava intrusions).{{cite web|url=http://www.blueswami.com/lord_howe_island.html?page=0&scope=1&sortby=id&dir=desc&pic=1400|access-date=2011-08-27|title=Lord Howe Island|publisher=Blueswami|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007054652/http://www.blueswami.com/lord_howe_island.html?page=0&scope=1&sortby=id&dir=desc&pic=1400|archive-date=7 October 2011}}{{sfn|Etheridge|1889|pp=112–113}} The youngest rocks are dated 4.40 ± 0.13 Ma but this recent age might be artifact.{{sfn|Rogers|Flanigan|Nebel|Nebel-Jacobsen|2023|loc=2. Geological setting}} Geological pyroclastic remnants of a volcanic eruption can be seen on the {{cvt|15|ha|adj=on|abbr=on}} Roach Island (where the oldest rocks occur) and Boat Harbour as tuff (ash), breccia (with angular blocks), and agglomerate (rounded 'bombs'). Offshore on the Lord Howe Rise, water depths reach {{cvt|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} falling to {{cvt|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}} to the west of the rise. From the dimensions of the rock on which the island stands, the island has been calculated to erode to 1/40th of its original size.{{sfn|Hutton|Harrison|2004|p=11}} Balls Pyramid composition studies suggest that its source has been more strongly influenced by metasomatism than Lord Howe Island lavas, with a discrete asthenosphere source rather than a plume.{{sfn|Williams|Jones|2024}}

File:Calcarenite AndersonSt2 LordHoweIsland 5June2011.jpg

File:Calcarenite karst Lagoon Beach LordHoweIsland 11June2011.jpg

Rocks and land at the foot of these mountains is calcarenite, coral sand, blown inland during the Pleistocene between 130,000 and 20,000 years ago and cemented into stratified layers by water percolation.{{cite web|url=http://www.lhimuseum.com/page/view/environment/geology/sedimentary|publisher=Lord Howe Island Museum|title=Sedimentary Geology|access-date=2011-08-27|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324123124/http://www.lhimuseum.com/page/view/environment/geology/sedimentary|url-status=live}} In this rock are fossils of bird bones and eggs, land and marine snails, and the extinct giant horned turtle (Meiolania platyceps) which is not closely related to any living kind of turtle. The crescent of the island protects a coral reef and lagoon; the barrier reef, at 31°30'S, is the most southerly in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/03/24/2854581.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|first=Sarah|last=Clarke|title=Bleaching leaves Lord Howe reef 'on knife edge'|date=24 March 2010|access-date=2011-08-27|archive-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113080142/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/03/24/2854581.htm|url-status=live}} Beach sands, rather than consisting of quartz grains derived from granite, as on the mainland, are made of fragments of shell, coral, and coralline algae, together with basalt grains, and basaltic minerals such as black diopside and green olivine.{{sfn|McDougall|Embleton|Stone|1981}} The lowland consists of alluvial soils.

The island continues to erode rapidly and is expected to be fully submerged within 200,000 years, taking an appearance akin to the Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs.{{sfn|Gavrilets|Vose|2007|pp=2910–2921}}

Lord Howe Island has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa under the Köppen climate classification).{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/lord_howe/climate.shtml|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology|title=Climate of Lord Howe Island|access-date=2011-08-29|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605175033/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/lord_howe/climate.shtml|url-status=live}}

In general, the summers are warm and humid with erratic rainfall, but occasionally heavy, while in winter it is very mild with rainfall more or less uniform. There is a gradual transition from summer to winter conditions and vice versa. Winds are frequent and salt-laden, being moderate easterlies in the summer and fresh to strong westerlies in the winter.{{cite web|url=http://www.lordhoweislandtours.net/weather-a-forecast |title=Weather and Forecast |publisher=Lord Howe Island Tours |year=2011 |access-date=2011-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102023/http://www.lordhoweislandtours.net/weather-a-forecast |archive-date=31 March 2012 }} July is the windiest month,{{cite web|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200839.shtml|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=2011-08-29|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419233803/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200839.shtml|url-status=live}} and the winter months are subject to frequent gales and strong winds. The island has 67.8 clear days, annually.{{cite web |date=2001 |title=The Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) Management Plan |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/publications/pubs/lordhowe-plan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109083938/http://environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/publications/pubs/lordhowe-plan.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2011 |website=Records of the Australian Museum |publisher=Environment Australia |page=5 |location=Canberra}}

Storms and occasional cyclones also affect the island. Rainfall records are maintained in the north, where rainfall is less than in the frequently cloud-shrouded mountains of the south. Wide variations in rainfall can occur from year to year. July and August are the coldest months with average minimum temperatures around {{cvt|13|C}} and no frost. Average maximum temperatures range from {{cvt|17|-|20|C}} in the winter to {{cvt|24|-|27|C}} in the summer. The humidity averages in the 60–70% range year-round, becoming more noticeable on warmer summer days than in the cooler winter months.{{sfn|Green|1994|pp=14–15}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/lord_howe/climate.shtml|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology|title=Climate of Lord Howe Island|access-date=2011-06-20|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605175033/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/lord_howe/climate.shtml|url-status=live}}

The average temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|20.0|C}} in July, August, and September to {{cvt|25.3|C}} in March.{{Cite web | url=https://www.watertemperature.org/Lord-Howe-Australia-Island.html | title=Water Temperature – Lord Howe, Australia | access-date=15 September 2017 | archive-date=15 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204510/https://www.watertemperature.org/Lord-Howe-Australia-Island.html | url-status=live }}

