Muqtada al-Sadr

He belongs to the prominent al-Sadr family that hails from Jabal Amel in Lebanon, before later settling in Najaf. Sadr is the son of Muhammad al-Sadr, an Iraqi religious figure and politician who stood against Saddam Hussein, and the nephew of Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. He is often styled with the honorific title Sayyid.

His formal religious standing within the Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking. As a result of this, in 2008 Sadr claimed for himself neither the title of mujtahid (the equivalent of a senior religious scholar) nor the authority to issue any fatwas.{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2008/04/200861517227277282.html|title=Profile: Muqtada al-Sadr|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=11 December 2014}} In early 2008, he was reported to be studying to be an ayatollah, something that would greatly improve his religious standing.{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/96370/output/print |author=Babak Dehghanpisheh |title=The Great Muqtada Makeover |work=Newsweek |date=19 January 2008 |access-date=24 January 2008}}

Muqtada al-Sadr is the fourth son of a famous Iraqi Shia cleric, the late Grand Ayatollah Muhammad al-Sadr. He is also the son-in-law of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. Both were revered for their concern for the poor.{{cite web |author=Arraf, Jane |author-link=Jane Arraf |date=3 May 2017 |title=Moqtada al-Sadr: In Iraq, a fiery cleric redefines himself as nationalist patriot |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2017/0503/Moqtada-al-Sadr-In-Iraq-a-fiery-cleric-redefines-himself-as-nationalist-patriot |access-date=27 October 2017 |work=CSMonitor}}

Muqtada is a citizen of Iraq; his great-grandfather is Ismail as-Sadr. Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was a respected figure throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. He was murdered, along with two of his sons, allegedly by the government of Saddam Hussein. Muqtada's father-in-law was executed by the Iraqi authorities in 1980. Muqtada is a cousin of the disappeared Musa al-Sadr, the Iranian-Lebanese founder of the popular Amal Movement.{{cite news|url=http://www.bintjbeil.com/A/araa/2004/en/0601_sbazzi.html|title=Samer Bazzi – The Lebanese Armageddon in the New Iraq|publisher=Bintjbeil.com|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=29 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829145850/http://www.bintjbeil.com/A/araa/2004/en/0601_sbazzi.html|url-status=dead}}

In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters.{{cite book|last=Cockburn|first=Patrick|title=Muqtada Al-Sadr and the Battle for the Future of Iraq|date=21 October 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-4119-9|page=112|author-link=Patrick Cockburn}} As of 2008, he had no children.

Muqtada al-Sadr gained popularity in Iraq following the toppling of the Saddam government by the 2003 US invasion of Iraq.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/14/iraq-elections-who-is-muqtadr-al-sadr|title=Iraq elections: who is Muqtadr al-Sadr?|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=14 May 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=14 May 2018}} Sadr has on occasion stated that he wishes to create an "Islamic democracy".

Sadr commands strong support (especially in the Sadr City district in Baghdad, formerly named Saddam City but renamed after the elder Sadr). After the fall of the Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of his supporters into a political movement, which includes a military wing formerly known as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army.{{cite news |title=The U.S. Is Not Preventing Chaos in Iraq, It Is Creating It |url=http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/2069/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410053156/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/2069/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2005 |first=Henry |last=Adams |work=United for Peace of Pierce County, WA |date=12 January 2005 |access-date=3 August 2006}} The name refers to the Mahdi, a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as to be due to reappear when the end of time approaches. This group periodically engaged in violent conflict with the United States and other Coalition forces, while the larger Sadrist movement has formed its own religious courts and organized social services, law enforcement and prisons in areas under its control. Western media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" or "radical" cleric.{{cite web|url=https://www.cjr.org/short_takes/defining_muqtada.php?page=all|title=Defining Muqtada|work=Columbia Journalism Review|access-date=11 December 2014}}

His strongest support came from the class of dispossessed Shi'a, like in the Sadr City area of Baghdad. Many Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance to foreign occupation.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3131330.stm |title=Who's Who in Iraq: Muqtada Sadr |publisher=BBC News |date=27 August 2004 |access-date=3 August 2006 }} The Mahdi army was reported to have operated death squads during the Iraqi Civil War.{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/the-mahdi-army-turbans-kalashnikovs-and-plans-to-slaughter/a-17728487|title=The Mahdi Army: Turbans, Kalashnikovs and plans to ′slaughter′ |date=22 June 2014|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=27 October 2017}}

