Login
Login

Non-Aligned Movement#Summits

{{Short description|Group of countries not in major power blocs}}

{{pp|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox geopolitical organisation

| name = Non-Aligned Movement

| image_coat = Logo of the Non-Aligned Movement (2024-2027).svg

| symbol_type = Logo of the Non-Aligned Movement during the 2024–2027 Uganda chairmanship

| image_map = NAM Members.svg

| alt_map = Map of the world indicating members and observers of the Non-Aligned Movement

| map_width = 250px

| map_caption = {{legend|#000080|Member States}}

{{legend|#2a7fff|Observer States}}

| membership_type = Membership

| membership = {{unbulleted list |121 member states |18 observer states |10 international organisations}}

| loctext =

| admin_center_type = Coordinating bureau

| admin_center = {{Nowrap|United Nations Headquarters
New York City, New York}}{{cite web |title=Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100061001 |website=uia.org |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718195800/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100061001 |url-status=live }}

| leader_title1 = {{nowrap|Principal decision-
making organ}}

| leader_name1 = Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries

| leader_title2 = {{nowrap|Chairmanship}}

| leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Uganda}} Uganda

| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|Chair}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/28/WS5db64575a310cf3e35573e5e.html|title=18th Summit of Heads of State and Government of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226211132/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/28/WS5db64575a310cf3e35573e5e.html|url-status=live}}

| leader_name3 = Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda

| established = Belgrade, Yugoslavia
{{foundation date and age|1961|9|1|df=yes}} as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries

| official_website = https://nam.go.ug/

}}

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 121 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded with the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation.{{Cite web |title=Non-Aligned Movement - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus |url=https://mfa.gov.by/en/mulateral/organization/list/bc1f7d8446a445ed.html#:~:text=The%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20(NAM,and%20democratization%20of%20international%20relations. |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=mfa.gov.by}} After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.{{cite web|url=https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|title=NAM Members & Observers|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085806/https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=About NAM |url=https://mnoal.org/nam-about/ |website=mnoal.org |publisher=Non Aligned Movement |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323135155/https://mnoal.org/nam-about/ |archive-date=23 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}

The movement originated in the aftermath of the Korean War, as an effort by some countries to counterbalance the rapid bi-polarization of the world during the Cold War, whereby two major powers formed blocs and embarked on a policy to pull the rest of the world into their orbits. One of these was the pro-Soviet socialist bloc whose best known alliance was the Warsaw Pact, and the other the pro-American capitalist group of countries, many of which belonged to NATO. In 1961, drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference of 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement was formally established in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, through an initiative led by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Ghanaian president Kwame Nkrumah, Indonesian president Sukarno, and United Arab Republic president Gamal Abdel Nasser.{{Cite book|author=Nehru, Jawaharlal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru.: an autobiography.|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780143031048|oclc=909343858}}{{Cite web|title=Non-Aligned Movement {{!}} Definition, Mission, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement|access-date=10 July 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227123949/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Mithi|title='A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947-62.|journal=The International History Review|year=2010|volume=32: 2|issue=2|pages=253–271|doi=10.1080/07075332.2010.489753|jstor=25703954|s2cid=155062058}}

This led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Governments of Non-Aligned Countries.{{Cite book|title=Jugoslavija 1918–1988: Tematska zbirka dokumenata|last1=Petranović|first1=Branko|last2=Zečević|first2=Momčilo|publisher=Izdavačka radna organizacija "Rad"|year=1988|isbn=9788609001086|edition=2|location=Belgrade|pages=1078–1084|language=sh|chapter=BEOGRADSKA KONFERENCIJA NEANGAŽOVANIH. NESVRSTANOST - Brionska izjava predsednika Tita, Nasera i Premijera Nehrua, jula 1956.|chapter-url=https://znaci.org/00001/138_87.pdf|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026103936/http://www.znaci.net/00001/138_87.pdf|url-status=live}} The purpose of the organization was summarized by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."{{Cite web|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611014358/http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012|url-status=dead|title=Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979|archive-date=11 June 2011}}[http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/I_Agreements/pakistan___non-aligned_movemen.html "Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002105007/http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/I_Agreements/pakistan___non-aligned_movemen.html |date=2 October 2006 }}. Board of Investment{{spaced ndash}} Government of Pakistan. 2003.

The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing countries, although the Non-Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations.{{cite magazine |author-last=Menon |author-first=Shivshankar |date=1 July 2022 |title=A New Cold War May Call for a Return to Nonalignment |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/01/nonalignment-international-system-alliance-bloc/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Graham Holdings Company |issn=0015-7228 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812231056/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/01/nonalignment-international-system-alliance-bloc/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022}}

The Non-Aligned Movement gained the most traction in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the international policy of non-alignment achieved major successes in decolonization, disarmament, opposition to racism and opposition to apartheid in South Africa, and persisted throughout the entire Cold War, despite several conflicts between members, and despite some members developing closer ties with either the Soviet Union, China, or the United States. In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, the movement has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those in the Global South.

History

{{see also|Cold War}}

= Origins and the Cold War =

File:NATO vs. Warsaw Pact (1949-1990).svg in blue and the Warsaw Pact in red.]]

File:Stevan Kragujevic, Tito, Naser, Nehru, Dolazak na Brione.jpg, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, pioneers of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Brioni Meeting]]

The term 'Non-Alignment' was used for the first time in 1950 at the United Nations by India and Yugoslavia, both of which refused to align themselves with any side in the multi-alliances involving Korean War.{{cite book |author1= Ivo Goldstein |author2=Slavko Goldstein |date=2020 |title=Tito |trans-title=Tito |page=637 |url= |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=Profil |isbn=978-953-313-750-6}} Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence and sovereignty "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers".{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul Karim|title=Respite from Disgraceful NDA Foreign Policy|journal=Congress Sandesh|date=June 2004|volume=6|issue=10|page=8}}

The movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.{{cite book |last=Ma'aroof |first=Mohammad Khalid |date=1987 |title=Afghanistan in World Politics: (a Study of Afghan-U.S. Relations) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&pg=PA75 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |pages=75– |isbn=978-81-212-0097-4 |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215200830/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}{{Unreliable source?|reason=Publisher has a history of plagiarizing and inaccuracy, even before Wikipedia, see WP:PUS |date=January 2017}}

But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Zhou Enlai and Nehru described the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

  • Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
  • Mutual non-aggression.
  • Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
  • Equality and mutual benefit.
  • Peaceful co-existence.