{{Weather box

|location = Lord Howe Island Airport 1991–2020 averages, 1988–present extremes

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|Jan record high C = 30.5

|Feb record high C = 31.3

|Mar record high C = 29.7

|Apr record high C = 27.9

|May record high C = 25.8

|Jun record high C = 23.9

|Jul record high C = 23.2

|Aug record high C = 24.2

|Sep record high C = 24.1

|Oct record high C = 25.4

|Nov record high C = 28.0

|Dec record high C = 28.5

|Jan high C = 25.5

|Feb high C = 25.8

|Mar high C = 25.0

|Apr high C = 23.4

|May high C = 21.6

|Jun high C = 19.9

|Jul high C = 19.1

|Aug high C = 19.1

|Sep high C = 20.1

|Oct high C = 21.0

|Nov high C = 22.4

|Dec high C = 24.1

|year high C = 22.2

|Jan mean C = 23.2

|Feb mean C = 23.5

|Mar mean C = 22.6

|Apr mean C = 20.8

|May mean C = 19.0

|Jun mean C = 17.4

|Jul mean C = 16.5

|Aug mean C = 16.4

|Sep mean C = 17.4

|Oct mean C = 18.4

|Nov mean C = 19.7

|Dec mean C = 21.7

|Jan low C = 20.8

|Feb low C = 21.1

|Mar low C = 20.1

|Apr low C = 18.1

|May low C = 16.3

|Jun low C = 14.8

|Jul low C = 13.9

|Aug low C = 13.6

|Sep low C = 14.7

|Oct low C = 15.7

|Nov low C = 17.4

|Dec low C = 19.2

|Jan record low C = 13.1

|Feb record low C = 13.7

|Mar record low C = 13.3

|Apr record low C = 11.2

|May record low C = 8.7

|Jun record low C = 7.5

|Jul record low C = 6.1

|Aug record low C = 6.4

|Sep record low C = 5.9

|Oct record low C = 7.8

|Nov record low C = 9.2

|Dec record low C = 11.4

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 102.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 107.0

|Mar precipitation mm = 126.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 138.7

|May precipitation mm = 153.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 169.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 138.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 104.7

|Sep precipitation mm = 109.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 99.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 110.9

|Dec precipitation mm = 101.1

|year precipitation mm = 1460.9

|Jan precipitation days = 12.6

|Feb precipitation days = 13.1

|Mar precipitation days = 15.3

|Apr precipitation days = 18.3

|May precipitation days = 20.7

|Jun precipitation days = 21.5

|Jul precipitation days = 22.7

|Aug precipitation days = 19.8

|Sep precipitation days = 16.5

|Oct precipitation days = 13.7

|Nov precipitation days = 13.5

|Dec precipitation days = 12.7

|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm

|Jan humidity = 69

|Feb humidity = 66

|Mar humidity = 66

|Apr humidity = 66

|May humidity = 66

|Jun humidity = 65

|Jul humidity = 65

|Aug humidity = 64

|Sep humidity = 68

|Oct humidity = 67

|Nov humidity = 67

|Dec humidity = 66

|year humidity = 66

|Jan dew point C = 18.0

|Feb dew point C = 17.8

|Mar dew point C = 16.6

|Apr dew point C = 14.8

|May dew point C = 13.2

|Jun dew point C = 11.7

|Jul dew point C = 10.8

|Aug dew point C = 10.5

|Sep dew point C = 12.3

|Oct dew point C = 13.0

|Nov dew point C = 14.8

|Dec dew point C = 16.3

|source = Bureau of Meteorology, Lord Howe Island Aero (1991–2020){{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=200839&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal

|title = Lord Howe Island Aero 1991–2020 averages |publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |access-date = 20 September 2023 }}

|source 2 = Bureau of Meteorology, Lord Howe Island Aero (all years){{cite web |url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200839_All.shtml

|title = Lord Howe Island Aero all years |publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |access-date = 20 September 2023 }}

}}

File:Barringtonia asiatica SW Pacific Drift Blinky Beach LordHoweIsland 9June2011.jpg, SW Pacific washed up on Blinky Beach]]

Lord Howe Island is a distinct terrestrial ecoregion known as the Lord Howe Island subtropical forests. It is part of the Australasian realm and shares many biotic affinities with Australia, New Guinea, and New Caledonia.{{cite web| url=http://worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_aa.html| title=Ecoregions| publisher=World Wildlife Fund| access-date=2011-08-23| archive-date=7 October 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007180042/http://worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_aa.html| url-status=live}} In geological terms at 7 million years old, Lord Howe Island is relatively young and was never part of any continent, its flora and fauna colonising the island from across the sea, carried by the wind, water, or birds, possibly assisted at a geological time when other islands were exposed, enabling island hopping.See{{Harvnb|Hutton|1986}} Nevertheless, it has been sufficiently remote for long enough to evolve endemic species.

File:Dietes robinsoniana qtl1.jpg)]]

The high degree of endemism is emphasised by the presence of five endemic genera: Negria, Lordhowea, Howea, Lepidorrhachis, and Hedyscepe.{{Harvnb|Green|1994|p=2}} Island plants are similar to those of Norfolk Island, the two islands sharing some endemic species, for example, the critically endangered species of creeping vine Calystegia affinis. The combined flora of these two islands is more closely related to that of New Zealand and New Caledonia than to that of Australia. Also, a small but clear link exists with the plants of Vanuatu. The closest mainland affinities are with the vegetation of subtropical southeastern Queensland. A link with Gondwanaland is indicated by the presence of endemic species such as the wedding lily (Dietes robinsoniana) whose only living relatives occur in South Africa.{{sfn|Green|1994|p=1}}

The flora of the island is relatively untouched, with a large number of rare plants, 44% being endemic to the island. With a diversity of conditions ranging from valleys to ridges, plains, and misty mountain tops, habitat is available for a wide range of plant communities, which have been comprehensively analysed and mapped.{{sfn|Pickard|1983b|pp=133–236}} Many of the island's unique plants grow on or around the mountain summits, where the height has allowed the development of a true cloud forest and many different microhabitats, from sea level to the summits.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|p=35}} With the increased humidity brought by the clouds on Mount Gower and the other mountain tops, the range of endemic plants include mosses, ferns and flowering plants.{{cite web | last=Marshall | first=Cameron | title=Cloud forest thrives on World Heritage-listed Lord Howe Island after pest eradication | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=7 March 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-08/cloud-forest-of-lord-howe-island-thrives-since-rat-removal/13216880 | access-date=20 April 2021}}