In a statement received by AFP on 15 February 2014, Sadr announced the closure of all offices, centers and associations affiliated with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, inside and outside Iraq, and announced his non-intervention in all political affairs, adding that no bloc will represent the movement inside or outside the government or parliament.{{cite news |url=http://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/140087/1402160902-lbci-news|title=REPORT: Key Shiite Iraqi cleric says he quits politics|publisher=Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International|date=16 February 2014|access-date=11 December 2014}} Several times he has called for all paramilitary groups recognised by the Iraqi state to be dissolved after the complete defeat of ISIL and that all foreign forces (including Iran) then leave Iraqi territory. He surprised many when he visited the crown princes of both Saudi Arabia, for the first time in 11 years,{{cite web |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraqi-shia-cleric-muqtada-al-sadr-bans-anti-saudi-slogans-iraqi-streets-1056508450 |title=Muqtada al-Sadr 'bans anti-Saudi slogans from Iraqi streets' |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=4 August 2017|access-date=27 October 2017 |author=MEE staff}} and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2017 and earlier and was criticized in some Iranian circles.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/post-isil-iraq-decoding-muqtada-al-sadr-gulf-visits-170820062418256.html|title=Post-ISIL Iraq: Decoding Muqtada al-Sadr's Gulf visits|first=Zaid|last=al-Ali|date=21 August 2017|access-date=27 October 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera}} In April 2017, he distinguished himself from other Iraqi Shiite leaders in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down and save the country from more bloodshed. Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations between Saudi Arabia and Iraq mirror those of former Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi.

Muqtada is widely suspected of ordering numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite clergy, including a 2003 bombing of the house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim,[http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/B008%20Iraqs%20Shiites%20Under%20Occupation.pdf IRAQ’S SHIITES UNDER OCCUPATION] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903173021/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/B008%20Iraqs%20Shiites%20Under%20Occupation.pdf |date=3 September 2011}}, International Crisis Group, 9 September 2003 and the 10 April 2003 murder of Grand Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at a mosque in Najaf.Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq by Patrick Cockburn. Quoted in Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, the Shia Revival, and the Struggle for Iraq by Patrick Cockburn. The Wild Card - A Review by Dexter Filkins On 13 October 2003, fighting broke out in Karbala, when al-Sadr's men attacked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani near the Imam Hussein shrine.

Shortly after the US-led coalition ousted Saddam Hussein and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr voiced opposition to the Coalition Provisional Authority. He subsequently stated that he had more legitimacy than the Coalition-appointed Iraqi Governing Council. He granted his first major Western television interview to Bob Simon of 60 Minutes, in which al-Sadr famously said "Saddam was the little serpent, but America is the big serpent."{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1694593/|title="60 Minutes Wednesday" Muqtada al-Sadr's Battle Against the U.S. (TV Episode 2003)|publisher=IMDb|access-date=11 December 2014}}

In May 2003, al-Sadr issued a fatwa that became known as the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' – a term used to refer to the looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa.Cockburn, p. 130. The fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that the perpetrators pay the requisite khums to Sadrist imams,{{cite book|title=Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts Between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38444-8|page=143 |author=Erik A. Claessen|edition=illustrated|chapter=6}} saying that "looters could hold on to what they had appropriated so long as they made a donation (khums) of one-fifth of its value to their local Sadrist office." The fatwa alienated many older members of his father's movement, as well as mainstream Shiites,{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Phil|title=Criminals, Militias, and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute|isbn=978-1-58487-397-6 |page=234|chapter=7}} and the Shia establishment and property-owning classes from the Sadrists. However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among the poorest members of society, notably in Sadr City.{{cite book|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|title=Apocalypse in Islam|date=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26431-1|page=147|edition=illustrated|author-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu}} It has been claimed that the original fatwa was actually issued by Sadr's advisor Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri, and that al-Sadr was simply loyally issuing the same instruction.

Al-Sadr is suspected in US news media of having ordered the assassination of rival Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei in 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven.{{Cite web|last=Khoury|first=Nabeel|date=16 May 2018|title=Iraq: The reinvention of Muqtada al-Sadr|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/iraq-the-reinvention-of-muqtada-al-sadr/|access-date=12 October 2021|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US}}

{{main|Iraq spring fighting of 2004}}

In his 2004 sermons and public interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly demanded an immediate withdrawal of all US-led coalition forces, all foreign troops under United Nations control, and the establishment of a new central Iraqi government, not connected to the Ba'ath party or the Allawi government.