A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant boost to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Zhou Enlai and Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.{{cite web|url=http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Declaration).pdf|title=Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries|publisher=Egyptian presidency website|date=6 September 1961|access-date=23 April 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014412/http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Declaration).pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date =8 October 2011}} The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.{{cite web|url=http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/5th%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aigned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Sr.pdf|title=Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-aligned nations|publisher=Egyptian presidency website|date=6 September 1961|access-date=23 April 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014628/http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/5th%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aigned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Sr.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date =8 October 2011}}

At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.{{Cite book |title= Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law | author = Suvedi, Sūryaprasāda | author1-link = Surya Subedi |year= 1996 |publisher= Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-198-26096-7 | series = Oxford monographs in international law | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1STswAEACAAJ |pages= 169–170 }}

In 1975, the member nations which also were part of the United Nations General Assembly pushed for the Resolution 3379 along with Arab countries and the support of the Soviet bloc. It was a declarative non-binding measure that equated Zionism with South Africa's Apartheid and as a form of racial discrimination. The bloc voting produced a majority in the United Nations that systematically condemned Israel in the following resolutions: 3089, 3210, 3236, 32/40, etc.

Some Non-Aligned member nations were involved in serious conflicts with other members, notably India and Pakistan as well as Iran and Iraq.

== Cuba's role ==

In the 1970s, Cuba made a major effort to assume a leadership role in the world's non-alignment movement. The country established military advisory missions and economic and social reform programs. The 1976 world conference of the Non-Aligned Movement applauded Cuban internationalism, "which assisted the people of Angola in frustrating the expansionist and colonialist strategy of South Africa's racist regime and its allies." The next Non-Aligned conference was scheduled for Havana in 1979, to be chaired by Fidel Castro, with his becoming the de facto spokesman for the Movement. The conference in September 1979 marked the zenith of Cuban prestige. Most, but not all, attendees believed that Cuba was not aligned with the Soviet camp in the Cold War.Robert E. Quirk, Fidel Castro, (1993) pp 718–21, 782–83

However, in December 1979, the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan's civil war. Up until that time, Afghanistan was also an active member of the Non-Aligned Movement. At the United Nations, nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba voted against the resolution, in support of the USSR. It lost its nonaligned leadership and reputation after Castro, instead of becoming a high-profile spokesman for the movement, remained quiet and inactive. More broadly the movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979, as many members of the Non-Aligned Movement, particularly the predominantly Muslim states, condemned it.H. V. Hodson, ed. The annual register : a record of world events 1979 (1980) pp 372–75.

= Post-Cold War =

File:18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku 026.jpg and Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro at the 18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Baku on 25 October 2019]]

With the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement transformed. The breakup of Yugoslavia (a prominent founding member) in 1991–1992 also affected the movement; the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1992 suspended Yugoslavia's membership.{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2010 |location=XII Summit, Durban, South Africa |website=www.nam.gov.za |date=2–3 September 1998 |access-date=24 August 2012}}{{cite news |author= Lai Kwon Kin |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html |title= Yugoslavia casts shadow over non-aligned summit |work= The Independent |date= 2 September 1992 |access-date= 26 September 2009 |quote=Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement. |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121108094238/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html |url-status= dead }} The various successor states of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia retain observer status. India, another founding member, appears to have downgraded its emphasis on the movement.

Compare:

{{cite book

|author1 = Rina Agarwala

|editor-last1 = Portes

|editor-first1 = Alejandro

|editor-link1 = Alejandro Portes

|editor-last2 = Fernández-Kelly

|editor-first2 = Patricia

|editor-link2 = Patricia Fernández-Kelly

|date = 1 July 2015

|chapter = Tapping the Indian Diaspora for Indian Development

|title = The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zyjfCQAAQBAJ

|publication-place = New York

|publisher = Berghahn Books

|page = 92

|isbn = 9781782387350

|access-date = 6 November 2022

|quote = [...] the end of the Cold War, when India ended its participation in the nonaligned movement [...].

}}

Membership applications from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998 respectively.{{Cite book |last=Najam |first=Adil |editor-first=Stuard |editor-last=Nagel |title=Policymaking and prosperity: a multinational anthology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCVZ5Vir2e0C&pg=PA233 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2003 |pages=197–240 [233] |chapter=Chapter 9: The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics |access-date=10 November 2009 |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=0-7391-0460-8 |quote=Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. Applications from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998. |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724095525/https://books.google.com/books?id=eCVZ5Vir2e0C&pg=PA233 }} In 2004 Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members when they joined the European Union, as required. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, both having joined the Movement in 2011. Azerbaijan and Belarus, which joined in 1998, remain the only members on the continent of Europe.

Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has felt forced to redefine itself and to reinvent its purpose in the new world-system. A major question has been whether any of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, apply to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the Global South, and an instrument that can promote the needs of member-nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states.{{cite web |last=Acosta |first=Daria |date=18 September 2006 |url=http://www.ipsterraviva.net/TV/Noal/en/default.asp |title=Putting Differences Aside |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412094835/https://ipsterraviva.net/TV/Noal/en/default.asp |archive-date=12 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=24 June 2023}} However, as in the past, cohesion remains a problem, since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than to pass hard-line resolutions.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2798187.stm#facts |title=Profile: Non-Aligned Movement |date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203123721/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2798187.stm#facts |archive-date=3 February 2008 |url-status=live |agency=BBC News |access-date=24 August 2012}}

The movement continues to see a role for itself: in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm |title=NAM XII Summit: Basic Documents – Final Document: 1 Global Issues |location=XII Summit, Durban, South Africa |date=2–3 September 1998 |website=www.nam.gov.za |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219184420/http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 August 2013}} and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to the Teheran-based Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.{{Cite web|url= http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1680391 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130128094653/http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1680391|url-status= dead|title= NAM summit will raise Iran's profile in the international arena|archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date= 26 August 2012}} Attendance at the highest level included 27 presidents, two kings and emirs, seven prime ministers, nine vice-presidents, two parliamentary spokesmen and five special envoys.{{Cite web|url= http://www.tehrantimes.com/component/content/article/100839|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120829235700/http://www.tehrantimes.com/component/content/article/100839|url-status= dead|title= NAM summit kicks off in Tehran|archive-date= 29 August 2012}} At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.{{cite web|url= http://allafrica.com/stories/201208150290.html|title= Southern Africa: Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments|date= 15 August 2012|access-date= 18 September 2016|via= AllAfrica}}

