open-mid back unrounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʌ

|ipa number=314

|decimal=652

|xsampa=V

|kirshenbaum=V

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x028C.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=346

}}

File:Spectrogram of open-mid back unrounded vowel (IPA ʌ).png

The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital {{angbr|ᴀ}} without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turned v). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the open back rounded vowel.

Features

Occurrence

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
colspan=2\|Ajië{{cite web \|last1=Zetterberg \|first1=William \|title=So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages {{!}} Lund University \|url=https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/9068921 \|website=Lund University \|access-date=9 July 2023}} \|{{lang\|aji\|kë}} \|[{{IPA\|kʌˀ}}] \|'pot' \|Distinct from {{IPA\|/ə/}}
Catalan \| Solsonès{{Cite web\|url=https://prezi.com/kyxx1qdiuopl/analisi-dialectologica-duns-parlars-del-solsones/\|title=Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès\|website=prezi.com\|language=en\|access-date=2019-11-29}} \| {{lang\|ca\|tarda}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː]}} \| 'afternoon' \| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/ə/}}
colspan=2\|Danish \| {{lang\|da\|slot}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈslʌt]}} \| 'castle' \| Usually transcribed as {{IPA\|/ɒ/}} but more mid-centralized {{IPA\|[ɒ̽]}}.
Emilian \| most Emilian dialects{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bulgnais.com/grafia.html/\|title=Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và\|website=bulgnais.com\|language=egl\|access-date=2020-04-21\|archive-date=2020-10-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045803/https://www.bulgnais.com/grafia.html\|url-status=dead}} \| Bulåggna \| {{IPA\|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}} \| 'Bologna' \| It corresponds to a sound between {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} to {{IPA\|/ä/}}; written ò in some spellings
rowspan="13" \| English	Cape Town{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=115}}	rowspan="2" \| lot	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[lʌt]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'lot'	rowspan="2" \| It corresponds to a weakly rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̈}} in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology
Natal{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=115}}
Cardiff{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}	thought	{{IPA\|[θʌːt]}}	'thought'	For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology
General South African{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=614, 621}}	no	{{IPA\|[nʌː]}}	'no'	May be a diphthong {{IPA\|[ʌʊ̯]}} instead.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=614}} See South African English phonology
General American{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=485}}	rowspan="9" \| gut	rowspan="9" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-inlandnorth-gut.ogg\|[ɡʌt]}}	rowspan="9" \| 'gut'	rowspan="9" \| In some dialects, fronted to {{IPAblink\|ɜ}}, or fronted and lowered to {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}. In Standard Southern British English, {{IPA\|[ʌ]}} is increasingly heard in place of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}} to avoid the trap-strut merger.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}} See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Inland Northern American{{citation \|author=W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg\|year=1997\|title=A national map of the regional dialects of American English\|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania\|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html\|access-date=May 27, 2013}}
Multicultural London{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=91}}
Newfoundland{{sfnp\|Thomas\|2001\|pp=27–28, 61–63}}
Northern East Anglian{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2004\|p=167}}
Philadelphia{{sfnp\|Thomas\|2001\|pp=27–28, 73–74}}
Scottish{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}
Some Estuary English speakers{{sfnp\|Altendorf\|Watt\|2004\|p=188}}
