Muslims#Etymology

{{See also|Islam#Etymology}}

The word muslim{{efn|{{langx|ar|مسلم|link=no}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈmʊslɪm|IPA}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ɪ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|z|l|ɪ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|s|l|ɪ|m}} {{respell|MUZZ|lim|,_|MUUZ|lim|,_|MUUSS|lim}}}} or moslem{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|l|ə|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|l|ə|m}} {{respell|MOZ|ləm|,_|MOSS|ləm}}}} is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".Burns & Ralph, World Civilizations, 5th ed., p. 371.Entry for šlm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, {{ISBN|0-618-08230-1}}. A female adherent is a muslima ({{lang|ar|مسلمة}}; also transliterated as muslimah).[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/muslimah Muslimah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817020605/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/muslimah |date=17 August 2016 }}. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2016 The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn ({{lang|ar|مسلمون}}) or muslimīn ({{lang|ar|مسلمين}}), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt ({{lang|ar|مسلمات}}).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". For most of the 20th century, the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse. That spelling and its pronunciation was opposed by many Muslims in English-speaking countries because it resembled the Arabic word aẓ-ẓālim ({{lang|ar|الظَّالِم}}), meaning "the oppressor".Baker, Paul, Costas Gabrielatos, and Tony McEnery. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8DUhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 "Muslim or Moslem? Differences between newspapers: Vanishing Moslems"], Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pages 76-78. In the United States, the Associated Press instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling "Muslim" in 1991, making it the most common spelling thereafter.[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/147637700/ "Term 'Moslem' becomes 'Muslim'], San Angelo Standard-Times, 1 January 1991, page 11A, via Newspapers.com. See also Newspapers.com search results for the word "Moslem", which show a sharp decline immediately after the AP's decision.Chen, Yii-Ann Christine. [https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-do-people-say-muslim-now-instead-of-moslem "Why Do People Say Muslim Now Instead of Moslem?"], History News Network, 8 July 2002, Web. Retrieved 18 May 2024. The last major newspaper in the United Kingdom to use the spelling "Moslem" was the Daily Mail, which switched to "Muslim" in 2004.

The word Mosalman or Mussulman ({{langx|fa|مسلمان|translit=mosalmân}}, alternatively musalmān) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage; however, cognates of this word remain the standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.See for instance the second edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by H. W. Fowler, revised by Ernest Gowers (Oxford, 1965). Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}} Other obsolete terms include Muslimite{{Cite OED|Muslimite}} and Muslimist.{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Tahir|title=Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimbritaincom00abba|url-access=registration|date=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muslimbritaincom00abba/page/n68 50]}} In medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens.

The Muslim philologist Ibn al-Anbari said:

{{Blockquote|a Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is ‘salima’ to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way ‘Islām’ means making one's religion and faith God's alone.{{cite book |last1=Abdelnour |first1=Mohammed Gamal |title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation |date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004461765 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 154] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ}}}}

In several places in the Quran, the word muslim conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of Muhammad, for example:Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015), The Study Quran, HarperCollins, footnote p. 146

{{blockquote |

"Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim [مُّسۡلِمࣰا], and he was not a polytheist." – Quran 3:67 {{Cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/67/|title=Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:67|website=www.islamawakened.com}}

"Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims [مُسۡلِمُونَ].'" – Quran 3:52 {{Cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/52/|title=Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:52|website=www.islamawakened.com}}

}}Quranic studies scholar Mohsen Goudarzi has argued that in the Quran the word dīn means "worship", the islām means "monotheism" and the muslim means "monotheist".{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=1 August 2023 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420}}

Until the 8th century, the term muslim was more inclusive, including anyone who was considered to be submitting to God (e.g. Christians and Jews), and the term mu'min was instead used to refer to believers in Islam as a distinct religion.{{Cite journal |last=Donner |first=Fred M. |date=23 January 2018 |title=Talking about Islam's origins |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/talking-about-islams-origins1/31AC247FCBBE328951FC1FC9A3F9ABED |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X17001409 |issn=0041-977X}}

{{Islam, iman and ihsan}}

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada in front of Muslim witnesses,Galonnier, Juliette. "Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process1." Moving in and out of Islam. University of Texas Press, 2018. 44-66.

one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.{{cite web |title=Pillars of Islam |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170426134526/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |date=26 April 2017 |url-status=usurped}} It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh ({{lang|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله}}) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87|title=Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, Islam, Info base Publishing, 2009|page=87|access-date=26 August 2012|isbn=9781438117782|last1=Gordon|first1=Matthew|last2=Gordon|first2=Professor of Middle East Islamic History Matthew S|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320105511/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),Lindsay, p. 140–141 which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.Cornell, p. 9 The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.{{cite book|author=Michael Anthony Sells|title=Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|year=1999|publisher=White Cloud Press|page=151|isbn=9781883991265|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301182642/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|url-status=live}}

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: {{lang|ar|وعليٌ وليُّ الله}} ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh}}), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".The Later Mughals by William Irvine p. 130

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.