One of the best-known plant genera endemic to Lord Howe Island is Howea, an endemic genus of palms (Arecaceae) that are commonly known as kentia palms and are popular houseplants.{{cite web|url=http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/1997/archives/27/in_the_garden/trees_and_palms/kentia_palms|publisher=CTC Productions|title=Burke's Backyard – Kentia Palms|access-date=2011-08-27|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065913/http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/1997/archives/27/in_the_garden/trees_and_palms/kentia_palms|url-status=live}} Mosses include Spiridens muelleri. There are 57 species of ferns, of which 25 are endemic: they are most abundant in the moist environments of the southern island, especially the higher parts of Mount Gower,{{sfn|Hutton|2010a|p=4}} perhaps the most apparent being the four endemic tree ferns in the genus Cyathea that occur on the southern mountains.{{sfn|Hutton|2010a|p=37}} Hedyscepe and Lepidorrhachis are the other two palm genera that are also endemic to the island.{{cite book|title=Genera Palmarum: The Evolution and Classification of Palms|first1=John|last1=Dransfield|first2=Natalie W.|last2=Uhl|first3=Conny B.|last3=Asmussen|first4=William J.|last4=Baker|first5=Madeline M.|last5=Harley|first6=Carl E.|last6=Lewis|year=2008|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|isbn=978-1-84246-182-2}}

Since the rodent eradication program, researchers have observed an increase in the amount of growth and seeds, especially of the "larger, fleshy, fruited plants", previously eaten by rats. As the understorey grows thicker, this in turn will provide habitat for small animals such as snails and insects, which in turn provide food for the birds.

File:Lepidorrhachis mooreana LHI fruiting.jpg mooreana) on the summit of Mount Gower]]

Plant communities have been classified into nine categories: lowland subtropical rainforest, submontane rainforest, cloud-forest and scrub, lowland swamp forest, mangrove scrub and seagrass, coastal scrub and cliff vegetation, inland scrub and herbland, offshore island vegetation, shoreline and beach vegetation, and disturbed vegetation.

Several plants are immediately evident to the visitor. Banyan (Ficus macrophylla subsp. columnaris) is a remarkable tree with a buttressed trunk and pendulous aerial roots; it can be seen on the track to Clear Place and near Ned's Beach.{{cite web|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/plantlife.pdf|title=Lord Howe Island Plant Life|year=2007|publisher=Lord Howe Island Tourism Association|access-date=2014-01-24|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174434/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/library/plantlife.pdf|url-status=dead}} Pandanus tree (Pandanus forsteri) has spectacular teepee-like prop roots and pineapple-like fruits that are orange-red when mature, the tough leaves being used for basketry. It occurs in damp areas such as creek beds, and fine specimens can be seen along the Boat Harbour track. Ten species of orchids are on the island, the most noticeable being the bush orchid (Dendrobium macropus subsp. howeanum) on lowland trees and rocks, bearing cream flowers from August to September. Other prominent flowering plants in the summer include, on the mountain slopes, the whiskery red flowers of mountain rose (Metrosideros nervulosa and Metrosideros sclerocarpa), the massed, small, yellow flowers of corokia (Corokia carpodetoides), orange, plump flowers of pumpkin tree (Negria rhabdothamnoides), and white spikes of Fitzgerald tree (Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii). The kava bush has large, aromatic, heart-shaped leaves. After heavy rain, the endemic glowing mushroom Mycena chlorophanos, and Omphalotus nidiformis, can be found in the palm forests.{{cite journal|journal=Australian Traveller |title=Ten ridiculously amazing things to do on Lord Howe Island |page=98 |first=Greg |last=Barton |date=Oct–Nov 2007 |url=http://www.lordhowe.com/press/Australian%20Traveller.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419050017/http://www.lordhowe.com/press/Australian%20Traveller.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2013 }}

The palms are the signature plants of the island as the kentia and curly palms especially dominate the landscape in many places, the kentia being of special economic importance.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=98–105}} All four species are endemic to the island, often occurring in dense, pure stands, the one that has proved such a worldwide success as an indoor plant being the kentia or thatch palm (Howea forsteriana). This is a lowland palm with drooping leaflets and seed branches in 'hands' of three to five, while the curly palm (H. belmoreana), which occurs on slightly higher ground, has upwardly directed leaflets and solitary 'hands'. Natural hybrids between these species occur on the island and a mature specimen of one is growing in the island nursery. On the mountain sides higher than about 350 m, the big mountain palm (Hedyscepe canterburyana) occurs; it has large, golf ball-sized fruits, while the little mountain palm (Lepidorrhachis mooreana) has marble-sized fruits and is only found on the mountain summits.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=98}}

No snakes nor poisonous or venomous animals or plants occur, and no dangerous daytime sharks are found off the beaches, although tiger sharks have been reported on the cliff side of the island.{{Harvnb|Hutton|1986|p=15}}

File:Sterna fuscata.JPG

A total of 202 different birds have been recorded on the island. Eighteen species of land birds breed on the island and many more migratory species occur on the island and its adjacent islets, many tame enough that humans can get quite close.{{Harvnb|Hutton|2010b|p=2}} The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an endemic bird area, and the Permanent Park Preserve as an important bird area because it supports the entire population of Lord Howe woodhens, most of the breeding population of providence petrels, over 1% of the world population of another five seabird species, and the whole populations of three endemic subspecies.BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lord Howe Island Permanent Park Preserve. Downloaded from {{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org |title=BirdLife | Partnership for nature and people |access-date=2012-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630122358/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=30 June 2007}} on 2011-12-24.