In 2016 Venezuela hosted the 17th NAM Summit.{{Cite news|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/class-12-arts-pol-science-crash-course-nonaligned-movement-1432213-2019-01-16|title= Class 12 Arts stream Political Science #crashcourse: Non-Aligned Movement explained|agency= Ist|newspaper= India Today|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190325165141/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/class-12-arts-pol-science-crash-course-nonaligned-movement-1432213-2019-01-16|url-status= live}}{{Cite web|url= https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/venezuela-seeks-support-from-the-islamic-world-amid-spat-with-us/50000262-3374897|title= Venezuela seeks support from the Islamic world amid spat with US |website= www.efe.com|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190325165142/https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/venezuela-seeks-support-from-the-islamic-world-amid-spat-with-us/50000262-3374897|url-status=live}}

Azerbaijan, host of the 18th NAM summit in 2019, holds the Non-Aligned Movement presidency pending the 19th NAM summit, which took place in Kampala, Uganda in January 2024.{{Cite web|url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/no26721|title=No:267/21, Information of the Press Service Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Mid-Term Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan|language=en|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724132312/https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/no26721|url-status=live}}

Organizational structure and membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm|publisher=Government of Zaire|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information|access-date=23 April 2011|date=21 September 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm|archive-date=9 February 2016}} Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/methodology.htm#METHODOLOGY|date=14–16 May 1996|access-date=24 April 2011|work=Head of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Countries|publisher=Government of Zaire|title=Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May 14–16, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402173236/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/methodology.htm#METHODOLOGY|archive-date=2 April 2011|url-status=dead}} The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.

Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:

  • Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
  • Recognition of the movements for national independence.
  • Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
  • Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
  • Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
  • Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
  • Respect for justice and international obligations.

Policies and ideology

Chairpersons{{cite web |url= https://mnoal.org/nam-summits/ |title= NAM Summits |access-date= 6 April 2019 |publisher= Non-Aligned Movement |quote= Nicolás Maduro Moros, President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, who was elected by acclamation as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154239/https://mnoal.org/nam-summits/ |archive-date= 31 March 2019 |url-status= dead }} of the NAM have included such diverse figures as Suharto,{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title=Suharto tops corruption rankings | work=BBC News | date=25 March 2004 | access-date=4 February 2006 | archive-date=13 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | url-status=live }} a militaristicCommission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor {{cite web |author=Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group |title=The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999 |work=A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste |publisher=Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG) |date=9 February 2006 |url=http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529004414/http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml |archive-date=29 May 2012}} anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".{{Cite book |title=Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security |last=Ohlson |first=Thomas |author2=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |year=1988 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-198-29124-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/armstransferlimi0000unse/page/198 198] |author2-link=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |url=https://archive.org/details/armstransferlimi0000unse/page/198 }} The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Almost all of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western- and developed- nation-dominated UN.Morphet, Sally. "Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 10 (2004), pp. 517–537. African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.Grant, Cedric. "Equity in Third World Relations: a third world perspective". International Affairs 71, 3 (1995), 567–587.

Current activities and positions

= Reform of the UN Security Council =

The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, and advocating for the reforming of the United Nations Security Council, stating that the organisation has been used by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: [http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm Final Document] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219184420/http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm|date=19 December 2015}}, no. 55.

= Self-determination of Puerto Rico =

Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations.{{cn|date=November 2023}} A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement but did not progress.

= Self-determination of Western Sahara =

Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.{{dead link|date=August 2012}} [http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/282/34/IMG/NR028234.pdf?OpenElement "3162 (XXVIII) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly 28th session, 1973"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113025623/https://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/282/34/IMG/NR028234.pdf?OpenElement |date=13 January 2012 }} (PDF format). United Nations. The movement reaffirmed in its meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817082241/http://www.namegypt.org/en/RelevantDocuments/Pages/default.aspx XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non Aligned Movement{{spaced ndash}} Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.16-04-2009.]}} See points 237, 238 & 239.

= Sustainable developments =

The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309055107/https://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html |date=9 March 2012 }}, 7 January 2008.

= Criticism of US foreign policy =

In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, chairman of North Korea's parliamentary standing committee, stated, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."Staff (16 September 2006). [https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/non-aligned-nations-slam-u-s-1.599827 "Non-Aligned Nations Slam U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021141302/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/non-aligned-nations-slam-u-s-1.599827 |date=21 October 2017 }} CBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

= NAM Centres =

== Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation ==

{{Redirects here|Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation|South-South Cooperation|South–South cooperation}}

The Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation (NAM CSSTC) as an intergovernmental institution, which enables developing countries to increase national capacity and their collective self-reliance,Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation. (n.d.). Mission, Vission & Objective. Retrieved from Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation: http://csstc.org/v_ket1.asp?info=22&mn=2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145402/http://csstc.org/v_ket1.asp?info=22&mn=2 |date=19 November 2021 }} forms part of the efforts of NAM.United Nations General Assembly Security Council. (20 October 1995). NAC 11/DOC.1/Rev.3., (p. 12). Cartagena de Indias. Retrieved 2021, from Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monetary: http://cns.miis.edu/nam/documents/Official_Document/11th_Summit_FD_Cartagena_Declaration_1995_Whole.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911073837/http://cns.miis.edu/nam/documents/Official_Document/11th_Summit_FD_Cartagena_Declaration_1995_Whole.pdf |date=11 September 2021 }} The NAM CSSTC is located in Jakarta, Indonesia with a South-South Technical Cooperation focus.[http://www.namstct.org/ Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911073837/http://www.namstct.org/ |date=11 September 2021 }}. The NAM CSSTC was set up a few years after the Cold War to promote development in developing countries and to accelerate growth. From 18 to 20 October 1995, in Cartagena de Indias, 140 nations gathered and accepted a final document stating in paragraph 313 of the Final Document the establishment of the Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation in Indonesia.

The organisation aims to achieve the development goal of developing countries to achieve sustainable human development and enable developing countries to be equal partners in international relations, in accordance with the Final Document.

