Near-open central vowel

{{Infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = ɐ

| ipa number = 324

| decimal = 592

| x-sampa = 6

| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x0250.svg

| imagesize = 150px

| braille = 256

| braille2 = a

}}

The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, a rotated lowercase double-story a.

In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, i.e. as if it were open-mid back. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but many speakers use a central vowel like {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or {{IPAblink|ɜ}}. To avoid the trap–strut merger, Standard Southern British English is moving away from the {{IPA|[ɐ]}} quality towards {{IPAblink|ʌ}} found in RP spoken in the first half of the 20th century (e.g. in Daniel Jones's speech).{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}}

Much like {{angbr IPA|ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} is a versatile symbol that is not defined for roundedness{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=166}} and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central,{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} near-open near-front,{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} near-open near-back,{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=68, 70}} open-mid central,{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} open central{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}} or an (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, see open central unrounded vowel.

When the usual transcription of the near-open near-front and the near-open near-back variants is different from {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, they are listed in near-open front unrounded vowel and open back unrounded vowel or open back rounded vowel, respectively.

The near-open central unrounded vowel is sometimes the only open vowel in a language{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=25}} and then is typically transcribed with {{angbr IPA|a}}.

Features

It is undefined for roundedness, which means that it can be either rounded or unrounded. In practice however, the unrounded variant is more common.

Occurrence

In the following list, {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} is assumed to be unrounded. The rounded variant ({{audio|Near-open central rounded vowel.ogg|listen}}) is transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɐ̹}}. Some instances of the latter may actually be fully open.