Fourteen species of seabirds breed on the island. Red-tailed tropicbirds can be seen in large numbers circling the Malabar cliffs, where they perform acrobatic courting rituals.{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=84}} Between August and May, thousands of flesh-footed and wedge-tailed shearwaters return to the island at dusk each day. From the Little Island Track between March and November, one of the world's rarest birds, the providence petrel, also performs courtship displays during winter breeding, and it is extremely tame. The island was its only breeding location for many years after the breeding colony on Norfolk Island was exterminated in the late 19th century,{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=68}} though a small population persists on the adjacent Phillip Island. The Kermadec petrel was discovered breeding on Mount Gower in 1914 by ornithologist Roy Bell while collecting specimens for Gregory Mathews{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=70}} and the black-winged petrel was only confirmed as a breeder in 1971; its numbers have increased following the elimination of feral cats from the island.{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=72}}

File:Black Noddy Anous minutus North Beach LordHoweIsland 6June2011.jpg

The flesh-footed shearwater, which breeds in large numbers on the main island in spring-autumn, once had its chicks harvested for food by the islanders.{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=74}} The wedge-tailed and little shearwaters breed on the main island and surrounding islets, though only a small number of the latter species can be found on the main island. Breeding white-bellied storm petrels was another discovery by Roy Bell.{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=80}} Masked boobies are the largest seabirds breeding on Lord Howe{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=82}} and can be seen nesting and gliding along the sea cliffs at Mutton Bird Point all year round. Sooty terns can be seen on the main island at Ned's and Middle Beaches, North Bay, and Blinkey Beach; the most numerous of the island's breeding seabirds, their eggs were formerly harvested for food. Common and black noddies build nests in trees and bushes, while white terns lay their single eggs precariously in a slight depression on a tree branch,{{sfn|Hutton|1990|p=92}} and grey ternlets lay their eggs in cliff hollows.{{sfn|Hutton|1990|pp=92–94}}

Three endemic passerine subspecies are the Lord Howe golden whistler, Lord Howe silvereye, and Lord Howe currawong.{{Harvnb|Hutton|1990}}{{page needed|date=June 2022}} The iconic endemic rail, the flightless Lord Howe woodhen, is the only surviving member of its genus; its ancestors could fly, but with no predators and plenty of food on the island, this ability was lost. This made it easy prey for islanders and feral animals, so by the 1970s, the population was less than 30 birds. From 1978 to 1984, feral animals were removed and birds were raised in captivity to be successfully reintroduced to the wild. The population is now relatively safe and stable.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=121}}

Domestic Mallards have colonised Lord Howe Island from New Zealand. They have replaced the Pacific Black Duck through competition and introgressive hybridisation.

File:Lord Howe Silvereye.jpg (Zosterops lateralis tephropleurus)]]

• Lord Howe currawong, Strepera graculina crissalis (vulnerable, subspecies of pied currawong)
• Lord Howe golden whistler, Pachycephala pectoralis contempta (least concern, subspecies of golden whistler)
• Lord Howe silvereye, Zosterops lateralis tephropleurus (vulnerable, subspecies of silvereye)
• Robust white-eye, Zosterops strenuus (extinct)
• Lord Howe gerygone, Gerygone insularis (extinct)
• Lord Howe fantail, Rhiphidura fuliginosa cervina (extinct, subspecies of NZ fantail)
• Lord Howe starling, Aplonis fusca hulliana (extinct, subspecies of extinct Tasman starling)
• Lord Howe thrush, Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus (extinct, subspecies of Island thrush)
• Lord Howe parakeet, Cyanoramphus subflavescens (extinct)
• Lord Howe boobook, Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria (extinct)
• Lord Howe woodhen, Gallirallus sylvestris (endangered)
• Lord Howe swamphen, Porphyrio albus (extinct)
• Lord Howe pigeon, Columba vitiensis godmanae (extinct)

File:Meiolania Platyceps.jpg, once native to Lorde Howe]]

Only one native mammal remains on the islands, the large forest bat. The endemic Lord Howe long-eared bat is known only from a skull and is now presumed extinct, possibly the result of the introduction of ship rats.{{sfn|Daniel|Williams|1984}}

Two terrestrial reptiles are native to the island group: the Lord Howe Island skink and the Lord Howe Island gecko. Both are rare on the main island, but more common on smaller islands offshore.{{Harvnb|Recher|Clark|1974a}} The garden skink and the bleating tree frog have been accidentally introduced from the Australian mainland. During the Pleistocene the giant terrestrial horned turtle Meiolania platyceps was endemic to the island, but this is currently thought to have gone extinct before human occupation as a result of postglacial sea-level rise.

File:Lord Howe Island stick insect Dryococelus australis 10June2011 PalmNursery.jpg]]

The Lord Howe stick insect disappeared from the main island soon after the accidental introduction of rats when the SS Makambo ran aground near Ned's Beach on 15 June 1918.{{cite web|title=David Attenborough's rare sighting|url=http://media.smh.com.au/news/national-news/david-attenboroughs-rare-sighting-3563316.html?from=newsbox|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812111136/http://media.smh.com.au/news/national-news/david-attenboroughs-rare-sighting-3563316.html?from=newsbox|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=18 August 2012}} In 2001, a tiny population was discovered in a single Melaleuca howeana shrub on the slopes of Ball's Pyramid,{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=66752|access-date=2011-06-21|publisher=Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|location=Canberra|title=Dryococelus australis in Species Profile and Threats Database|year=2011|archive-date=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602104526/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=66752|url-status=live}} has been successfully bred in captivity, and is nearing re-introduction to the main island.{{Update inline|date=May 2021}}{{cite web|title=Six-Legged Giant Finds Secret Hideaway, Hides For 80 Years|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2012/02/24/147367644/six-legged-giant-finds-secret-hideaway-hides-for-80-years|first=Robert|last=Krulwich|date=29 February 2012|publisher=NPR|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512041114/http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2012/02/24/147367644/six-legged-giant-finds-secret-hideaway-hides-for-80-years|url-status=live}} The Lord Howe stag beetle is a colourful endemic beetle seen during summers.{{cite web|url=http://www.lhimuseum.com/species/view/223|title=Lord Howe stag beetle (Lamprima insularis)|publisher=Lord Howe Island Museum|access-date=2011-08-19|archive-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212551/http://www.lhimuseum.com/species/view/223|url-status=live}} Another endemic invertebrate, the Lord Howe flax snail (or Lord Howe Placostylus), has also been affected by the introduction of rats. Once common, the species is now endangered and a captive-breeding program is underway to save the snail from extinction. An endemic species that is likely to have become extinct due to human-introduced rats was the large rove beetle Hesperus gigas (Lea, 1929) comb. nov. (formerly Cafius gigas Lea, 1929) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).{{cite journal|author1=Arn Rytter Jensen|author2=Josh Jenkins Shaw|author3=Dagmara Żyła|author4=Alexey Solodovnikov|title=A total-evidence approach resolves phylogenetic placement of 'Cafius' gigas, a unique recently extinct rove beetle from Lord Howe Island|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|year=2020|volume=190|issue=4|pages=1159–1174|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa020|doi-access=free}} The Lord Howe Island wood-feeding cockroach (Panesthia lata) was thought extirpated from the island until a small population was found.