The NAM CSSTC's main body is the board of directors.Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation (6 October 2004).Keputusan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia tentang Susunan Dewan Direksi NAM CSSTC, 08/B/KP/VII/2018/01 (22 June 2010). In addition, the Board of Directors has a consultative arrangement with a Governing Council under the leadership of the Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and its members include Ambassador of Brunei, Ambassador of Cuba and Ambassador of South Africa. The head of the administrative officer of NAM CSSTC is accredited by Ronny Prasetyo Yuliantoro, Director, current Indonesian diplomat and Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to the Islamic Republic of Iran, who began his term of office on 1 July 2018.Keputusan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia tentang Pengangkatan Saudara Ronny Prasetyo Yuliantoro, 08/B/KP/2018/01 (11 July 2018) The organisation is financed by Indonesia's volunteer contributions.Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Pengukuhan Penetapan Keanggotaan Indonesia pada Organisasi Internasional, Nomor 32 Tahun 2012 (2012).Sekretaris Menteri Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia. (December 2005). Kontribusi Pemerintah RI tahun 2005 untuk PKTSS-GNB. The NAM CSSTC, its officers, consists of a full-time staff who are not affiliated with any other governmental institution except their head of the administrative officer, who is typically nominated from Echelon-I or Echelon-II staff from the Indonesian ministries. Some say the organisation is a major endeavour to build NAM member countries' capacities.Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. (28 January 2014). Gerakan Non-Blok. Retrieved from Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/142/halaman_list_lainnya/gerakan-non-blok-gnb {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911073836/https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/142/halaman_list_lainnya/gerakan-non-blok-gnb |date=11 September 2021 }}

=== History ===

A few years before the NAM CSSTC was set up, the NAM summit in 1992 in Jakarta to discuss efforts to strengthen collective autonomy and to review of the international economic environment in order to step up South-South cooperation.United Nations. (6 September 1992). United Nations: The Question of Palestine. Retrieved from United Nations: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-179754/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911075338/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-179754/ |date=11 September 2021 }}

After the admission of Brunei Darussalam to the NAM during the summit, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia called for a South-South Technical Cooperation Centre (now known as the NAM CSSTC) to be established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Brunei Darussalam with the aim of organising different training, research and seminar programmes and activities. The programme activities, aimed at eradicating poverty, encouraging SMEs and the application of information communication technologies.

=== Programmes ===

The NAM CSSTC carries out its activities through cooperation with NAM member countries' training centres and specialists and other multilateral organisations. Examples include Workshop on IUU fishing eradication,Kontan. (11 August 2021). Menteri Trenggono Ajak Negara-negara RPOA-IUU Perkuat Kerja Sama Berantas IUU Fishing. Retrieved from Pressrelease Kontan: https://pressrelease.kontan.co.id/release/menteri-trenggono-ajak-negara-negara-anggota-rpoa-iuu-perkuat-kerja-sama-berantas-iuu-fishing?page=all {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911073847/https://pressrelease.kontan.co.id/release/menteri-trenggono-ajak-negara-negara-anggota-rpoa-iuu-perkuat-kerja-sama-berantas-iuu-fishing?page=all |date=11 September 2021 }} dispatch of agricultural experts to MyanmarJayanti. (9 December 2018). Indonesia Kirim Dua Tenaga Ahli Pertanian ke Myanmar. Retrieved from merdeka.com: https://www.merdeka.com/dunia/indonesia-kirim-dua-tenaga-ahli-pertanian-ke-myanmar.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911073841/https://www.merdeka.com/dunia/indonesia-kirim-dua-tenaga-ahli-pertanian-ke-myanmar.html |date=11 September 2021 }} and international tissue culture training.mediaindonesia.com. (28 March 2021). Kementan & NAM CSSTC Beri Pelatihan Melalui International Training. Retrieved from mediaindonesia.com: https://mediaindonesia.com/ekonomi/393790/kementan-nam-csstc-beri-pelatihan-melalui-international-training {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715230731/https://mediaindonesia.com/ekonomi/393790/kementan-nam-csstc-beri-pelatihan-melalui-international-training |date=15 July 2021 }}

=== Evaluations ===

NAM CSSTC reports quarterly to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and the NAM Coordinating Bureau in New York. Annually, the Ministry and the Bureau will be given additional details on programmes and events, including their assessments.Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation. (2020). NAM CSSTC Performance Report 2020.

Other NAM Centres focus on the health, human rights (Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity) and technology (Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries) sectors are each located in Cuba, Iran and India.

= Youth Organization =

{{Expand section|date=September 2024}}{{Redirects here|Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization|Youth Organizations|Youth organizations}}

Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization (NAMYO) was established in October 2021.{{Cite web |title=Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1122289258 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=uia.org}}{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Hon. Gen. Odongo Jeje Abubakher Joins Inauguration of NAM Youth Organisation Headquarters {{!}} NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) |url=https://nam.go.ug/hon-gen-odongo-jeje-abubakher-joins-inauguration-nam-youth-organisation-headquarters |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=nam.go.ug |language=en}}

= Cultural diversity and human rights =

The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.{{cite book |last1=Kishore |first1=Raghwendra |title=International Relations |date=2014 |publisher=K. K Publication |location=New Delhi |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIdCEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+movement+accepts+the+universality+of+human+rights+and+social+justice%2C+but+fiercely+resists+cultural+homogenisation&pg=PA25 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417131512/https://books.google.com/books?id=hIdCEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+movement+accepts+the+universality+of+human+rights+and+social+justice%2C+but+fiercely+resists+cultural+homogenisation&pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309055107/https://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html |date=9 March 2012 }}. {{Failed verification|date=August 2012}}

= Working groups, task forces, committees =

Currently, the NAM Working Groups (WG) are chaired by the following countries:{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Working Mechanisms {{!}} NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) |url=https://nam.go.ug/working-mechanisms |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=nam.go.ug |language=en}}

  • Algeria – WG Reform of the UN and revitalization of the General Assembly
  • Egypt - WG on the Reform of the UN Security Council
  • Indonesia – WG on Disarmament
  • Cuba – WG on Human Rights
  • Morocco – WG on peacekeeping operations
  • Iran – WG on Legal Matters
  • Venezuela – WG on Unilateral Coercive Measures
  • Bangladesh – Peacebuilding Caucus

Other Working groups, task forces, committees:XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: [http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#2.4. The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 2.4.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm |date=9 February 2016 }}.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

  • Committee on Palestine
  • High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
  • Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
  • Non-Aligned Security Caucus
  • Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
  • Task Force on Somalia

{{div col end}}

Summits

File:Konferencija Pokreta nesvrstanih 1961. godine.jpg]]

File:Meeting of the heads of state at the 16th summit of the NAM (1).jpg]]