In late March 2004, American authorities (759th MP Battalion) in Iraq shut down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza on charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting the closure of the newspaper. On 4 April, fighting broke out in Najaf, Sadr City, and Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and attacked coalition soldiers, killing dozens of foreign soldiers, and taking many casualties of their own in the process.{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/iraqi-cleric-sadr-announces-retirement-20142167325224542.html |title=Iraqi cleric Sadr retires from politics|publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 December 2014}} At the same time, Sunni rebels in the cities of Baghdad, Samarra, Ramadi, and, most notably, Fallujah, staged uprisings as well, causing the most serious challenge to American control of Iraq up to that time.

During the first siege of Fallujah in late March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys to the besieged Sunnis there.{{cite web|url=http://www.juancole.com/2007/01/muqtada-al-sadr-and-sunnis-mickey-kaus.html|title=Muqtada Al Sadr And Sunnis Mickey Kaus|publisher=Informed Comment|access-date=11 December 2014|date=4 January 2007}}

Paul Bremer, then the US administrator in Iraq, declared on 5 April 2004 that al-Sadr was an outlaw and that uprisings by his followers would not be tolerated.{{cite news |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9514 |title=Bremer Brands Muqtada Sadr an Outlaw |publisher=Middle-East-online.com |date=5 April 2004 |access-date=2 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055450/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=9514 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}

That day, al-Sadr called for a jihad against American forces. To do this he needed to gain temporary control of Al Kut, An Najaf and the suburb of Baghdad named after his grandfather, Sadr City. On the night of 8 April, his Mahdi Army dropped eight overspans and bridges around the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic into Baghdad.{{Citation needed|reason=can't find this info available in the other sources linked to this article|date=June 2017}} The next day his militia ambushed any and every convoy trying to get in or out of Baghdad International Airport, known to the soldiers as BIAP. This led to the worst convoy ambush of the war, the ambush of the 724th Transportation Company (POL), which resulted in eight KBR drivers killed and three soldiers killed. One was Matt Maupin, who was initially listed as the first American soldier missing in action. These series of attacks demonstrated an unexpected level of sophistication in planning. The Mahdi Army knew it could not win a head on fight with the United States military coalition and it took full advantage of a major American vulnerability by attacking convoy trucks that supplied the troops. BIAP was where the newly arrived 1st Cavalry Division drew its supplies. The 1st Cavalry Division was replacing the 1st Armored Division in and around Baghdad. The 1st Armored Division had already been deployed to Iraq for a year. CENTCOM commander General John Abizaid decided to extend the Division beyond its 1-year deployment, for an additional 120 days, to use in the fight against the Mahdi Army.{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/1st-armored-division-s-iraq-timeline-1.24297|title=1st Armored Division's Iraq timeline|access-date=19 April 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jun/22/20040622-113720-3352r/?page=all|title=Army unit claims victory over sheik|work=The Washington Times|date=22 June 2004|access-date=19 April 2017}} On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the southwest wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked. By the end of April, the American 1st Armored Division had suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising but al Sadr had achieved his goal of making it a significant resistance force fighting against the U.S. led coalition forces occupying Iraq.Donald Wright, On Point II; Transition to the New Campaign; The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003-January 2005, Combat Studies Institute; Richard E. Killblane, Road Warriors, unpublished

It is generally frowned upon in Iraq for clerics to actively participate in secular politics, and like the other leading religious figures, Muqtada al-Sadr did not run in the 2005 Iraqi elections. It is believed he implicitly backed the National Independent Cadres and Elites party that was closely linked with the Mahdi Army. Many of his supporters, however, backed the far more popular United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) of Grand Ayatollah Sistani.

On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support of al-Sadr and his ideals.{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=14419 |title=Iraqi factions firm against constitution |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=26 August 2005 |access-date=22 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235814/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=14419 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}

On 25 March 2006, Sadr was in his home and escaped a mortar attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance landed more than 50 meters from his home.