File:Surge wrasse Lorde Howe Island.jpg swimming in the waters of Ned's Beach]]

Marine environments are near-pristine with a mixture of temperate, subtropical, and tropical species derived from cool-temperate ocean currents in the winter and the warm East Australian Current, which flows from the Great Barrier Reef, in summer.{{Harvnb|Hutton|Harrison|2004|pp=11–12}} Of the 490 fish species recorded, 13 are endemic and 60% are tropical. The main angling fish are yellowtail kingfish and New Zealand bluefish, while game fish include marlin, tuna, and giant kingfish called "greenbacks".{{sfn|Hutton|1986|p=73}} Over 80 species of corals occur in the reefs surrounding the islands.{{sfn|Veron|Done|1979}}See {{Harvnb|Harriott|Harrison|Banks|1995}} Australian underwater photographer Neville Coleman has photographed various nudibranchs at Lord Howe Island.See {{Harvnb|Coleman|2001}}

Various species of cetaceans inhabit or migrate through the waters in the vicinity, but very little about their biology in the area is known due to a lack of studies and sighting efforts caused by locational conditions. Bottlenose dolphins are the most commonly observed and are the only species confirmed to be seasonal or yearly residents, while some other dolphin species have also been observed.The Commonwealth of Australia. 2002. [http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3ed1e470-6344-4c6f-b8f1-c0e9774ce639/files/lordhowe-plan.pdf Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) – MANAGEMENT PLAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218105002/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3ed1e470-6344-4c6f-b8f1-c0e9774ce639/files/lordhowe-plan.pdf |date=18 December 2014 }}. Retrieved 18 December. 2014 Humpback whales are the only large whales showing slow but steady recoveries as their numbers annually migrating past the island of Lord Howe are much smaller than those migrating along the Australian continent.

Historically, migratory whales such as blue, fin, and sei whales were very abundant in the island waters but were severely reduced in numbers to near-extinction by commercial and illegal hunts, including the mass illegal hunts by the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1960s to 1970s.{{cite journal|author1=Berzin A.|author2=Ivashchenko V.Y.|author3=Clapham J.P.|author4=Brownell L.R. Jr.|year=2008|title=The Truth About Soviet Whaling: A Memoir|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=usdeptcommercepub|journal=DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln|access-date=2015-11-20|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071103/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=usdeptcommercepub|url-status=live}} Southern right and sperm whales were most severely hunted among these, hence the area was called the Middle Ground by whalers.Daphne D.. 2006. Lord Howe Island Rising. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Tower Books. {{ISBN|0-646-45419-6}}. Retrieved 18 December. 2014 These two were likely once seasonal residents around the island, where right whales prefer sheltered, very shallow bays,Richards R.. 2009. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.2009.9651477 Past and present distributions of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225015053/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.2009.9651477 |date=25 February 2021 }}. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. Vol. 36: 447–459. 1175–8821 (Online); 0301-4223 (Print)/09/3604–0447. The Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 18 December. 2014 while sperm whales mainly inhabit deep waters.

{{Gallery

|title=Images of native fauna|width=150|height=150|align=center

|File:Providence Petrels Mt Gower.jpg|alt1=Photograph of two grey birds on the ground|Providence petrels on the summit of Mount Gower

|File:Woodhen Tricholimnas sylvestris Ned'sBeachRd 11June2011.jpg|alt2=Photograph of a single brown hen on grass|Woodhen by Neds Beach Road

|File:Masked booby with chick.JPG|alt3=Photograph of two white and black birds on rocks|Masked booby with chick viewed off Malabar cliffs

|File:CoralSkeletonLHIMtGowerBeach 8June2011.jpg|alt4=Photograph of coral detail|Coral skeleton on Little Island Beach

}}

File:LordHoweIslandPigeonByGeorgeRaper.jpg) painted by George Raper, 1790 – now extinct]]

File:Meiloania Platyceps.jpg platyceps) displayed in the Maritime Museum]]

About 10% of Lord Howe Island's forests have been cleared for agriculture, and another 20% has been disturbed, mostly by domestic cattle and feral sheep, goats, and pigs. As a result, 70% of the island remains relatively untouched, with a variety of plants and animals, many of which are endemic, and some of which are rare or threatened.See {{Harvnb|Pickard|1983a}} Two species of plants, nine terrestrial birds, one bat, and at least four invertebrates have become extinct since 1778.{{sfn|Hutton|Parkes|Sinclair|2007|p=22}} Endemism at the generic level includes the palms Howea, Hedyscepe and Lepidorrhachis, a woody daisy Lordhowea insularis, the tree Negria, the leech Quantenobdella howensis, three annelid worm genera (Paraplutellus, Pericryptodrilus and Eastoniella), an isopod shrimp Stigmops, a hemipteran bug Howeria, and a cricket Howeta.{{sfn|Hutton|Parkes|Sinclair|2007|p=24}}