Some Standard Southern British speakers{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}}
French	Picardy{{cite web\|title=Picardie : phonétique\|url=http://accentsdefrance.free.fr/picardie/picardiephonetique.html\|access-date=29 January 2015}}	{{lang\|fr\|alors}}	{{IPA\|[aˈlʌʀ̥]}}	'so'	Corresponding to {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} in standard French.
German	Chemnitz dialect{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|pp=235, 238}}	{{lang\|de\|machen}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmʌχɴ̩]}}	'to do'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʌ, ʌː/}} (which phonetically are central {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ɜ}}, {{IPAplink\|ɜː}}]}}){{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=236}} before and after {{IPA\|/ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/}}. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before {{IPA\|/χ, ʁ/}}.{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=238}}
colspan="2" \| Haida{{sfnp\|Lawrence\|1977\|pp=32–33}}	{{lang\|hai\|ḵwaáay}}	{{IPA\|[qʷʰʌʔáːj]}}	'the rock'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} (sometimes also {{IPA\|/aː/}}) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.{{sfnp\|Lawrence\|1977\|pp=32–33, 36}}
Irish	Ulster dialect{{sfnp\|Ní Chasaide\|1999\|pp=114–115}}	{{lang\|ga\|ola}}	{{IPA\|[ʌl̪ˠə]}}	'oil'	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}	colspan=2 align=center \| {{IPA\|[ˈɾʌ]}}	'mark'	Varies between back {{IPA\|[ʌ]}} and central {{IPAblink\|ɜ}}.{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676, 682}}
colspan="2" \|Kashmiri \|{{Lang\|ks\|از}} \|{{IPA\|[ʌz]}} \|'today' \|Allophone of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety.
colspan="2" \| Kensiu{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[hʌʎ]}}	'stream'
colspan="2" \| Korean{{sfnp\|Lee\|1999}}	{{lang\|ko\|너}} / neo	{{IPA\|[nʌ̹]}}	'you'	See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Lillooet	{{example needed\|date=November 2015}}			Retracted counterpart of {{IPA\|/ə/}}.
colspan="2" \| Mah Meri{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=245}}	{{example needed\|date=February 2017}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/ə/}}; can be mid central {{IPAblink\|ə}} or close-mid back {{IPAblink\|ɤ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=245}}
colspan="2" \| Nepali	असल/asal	{{IPA\|[ʌsʌl]}}	'good'	See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	Solør{{sfnp\|Borg\|1987\|p=10}}	fäss	{{IPA\|[fʌs]}}	'waterfall'	In traditional dialect transcriptions, this vowel is written consequently as ⟨ä⟩, and has existed as a separate vowel in addition to ⟨æ⟩, {{IPA\|[æ]}}. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to {{IPA\|[æ]}} with younger speakers.
Portuguese	Greater Lisbon area{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|pp=91–2}}	{{lang\|pt\|leite}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞]}}	'milk'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɐ/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} (forming a phonetic diphthong {{IPA\|[ʌj]}}). Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|e}} in other accents.{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|pp=91–2}} See Portuguese phonology
Russian	Standard Saint Petersburg{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}}	{{lang\|ru\|голова}}/golová	{{IPA\|[ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä]}}	'head'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɐ}} in standard Moscow pronunciation;{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Barra{{sfnp\|Borgstrøm\|1937\|p=76}}	{{lang\|gd\|duine}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ɯɲʌ]}}	'person'	Dialectal allophone of {{IPAblink\|ə}} in word-final position.
colspan="2" \| Tamil{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}}	{{example needed\|date=January 2016}}			Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA\|/am/}}, may be {{IPAblink\|o̞\|õ}} or {{IPAblink\|ä\|ã}} instead.{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}} See Tamil phonology
colspan="2" \|Xavante{{Sfnp\|Nikulin\|Carvalho\|2019\|p=263}} \| \|{{IPA\|[jʌm]}} \|'seed' \|The nasal version {{IPA\|[ʌ̃]}} also occurs.{{Sfnp\|Nikulin\|Carvalho\|2019\|p=263}}