Sadr's considerable leverage was apparent early in the week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release of one of Sadr's senior aides. The aide had been arrested a day earlier by American troops on suspicion of participating in kidnappings and killings.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/20/world/middleeast/21iraqcnd.html?ex=1318996800&en=a542d37a1dff56f9&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |title=Attack on Iraqi City Shows Militia's Power |first=Kirk |last=Semple |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=22 October 2006}}

On 13 February, several sources in the US government claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had left Iraq and fled to Iran in anticipation of the coming security crackdown.{{cite news |first=Jomana |last=Karadsheh |author2=Mohammed Tawfeeq |author3=Barbara Starr |title=U.S.: Radical cleric al-Sadr in Iran |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/iraq.main/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=13 February 2007 |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001723/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/iraq.main/index.html |archive-date=14 February 2007}} US military spokesman Maj. Gen. William B. Caldwell reinforced this account on 14 February,{{cite news |first=Ernesto |last=Londoño |author2=Joshua Partlow |title=Iraqi Militia Leader Sadr in Iran, Say U.S. Officials |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/14/AR2007021400450.html?nav=hcmodule |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=14 February 2007 |access-date=14 February 2007 }} but a member of Iraq's parliament and an aide to al-Sadr have denied the claims.{{cite news |first=Jomana |last=Karadsheh |author2=Mohammed Tawfeeq |author3=Barbara Starr |title=U.S. insists radical cleric in Iran despite denials |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/14/iraq.main/index.html |publisher=CNN|date=14 February 2007 |access-date=14 February 2007}}

On 30 March it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on his behalf, "delivered a searing speech ... condemning the American presence in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation mass protest on April 9."Edward Wong. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/world/middleeast/30cnd-Iraq.html?hp "Shiite Cleric Calls for Mass Protest Against U.S."], The New York Times (30 March 2007) This call to protest was significant in that, since the beginning of the American troop surge (which began on 14 February 2007), al-Sadr had ordered his "militia to lie low during the new Baghdad security plan so as not to provoke a direct confrontation with the Americans".

In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed in the Shiite holy city of Najaf a day before the demonstration, on Sunday, 8 April 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged the Iraqi army and police to stop cooperating with the United States and told his guerilla fighters to concentrate on pushing American forces out of the country. "You, the Iraqi army and police forces, don't walk alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch-enemy," the statement said.

On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened his government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon.{{cite news |first=Kawther |last=Abdul-Ameer |author2=Mussab Al-Khairalla|title= Government not weakened by Sadr pullout |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=nw20070417192855164C762706 |work=Independent Online (South Africa)|date=17 April 2007 |access-date=17 April 2007}}

On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction of Azamiyah wall around a Sunni neighbourhood in Baghdad, by calling for demonstrations against the plan as a sign of "the evil will" of American "occupiers"

On 25 May 2007, Sadr delivered a sermon to an estimated 6,000 followers in Kufa. Sadr reiterated his condemnation of the United States' occupation of Iraq and demanded the withdrawal of foreign forces, al-Sadr's speech also contained calls for unity between Sunni and Shi'a.{{cite news |title=Al-Sadr Calls for U.S. Pullout from Iraq |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-05/26/content_880760.htm |newspaper=China Daily |date=26 May 2007 |access-date=27 December 2007}} In June 2007, al-Sadr vowed to go ahead with a planned march to the devastated Askariyya shrine in central Iraq, al-Sadr said the march was aimed at bringing Shi'is and Sunnis closer together and breaking down the barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists.

In a statement issued 29 August 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr announced that an order to stand down for six months had been distributed to his loyalists following the deaths of more than 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims during fighting in Karbala the day before. The statement issued by Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi army to suspend all its activities for six months until it is restructured in a way that helps honour the principles for which it is formed." The intention behind the ceasefire was thought in part to be to allow al-Sadr reassert control over the movement, which is thought to have splintered. "We call on all Sadrists to observe self-restraint, to help security forces control the situation and arrest the perpetrators and sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms of armament in the sacred city," said the statement, referring to the 28 August clashes in Karbala. Asked if the unexpected order meant no attacks on American troops, as well as a ban on Shia infighting, a senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed actions are to be frozen, without exception."{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/30/wiraq130.xml |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Muqtada al-Sadr announces ceasefire in Iraq |first=Damien |last=McElroy |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317071257/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F30%2Fwiraq130.xml |archive-date=17 March 2008}}