The Lord Howe Island Board instigated an extensive biological and environmental survey (published in 1974), which has guided the island conservation program.See {{Harvnb|Recher|Clark|1974a}} A group of scientists including director of the Australian Museum, Frank Talbot, and others from the Royal Botanic Gardens, the National Parks and Wildlife Service, and the CSIRO undertook an environmental survey of the island in 1970, reporting on environmental degradation there.{{cite web |title=Dr Frank Hamilton Talbot, Director 1966-1975 |website=The Australian Museum |date=30 May 2022 |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/people/dr-frank-hamilton-talbot-director-1966-1975/ |access-date=13 November 2024}}

In 1981, the Lord Howe Island Amendment Act proclaimed a "Permanent Park Preserve" over the north and south ends of the island. Administration of the preserve was outlined in a management plan for the sustainable development of the island prepared by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,{{cite book|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/planmanagement/final/20110007LordHoweIslandPomFinal.pdf|title=Lord Howe Island Permanent Park Preserve Plan of Management|access-date=2011-06-25|publisher=Lord Howe Island Board|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74293-082-4|archive-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331152543/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/planmanagement/final/20110007LordHoweIslandPomFinal.pdf|url-status=live}} which has a ranger stationed on the island. The island was cited under the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982.

Offshore environmental assets are protected by the Lord Howe Island Marine Park. This consists of a state marine park managed by the Marine Parks Authority of New South Wales in the waters out to three nautical miles around the island and including Ball's Pyramid.{{cite web|url=http://www.mpa.nsw.gov.au/lhimp.html|title=Lord Howe Island Marine Park|publisher=New South Wales Government Marine Parks Authority|access-date=2011-08-20|archive-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126075103/http://www.mpa.nsw.gov.au/lhimp.html|url-status=live}} It also includes a Commonwealth Marine Park extending from 3 to 12 nautical miles out and managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Heritage.{{cite web|url=http://www.mpa.nsw.gov.au/pdf/LHIMP-Visitor-guide.pdf|title=Visitors guide – Lord Howe Island Marine Park|publisher=New South Wales Government Marine Park Authority|access-date=2011-08-20|archive-date=22 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822190547/http://www.mpa.nsw.gov.au/pdf/LHIMP-Visitor-guide.pdf|url-status=live}} In total the Marine Park covers about {{convert|3005|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Hutton|Harrison|2004|p=6}}

Pigs and goats were released on the island as potential food sources in the early 1800s; the goats destroyed shrubs and grasses used as nesting sites and the pigs ate eggs and chicks and disturbed the land by rooting for food.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|p=118}} Several birds have become extinct on the island since the arrival of humans. The first round of extinctions included the Lord Howe swamphen or white gallinule, the white-throated pigeon, the red-crowned parakeet, and the Tasman booby, which were eliminated by visitors and settlers during the 19th century, either from overhunting for food or protection of crops. Black rats were released from provisioning whaling ships in the 1840s and mice from Norfolk Island in 1860. In 1918, the black rat was accidentally introduced with the shipwreck of the S.S. Makambo, which ran aground at Ned's Beach. This triggered a second wave of extinctions, including the vinous-tinted thrush, the robust white-eye, the Lord Howe starling, the Lord Howe fantail and the Lord Howe gerygone, as well as the destruction of the native phasmid and the decimation of palm fruits.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|pp=118–119}} Bounties were offered for rats and pig tails and 'ratting' became a popular pursuit. Subsequent poisoning programs have kept populations low.{{sfn|Nichols|2006|p=119}} The Lord Howe boobook may have become extinct through predation by, or competition with, the Tasmanian masked owls, which were introduced in the 1920s in a failed attempt to control the rat population. Stray dogs are also a threat, as they could harm the native woodhen and other birds.{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=2850&m=0|publisher=BirdLife International|title=Species factsheet: Gallirallus sylvestris|access-date=2011-06-19|year=2011}}

Invasive plants such as Crofton weed{{Cite web|url=https://research.csiro.au/crofton-weed/background/|title=Background|website=Crofton Weed biological control|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227223016/https://research.csiro.au/crofton-weed/background/|url-status=live}} and Formosa lily{{Cite web|url=http://caws.org.nz/old-site/awc_contents.php?yr=2006|title=CAWS · The Council of Australasian Weed Societies Inc.|website=caws.org.nz|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040423/http://caws.org.nz/old-site/awc_contents.php?yr=2006|url-status=live}} occur in inaccessible areas and probably cannot be eradicated, but others are currently being managed.{{sfn|Hutton|1986|p=40}} In 1995, the first action was taken to control the spread of introduced plants on the island, chiefly ground asparagus and bridal creeper, but also cherry guava, Madeira vine, Cotoneaster, Ochna, and Cestrum. This has been followed by weeding tours and the formation of the Friends of Lord Howe Island group in 2000. Programs have also been started to remove weeds from private properties and re-vegetate some formerly cultivated areas.{{Harvnb|Nichols|2006|pp=122–123}} An environmental unit was created by the board and it includes a flora management officer and a permanent weed officer. Weeds have been mapped and an eradication program is in place, supported by improved education and quarantine procedures.{{sfn|Hutton|2010c|p=5}}

Introduced species that harmed Lord Howe's native flora and fauna, namely feral pigs, cats, and goats, were eradicated by the early 2000s.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lhib.nsw.gov.au/environment/environmental-programs/pest-animal-control|title=Pest Animal Control|last=Anonymous|date=2015-06-21|website=lhib.nsw.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227224554/https://www.lhib.nsw.gov.au/environment/environmental-programs/pest-animal-control|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lordhoweisland.info/conservation/newsletter19.pdf|publisher=Friends of Lord Howe Island|title=Friends of Lord Howe Island Newsletter|access-date=2011-08-31|archive-date=21 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121191358/http://www.lordhoweisland.info/conservation/newsletter19.pdf|url-status=dead}}