colspan="2" \| Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|bn\|сэ}} / să	{{IPA\|[sɐ]}}	'I'	Varies between near-open and open-mid {{IPA\|[ɜ]}}. See Adyghe phonology
colspan="2" \| Bengali{{sfnp\|Khan\|2010\|p=222}}	{{lang\|bn\|পা}} / pa	{{IPA\|[pɐ]}}	'leg'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}. See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| Bulgarian{{sfnp\|Ternes\|Vladimirova-Buhtz\|1999\|p=56}}	{{lang\|bg\|пара}}/para	{{IPA\|[pɐˈra]}}	'coin'	Unstressed allophone of {{IPA\|/ɤ/}} and {{IPA\|/a/}}.{{sfnp\|Ternes\|Vladimirova-Buhtz\|1999\|p=56}} May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə}}. See Bulgarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Burmese{{sfnp\|Watkins\|2001\|p=293}}	{{lang\|bm\|မတ်}}/maat	{{IPA\|[mɐʔ]}}	'vertical'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open {{IPAblink\|ä}} in open oral syllables.{{sfnp\|Watkins\|2001\|pp=292–293}}
Catalan	Barcelona metropolitan area{{sfnp\|Rafel\|1999\|p=14}}{{sfnp\|Harrison\|1997\|pp=2}}	{{lang\|ca\|encara\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɐŋˈkäɾɐ]}}	'yet, still, even'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ə}} in other Eastern dialects. See Catalan phonology
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Cantonese{{sfnp\|Zee\|1999\|p=59}}	{{lang\|yue-Hani\|心}} / {{lang\|yue-Latn\|sam1}}	{{IPA\|[sɐ̝m˥]}}	'heart'	Open-mid.{{sfnp\|Zee\|1999\|p=59}} See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese{{sfnp\|Chen\|Gussenhoven\|2015\|p=328}}	align="left" \| {{lang\|wuu\|砍}} \|{{IPA\|[kɐʔ˦]}}	'to cut'	Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.{{sfnp\|Chen\|Gussenhoven\|2015\|p=328}}
colspan="2" \| Danish{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=58}}	{{lang\|da\|fatter\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfætɐ]}}	'understands'	Typically realized the same as {{IPA\|/ɔ/}}, i.e. {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̽}}. Other possible realizations are {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} and {{IPAblink\|ɤ̞\|ə̠}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=58}} See Danish phonology
Dinka	Luanyjang{{sfnp\|Remijsen\|Manyang\|2009\|pp=117, 119}}	laŋ	{{IPA\|[lɐ́ŋ]}}	'berry'	Short allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}}; varies between near-open {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} and open-mid {{IPA\|[ɐ̝]}}.{{sfnp\|Remijsen\|Manyang\|2009\|pp=117, 119}}
colspan="2" \|Emilian \|{{lang\|egl\|Bulåggna\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}} \|'Bologna' \|Centralized {{IPA\|/a/}}.
rowspan="8" \|English	California{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|1999\|p=42}}	rowspan="5" \| nut	{{IPA\|[nɐt]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'nut'	See English phonology
Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}{{sfnp\|Hughes\|Trudgill\|1979\|p=35}}	{{IPA\|[nɐ̟ʔ]}}	Near-front.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}
East Anglian{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2004\|p=167}}	{{IPA\|[nɐʔ]}}	Used in some places (e.g. Colchester) instead of the traditional {{IPAblink\|ʌ}}.{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2004\|p=167}}
New Zealand{{sfnp\|Bauer\|Warren\|Bardsley\|Kennedy\|2007\|p=98}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[nɐʔt]}}	Varies between near-open near-front {{IPA\|[ɐ̟]}}, near-open central {{IPA\|[ɐ]}}, open near-front {{IPAblink\|a\|a̠}} and open central {{IPAblink\|ɐ̞}}.{{sfnp\|Bauer\|Warren\|Bardsley\|Kennedy\|2007\|p=98}} See New Zealand English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}}{{sfnp\|Roca\|Johnson\|1999\|p=186}}	Increasingly retracted to {{IPAblink\|ʌ}} to avoid the trap-strut merger.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}} See English phonology
Inland Northern American{{citation\|last1=Labov\|first1=William\|last2=Ash\|first2=Sharon\|last3=Boberg\|first3=Charles\|year=1997\|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English\|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania\|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html\|access-date=March 15, 2013}}	bet	{{IPA\|[bɐt]}}	'bet'	Variation of {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift.
Middle Class London{{Harvcoltxt\|Altendorf\|Watt\|2004\|p=188}}. The authors differentiate between symbols {{IPA\|[ɒ̟]}} and {{IPA\|[ɒ̈]}}; the former denotes a more back vowel.	lot	{{IPA\|[lɐ̹ʔt]}}	'lot'	Rounded; can be back {{IPAblink\|ɒ}} instead. See English phonology
Australian{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=64}}	comma	{{IPA\|[ˈkɔmɐ]}}	'comma'	Alternatively lowered from word-final {{IPAblink\|ə}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=163}} See Australian English phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician \| {{lang\|gl\|feita}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈfejt̪ɐ]}} \| 'done' \| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}}. See Galician phonology
rowspan="2" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=86}}{{sfnp\|Rathcke\|Mooshammer\|2020\|pp=48–50}}	{{lang\|de\|Oper\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-Oper.ogg\|[ˈoːpɐ]}}	'opera'	The exact height, backness and roundedness is somewhere between {{IPAblink\|ä}} and {{IPAblink\|ɔ}}, depending on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the {{IPA\|[əɐ̯]}}-type is used instead.{{sfnp\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=86}} In Northern Standard German, the short {{IPAblink\|ä}} is raised to {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} when unstressed, rendering {{lang\|de\|Opa}} 'grandpa' homophonous with {{lang\|de\|Oper}}.{{sfnp\|Rathcke\|Mooshammer\|2020\|pp=48–50}} See Standard German phonology