Before World War II, the {{IPA|/ʌ/}} of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel {{IPA|[ʌ]}}, which has since shifted forward towards {{IPAblink|ɐ}} (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel {{IPA|[ʌ̟]}} between his central {{IPA|/ə/}} and back {{IPA|/ɔ/}}; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal {{IPAblink|a}}.{{sfnp|Jones|1972|pp=86–88}} In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme {{IPA|/ʌ/}} is an open-mid central {{IPAblink|ɜ}}.{{sfnp|Gordon|2004b|p=340}}{{sfnp|Tillery|Bailey|2004|p=333}} Truly backed variants of {{IPA|/ʌ/}} that are phonetically {{IPA|[ʌ]}} can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.{{sfnp|Thomas|2001|pp=27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174}}{{sfnp|Gordon|2004a|pp=294–296}} However, the letter {{angbr IPA|ʌ}} is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants {{IPAblink|ɐ}} or {{IPAblink|ɜ}}. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=135}}

Notes

References

{{cite book

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|editor-last=Schneider

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|year=2004

|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English

|chapter=The dialects in the South of England: phonology

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|pages=181–196

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Bishop

|first=Nancy

|year=1996

|title=A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology

|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies

|pages=227–253

|volume=25

|url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf

}}

{{Cite book

|first=Arve

|last=Borg

|year=1987

|title=Gammalt frå Grue: Grue-mål

|publisher=Bondekvinnelagene i Grue

}}

{{cite book

|last=Borgstrøm

|first=Carl Hj.

|year=1937

|title=The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides

|publisher=Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

}}

{{cite book

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|editor-last1=Coupland

|editor-first1=Nikolas

|editor-last2=Thomas

|editor-first2=Alan Richard

|year=1990

|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change

|chapter=The phonetics of Cardiff English

|publisher=Multilingual Matters

|pages=87–103

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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C

}}

{{cite book

|last=Cruttenden

|first=Alan

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|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English

|publisher=Routledge

|edition=8th

|isbn=9781444183092

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Cruz-Ferreira

|first=Madalena

|year= 1995

|title=European Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=25

|issue=2

|pages=90–94

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223

|s2cid=249414876

|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_por_phon-1

}}

{{cite book

|last=Gordon

|first=Matthew

|year=2004a

|chapter=New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities

|editor-last=Kortmann

|editor-first=Bernd

|editor2-last=Schneider

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|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Walter de Gruyter

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

|pages=294–296

}}

{{citation

|last=Gordon

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|year=2004b

|chapter=The West and Midwest: Phonology

|editor-last=Kortmann

|editor-first=Bernd

|editor2-last=Schneider

|editor2-first=Edgar W.

|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Walter de Gruyter

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

|pages=340

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Jolkesky

|first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery

|year=2009

|title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble

|language=pt

|trans-title=Phonology and prosody of Kaingang spoken in Cacique Doble

|journal=Anais do SETA

|volume=3

|pages=675–685

|place=Campinas

|publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP

|url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474

}}

{{cite book

|last=Jones

|first=Daniel

|author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)

|year=1972

|title=An Outline of English Phonetics

|edition=9th

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=W. Heffer & Sons

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Keane

|first=Elinor

|year=2004

|title=Tamil

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=1

|pages=111–116

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Khan

|first1=Sameer ud Dowla

|last2=Weise

|first2=Constanze

|year=2013

|title=Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=2

|pages=231–241

|url=http://academic.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%20Weise%202013%20Upper%20Saxon%20Chemnitz%20dialect.pdf

|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000145

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Kruspe

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|last2=Hajek

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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=39

|issue=2

|pages=241–248

|doi=10.1017/S0025100309003946

|doi-access=free

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{{cite book

|last=Lass

|first=Roger

|chapter=South African English

|editor-last=Mesthrie

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|year=2002

|title=Language in South Africa

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|isbn=9780521791052

}}

{{cite book

|last=Lawrence

|first=Erma

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|title=Haida Dictionary

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|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED162532&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno=ED162532&_nfls=false

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{{cite book

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|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

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|isbn=0-521-63751-1

}}

{{cite book

|last=Ní Chasaide

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|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

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|publisher=Cambridge University Press

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{{cite book

|last1=Roca

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|title=Course in Phonology

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{{citation

|last1=Scobbie

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|last3=Matthews

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|place=Edinburgh

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{{cite journal

|last=Thomas

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|year=2001

|title=An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English

|journal=Publication of the American Dialect Society

|volume=85

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{{cite book

|last1=Tillery

|first1=Jan

|last2=Bailey

|first2=Guy

|year=2004

|chapter=The urban south: Phonology

|editor-last=Kortmann

|editor-first=Bernd

|editor2-last=Schneider

|editor2-first=Edgar W.

|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Walter de Gruyter

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

|pages=333

}}

{{cite book

|last=Trudgill

|first=Peter

|year=2004

|chapter=The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology

|editor-last=Schneider

|editor-first=Edgar W.