In July 2012, the Australian federal Environment Minister Tony Burke and the New South Wales Environment Minister Robyn Parker announced that the Australian and New South Wales governments would each contribute 50% of the estimated A$9 million cost of implementing a rodent eradication plan for the island, using the aerial deployment of poison baits.{{cite web |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/bombs-to-fight-the-killer-rats/story-e6frep26-1226426042276 |title=Bombs to fight the killer rats on Lord Howe Island |access-date=2012-08-07 |work=The Courier-Mail |first=Linda |last=Silmalis |publisher=News Queensland |date=15 July 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926192607/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/bombs-to-fight-the-killer-rats/story-e6frep26-1226426042276 |url-status=live }} The plan was put to a local vote and is considered controversial.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/09/trouble-in-paradise-lord-howe-island-divided-over-plan-to-exterminate-rats|title=Trouble in paradise: Lord Howe Island divided over plan to exterminate rats|work=The Guardian|date=8 February 2016|access-date=8 February 2016|first=Michael|last=Slezak|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209000451/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/09/trouble-in-paradise-lord-howe-island-divided-over-plan-to-exterminate-rats|url-status=live}} Around 230 woodhens were captured before the rodent eradication commenced in early 2019. Following the successful eradication of the rodents, all woodhens and currawongs were released across the island in late 2019 and early 2020.{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-18/lord-howe-woodhens-returned-to-island-after-rodent-eradication/11869230|title=Endangered Lord Howe Island woodhens successfully released back into the wild|last1=Siossian|first1=Emma|last2=Wyllie|first2=Fiona|date=2020-01-18|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118043640/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-18/lord-howe-woodhens-returned-to-island-after-rodent-eradication/11869230|url-status=live}}

A recovery program has restored the Lord Howe woodhen's numbers from only 20 in 1970 to about 250 birds four years before the rodent baiting program. There were 1,100 in the 2023 survey.{{Cite news |date=2023-02-19 |title=The 'incredible' comeback of native wildlife on Lord Howe Island |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-20/lord-howe-islands-wildlife-comeback-after-rodent-control-success/101995784 |access-date=2023-03-09}}

According to an analysis by eminent Australian academic Tim Flannery, the ecosystem of Lord Howe Island is threatened by climate change and global warming, with the reefs at risk from rises in water temperature.{{cite book|last=Flannery|first=Tim|title=The Weather Makers – The History and Future Impact of Climate Change|year=2006|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9921-1}}See {{Harvnb|Jones|2004}} The first international conference on global artificial photosynthesis as a climate-change solution occurred at Lord Howe Island in 2011,Towards Global Artificial Photosynthesis Conference, Lord Howe Island 2011 {{cite web|url=https://law.anu.edu.au/conferences/artificial-photosynthesis |title=Artificial photosynthesis - News, conferences & events - ANU |access-date=2016-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328015942/https://law.anu.edu.au/conferences/artificial-photosynthesis |archive-date=28 March 2016}} the papers being published by the Australian Journal of Chemistry.Australian Journal of Chemistry Volume 65 Number 6 2012 'Artificial Photosynthesis: Energy, Nanochemistry, and Governance' http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/52/issue/5915.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423183119/http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/52/issue/5915.htm |date=23 April 2016 }}

The Lord Howe Islands Group was inscribed on the World Heritage List for its unique landforms and biota, its diverse and largely intact ecosystems, its natural beauty, and its habitats for threatened species. It also has significant cultural heritage associations in the history of NSW.

Lord Howe Island and adjacent islets, Admiralty Islands, Mutton Bird Islands, Ball's Pyramid, and associated coral reefs and marine environs were added to the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007, based on the World Heritage List.

Lord Howe Island was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

In September 2019 it was revealed that, in 2017, federal environment minister Josh Frydenberg overruled a recommendation from his department to install two wind turbines. The project, which would have substantially reduced the island's dependence on diesel-powered electricity generators, had been considered not to endanger the island's heritage status and was supported by the islanders.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/18/josh-frydenberg-overruled-department-to-block-lord-howe-island-wind-turbines|last=Davies|first=Anne|title=Josh Frydenberg overruled department to block Lord Howe Island wind turbines|work=The Guardian|date=18 September 2019|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918014024/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/18/josh-frydenberg-overruled-department-to-block-lord-howe-island-wind-turbines|url-status=live}}

• Lord Howe Island Bowling Club{{Cite web |url=https://www.lordhoweisland.info/things-to-do/sports/ |title=Sports and Activities {{!}} Lord Howe Island, Australia |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912021949/https://www.lordhoweisland.info/things-to-do/sports/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/168831/Gosford-to-Lord-Howe-Island-Race |title=39th Gosford to Lord Howe Island Yacht Race |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018130459/https://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/168831/Gosford-to-Lord-Howe-Island-Race |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.sail-world.com/Australia/Gosford-Lord-Howe-Island-race-record-threat/-7494?source=google |title=Gosford-Lord Howe Island race record threat |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223738/https://www.sail-world.com/Australia/Gosford-Lord-Howe-Island-race-record-threat/-7494?source=google |url-status=live }}
• Lord Howe Island Golf Club{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/lord-howe-island |title=Lord Howe Island, NSW {{!}} Official NSW Tourism Website |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021101739/https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/lord-howe-island |url-status=live }}