The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Sharm El Sheikh, 11–16 July 2009: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008015226/https://www.namegypt.org/en/AboutName/PreviousSummits/Pages/default.aspx Previous Summits]}}

class="wikitable"
DateHost countryHost city

!Slogan

1st1–6 September 1961{{nowrap|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}}}Belgrade

|

2nd5–10 October 1964{{flag|United Arab Republic|1958}}Cairo

|

3rd8–10 September 1970{{flag|Zambia|1964}}Lusaka

|

4th5–9 September 1973{{flag|Algeria}}Algiers

|

5th16–19 August 1976{{flag|Sri Lanka}}Colombo

|

6th3–9 September 1979{{flag|Cuba}}Havana

|

7th7–12 March 1983{{flag|India}}New Delhi

|

8th1–6 September 1986{{flag|Zimbabwe}}Harare

|

9th4–7 September 1989{{flag|Yugoslavia}}Belgrade

|

10th1–6 September 1992{{flag|Indonesia}}Jakarta

|

11th18–20 October 1995{{flag|Colombia}}Cartagena

|

12th2–3 September 1998{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}}Durban

|

13th20–25 February 2003{{flag|Malaysia}}{{nowrap|Kuala Lumpur}}

|

14th15–16 September 2006{{flag|Cuba}}Havana

|

15th11–16 July 2009{{flag|Egypt}}Sharm el-Sheikh

| International Solidarity for Peace and Development

16th26–31 August 2012{{flag|Iran}}Tehran

| Lasting peace through joint global governance

17th13–18 September 2016{{flag|Venezuela}}Porlamar

| Peace, Sovereignty and Solidarity for Development

18th{{nowrap|25–26 October 2019{{Cite web|url=https://en.president.az/articles/34578|title=18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku|website=Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic|language=en|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025132241/https://en.president.az/articles/34578|url-status=live}}}}{{flag|Azerbaijan}}Baku

| Upholding the Bandung principles to ensure a concerted and adequate response to the challenges of the contemporary world

19th15–20 January 2024{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=NAM, G77 summits to boost tourism {{!}} Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/7042/nam-g77-summits-boost-tourism |access-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116213010/https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/7042/nam-g77-summits-boost-tourism |archive-date=16 January 2024 }}{{flag|Uganda}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-explains-uganda-s-selection-to-host-nam-summit-4168020|title=Museveni explains Uganda's selection to host NAM summit|website=Daily Monitor|date=22 March 2023 |language=en|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410215055/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-explains-uganda-s-selection-to-host-nam-summit-4168020|url-status=live}}

| Kampala

|Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence{{Cite web |last=Wandati |first=Michael |date=2024-01-17 |title=Excitement as world leaders converge in Uganda for NAM summit |url=https://www.dispatch.ug/2024/01/17/excitement-as-world-leaders-converge-in-uganda-for-nam-summit/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Kampala Dispatch |language=en-US}}

A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialists, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

The 7th Summit was originally planned for September 1982 in Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, during the Iran-Iraq War.{{cite book | last = Dinkel | first = Jürgen | date = 19 Nov 2018 | title = The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927-1992) | url = https://brill.com/display/book/9789004336131/BP000006.xml |publisher = Brill Publishers | isbn = 9789004336131}} On 21 July of that year, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force executed the "Baghdad Operation", an effort to disrupt that proposal by showing Baghdad's airspace was unsafe.{{Cite web |title=The Iran-Iraq War: The View From Baghdad |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/the-iran-iraq-war-the-view-baghdad |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}} Two McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II planes bombarded Al-Dura refinery with Mk82 bombs. One plane returned damaged and the other (along with its pilot) was lost to Iraqi defensive fire.{{Cite web |title=The Iran-Iraq War |url=https://www.parstimes.com/history/iran_iraq_war.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.parstimes.com}} Combined with threats by an Iranian-backed terror group to kill the visiting heads of state, the effort was successful. On 11 August, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein announced that he would support Cuba's suggestion of a summit in New Delhi to be held in 1983. "Iraq will take part in the conference even if held in Tehran... We propose that the seventh conference be held in India."{{cite web | url = https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/11/Iraq-concedes-non-aligned-summit/4531397886400/ | title = Iraq concedes non-aligned summit | last = RIZVI | first = SAJID | date = 11 August 1982 | website = www.upi.com | publisher = | access-date = 11 August 2023}}

The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.{{cite web|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/Politika/950474/Nesvrstani%20ponovo%20u%20Beogradu.html|title=Nesvrstani ponovo u Beogradu|first=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of|last=Serbia|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712161427/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/Politika/950474/Nesvrstani|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=5488|title=Secretary-General's Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement – United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon|access-date=18 September 2016|date=5 September 2011|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507052456/http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=5488|url-status=live}}

An online summit titled "United Against Covid-19" conducted on 4 May 2020, on the initiative of the chairman of the NAM for the 2019–2022 period, addressed mainly the global struggle to fight the COVID-19 pandemics and supporting NAM to increase its role in dealing with and mitigating the outcomes caused by this disease in NAM, as well as other countries.{{Cite web|title=Non-Aligned Movement is 'United Against Covid-19'|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/azerbaijan/opinion/non-aligned-movement-is-united-against-covid-19/|last=Jafarova|first=Esmira|date=5 May 2020|website=www.euractiv.com|language=en-GB|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030181603/https://www.euractiv.com/section/azerbaijan/opinion/non-aligned-movement-is-united-against-covid-19/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Саммит Движения неприсоединения состоялся в формате Контактной группы по инициативе президента Азербайджана_Russian.news.cn|url=http://russian.news.cn/2020-05/05/c_139032281.htm|website=russian.news.cn|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613162535/http://russian.news.cn/2020-05/05/c_139032281.htm|url-status=live}}

The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 60th anniversary in Belgrade, on 11–12 October 2021.{{cite news|date=11 October 2021|title=Non-Aligned Movement celebrates 60th anniversary in Belgrade|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/w/non-aligned-movement-celebrates-60th-anniversary-belgrade|access-date=12 October 2021|website=Morning Star|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012040104/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/w/non-aligned-movement-celebrates-60th-anniversary-belgrade|url-status=live}}

{{Clear}}

Chair

{{more citations needed section|date=April 2011}}

A chair is elected at each summit meeting.

class="wikitable sortable"

!Image

!Chair{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

!Country (holding the Presidency)

