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Outline of thought#Types of thoughts

{{Short description|Overview of and topical guide to thought}}

File:In Thought ... (3020466221).jpg

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):

Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling.

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Nature of thought

Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following:

  • An activity taking place in a:
  • brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind.
  • mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures.Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness." [https://www.google.com/search?q=Mind#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=definition+of+mind&oq=definition+of+mind] Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions.
  • computer (see {{section link||Machine thought}} below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (an algorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
  • An activity of intelligence – intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness.{{cite book|last1=Tirri, Nokelainen|title=Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education|date=January 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-6091-758-5|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789460917585}} Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think.
  • A type of mental process – something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
  • A biological adaptation mechanism{{cite web|url=http://www.danko-nikolic.com/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=724|title=Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC].|author=Danko Nikolić|date=2014}}
  • Neural network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input.

Types of thoughts

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Concept}}
  • {{annotated link|Abstract and concrete|Abstract concept}}
  • {{annotated link|Abstract and concrete|Concrete concept}}
  • {{annotated link|Conjecture}}
  • Decision (see Decision-making)
  • {{annotated link|Definition}}
  • {{annotated link|Explanation}}
  • {{annotated link|Hypothesis}}
  • {{annotated link|Idea}}
  • {{annotated link|Logical argument}}
  • {{annotated link|Logical assertion}}
  • {{annotated link|Mental image}}
  • Percept / Perception
  • {{annotated link|Premise}}
  • {{annotated link|Proposition}}
  • {{annotated link|Syllogism}}
  • {{annotated link|Theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Thought experiment}}

}}

= Content of thoughts =

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Argument}}
  • {{annotated link|Belief}}
  • {{annotated link|Communication}}
  • {{annotated link|Conceptual model}}
  • {{annotated link|Data}}
  • {{annotated link|Information}}
  • {{annotated link|Knowledge}}
  • {{annotated link|Mental model}}
  • {{annotated link|Schema (psychology)|Schema}}
  • {{annotated link|Self-concept}}

}}

Types of thought (thinking)

Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes.

= Animal thought =

{{Further|Animal cognition|Animal intelligence}}

= Human thought =

{{annotated link|Human thought}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Analysis}}
  • {{annotated link|Awareness}}
  • {{annotated link|Mental calculation|Calculation}}
  • {{annotated link|Estimation}}
  • {{annotated link|Categorization}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive restructuring}}
  • {{annotated link|Computational thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Convergent thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Counterfactual thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Critical thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Data thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Evaluation}}
  • {{annotated link|Habit}}
  • {{annotated link|Integrative thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Intrapersonal communication}}
  • {{annotated link|Introspection}}
  • {{annotated link|Learning}} and memory
  • {{annotated link|Parallel thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Prediction}}
  • {{annotated link|Recollection}}
  • {{annotated link|Stochastic thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Strategic thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Training}}
  • {{annotated link|Visual thinking}}

}}

== Classifications of thought ==

  • {{annotated link|Bloom's taxonomy}}
  • {{annotated link|Dual process theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Fluid and crystallized intelligence}}
  • {{annotated link|Higher-order thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Theory of multiple intelligences}}
  • {{annotated link|Three-stratum theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Williams' taxonomy}}

== Creative processes ==

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Brainstorming}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive module}}
  • {{annotated link|Creativity}}
  • {{annotated link|Creative problem solving}}
  • {{annotated link|Creative writing}}
  • {{annotated link|Creativity techniques}}
  • {{annotated link|Design thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Divergent thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Imagination}}
  • {{annotated link|Lateral thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Noogony}}
  • {{annotated link|Six Thinking Hats}}
  • {{annotated link|Speech act}}
  • {{annotated link|Stream of consciousness (psychology)|Stream of consciousness}}
  • {{annotated link|Thinking outside the box}}

}}

== Decision-making ==

{{Main|Decision-making}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Choice}}
  • {{annotated link|Cybernetics}}
  • {{annotated link|Decision theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Executive functions}}
  • {{annotated link|Objective (goal)|Goals and goal setting}}
  • {{annotated link|Judgement}}
  • {{annotated link|Planning}}
  • {{annotated link|Rational choice theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Speech act}}
  • {{annotated link|Value (personal and cultural)}}
  • {{annotated link|Value judgment}}