{{main|Siege of Sadr City}}

In March 2008, during the Battle of Basra, the Sadr Movement launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army.{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html |title=Peaceful Iraq protests spark clashes; 50 reported dead |publisher=CNN |access-date=11 December 2014}}

In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of his militiamen to disarm but said he will maintain elite fighting units to resist the Americans if a timetable for the withdrawal of US troops is not established. "Weapons are to be exclusively in the hands of one group, the resistance group," while another group called Momahidoun is to focus on social, religious and community work, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said.{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/al-sadr-orders-militia-to-disarm/ |title=Al-Sadr Orders Militia To Disarm|date=8 August 2008 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=11 December 2014}}

In response to Israeli attacks on Gaza, al-Sadr called for reprisals against US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the honest Iraqi resistance to carry out revenge operations against the great accomplice of the Zionist enemy."

On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr paid a surprise visit to Ankara where, in his first public appearance for two years, he met with Turkish President Abdullah Gül and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan for talks that focused on the "political process"{{cite news|date=2 May 2009|title=Iraq's Sadr Meets Erdoğan|work=Today's Zaman|first=Servet and Süleyman Kurt|last=Yanatma}} and requested Turkey play a greater role in establishing stability in the Middle East. Spokesman Sheikh Salah al-Obeidi confirmed the nature of the talks that had been requested by al-Sadr and stated, "Turkey is a good, old friend. Trusting that, we had no hesitation in travelling here."{{cite news|date=4 May 2009|title=Iraq's Sadr Meets Erdoğan|work=Today's Zaman|first=Çağri|last=Çobanoğlu}} After the meeting al-Sadr visited supporters in Istanbul, where al-Obeidi says they may open a representative office.

In a press conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election, Sadr called on all Iraqis to participate in the election and support those who seek to expel US troops out of the country. Sadr warned that any interference by the United States will be unacceptable.{{cite web |url=http://hamsayeh.net/hamsayehnet_iran-international%20news994.htm |title=Iraqi Shia Leader Calls for U.S. Withdrawal From Iraq |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117124604/http://hamsayeh.net/hamsayehnet_iran-international%20news994.htm |archive-date=17 November 2010 |website=hamsayeh.net |date=7 March 2010 }}

On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Iraqi city of Najaf in order to take a more proactive and visible role in the new Iraqi government.{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011151418794320.html|title=Al-Sadr back in Iraq stronghold|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=11 December 2014}} Three days later, thousands of Iraqis turned out in Najaf to hear his first speech since his return, in which he called the US, Israel, and the UK "common enemies" against Iraq. His speech was greeted by the crowd chanting "Yes, yes for Muqtada! Yes, yes for the leader!" while waving Iraqi flags and al-Sadr's pictures. Subsequently, he returned to Iran to continue his studies.{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/20111872647305497.html|title=Al-Sadr calls on Iraqis 'to resist'|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=11 December 2014}}

By late 2011, it appeared that the United States would largely withdraw from Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular leader amongst supporters almost immediately following the invasion. Sadr also controlled the largest bloc of parliament, and had reached a sort of détente with prime minister Nouri al Maliki, who needed Sadrist support to retain his post.{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/iraq-sadr-city-baghdad-sadeq-al-sadr-government|title=Iraq: Sadr a Rising Force in Iraqi Politics |publisher=Pulitzer Center |access-date=11 December 2014|date=19 October 2011 }}

On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned from Iran, to Najaf, having spent four years out of the country after vowing never to return unless the American military forces left.Chulov, Martin. (5 January 2011). "Muqtada al-Sadr returns to Iraq after exile". [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/05/muqtada-al-sadr-returns-iraq The Guardian website] Retrieved 5 January 2020.

Prior to his arrival in Najaf, he had been instrumental in the formation of the 2011 Iraqi government.