|editor2-last=Burridge

|editor2-first=Kate

|editor3-last=Kortmann

|editor3-first=Bernd

|editor4-last=Mesthrie

|editor4-first=Rajend

|editor5-last=Upton

|editor5-first=Clive

|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|pages=163–177

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

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{{Cite book

|first=J.C.

|last=Wells

|author-link=John C. Wells

|year=1982

|title=Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-28541-0

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Yanushevskaya

|first1=Irena

|last2=Bunčić

|first2=Daniel

|year=2015

|title=Russian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=45

|issue=2

|pages=221–228

|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal|last=Nikulin|first=Andrey|first2=Fernando O. de|last2=Carvalho|volume=8|issue=2|title=Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama|journal=Macabéa - Revista Eletrônica do NETLLI|doi-access=free|doi=10.47295/MREN.V8I2.1910|year=2019|place=Crato|language=pt-BR}}

External links

{{phoible|ʌ}}

Category:Open-mid vowels

Category:Back vowels

Category:Unrounded vowels

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
colspan=2\|Ajië{{cite web \|last1=Zetterberg \|first1=William \|title=So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages {{!}} Lund University \|url=https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/9068921 \|website=Lund University \|access-date=9 July 2023}} \|{{lang\|aji\|kë}} \|[{{IPA\|kʌˀ}}] \|'pot' \|Distinct from {{IPA\|/ə/}}
Catalan \| Solsonès{{Cite web\|url=https://prezi.com/kyxx1qdiuopl/analisi-dialectologica-duns-parlars-del-solsones/\|title=Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès\|website=prezi.com\|language=en\|access-date=2019-11-29}} \| {{lang\|ca\|tarda}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː]}} \| 'afternoon' \| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/ə/}}
colspan=2\|Danish \| {{lang\|da\|slot}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈslʌt]}} \| 'castle' \| Usually transcribed as {{IPA\|/ɒ/}} but more mid-centralized {{IPA\|[ɒ̽]}}.
Emilian \| most Emilian dialects{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bulgnais.com/grafia.html/\|title=Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và\|website=bulgnais.com\|language=egl\|access-date=2020-04-21\|archive-date=2020-10-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045803/https://www.bulgnais.com/grafia.html\|url-status=dead}} \| Bulåggna \| {{IPA\|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}} \| 'Bologna' \| It corresponds to a sound between {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} to {{IPA\|/ä/}}; written ò in some spellings
rowspan="13" \| English	Cape Town{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=115}}	rowspan="2" \| lot	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[lʌt]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'lot'	rowspan="2" \| It corresponds to a weakly rounded {{IPAblink\|ɒ\|ɒ̈}} in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology
Natal{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=115}}
Cardiff{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}	thought	{{IPA\|[θʌːt]}}	'thought'	For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology
General South African{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=614, 621}}	no	{{IPA\|[nʌː]}}	'no'	May be a diphthong {{IPA\|[ʌʊ̯]}} instead.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=614}} See South African English phonology
General American{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=485}}	rowspan="9" \| gut	rowspan="9" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-inlandnorth-gut.ogg\|[ɡʌt]}}	rowspan="9" \| 'gut'	rowspan="9" \| In some dialects, fronted to {{IPAblink\|ɜ}}, or fronted and lowered to {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}. In Standard Southern British English, {{IPA\|[ʌ]}} is increasingly heard in place of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}} to avoid the trap-strut merger.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}} See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Inland Northern American{{citation \|author=W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg\|year=1997\|title=A national map of the regional dialects of American English\|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania\|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html\|access-date=May 27, 2013}}
Multicultural London{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=91}}