!Party

!From

!To

104x104px

|Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980)

|{{Flag|Yugoslavia}}

|League of Communists of Yugoslavia

|1961

|1964

101x101px

|Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970)

|{{Flag|United Arab Republic}}

|Arab Socialist Union

|1964

|1970

97x97px

|Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021)

|{{Flag|Zambia|1964}}

|United National Independence Party

|1970

|1973

100x100px

|Houari Boumediène (1932–1978)

|{{Flag|Algeria}}

|Revolutionary Council

|1973

|1976

99x99px

|William Gopallawa (1896–1981)

| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}

|Independent

|1976

|1978

103x103px

|Junius Richard Jayewardene (1906–1996)

|United National Party

|1978

|1979

96x96px

|Fidel Castro (1926–2016)

|{{Country|Cuba}}

|Communist Party of Cuba

|1979

|1983

84x84px

|Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913–1996)

| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}}

|Janata Party

| colspan="2" |1983

108x108px

|Zail Singh (1916–1994)

|Indian National Congress

|1983

|1986

100x100px

|Robert Mugabe (1924–2019)

|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}

|ZANU-PF

|1986

|1989

108x108px

|Janez Drnovšek (1950–2008)

| rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Yugoslavia}}

|League of Communists of Yugoslavia

|1989

|1990

100x100px

|Borisav Jović (1928–2021)

|Socialist Party of Serbia

|1990

|1991

100x100px

|Stjepan Mesić (born 1934)

|Croatian Democratic Union

| colspan="2" |1991

100x100px

|Branko Kostić (1939–2020)

|Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro

|1991

|1992

114x114px

|Dobrica Ćosić (1921–2014)

|{{Country|FR Yugoslavia}}

|Independent

| colspan="2" |1992

96x96px

|Suharto (1921–2008)

|{{Country|Indonesia}}

|Golkar

|1992

|1995

89x89px

|Ernesto Samper (born 1950)

| rowspan="2" |{{Country|Colombia}}

|Colombian Liberal Party

|1995

|1998

95x95px

|Andrés Pastrana Arango (born 1954)

|Colombian Conservative Party

| colspan="2" |1998

97x97px

|Nelson Mandela (1918–2013)

| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|South Africa}}

| rowspan="2" |African National Congress

|1998

|1999

117x117px

|Thabo Mbeki (born 1942)

|1999

|2003

101x101px

|Mahathir Mohamad (born 1925)

| rowspan="2" |{{Country|Malaysia}}

| rowspan="2" |United Malays National Organisation

| colspan="2" |2003

105x105px

|Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (1939–2025)

|2003

|2006

99x99px

|Fidel CastroFidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba's acting president Raúl Castro. See [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/16/eng20060916_303402.html "Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163113/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/16/eng20060916_303402.html|date=7 October 2012}}. People's Daily. 16 September 2006. (1926–2016)

| rowspan="2" |{{Country|Cuba}}

| rowspan="2" |Communist Party of Cuba

|2006

|2008

110x110px

|Raúl Castro (born 1931)

|2008

|2009

94x94px

|Hosni Mubarak (1928–2020)

| rowspan="3" |{{Country|Egypt}}

|National Democratic Party

|2009

|2011

88x88px

|Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (1935–2021)

|Independent

|2011

|2012

100x100px

|Mohamed Morsi (1951–2019)

|Freedom and Justice Party

| colspan="2" |2012

95x95px

|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (born 1956)

| rowspan="2" |{{Country|Iran}}

|Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran

|2012

|2013

101x101px

|Hassan Rouhani (born 1948)

|Moderation and Development Party

|2013

|2016

99x99px

|Nicolás Maduro (born 1962)

|{{Country|Venezuela|state}}

|United Socialist Party

|2016

|2019

99x99px

|Ilham Aliyev (born 1961)

|{{Country|Azerbaijan}}

|New Azerbaijan Party

|2019

|2024

99x99px

|Yoweri Museveni (born 1944)

|{{Country|Uganda}}

|National Resistance Movement

|2024

|Incumbent

Coordinating Bureau

{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}

The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups. Day-to-day work of NAM is being carried out by Working Groups, on behalf of the Coordinating Bureau.

Members, observers and guests

= Current members =

File:Non-Aligned Movement by Date Joined.svg

The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:

== Africa ==

Currently, every African country is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flag|Algeria}} (1961)
  2. {{flag|Angola}} (1976)
  3. {{flag|Benin}} (1964)
  4. {{flag|Botswana}} (1970)
  5. {{flag|Burkina Faso}} (1973)
  6. {{flag|Burundi}} (1964)
  7. {{flag|Cameroon}} (1964)
  8. {{flag|Cape Verde}} (1976)
  9. {{flag|Central African Republic}} (1964)
  10. {{flag|Chad}} (1964)
  11. {{flag|Comoros}} (1976)
  12. {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} (1961)
  13. {{flag|Djibouti}} (1983)
  14. {{flag|Egypt}} (1961)
  15. {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} (1970)
  16. {{flag|Eritrea}} (1995)
  17. {{flag|Eswatini}} (1970)
  18. {{flag|Ethiopia}} (1961)
  19. {{flag|Gabon}} (1970)
  20. {{flag|Gambia}} (1973)
  21. {{flag|Ghana}} (1961)
  22. {{flag|Guinea}} (1961)
  23. {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} (1976)
  24. {{flag|Ivory Coast}} (1973)
  25. {{flag|Kenya}} (1964)
  26. {{flag|Lesotho}} (1970)
  27. {{flag|Liberia}} (1964)
  28. {{flag|Libya}} (1964)
  29. {{flag|Madagascar}} (1973)
  30. {{flag|Malawi}} (1964)
  31. {{flag|Mali}} (1961)
  32. {{flag|Mauritania}} (1964)
  33. {{flag|Mauritius}} (1973)
  34. {{flag|Morocco}} (1961)
  35. {{flag|Mozambique}} (1976)
  36. {{flag|Namibia}} (1979)
  37. {{flag|Niger}} (1973)
  38. {{flag|Nigeria}} (1964)
  39. {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} (1964)
  40. {{flag|Rwanda}} (1970)
  41. {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} (1976)
  42. {{flag|Senegal}} (1964)
  43. {{flag|Seychelles}} (1976)
  44. {{flag|Sierra Leone}} (1964)
  45. {{flag|Somalia}} (1961)
  46. {{flag|South Africa}} (1994)
  47. {{flag|South Sudan}} (2024){{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-17 |title=South Sudan joins Non-Aligned Movement |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/south-sudan-joins-non-aligned-movement-NV_179016 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=New Vision}}
  48. {{flag|Sudan}} (1961)
  49. {{flag|Tanzania}} (1964)
  50. {{flag|Togo}} (1964)
  51. {{flag|Tunisia}} (1961)
  52. {{flag|Uganda}} (1964)
  53. {{flag|Zambia}} (1964)
  54. {{flag|Zimbabwe}} (1979)