{{main|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}

The majority of theological traditions of Islam accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of a person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the Khawārij developed an understanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms.Johansen, Baber. Contingency in a sacred law: legal and ethical norms in the Muslim fiqh. Vol. 7. Brill, 1999.

When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommended to say the Istit̲h̲nāʾ, for example, "in-sha'allah I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of a person.{{cite journal | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | title=Early Sunni Doctrine concerning Faith as Reflected in the "Kitab al-Iman" of Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam (d. 224/839) | journal=Studia Islamica | issue=32 | date=1970 | pages=233–254 | doi=10.2307/1595222 | jstor=1595222 }} Among Asharites, it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual's longing to improve, because the creature has no assurance of their own state (of belief) until the end of life.Watt, W. Montgomery. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: al-Taftazani on the Creed of al-Nasafi. Translated, with introduction and notes, by Earl Edgar Elder, pp. xxxii+ 187. New York: Columbia University Press (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege). 1950. 30s." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 83.1-2 (1951): 129-129.

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to the prophets and messengers among the Children of Israel,{{sfn|Lang|2015|p=98}} the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.{{cite web |title=The Books of Islam |url=https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/ |website=Yusuf / Cat Stevens |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111044624/https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/ |url-status=live }}

{{main|Islam#Demographics}}

{{See also|Islam by country}}

File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,{{cite web|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|date=October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=22 February 2017|quote=Of the total Muslim population, 30%-40% are Shia Muslims and 60-70% are Sunni Muslims.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205171040/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2017}} followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%). About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims.{{cite book

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| isbn = 978-0-19-515713-0

| last = Esposito

| first = John L.

| title = What everyone needs to know about Islam

| url = https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo

| url-access = registration

| page = [https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo/page/n42 21]

| date = 15 October 2002

}} and {{Cite book

| edition = Rev. 3rd ed., updated with new epilogue.

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| isbn = 978-0-19-518266-8

| last = Esposito

| first = John

| title = Islam : the straight path

| location = New York

| pages = 2, 43

| year = 2005

}} Arab Muslims form the largest ethnic group among Muslims in the world,Margaret Kleffner Nydell [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times], Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14 followed by Bengalis,{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016|isbn=978-0822353188 }} and Punjabis.{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni. The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–13%, and 1% respectively. While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shia, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}

With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of earth's population,{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|website=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|access-date=20 October 2018|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406033738/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}} Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world,{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html|title=The fastest growing religion in the world is ...|last=Burke|first=Daniel|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511135834/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html|archive-date=11 May 2016}} primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims, with Muslims having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5. According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation-1.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}

As of 2010, 49 countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population. In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}} A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslim population lives in non-Muslim-majority developed countries. India's Muslim population is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million). Sizable minorities are also found in the Americas (5.2 million or 0.6%), Australia (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of Europe (44 million or 6%).

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.{{cite web |access-date=19 December 2016 |title=Religion and Education Around the World |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=13 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152619/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2016 }} The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions. About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling, and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.

{{Main|Islamic culture}}

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Arab Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Indonesian, Pakistani (Punjabi, Pashtun, Baloch Kashmiri, Sindhi), Hindustani, Bengali, Nigerian, Egyptian, Persian, Turkic, Caucasian, Malay, Somali, Berber, and Moro cultures.