Following the US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr continued to be an influential figure in Iraqi politics, associated with the Al-Ahrar bloc, whose Shi'a factions are still at war with not only the government but also the Sunni factions.{{cite news|title=Reports Of Muqtada Al-Sadr's Political Demise May Be Greatly Exaggerated |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/iraq-muqtada-al-sadr-/25079761.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe|date=19 August 2013 |author=Frud Bezhan |access-date=23 October 2013}} However, whereas during the war al-Sadr was known for advocating violence, in 2012 he began to present himself as a proponent of moderation and tolerance and called for peace.{{cite news |title=Back in Black: The Return of Muqtada al-Sadr |work=Foreign Affairs |author1=Eli Sugarman |author2=Omar al-Nidawi |date=11 February 2013 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138838/eli-sugarman-and-omar-al-nidawi/back-in-black# |access-date=23 October 2013}}{{cite news |title=The New Muqtada al-Sadr Seeks Moderate Image |author=Mustafa al-Khadimi |date=13 March 2013 |newspaper=Iraqi Business News|url=http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2013/03/13/the-new-muqtada-al-sadr-seeks-moderate-image/ |access-date=23 October 2013}} According to Britannica, "although Sadr himself was once an image of Iraqi Shiʿi militancy, he came to see sectarianism as a source of dysfunction and corruption in government and began steering his supporters away from sectarianism."{{cite web|title=Mustada al-Sadr| url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muqtada-al-Sadr |access-date=30 January 2023}}

In February 2014, Sadr announced that he was withdrawing from politics and dissolving the party structure to protect his family's reputation.{{Cite web |title=Anti-U.S. Cleric Muqtada al-Sadr Retakes Stage Amid Iraq Turmoil |author=Cassandra Vinograd |publisher=NBC News |date=23 June 2014 |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/anti-u-s-cleric-muqtada-al-sadr-retakes-stage-amid-n138406 |access-date=1 August 2015}}

However, later in 2014, he called for the formation of "Peace Companies", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City.{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraqi-shia-groups-rally-show-power-20146216504615669.html|title=Iraqi Shia groups rally in show of power|publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 April 2015}} In addition to guarding shrines, the Peace Companies participated in offensive operations such as the recapture of Jurf al-Nasr in October 2014.{{Cite news |title=Iraqi Shiite cleric recalls militiamen from fight against Islamic State |author1=Loveday Morris |author2=Mustafa Salim |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 February 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-shiite-cleric-recalls-militiamen-from-fight-against-islamic-state/2015/02/17/9e85321a-b6bb-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |access-date=1 August 2015}} They suspended their activities temporarily in February 2015, but were active in the Second Battle of Tikrit in March.{{Cite web |title=Iraqi militia loyal to radical cleric al-Sadr joins fight for IS-held Tikrit |work=Global News |date=15 March 2015 |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1883845/iraqi-militia-loyal-to-radical-cleric-al-sadr-joins-fight-for-is-held-tikrit/ |access-date=1 August 2015}}

Sadr is considered a populist by Western observers.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/shiite-cleric-sadr-leads-in-iraqs-initial-election-results/2018/05/13/c62ed182-5725-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514090902/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/shiite-cleric-sadr-leads-in-iraqs-initial-election-results/2018/05/13/c62ed182-5725-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2018|title=Early results in Iraq election favor populist cleric al-Sadr|last=Issa |agency=AP|first=Philip|date=14 May 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=14 May 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite news|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2016/06/iraqs-fake-populism-and-anti-sectarianism?lang=en|title=Iraq's Fake Populism and Anti-sectarianism|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|access-date=14 May 2018|language=en}} In 2015 he entered into an alliance with the Iraqi Communist Party and other secular groups "under an umbrella of security and corruption concerns", both long-standing issues of daily life in the country. In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, saying that "It [Saudi invasion of Yemen] is at odds with Islamic-Arabic unity".{{cite news |title=Iraq's Muqtada Sadr Warns S. Arabia to Immediately Halt Attacks on Yemen |url=http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13940107000453 |work=Farsnews |date=27 March 2015}}File:The joy of the supporters of various Iraqi parties after the parliamentary elections 08.jpg celebrating after a successful election campaign|300x300px]]