Regional northern accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|kommen\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkʰɐmən]}}	'to come'	Varies between central {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} and back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}; corresponds to an open-mid rounded {{IPAblink\|ɔ}} in Standard German.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Greek	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=25}}	{{lang\|el\|ακακία}} / akakía	{{IPA\|[ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ]}}	'acacia'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}. See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Hausa{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|pp=90–91}}	{{example needed\|date=February 2017}}			Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}}, which can be as close as {{IPAblink\|ə}} and as open as {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|pp=90–91}}
colspan="2" \| Hindustani{{sfnp\|Ohala\|1999\|p=102}}	{{lang\|hi\|दस}}/{{Uninastaliq\|{{lang\|ur\|دَس\|rtl=yes}}}}/das	{{IPA\|[ˈd̪ɐs]}}	'ten'	Common realization of {{IPA\|/ə/}}.{{sfnp\|Ohala\|1999\|p=102}} See Hindustani phonology
colspan="2" \| Korean{{sfnp\|Lee\|1999\|p=121}}	{{lang\|ko-Hang\|하나}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|hana}}	{{IPA\|[hɐnɐ]}}	align tr="center"\| 'one'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Kumzari{{sfnp\|Anonby\|2011\|p=378}}	{{Uninastaliq \|گپ}} / {{lang\|zum\|gap}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɐ̟p]}}	'large'	Near-front.{{sfnp\|Anonby\|2011\|p=378}}
rowspan="2" \| Limburgish	Maastrichtian{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|pp=158–159, 162}}	{{lang\|li\|väöl}}	{{IPA\|[vɐ̹ːl]}}	'much'	Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɞː}} in words with Accent 2 ({{IPA\|[ɐ̹ː]}} itself is always toneless).{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|pp=159, 161–162, 164}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɶː}}, as it is a phonological front vowel.
Venlo dialect{{sfnp\|Peeters\|1951\|p=39}}	{{lang\|li\|aan}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɐːn]}}	'on'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|aː}} in other dialects.
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian	{{lang\|lt\|kas}}	{{IPA\|[kɐs̪]}}	'what'	See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=68, 70}}	{{lang\|lb\|Kanner}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkʰɑnɐ̠]}}	'children'	Near-back.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
colspan="2"\|Malayalam \|{{Lang\|ml\|പത്ത്}} \|{{IPA\|[pɐt̪ːɨ̆]}} \|'ten' \|See Malayalam phonology
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=92}}	{{lang\|arn\|karü\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝]}}	'green'	Open-mid;{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=92}} often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}.
Norwegian	Østfold dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Jahr\|1990\|p=92}}	\| {{lang\|no\|bada}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɐ̹̂ːdɐ]}}	'to bathe'	The example word illustrates both the rounded {{IPA\|[ɐ̹]}} and the unrounded {{IPA\|[ɐ]}}.
Piedmontese	Eastern Piedmont	\| {{lang\|pms\|pauta}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑwtɐ]}}	'mud'	Common realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}}.
colspan="2" \| Portuguese{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}{{sfnp\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=229}}	{{lang\|pt\|aja}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Aja_european_pt.wav\|[ˈäʒɐ]}}	'act' (subj.)	Closer {{IPA\|[ɐ̝]}} in European Portuguese than in Brazilian Portuguese ({{IPA\|[ɐ]}}).{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}{{sfnp\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=229}} See Portuguese phonology
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \|Punjabi{{Cite book \|last=Bhardwaj \|first=Mangat Rai \|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-1-315-76080-3 \|location=Abingdon \|page=87 \|language=en, pa \|chapter=Chapter 4: Tone and Related Phenomena in Panjabi}} \|{{Lang\|pa\|ਖੰਡ}} / {{Uninastaliq\|{{Lang\|pnb\|کھنڈ\|rtl=yes}}}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈkʰɐ̌ɳɖᵊ]}} \|'sugar' \|Common realization of {{IPA\|/ə/}}, the inherent vowel of Punjabi. See Punjabi phonology
{{Lang\|pa\|ਪਊਆ}} / {{Uninastaliq\|{{Lang\|pnb\|پوّا\|rtl=yes}}}} \|{{IPA\|[pɐwːä]}} \|'metric half pint' \|Can occur as realization of tense {{IPA\|/i/}} or {{IPA\|/u/}} in some contexts followed by a geminate semi-vowel.
Romanian	Moldavian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=29}}	{{lang\|ro\|bărbat}}	{{IPA\|[bɐrˈbat]}}	'man'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ə}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard Moscow{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}}	{{lang\|ru\|голова}} / golova	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-голова.ogg\|[ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä]}}	'head'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʌ}} in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Sabiny{{cite web\|title=UPSID 4)S\|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html\|access-date=27 January 2016}}	{{example needed\|date=January 2016}}			Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.{{cite web\|title=UPSID SEBEI\|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html\|access-date=27 January 2016}}
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|слива}} / slyva	{{IPA\|[ˈslɪwɐ]}}	'plum'	See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Vietnamese{{sfnp\|Hoang\|1965\|p=24}}	{{lang\|vi\|chếch\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[cɐ̆jk̚]}}	'askance'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə̆}}. See Vietnamese phonology
colspan="2" \| Xumi{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=369–370}}{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=388–389}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[tsʰɐ˦]}}	'salt'	Near-open {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} in Lower Xumi, open-mid {{IPA\|[ɐ̝]}} in Upper Xumi. The latter phone may be transcribed with {{angbr IPA\|ɜ}}. The example word is from Lower Xumi.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=388–389}}{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|p=369}}