{{portal|Australia|Islands|Volcanoes}}

• Jim Lacey, former administrator
• List of islands of Australia

{{Clear}}

{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

{{refbegin}}

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• {{Cite book|first=Daphne|last=Nichols|year=2006|title=Lord Howe Island Rising|publisher=Tower Books|location=Frenchs Forest, NSW|isbn=978-0-646-45419-1}}
• {{cite book |last1=Phillip |first1=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Phillip |editor1-last=Stockdale |editor1-first=John |title=The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay: With an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island |date=1790 |publisher=John Stockdale |location=London |edition=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/b28767949|page=[https://archive.org/details/b28767949/page/250 250]}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Pickard|first=John|year=1983a|title= Rare or threatened vascular plants of Lord Howe Island|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=27|issue=2|pages=125–139|doi=10.1016/0006-3207(83)90084-8|bibcode=1983BCons..27..125P }}
• {{Cite journal|last=Pickard|first=John|year=1983b|title= Vegetation of Lord Howe Island|journal=Cunninghamia|volume=17|pages=133–266}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Pickard|first=John|year=1984|title= Exotic plants of Lord Howe Island: distribution in space and time, 1853–1981|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=11|issue=3|pages=181–208|doi=10.2307/2844639|jstor=2844639|bibcode=1984JBiog..11..181P }}
• {{Cite book|first=Harold R |last=Rabone |year=1972|title=Lord Howe Island: Its discovery and early associations 1788 to 1888|publisher=Australis|location=Sydney}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Recher|first1=Harry F| last2=Clark|first2=Stephen S | year=1974a|title=Environmental survey of Lord Howe Island : a report to the Lord Howe Island Board / edited by Harry F. Recher and Stephen S. Clark Lord Howe Island Board (N.S.W.) | publisher=Dept. of Environmental Studies|location=Australian Museum}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Recher | first1 = H. F. | last2 = Clark | first2 = S. S. | doi = 10.1016/0006-3207(74)90005-6 | title = A biological survey of Lord Howe Island with recommendations for the conservation of the island's wildlife | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 263 | year = 1974b | bibcode = 1974BCons...6..263R }}
• {{cite book|last=Starbuck|first=Alexander|year=1878|title=History of the American Whaling Fishery from its Earliest Inception to the Year 1876|publisher=author|location=Waltham, Massachusetts}}
• {{Cite journal|last1=Veron|first1=John E|last2=Done|first2=T J|year=1979|title= Corals and coral communities of Lord Howe Island|journal=Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research|volume=30|issue=2|pages=203–236|doi=10.1071/mf9790203|bibcode=1979MFRes..30..203V }}
• {{Cite journal|last1=Wallis|first1=G.P.|last2=Trewick|first2=Steve A.|year=2009|title= New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=18|issue=17|pages=3548–80|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04294.x|pmid=19674312|s2cid=22049973|doi-access=free|bibcode=2009MolEc..18.3548W }}
• {{Cite journal | last1 = Van Der Linden | first1 = W. J. M. | title = Extinct mid-ocean ridges in the Tasman sea and the Western Pacific | doi = 10.1016/0012-821X(69)90120-4 | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 483–490 | year = 1969 |bibcode = 1969E&PSL...6..483V }}
• {{cite journal|first1=Angus |last1=Rogers|first2=Michaela |last2=Flanigan|first3=Oliver |last3=Nebel|first4=Yona |last4=Nebel-Jacobsen|first5= Xueying |last5=Wang|first6=Richard J. |last6=Arculus|first7=Laura |last7=Miller|first8=Ian |last8=Smith|first9=Ben R. |last9=Mather|first10=Mark |last10=Kendrick|first11=Hugh St.C. |last11=O'Neill|title=The isotopic origin of Lord Howe Island reveals secondary mantle plume twinning in the Tasman Sea|journal=Chemical Geology|volume=622|year=2023|issue=121374|issn= 0009-2541|doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121374|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ChGeo.622l1374R}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=M.L.|last2=Jones|first2=B.G.|year=2024|title=The Lord Howe volcanic complex, Australia: its geochemistry and origins|journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics|volume=67|issue=1|pages=84-104|doi=10.1080/00288306.2022.2108068|bibcode=2024NZJGG..67...84W}}

{{refend}}

• {{NSW-SHR-CC-contains|name=Lord Howe Island Group|dno=5001478|id=00970|year=2018|access-date=2 June 2018}}

• {{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Tara J.|author2=Nichol, Scott L.|author3=Syms, Craig|author4=Przeslawski, Rachel|author5=Harris, Peter T.|title=Deep-sea bio-physical variables as surrogates for biological assemblages, an example from the Lord Howe Rise|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography|volume=58|issue=7–8|pages=979|year=2010|doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.053|bibcode = 2011DSRII..58..979A }}
• {{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Dianne|author2=Baker, Lynn|title=The Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan: An integrated approach to recovery planning|journal=Ecological Management & Restoration|year=2009|volume=10|pages=S70–S78|doi=10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00449.x}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Peter T.|title=Benthic environments of the Lord Howe Rise submarine plateau: Introduction to the special volume|journal=Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography|volume=58|issue=7–8|pages=883–888|year=2010|doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.044|bibcode = 2011DSRII..58..883H }}
• {{Cite journal|last=Lindsay|first=MJ|author2=Patterson, HM|author3=Swearer, SE|title=Habitat as a surrogate measure of reef fish diversity in the zoning of the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, Australia|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|year=2008|volume=353|pages=265–273|doi=10.3354/meps07155|bibcode=2008MEPS..353..265L|doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite book|last=O'Hara|first=Timothy|title=Bioregionalisation of the waters around Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands using brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea).|year=2008|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mbp/publications/imcra/brittlestars-lord-howe.html|isbn=978-0-642-55462-8}}

{{Sister project links |wikt= no |b= no |n= no |q= no |s= no |v= no |voy= Lord Howe Island |species= no |d= no }}

• [https://www.lhib.nsw.gov.au/community Official site of the Lord Howe Island Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025020459/https://www.lhib.nsw.gov.au/community |date=25 October 2022 }}
• [http://environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/lord-howe/index.html World heritage listing (Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities)]
• [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/lhia1953166/ Lord Howe Island Act, 1953 (Australian Legal Information Institute)]
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lord Howe|short=x}}

{{World Heritage Sites In Australia}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Australian National Heritage List

Category:Ecoregions of Australia

Category:Extinct volcanoes

Category:Hotspot volcanoes

Category:Important Bird Areas of New South Wales

Category:Island restoration

Category:Islands of New South Wales

Category:Islands of the Tasman Sea

Category:Miocene shield volcanoes

Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register

Category:Polygenetic shield volcanoes

Category:Tourist attractions in New South Wales

Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Category:Unincorporated areas of New South Wales

Category:Volcanoes of New South Wales

Category:Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean

Category:Volcanoes of Zealandia

Category:World Heritage Sites in New South Wales

Category:IBRA subregions

Category:Endemic Bird Areas