• Cultural Muslims
• Islamic schools and branches
• Mohammedan
• Lists of Muslims
• List of converts to Islam
• Latino Muslims
• Islamic holidays
• Muslim world
• Mumin
• Persecution of Muslims
• Islam by country

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM |title=arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion |publisher=Washington State University |location=United States |first=Richard |last=Hooker |date=14 July 1999|access-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203124633/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM |archive-date=3 December 2010}}

{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=United States |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}

[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muslim "Muslim"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220112121/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muslim |date=20 February 2016 }}. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|s|l|ᵻ|m}}; [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moslem moslem] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200017/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moslem |date=15 May 2011 }} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|l|ə|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|l|ə|m}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii/Shii-dynasties |title=Shiʿi, Islam |quote=In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi. |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 January 2022 }}

See:

• [https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA51 Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
• [http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran |date=17 March 2012 }} "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&q=sunni+75%25&pg=PA15 Iran, Israel and the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15&dq=&hl=en&ei=e4XoTt-TDIaL8gOG692iCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=sunni%2075%25&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
• {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |title=Sunnite |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām. |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809124159/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |archive-date=9 August 2010 }}
• {{Cite book |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |quote=A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent. |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260/page/352 352] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260 |url-access=registration |access-date=19 December 2011 }}
• {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=Pew Research Center |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201807/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |work=BBC News |quote=The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206173334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |archive-date=6 December 2011 }}
• {{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0060) |title=Sunni and Shia Islam |publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies |quote=Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world's Muslims. |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216211306/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+af0060%29 |archive-date=16 February 2013 }}
• {{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |work=USA Today |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=24 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=10 December 2011 }}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide... |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&dq=Sunni+Islam&pg=PA3 Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3&dq=Sunni+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2DLuTujOEcesrAej29DdCA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Sunni%20Islam&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20 Inside Muslim minds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20&dq=&hl=en&ei=hf7hTrCmNsvB8QOllfmCBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAw |date=4 September 2015 }} "around 80% are Sunni"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA103 Who Gets To Narrate the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&pg=PA103&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "The Sunnis (approximately 80%)"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265 A world theology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBTgU |date=4 September 2015 }} N. Ross Reat "80% being the Sunni"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA32 Islam and the Ahmadiyya jama'at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA32&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the world's Muslim population"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA252 A dictionary of modern politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"

From Sunni Islam: See:

• [https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA51 Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
• {{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}
• [http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran |date=17 March 2012 }} "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&q=sunni+75%25&pg=PA15 Iran, Israel and the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15&dq=&hl=en&ei=e4XoTt-TDIaL8gOG692iCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=sunni%2075%25&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA252 A dictionary of modern politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
• {{Cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=Pew Research Center |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201807/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |work=BBC News |quote=The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124100835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}
• {{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |work=USA Today |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=24 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=10 December 2011 }}
• [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA3 |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."

See:

• {{Cite book|title=Breach of Faith|quote=Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8|access-date=29 March 2014|date=June 2005|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314122619/https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72|title=Asian Religions in British Columbia|quote=The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world|first1=Larry|last1=DeVries|first2=Don|last2=Baker|first3=Dan|last3=Overmyer|name-list-style=amp|access-date=29 March 2014|isbn=978-0-7748-1662-5|publisher=University of Columbia Press|date=1 January 2011|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314152120/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|quote=The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million|author=Juan Eduardo Campo|page=24|access-date=29 March 2014|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314141228/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/| title=Ahmadiyya Muslims| date=20 January 2012| publisher=pbs.org| access-date=6 October 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131006204711/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/| archive-date=6 October 2013| df=dmy-all}}
• A figure of 10–20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also Ahmadiyya by country.

{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=Number of Muslim by country|date=27 January 2011|publisher=nationmaster.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |access-date=4 April 2021}}

}}

• {{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Isabel |title=Intertextualität als hermeneutischer Zugang zur Auslegung des Korans: Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel der Verwendung von Israiliyyat in der Rezeption der Davidserzählung in Sure 38: 21–25 |date=31 December 2015 |publisher=Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH |isbn=9783832541514 |language=de}}
• {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121607/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}

{{wiktionary|مسلمان}}

{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:Muslim}}

{{Commons category|Muslims}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• [http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/legal-rulings/53-ritual-prayer-its-meaning-and-manner.html Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner] – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
• [http://teachmiddleeast.lib.uchicago.edu/historical-perspectives/rulership-and-justice/islamic-period/essay/essay-02.html Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah] – University of Chicago
• [http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/ Islamophobia Today Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922184915/http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/ |date=22 September 2021 }} – An Islamophobia news clearing house
• [https://www.academia.edu/24419416/UNDERSTANDING_and_COUNTERING_ISLAMOPHOBIA Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia]
• WikiSaurus:Muslim
• {{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/understanding-islam |title=Understanding Islam |website=Susan Headden |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=25 August 2010}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 August 2000 |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=3 July 2007}}

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Quranic words and phrases

Category:Religious identity