Notes

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}}

External links

{{phoible|ɐ}}

Category:Near-open vowels

Category:Central vowels

colspan="2" \| Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|bn\|сэ}} / să	{{IPA\|[sɐ]}}	'I'	Varies between near-open and open-mid {{IPA\|[ɜ]}}. See Adyghe phonology
colspan="2" \| Bengali{{sfnp\|Khan\|2010\|p=222}}	{{lang\|bn\|পা}} / pa	{{IPA\|[pɐ]}}	'leg'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}. See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| Bulgarian{{sfnp\|Ternes\|Vladimirova-Buhtz\|1999\|p=56}}	{{lang\|bg\|пара}}/para	{{IPA\|[pɐˈra]}}	'coin'	Unstressed allophone of {{IPA\|/ɤ/}} and {{IPA\|/a/}}.{{sfnp\|Ternes\|Vladimirova-Buhtz\|1999\|p=56}} May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə}}. See Bulgarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Burmese{{sfnp\|Watkins\|2001\|p=293}}	{{lang\|bm\|မတ်}}/maat	{{IPA\|[mɐʔ]}}	'vertical'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open {{IPAblink\|ä}} in open oral syllables.{{sfnp\|Watkins\|2001\|pp=292–293}}
Catalan	Barcelona metropolitan area{{sfnp\|Rafel\|1999\|p=14}}{{sfnp\|Harrison\|1997\|pp=2}}	{{lang\|ca\|encara\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɐŋˈkäɾɐ]}}	'yet, still, even'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ə}} in other Eastern dialects. See Catalan phonology
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Cantonese{{sfnp\|Zee\|1999\|p=59}}	{{lang\|yue-Hani\|心}} / {{lang\|yue-Latn\|sam1}}	{{IPA\|[sɐ̝m˥]}}	'heart'	Open-mid.{{sfnp\|Zee\|1999\|p=59}} See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese{{sfnp\|Chen\|Gussenhoven\|2015\|p=328}}	align="left" \| {{lang\|wuu\|砍}} \|{{IPA\|[kɐʔ˦]}}	'to cut'	Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.{{sfnp\|Chen\|Gussenhoven\|2015\|p=328}}
colspan="2" \| Danish{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=58}}	{{lang\|da\|fatter\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfætɐ]}}	'understands'	Typically realized the same as {{IPA\|/ɔ/}}, i.e. {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̽}}. Other possible realizations are {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} and {{IPAblink\|ɤ̞\|ə̠}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=58}} See Danish phonology
Dinka	Luanyjang{{sfnp\|Remijsen\|Manyang\|2009\|pp=117, 119}}	laŋ	{{IPA\|[lɐ́ŋ]}}	'berry'	Short allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}}; varies between near-open {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} and open-mid {{IPA\|[ɐ̝]}}.{{sfnp\|Remijsen\|Manyang\|2009\|pp=117, 119}}
colspan="2" \|Emilian \|{{lang\|egl\|Bulåggna\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}} \|'Bologna' \|Centralized {{IPA\|/a/}}.
rowspan="8" \|English	California{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|1999\|p=42}}	rowspan="5" \| nut	{{IPA\|[nɐt]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'nut'	See English phonology
Cockney{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}{{sfnp\|Hughes\|Trudgill\|1979\|p=35}}	{{IPA\|[nɐ̟ʔ]}}	Near-front.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=305}}
East Anglian{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2004\|p=167}}	{{IPA\|[nɐʔ]}}	Used in some places (e.g. Colchester) instead of the traditional {{IPAblink\|ʌ}}.{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2004\|p=167}}
New Zealand{{sfnp\|Bauer\|Warren\|Bardsley\|Kennedy\|2007\|p=98}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[nɐʔt]}}	Varies between near-open near-front {{IPA\|[ɐ̟]}}, near-open central {{IPA\|[ɐ]}}, open near-front {{IPAblink\|a\|a̠}} and open central {{IPAblink\|ɐ̞}}.{{sfnp\|Bauer\|Warren\|Bardsley\|Kennedy\|2007\|p=98}} See New Zealand English phonology
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}}{{sfnp\|Roca\|Johnson\|1999\|p=186}}	Increasingly retracted to {{IPAblink\|ʌ}} to avoid the trap-strut merger.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}} See English phonology