On 26 February 2016, Sadr led a one million-strong demonstration in Baghdad's Tahrir Square to protest corruption in Iraq and the government's failure to deliver on reforms. "Abadi must carry out grassroots reform," Sadr said in front of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout so the corrupt get scared of you," he encouraged the people.{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/26022016|title=Shiite cleric Sadr leads 1 million man anti-gov't demonstration|publisher=Rudaw|access-date=19 April 2017}} On 18 March, Sadr's followers began a sit-in outside the Green Zone, a heavily fortified district in Baghdad housing government offices and embassies. He called the Green Zone "a bastion of support for corruption".{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-sadr-idUSKCN0WJ241|title=Iraq's Sadr spurns calls to drop sit-in over 'bastion of corruption'|date=17 March 2017|publisher=Reuters|access-date=19 April 2017}} On 27 March, he walked into the Green Zone to begin a sit-in, urging followers to stay outside and remain peaceful.{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-iraq-sadr-idUKL5N16Z0EC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408022844/http://uk.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-iraq-sadr-idUKL5N16Z0EC|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2016|title=Iraq's Sadr begins sit-in inside Green Zone, tells supporters to stay outside|newspaper=Reuters |access-date=19 April 2017|date=27 March 2016}} He met with Abadi on 26 December to discuss the reform project he proposed during protests early in the year.{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/southern-iraq-muqtada-maliki-abadi-reform-shiite-protest.html|title=Can public outcry in southern Iraq end Maliki's political ambitions?|date=8 January 2017|work=Al-Monitor}} Following the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack in Syria on 4 April 2017, Sadr called for Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to step down.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-syria-sadr-idUSKBN17B070|title=Sadr becomes first Iraqi Shi'ite leader to urge Assad to step down|publisher=Reuters|date=9 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/powerful-iraqi-shiite-cleric-muqtada-al-sadr-calls-assad-chemical-attack-581610|title=Powerful Iraqi Shite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr calls for Assad to step sown following chemical attack|work=Newsweek|date=10 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017}} In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and met Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.{{cite news |title=Iraq's Muqtada al-Sadr makes rare Saudi visit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/iraq-muqtada-al-sadr-rare-saudi-visit-170731073908238.html |publisher=Al-Jazeera |date=31 July 2017}}

In 2017 he condemned the Trump administration's open support of Israeli claims about Jerusalem and advocated the closure of the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad due to American announcements related to their forthcoming embassy move in Israel which he saw as a 'declaration of war on Islam.'Frantzman, Seth J. (25 January 2017). "Iraqi Shia cleric Sadr condemns Trump, calls to liberate Jerusalem". [https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Iraqi-Shia-cleric-Sadr-condemns-Trump-calls-to-liberate-Jerusalem-479556 Jerusalem Post] Retrieved 5 January 2020.

In April 2018, Sadr wrote: "I am ready to intervene between the Islamic Republic (Iran) and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to resolve some issues, even gradually, and that is for nothing but the best of Iraq and the region."{{cite news |title=Al-Sadr says ready to mediate for better Saudi-Iran relations |url=https://www.iraqinews.com/baghdad-politics/al-sadr-says-ready-to-mediate-for-better-saudi-iran-relations/ |work=Iraqi News |date=10 April 2018}}

In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 seats in the first Iraqi parliamentary election since the Islamic State was declared defeated in Iraq.Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/to8ZMT2yKWQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190921203608/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to8ZMT2yKWQ&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite AV media |people=TRT World |title=Iraq Elections: Kirkuk hopes to heal deep divisions |access-date=10 June 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to8ZMT2yKWQ}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |title=Who Is Muqtada al-Sadr? The Big Winner of Iraq's Elections Who Attacked U.S. Troops |work=Haaretz |access-date=10 June 2018 |date=19 May 2018 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/who-is-muqtada-al-sadr-iraq-s-anti-u-s-likely-next-pm-1.6092582}} He rejected U.S. interference in the formation of the new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an invader country; we do not allow it to interfere" in Iraqi affairs."{{cite news |title=Muqtada al-Sadr Rejects Iran and U.S. Meddling in Formation of Iraqi Govt |url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/muqtada-al-sadr-rejected-iran-and-us-interference-formation-new-iraqi-government-1138650 |work=Al Bawaba |date=29 May 2018}} In a country riven by sectarian tensions and regional politics, Sadr has transformed himself again: He has now positioned himself as an Iraqi nationalist; his newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Party allied himself with communists and smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, corruption, Iran's outsized influence in Iraq; and strongly criticized the sectarian nature of Iraq's politics.{{cite news |title=A Shia Cleric's Radical Vision for Iraq |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/05/iraq-muqtada-sadr/559499/ |work=The Atlantic |date=11 May 2018}} Following the May 2018 elections the son of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and General Soleimani lobbied Sadr and others to forge a political coalition allied with Tehran.Abdul-Zahra, Qassim and Salaheddin, Sanan. (24 June 2018). "In about-face, Iraq’s maverick al-Sadr moves closer to Iran". [https://apnews.com/1a8b780028c4485f925fe5406f718035 AP News website] Retrieved 5 January 2020.