Newfoundland{{sfnp\|Thomas\|2001\|pp=27–28, 61–63}}
Northern East Anglian{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2004\|p=167}}
Philadelphia{{sfnp\|Thomas\|2001\|pp=27–28, 73–74}}
Scottish{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}
Some Estuary English speakers{{sfnp\|Altendorf\|Watt\|2004\|p=188}}
Some Standard Southern British speakers{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|p=122}}
French	Picardy{{cite web\|title=Picardie : phonétique\|url=http://accentsdefrance.free.fr/picardie/picardiephonetique.html\|access-date=29 January 2015}}	{{lang\|fr\|alors}}	{{IPA\|[aˈlʌʀ̥]}}	'so'	Corresponding to {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} in standard French.
German	Chemnitz dialect{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|pp=235, 238}}	{{lang\|de\|machen}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmʌχɴ̩]}}	'to do'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʌ, ʌː/}} (which phonetically are central {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|ɜ}}, {{IPAplink\|ɜː}}]}}){{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=236}} before and after {{IPA\|/ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/}}. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before {{IPA\|/χ, ʁ/}}.{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=238}}
colspan="2" \| Haida{{sfnp\|Lawrence\|1977\|pp=32–33}}	{{lang\|hai\|ḵwaáay}}	{{IPA\|[qʷʰʌʔáːj]}}	'the rock'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} (sometimes also {{IPA\|/aː/}}) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.{{sfnp\|Lawrence\|1977\|pp=32–33, 36}}
Irish	Ulster dialect{{sfnp\|Ní Chasaide\|1999\|pp=114–115}}	{{lang\|ga\|ola}}	{{IPA\|[ʌl̪ˠə]}}	'oil'	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}	colspan=2 align=center \| {{IPA\|[ˈɾʌ]}}	'mark'	Varies between back {{IPA\|[ʌ]}} and central {{IPAblink\|ɜ}}.{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676, 682}}
colspan="2" \|Kashmiri \|{{Lang\|ks\|از}} \|{{IPA\|[ʌz]}} \|'today' \|Allophone of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety.
colspan="2" \| Kensiu{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[hʌʎ]}}	'stream'
colspan="2" \| Korean{{sfnp\|Lee\|1999}}	{{lang\|ko\|너}} / neo	{{IPA\|[nʌ̹]}}	'you'	See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Lillooet	{{example needed\|date=November 2015}}			Retracted counterpart of {{IPA\|/ə/}}.
colspan="2" \| Mah Meri{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=245}}	{{example needed\|date=February 2017}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/ə/}}; can be mid central {{IPAblink\|ə}} or close-mid back {{IPAblink\|ɤ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=245}}
colspan="2" \| Nepali	असल/asal	{{IPA\|[ʌsʌl]}}	'good'	See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	Solør{{sfnp\|Borg\|1987\|p=10}}	fäss	{{IPA\|[fʌs]}}	'waterfall'	In traditional dialect transcriptions, this vowel is written consequently as ⟨ä⟩, and has existed as a separate vowel in addition to ⟨æ⟩, {{IPA\|[æ]}}. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to {{IPA\|[æ]}} with younger speakers.
Portuguese	Greater Lisbon area{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|pp=91–2}}	{{lang\|pt\|leite}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞]}}	'milk'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɐ/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} (forming a phonetic diphthong {{IPA\|[ʌj]}}). Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|e}} in other accents.{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|pp=91–2}} See Portuguese phonology
Russian	Standard Saint Petersburg{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}}	{{lang\|ru\|голова}}/golová	{{IPA\|[ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä]}}	'head'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɐ}} in standard Moscow pronunciation;{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Barra{{sfnp\|Borgstrøm\|1937\|p=76}}	{{lang\|gd\|duine}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ɯɲʌ]}}	'person'	Dialectal allophone of {{IPAblink\|ə}} in word-final position.
colspan="2" \| Tamil{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}}	{{example needed\|date=January 2016}}			Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA\|/am/}}, may be {{IPAblink\|o̞\|õ}} or {{IPAblink\|ä\|ã}} instead.{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}} See Tamil phonology
colspan="2" \|Xavante{{Sfnp\|Nikulin\|Carvalho\|2019\|p=263}} \| \|{{IPA\|[jʌm]}} \|'seed' \|The nasal version {{IPA\|[ʌ̃]}} also occurs.{{Sfnp\|Nikulin\|Carvalho\|2019\|p=263}}