Inland Northern American{{citation\|last1=Labov\|first1=William\|last2=Ash\|first2=Sharon\|last3=Boberg\|first3=Charles\|year=1997\|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English\|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania\|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html\|access-date=March 15, 2013}}	bet	{{IPA\|[bɐt]}}	'bet'	Variation of {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift.
Middle Class London{{Harvcoltxt\|Altendorf\|Watt\|2004\|p=188}}. The authors differentiate between symbols {{IPA\|[ɒ̟]}} and {{IPA\|[ɒ̈]}}; the former denotes a more back vowel.	lot	{{IPA\|[lɐ̹ʔt]}}	'lot'	Rounded; can be back {{IPAblink\|ɒ}} instead. See English phonology
Australian{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=64}}	comma	{{IPA\|[ˈkɔmɐ]}}	'comma'	Alternatively lowered from word-final {{IPAblink\|ə}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=163}} See Australian English phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician \| {{lang\|gl\|feita}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈfejt̪ɐ]}} \| 'done' \| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}}. See Galician phonology
rowspan="2" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=86}}{{sfnp\|Rathcke\|Mooshammer\|2020\|pp=48–50}}	{{lang\|de\|Oper\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-Oper.ogg\|[ˈoːpɐ]}}	'opera'	The exact height, backness and roundedness is somewhere between {{IPAblink\|ä}} and {{IPAblink\|ɔ}}, depending on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the {{IPA\|[əɐ̯]}}-type is used instead.{{sfnp\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=86}} In Northern Standard German, the short {{IPAblink\|ä}} is raised to {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} when unstressed, rendering {{lang\|de\|Opa}} 'grandpa' homophonous with {{lang\|de\|Oper}}.{{sfnp\|Rathcke\|Mooshammer\|2020\|pp=48–50}} See Standard German phonology
Regional northern accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|kommen\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkʰɐmən]}}	'to come'	Varies between central {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} and back {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}; corresponds to an open-mid rounded {{IPAblink\|ɔ}} in Standard German.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Greek	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=25}}	{{lang\|el\|ακακία}} / akakía	{{IPA\|[ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ]}}	'acacia'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}. See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Hausa{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|pp=90–91}}	{{example needed\|date=February 2017}}			Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}}, which can be as close as {{IPAblink\|ə}} and as open as {{IPAblink\|ä}}.{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|pp=90–91}}
colspan="2" \| Hindustani{{sfnp\|Ohala\|1999\|p=102}}	{{lang\|hi\|दस}}/{{Uninastaliq\|{{lang\|ur\|دَس\|rtl=yes}}}}/das	{{IPA\|[ˈd̪ɐs]}}	'ten'	Common realization of {{IPA\|/ə/}}.{{sfnp\|Ohala\|1999\|p=102}} See Hindustani phonology
colspan="2" \| Korean{{sfnp\|Lee\|1999\|p=121}}	{{lang\|ko-Hang\|하나}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|hana}}	{{IPA\|[hɐnɐ]}}	align tr="center"\| 'one'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Kumzari{{sfnp\|Anonby\|2011\|p=378}}	{{Uninastaliq \|گپ}} / {{lang\|zum\|gap}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɐ̟p]}}	'large'	Near-front.{{sfnp\|Anonby\|2011\|p=378}}
rowspan="2" \| Limburgish	Maastrichtian{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|pp=158–159, 162}}	{{lang\|li\|väöl}}	{{IPA\|[vɐ̹ːl]}}	'much'	Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɞː}} in words with Accent 2 ({{IPA\|[ɐ̹ː]}} itself is always toneless).{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|pp=159, 161–162, 164}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɶː}}, as it is a phonological front vowel.
Venlo dialect{{sfnp\|Peeters\|1951\|p=39}}	{{lang\|li\|aan}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɐːn]}}	'on'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|aː}} in other dialects.