After months of winning parliamentary elections, Sadr favored the return of Iraqi Jews to Iraq, which received positively by majority of the Iraqis.{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=Iraqis want their Jewish neighbors back |url=https://www.972mag.com/iraq-jewish-right-of-return-al-sadr/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US }}

On 7 December 2019, an armed drone attack targeted Sadr's home in Baghdad. Sadr was out of the country at the time; the attack caused little damage and no casualties.{{Cite news|last1=Rasheed|first1=Ahmed|last2=Jalabi|first2=Raya|date=7 December 2019|title=Rocket hits Iraqi cleric's home following deadly Baghdad attack|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-protests-baghdad-idUSKBN1YB09W|access-date=12 October 2021}}

After the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in January 2020 and the Iraqi parliament's resolution favouring expulsion of US troops, the Iraqi Shia leader called for "the immediate cancellation of the security agreement with the US, the closure of the US embassy, the expulsion of US troops in a 'humiliating manner', and criminalizing communication with the US government".Al Jazeera News. (5 January 2020). "Iraqi parliament calls for expulsion of foreign troops". [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/iraqi-parliament-calls-expulsion-foreign-troops-200105150709628.html Al Jazeera News] Retrieved 5 January 2020. Following the 8 January 2020 Iranian rocket attacks on US led military bases, however, Sadr held back and urged his followers not to attack U.S. elements in Iraq.{{cite web |title=Top cleric urges supporters not to attack US as Donald Trump says regime has backed down |website=The Telegraph |date=8 January 2020 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/08/iran-launches-missile-attack-us-bases-iraq-latest-news/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/08/iran-launches-missile-attack-us-bases-iraq-latest-news/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=8 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}

On 25 December 2020, Sadr warned Iran and the United States not to involve Iraq in their conflict.{{Cite web|title=Iraqi Shiite leader warns Iran, U.S. not to involve Iraq in their conflict |agency=Xinhua |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-12/26/c_139619294.htm|access-date=26 December 2020}}

On 13 June 2022, 73 MPs from Sadr’s bloc resigned from parliament amid the 2022 Iraqi political crisis.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Iraqi leaders vow to move ahead after dozens quit parliament |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/muqtada-alsadr-ap-iran-baghdad-shiite-b2099824.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}

On August 29, 2022, Sadr announced his retirement from Iraq politics and the closure of most of his offices and institutions.{{Cite web |title=Iraq: Muqtada al-Sadr announces 'retirement' from politics |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-muqtada-sadr-announces-retirement-politics |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Iraq's Sadr announces resignation from political life |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/08/29/Iraq-s-Sadr-announces-resignation-from-political-life |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}

In May 2024, Sadr called for the closure of the US embassy in Baghdad following Israeli airstrikes on the Tel al-Sultan refugee camp in Gaza.{{Cite web |title=Influential Iraqi cleric calls for closure of US embassy after Israel's Rafah strike |website=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/influential-iraqi-cleric-calls-for-closure-of-us-embassy-after-israels-rafah-strike/|date=28 May 2024}}

On 5 December 2024, Sadr posted a message on Twitter urging "Iraq's government, people, parties, militias and security forces" not to intervene in Syria amid the collapse of government forces due to a rebel offensive launched in late November.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Influential Shia cleric Sadr urges Iraq to keep out of Syria fighting |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/influential-shia-cleric-sadr-urges-iraq-keep-out-syria |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The New Arab}}

• Ahmed Shibani

{{reflist|30em}}

• [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636412.2016.1220203?journalCode=fsst20 Irena L. Sargsyan & Andrew Bennett. 2016. "Discursive Emotional Appeals in Sustaining Violent Social Movements in Iraq, 2003–11." Security Studies]

{{sister project links|d=Q216826|b=no|s=no|commons=Category:Muqtada al-Sadr|v=no|n=no|voy=no|wikt=no|species=no|mw=no}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080405153816/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1726763,00.html?cnn=yes How Muqtada al-Sadr Won in Basra]

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