}}

== Erroneous thinking ==

{{See also|Error|Human error}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Black and white thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Catastrophization}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive bias}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive distortion}}s
  • {{annotated link|Dysrationalia}}
  • {{annotated link|Emotional reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Exaggeration}}
  • {{annotated link|Foolishness}}
  • {{annotated link|Fallacy|Fallacies}} (see also List of fallacies)
  • {{annotated link|Fallacies of definition}}
  • {{annotated link|Informal fallacy|Logical fallacy}}
  • {{annotated link|Groupthink}}
  • {{annotated link|Irrationality}}
  • {{annotated link|Error (linguistics)|Linguistic error}}
  • {{annotated link|Magical thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Minimisation (psychology)}}
  • {{annotated link|Motivated reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Rationalization (psychology)}}
  • {{annotated link|Rhetoric}}
  • {{annotated link|Straight and Crooked Thinking}} (book)
  • {{annotated link|Target fixation}}
  • {{annotated link|Wishful thinking}}

}}

== Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking) ==

{{annotated link|Emotional intelligence}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Acting}}
  • {{annotated link|Affect logic}}
  • {{annotated link|Allophilia}}
  • {{annotated link|Attitude (psychology)}}
  • {{annotated link|Curiosity}}
  • {{annotated link|Elaboration likelihood model}}
  • {{annotated link|Emotion}}s and feelings
  • {{annotated link|Emotion and memory}}
  • {{annotated link|Emotional contagion}}
  • {{annotated link|Empathy}}
  • {{annotated link|Epiphany (feeling)}}
  • {{annotated link|Mood (psychology)}}
  • {{annotated link|Motivation}}
  • {{annotated link|Propositional attitude}}
  • {{annotated link|Rhetoric}}
  • {{annotated link|Self actualization}}
  • {{annotated link|Self control}}
  • {{annotated link|Self-esteem}}
  • {{annotated link|Self-determination theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Social cognition}}
  • {{annotated link|Will (philosophy)}}
  • {{annotated link|Volition (psychology)}}

}}

== Problem solving ==

{{annotated link|Problem solving}}

{{columns-list|

  • Problem solving steps
  • {{annotated link|Problem finding}}
  • {{annotated link|Problem shaping}}
  • {{annotated link|Process of elimination}}
  • {{annotated link|Systems thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Critical systems thinking}}
  • Problem-solving strategy – steps one would use to find the problem(s) that are in the way to getting to one’s own goal. Some would refer to this as the ‘problem-solving cycle’ (Bransford & Stein, 1993). In this cycle one will recognize the problem, define the problem, develop a strategy to fix the problem, organize the knowledge of the problem cycle, figure-out the resources at the user's disposal, monitor one's progress, and evaluate the solution for accuracy.
  • {{annotated link|Abstraction}} – solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system
  • {{annotated link|Analogy}} – using a solution that solves an analogous problem
  • {{annotated link|Brainstorming}} – (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and combining and developing them until an optimum solution is found
  • {{annotated link|Analysis|Divide and conquer}} – breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problems
  • {{annotated link|Hypothesis testing}} – assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, disprove) the assumption
  • {{annotated link|Lateral thinking}} – approaching solutions indirectly and creatively
  • {{annotated link|Oblique Strategies}}
  • {{annotated link|Parallel thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Provocative operation}}
  • {{annotated link|Six Thinking Hats}}
  • {{annotated link|Means-ends analysis}} – choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
  • {{annotated link|Morphological analysis (problem-solving)|Morphological analysis}} – assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
  • {{annotated link|Proof (truth)|Proof}} – try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. The point where the proof fails will be the starting point for solving it
  • {{annotated link|Reduction (complexity)|Reduction}} – transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions exist
  • {{annotated link|Research}} – employing existing ideas or adapting existing solutions to similar problems
  • {{annotated link|Root cause analysis}} – identifying the cause of a problem
  • {{annotated link|Thinking outside the box}}
  • {{annotated link|Trial-and-error}} – testing possible solutions until the right one is found
  • {{annotated link|Troubleshooting}} –
  • Problem-solving methodology
  • {{annotated link|5 Whys}}
  • {{annotated link|Decision cycle}}
  • {{annotated link|Eight Disciplines Problem Solving}}
  • {{annotated link|GROW model}}
  • {{annotated link|How to Solve It}}
  • {{annotated link|Learning cycle}}
  • {{annotated link|OODA loop}} (observe, orient, decide, and act)
  • {{annotated link|PDCA}} (plan–do–check–act)
  • {{annotated link|Problem structuring methods}}
  • {{annotated link|RPR Problem Diagnosis}} (rapid problem resolution)
  • {{annotated link|TRIZ}} (in Russian: Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, "theory of solving inventor's problems")
  • {{annotated link|Vertical thinking}}