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian	{{lang\|lt\|kas}}	{{IPA\|[kɐs̪]}}	'what'	See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=68, 70}}	{{lang\|lb\|Kanner}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkʰɑnɐ̠]}}	'children'	Near-back.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
colspan="2"\|Malayalam \|{{Lang\|ml\|പത്ത്}} \|{{IPA\|[pɐt̪ːɨ̆]}} \|'ten' \|See Malayalam phonology
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=92}}	{{lang\|arn\|karü\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝]}}	'green'	Open-mid;{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=92}} often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|a}}.
Norwegian	Østfold dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Jahr\|1990\|p=92}}	\| {{lang\|no\|bada}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɐ̹̂ːdɐ]}}	'to bathe'	The example word illustrates both the rounded {{IPA\|[ɐ̹]}} and the unrounded {{IPA\|[ɐ]}}.
Piedmontese	Eastern Piedmont	\| {{lang\|pms\|pauta}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɑwtɐ]}}	'mud'	Common realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}}.
colspan="2" \| Portuguese{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}{{sfnp\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=229}}	{{lang\|pt\|aja}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Aja_european_pt.wav\|[ˈäʒɐ]}}	'act' (subj.)	Closer {{IPA\|[ɐ̝]}} in European Portuguese than in Brazilian Portuguese ({{IPA\|[ɐ]}}).{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}{{sfnp\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=229}} See Portuguese phonology
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \|Punjabi{{Cite book \|last=Bhardwaj \|first=Mangat Rai \|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-1-315-76080-3 \|location=Abingdon \|page=87 \|language=en, pa \|chapter=Chapter 4: Tone and Related Phenomena in Panjabi}} \|{{Lang\|pa\|ਖੰਡ}} / {{Uninastaliq\|{{Lang\|pnb\|کھنڈ\|rtl=yes}}}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈkʰɐ̌ɳɖᵊ]}} \|'sugar' \|Common realization of {{IPA\|/ə/}}, the inherent vowel of Punjabi. See Punjabi phonology
{{Lang\|pa\|ਪਊਆ}} / {{Uninastaliq\|{{Lang\|pnb\|پوّا\|rtl=yes}}}} \|{{IPA\|[pɐwːä]}} \|'metric half pint' \|Can occur as realization of tense {{IPA\|/i/}} or {{IPA\|/u/}} in some contexts followed by a geminate semi-vowel.
Romanian	Moldavian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=29}}	{{lang\|ro\|bărbat}}	{{IPA\|[bɐrˈbat]}}	'man'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ə}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard Moscow{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}}	{{lang\|ru\|голова}} / golova	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-голова.ogg\|[ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä]}}	'head'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʌ}} in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Sabiny{{cite web\|title=UPSID 4)S\|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html\|access-date=27 January 2016}}	{{example needed\|date=January 2016}}			Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.{{cite web\|title=UPSID SEBEI\|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html\|access-date=27 January 2016}}
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|слива}} / slyva	{{IPA\|[ˈslɪwɐ]}}	'plum'	See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Vietnamese{{sfnp\|Hoang\|1965\|p=24}}	{{lang\|vi\|chếch\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[cɐ̆jk̚]}}	'askance'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə̆}}. See Vietnamese phonology
colspan="2" \| Xumi{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=369–370}}{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=388–389}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[tsʰɐ˦]}}	'salt'	Near-open {{IPA\|[ɐ]}} in Lower Xumi, open-mid {{IPA\|[ɐ̝]}} in Upper Xumi. The latter phone may be transcribed with {{angbr IPA\|ɜ}}. The example word is from Lower Xumi.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=388–389}}{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|p=369}}

Near-open central vowel

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links