{{div col end}}

== Americas ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} (2006)
  2. {{flag|Bahamas}} (1983)
  3. {{flag|Barbados}} (1983)
  4. {{flag|Belize}} (1981)
  5. {{flag|Bolivia|state}} (1979)
  6. {{flag|Chile}} (1971)
  7. {{flag|Colombia}} (1983)
  8. {{flag|Cuba}} (1961)
  9. {{flag|Dominica}} (2006)
  10. {{flag|Dominican Republic}} (2000)
  11. {{flag|Ecuador}} (1983)
  12. {{flag|Grenada}} (1979)
  13. {{flag|Guatemala}} (1993)
  14. {{flag|Guyana}} (1970)
  15. {{flag|Haiti}} (2006)
  16. {{flag|Honduras}} (1995)
  17. {{flag|Jamaica}} (1970)
  18. {{flag|Nicaragua}} (1979)
  19. {{flag|Panama}} (1976)
  20. {{flag|Peru|state}} (1973)
  21. {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} (2006)
  22. {{flag|Saint Lucia}} (1983)
  23. {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} (2003)
  24. {{flag|Suriname}} (1983)
  25. {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} (1970)
  26. {{flag|Venezuela|state}} (1989)

{{div col end}}

== Asia ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|2013}}/{{flag|Afghanistan|2021}} (1961)
  2. {{flag|Bahrain}} (1973)
  3. {{flag|Bangladesh}} (1973)
  4. {{flag|Bhutan}} (1973)
  5. {{flag|Brunei Darussalam}} (1993)
  6. {{flag|Cambodia}} (1961)
  7. {{flag|India}} (1961)
  8. {{flag|Indonesia}} (1961)
  9. {{flag|Iran}} (1979)
  10. {{flag|Iraq}} (1961)
  11. {{flag|Jordan}} (1964)
  12. {{flag|Kuwait}} (1964)
  13. {{flag|Laos}} (1964)
  14. {{flag|Lebanon}} (1961)
  15. {{flag|Malaysia}} (1970)
  16. {{flag|Maldives}} (1976)
  17. {{flag|Mongolia}} (1993)
  18. {{flag|Myanmar}} (1961)
  19. {{flag|Nepal}} (1961)
  20. {{flag|North Korea}} (1975)
  21. {{flag|Oman}} (1973)
  22. {{flag|Pakistan}} (1979)
  23. {{flag|Palestine}} (1976)
  24. {{flag|Philippines}} (1993)
  25. {{flag|Qatar}} (1973)
  26. {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} (1961)
  27. {{flag|Singapore}} (1970)
  28. {{flag|Sri Lanka}} (1961)
  29. {{flag|Syria}} (1964)
  30. {{flag|Thailand}} (1993)
  31. {{flag|East Timor}} (2003)
  32. {{flag|Turkmenistan}} (1995)
  33. {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} (1970)
  34. {{flag|Uzbekistan}} (1993)
  35. {{flag|Vietnam}} (1976)
  36. {{flag|Yemen}} (1990){{Refn|{{flag|North Yemen}} is one of the founders in 1961. {{flag|South Yemen}} joined in 1970. In 1990 both were unified into a single state which accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors.In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."{{cite book|title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations|last=Bühler|first=Konrad|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&q=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publisher|isbn=9041115536|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418101440/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&q=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations|url-status=live}} }}

{{div col end}}

== Europe ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flag|Azerbaijan}} (2011)
  2. {{flag|Belarus}} (1998)

{{div col end}}

== Oceania ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flag|Fiji}} (2011)
  2. {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} (1993)
  3. {{flag|Vanuatu}} (1983)

{{div col end}}

= Former members =

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flag|North Yemen}} (1961–1990)
  2. {{flag|Cyprus|1960}} (1961–2004){{cite web|title=Cyprus and the Non – Aligned Movement|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/0/11E2EC1C0EE098C6C225727C002A04A8?OpenDocument|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Cyprus|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323151409/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/0/11E2EC1C0EE098C6C225727C002A04A8?OpenDocument|archive-date=23 March 2014}}
  3. {{flag|Yugoslavia}} (1961–1992){{cite web|url=http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/07th%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Ne.pdf|title=Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement -(New Delhi Declaration)|access-date=18 September 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008015328/https://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/07th%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20%28Ne.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}}{{cite news |author=Kin, Lai Kwok |date=2 September 1992 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html |title=Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit |work=The Independent |agency=Reuters |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108094238/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html |url-status=dead }}
  4. {{flag|South Yemen}} (1970–1990){{cite book|title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations|last=Bühler|first=Konrad|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&q=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publisher|isbn=9041115536|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418101440/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&q=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations|url-status=live}}
  5. {{flag|Malta}} (1973–2004){{cite web|title=XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040920b.htm|publisher=South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601060022/http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040920b.htm|archive-date=1 June 2013}}
  6. {{flag|Argentina}} (1973–1991){{cite book |author=Indira Gandhi |author-link=Indira Gandhi |date=6 September 1973 |title=Address of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi |url=https://ris.org.in/others/NAM-RIS-Web/NAM%20Declation%20&%20Docs/Algiers%20Conference%20of%20Non-aligned%20Countries%20-%20Prime%20Minister%20Indira%20Gandhi%20%20-%206%20Sep%201973-min.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207120535/https://ris.org.in/others/NAM-RIS-Web/NAM%20Declaration%20%26%20Docs/Algiers%20Conference%20of%20Non-aligned%20Countries%20-%20Prime%20Minister%20Indira%20Gandhi%20%20-%206%20Sep%201973-min.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement |url=https://apnews.com/article/dad8e554dd531634d2553b6120a48287 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=20 September 1991 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201161247/https://apnews.com/article/dad8e554dd531634d2553b6120a48287 |url-status=live }}

{{div col end}}

= Observers =

The following countries and organizations have observer status:

== Countries ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flagcountry|Argentina}}{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/Members-and-other-participants.pdf |title=Members and other Participants of NAM Movement |date=n.d. |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) |access-date=8 April 2023 }}
  2. {{flagcountry|Armenia}}
  3. {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{cite web |url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/titos-non-aligned-movement-hits-60-is-it-still-relevant/ |title=Tito's Non-Aligned Movement hits 60. Is it still relevant? |date=15 October 2021 |publisher=Emerging Europe |access-date=8 April 2023 }}
  4. {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
  5. {{flagcountry|China}} (1992){{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2021-03/30/content_77359553.htm|title=China's foreign policy is rooted in non-alignment - China.org.cn|website=www.china.org.cn|accessdate=11 March 2023}}
  6. {{flagcountry|Costa Rica|state}}
  7. {{flagcountry|Croatia}}{{cite web |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/croatia-to-participate-in-non-aligned-movement-conference-20110411 |title=Croatia to participate in Non-Aligned Movement conference |date=11 April 2011 |publisher=T-portal |access-date=8 April 2023 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/there-life-non-alignment-movement-yet |title=There is life in the Non-Alignment Movement yet |date=25 October 2021 |publisher=The Interpreter |access-date=8 April 2023 }}
  8. {{flagcountry|El Salvador}}
  9. {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
  10. {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
  11. {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
  12. {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
  13. {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
  14. {{flagcountry|Russia}} (2021){{cite web |title= Russia receives observer status in Non-Aligned Movement |url= https://tass.com/politics/1314069/amp |publisher= TASS |date= 14 July 2021 |access-date= 4 October 2021 |archive-date= 7 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211007163429/https://tass.com/politics/1314069/amp |url-status= live }}{{cite web | url=https://thefrontierpost.com/russia-gets-observer-status-to-non-aligned-movement/ | title=Russia gets observer status to Non-Aligned Movement | work=The Frontier Post | date=14 July 2021 | access-date=11 June 2022 | archive-date=6 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006193341/https://thefrontierpost.com/russia-gets-observer-status-to-non-aligned-movement/ | url-status=dead }}{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/STHGibbs/status/1497209512855494659 |title=Russia attained observer status of the Non-aligned Movement last year |user=STHGibbs |last=Gibbs |first=Stephen |number=1497209512855494659 |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022}}
  15. {{flagcountry|Serbia}}
  16. {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
  17. {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
  18. {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}

{{div col end}}

== Organisations ==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
  2. African Union
  3. Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
  4. Arab League
  5. Commonwealth Secretariat
  6. Hostosian National Independence Movement
  7. Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
  8. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
  9. South Centre
  10. United Nations
  11. World Peace Council

{{div col end}}

= Former observers =

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

  1. {{flagcountry|Vatican}} (1970){{cite journal |last1=Ramšak |first1=Jure |date=2021 |title=The Crumbling Touchstone of the Vatican's Ostpolitik: Relations between the Holy See and Yugoslavia, 1970–1989 |journal= The International History Review |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=852–869 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2020.1819859 |s2cid=224987475 |doi-access=free }}

{{div col end}}

= Guests =

There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences.XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: [http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4.4. The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.4.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm |date=9 February 2016 }} In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: [http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4.5. The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.5.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4.5 |date=9 February 2016 }}

See also

{{portal|Politics}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

{{Library resources box}}

  • Arnold, Guy. The A to Z of the Non-aligned Movement and Third World (Scarecrow Press, 2010).
  • Dinkel, Jürgen. The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992) (Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2019). {{ISBN|978-90-04-33613-1}}.
  • Graham, John A. "The non-aligned movement after the Havana Summit." Journal of International Affairs (1980): 153-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356346 online].
  • Kansal, Shubhangi. "Non-Aligned Movement in The 21st Century: Relevant or No?." (2020). [http://dspace.jgu.edu.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10739/3632/Non-Aligned%20Movement%20in%20The%2021st%20Century.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112022/http://dspace.jgu.edu.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10739/3632/Non-Aligned%20Movement%20in%20The%2021st%20Century.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=21 April 2021 }}
  • Köchler, Hans (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties—Results and Perspectives]. (London: Third World Centre, 1982). {{ISBN|0-86199-015-3}}
  • Lüthi, Lorenz M. "The Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War, 1961–1973." Journal of Cold War Studies 18.4 (2016): 98–147. [https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/JCWS_a_00682 online]
  • Miskovic, Natasa, Harald Fischer-Tiné, and Nada Boskovska, eds. The non-aligned movement and the Cold War: Delhi-Bandung-Belgrade (Routledge, 2014).
  • Mukherjee, Mithi. "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947–62". [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703954 The International History Review 32:2] (June, 2010): 253–271.
  • Potter, William. Nuclear politics and the Non-aligned movement: Principles vs pragmatism (Routledge, 2017).
  • Tassin, Kristin S. "'Lift up Your Head, My Brother': Nationalism and The Genesis of the Non-aligned Movement." Journal of Third World Studies 23.1 (2006): 147–168 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45198721 online].

External links

{{sisterlinks|d=Q83201|c=Category:Non-Aligned Movement|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|q=no|wikt=no|s=no|n=Category:Non-Aligned Movement}}

  • [https://nam.go.ug/ 19th Summit] Nineteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Uganda 2019)
  • [https://www.namazerbaijan.org/ 18th Summit] Eighteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Baku 2019)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20161023085504/http://namvenezuela.org/ Official Site: 17th Summit]{{spaced ndash}} Seventeenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Margarita, Venezuela 2016)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120827045036/http://www.nam.gov.ir/ Official Site: 16th Summit]{{spaced ndash}} Sixteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Tehran 26–31 August 2012)
  • {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090715214850/http://www.namegypt.org/en/pages/default.aspx Official Site: 15th Summit]}}{{spaced ndash}} Fifteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Sharm el-Sheikh 11–16 July 2009)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105092123/http://www.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html Official Site: 14th Summit]{{spaced ndash}} Fourteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Havana, 11–16 September 2006)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060516173149/http://www.nam.gov.za/ Non-Aligned Movement]{{spaced ndash}} South African government NAM site
  • [https://www.iins.org/ International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172603/https://iins.org/ |date=8 October 2019 }}{{spaced ndash}} International Organization for Non-Aligned Movement
  • [http://csstc.org/ Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060511223949/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection The Cold War International History Project's Document Collection on the NAM]

{{Non-Aligned Movement}}

{{Navboxes

| list =

{{Non-Aligned Movement Summits}}

{{South-South}}

{{Cold War}}

{{International relations}}

{{international power}}

}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1961 establishments in Yugoslavia

Category:1961 establishments in Serbia

Category:Organizations established in 1961

Category:1960s in Belgrade

Category:20th century in international relations

Category:21st century in international relations

Category:Cold War organizations

Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India