}}

== Reasoning ==

{{annotated link|Reasoning}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Abstraction|Abstract thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Adaptive reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Analogy|Analogical reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Analytic reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Case-based reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Critical thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Defeasible reasoning}} – from authority: if p then (defeasibly) q
  • {{annotated link|Diagrammatic reasoning}} – reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts and ideas with of diagrams and imagery instead of by linguistic or algebraic means
  • {{annotated link|Emotional reasoning}} (erroneous) – a cognitive distortion in which emotion overpowers reason, to the point the subject is unwilling or unable to accept the reality of a situation because of it.
  • {{annotated link|Fallacious reasoning}} (erroneous) – logical errors
  • {{annotated link|Heuristic}}s
  • {{annotated link|Historical thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Intuitive reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Lateral thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Logic}} / Logical reasoning
  • {{annotated link|Abductive reasoning}} – from data and theory: p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
  • {{annotated link|Deductive reasoning}} – from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion: if p then q (i.e., q or not-p)
  • {{annotated link|Inductive reasoning}} – theory formation; from data, coherence, simplicity, and confirmation: (inducibly) "if p then q"; hence, if p then (deducibly-but-revisably) q
  • {{annotated link|Inference}}
  • {{annotated link|Moral reasoning}} – process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic.{{cite web|title=Definition of: Moral Reasoning|url=http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Moral%20Reasoning|access-date=21 July 2011}} This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.
  • {{annotated link|Probabilistic reasoning}} – from combinatorics and indifference: if p then (probably) q
  • {{annotated link|Proportional reasoning}} – using "the concept of proportions when analyzing and solving a mathematical situation."{{cite web|url=http://quizlet.com/dictionary/proportional-reasoning/|title=Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet}}
  • {{annotated link|Rational thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Semiosis}}
  • {{annotated link|Statistical reasoning}} – from data and presumption: the frequency of qs among ps is high (or inference from a model fit to data); hence, (in the right context) if p then (probably) q
  • {{annotated link|Strategic thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Synthetic reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Verbal reasoning}} – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words
  • {{annotated link|Visual reasoning}} – process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms

}}

= Machine thought =

{{Main|Machine thought|Outline of artificial intelligence}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

}}

= Organizational thought =

Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)

  • {{annotated link|Management information system}}
  • {{annotated link|Organizational communication}}
  • Organizational planning
  • {{annotated link|Strategic planning}}
  • {{annotated link|Strategic thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|Systems theory}}

Aspects of the thinker

Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Power (social and political)|Ability}}
  • {{annotated link|Aptitude}}
  • {{annotated link|Attitude (psychology)|Attitude}}
  • {{annotated link|Behavior}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive style}}
  • {{annotated link|Common sense}}
  • {{annotated link|Experience}}
  • {{annotated link|Instinct}}
  • {{annotated link|Intelligence}}
  • {{annotated link|Metacognition}}
  • {{annotated link|Mental image}}
  • {{annotated link|Mindset}}
  • {{annotated link|Preference}}
  • {{annotated link|Rationality}}
  • {{annotated link|Skill}}
  • {{annotated link|Wisdom}}
  • {{annotated link|Sapience}}

}}

Properties of thought

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Accuracy and precision}}
  • {{annotated link|wikt:cogency|Cogency}}
  • {{annotated link|Dogma}}
  • {{annotated link|Effectiveness}}
  • {{annotated link|Efficacy}}
  • {{annotated link|Efficiency}}
  • {{annotated link|Freethought}}
  • {{annotated link|Frugality}}
  • {{annotated link|Meaning (linguistics)|Meaning}}
  • {{annotated link|Prudence}}
  • {{annotated link|Rights}}
  • {{annotated link|Skepticism}}
  • {{annotated link|Soundness}}
  • {{annotated link|Validity (logic)|Validity}}
  • {{annotated link|Value theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Wrongdoing}}

}}

Fields that study thought

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Linguistics}}
  • {{annotated link|Philosophy}}
  • {{annotated link|Logic}}
  • {{annotated link|Philosophy of mind}}
  • {{annotated link|Neuroscience}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive science}}
  • {{annotated link|Psychology}}
  • {{annotated link|Cognitive psychology}}
  • {{annotated link|Social psychology}}
  • {{annotated link|Psychiatry}}
  • {{annotated link|Mathematics}}
  • {{annotated link|Operations research}}

}}

Thought tools and thought research

  • {{annotated link|Cognitive model}}
  • {{annotated link|Design tool}}
  • {{annotated link|Diagram}}
  • {{annotated link|Argument map}}
  • {{annotated link|Concept map}}
  • {{annotated link|Mind map}}
  • {{annotated link|DSRP}}
  • {{annotated link|Intelligence amplification}}
  • {{annotated link|Language}}
  • {{annotated link|Meditation}}
  • {{annotated link|Six Thinking Hats}}
  • {{annotated link|Synectics}}

History of thinking

{{annotated link|History of reasoning}}

  • {{annotated link|History of artificial intelligence}}
  • {{annotated link|History of cognitive science}}
  • {{annotated link|History of the concept of creativity}}
  • {{annotated link|History of ideas}}
  • {{annotated link|History of logic}}
  • {{annotated link|History of psychometrics}}

Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)

{{annotated link|Nootropic}}

{{See also|List of nootropics}}

Substances that improve mental performance:

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|5-Hydroxytryptophan|aka=5-HTP}}
  • {{annotated link|Adrafinil}} (Olmifon)
  • {{annotated link|Aniracetam}}
  • {{annotated link|Withania somnifera|aka=Ashwagandha}}
  • {{annotated link|Bacopa monnieri}} (Brahmi)
  • {{annotated link|Caffeine}}
  • {{annotated link|Acetylcarnitine|aka=Acetyl-L-carnitine}} (ALCAR)
  • {{annotated link|Meclofenoxate|aka=Centrophenoxine}}
  • {{annotated link|Choline}}
  • {{annotated link|Cholinergic}}
  • {{annotated link|Chromium}}
  • {{annotated link|Coenzyme Q10}}
  • {{annotated link|Coffee}}
  • {{annotated link|Creatine}}
  • {{annotated link|Dimethylethanolamine|abbreviation=DMAE}}
  • {{annotated link|Ergoloid|Ergoloid mesylates}} (Hydergine)
  • {{annotated link|Huperzine A}}
  • {{annotated link|Idebenone}}
  • {{annotated link|Inositol}}
  • {{annotated link|L-DOPA}}
  • {{annotated link|Lecithin}}
  • {{annotated link|Lemon balm}} (Melissa Officinalis)
  • {{annotated link|Lipoic acid}}
  • {{annotated link|Methylphenidate}} (Ritalin)
  • {{annotated link|Modafinil}} (Provigil)
  • {{annotated link|Oxiracetam}}
  • {{annotated link|Phenibut}}
  • {{annotated link|Phenylalanine}}
  • {{annotated link|Piracetam}} (Nootropil)
  • {{annotated link|Pramiracetam}}
  • {{annotated link|Pyritinol}} (Enerbol)
  • {{annotated link|Rhodiola rosea}}
  • {{annotated link|Selegiline|Selegiline (Deprenyl)}}
  • {{annotated link|Eleutherococcus senticosus|aka=Siberian ginseng}}
  • {{annotated link|Hypericum perforatum|aka=St John's Wort}}
  • {{annotated link|Sutherlandia frutescens}}
  • {{annotated link|Tea}}
  • {{annotated link|Theanine}}
  • {{annotated link|Theophylline}}
  • {{annotated link|Tryptophan}}
  • {{annotated link|Tyrosine}}
  • {{annotated link|Vasopressin}}
  • {{annotated link|Vinpocetine}}
  • {{annotated link|Vitamin B3|Vitamin B3|aka=Nicotinic acid}}
  • {{annotated link|Pantothenic acid|aka=|Vitamin B5}}
  • {{annotated link|Vitamin B6|Vitamin B6}}
  • {{annotated link|Vitamin B12|Vitamin B12}}
  • {{annotated link|Vitamin C}}
  • {{annotated link|Pausinystalia johimbe|aka=Yohimbe}}

}}

= Organizational thinking concepts =

{{Main|Organizational studies|Industrial and organizational psychology}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Attribution theory|Attribution theory}}
  • {{annotated link|Communication}}
  • {{annotated link|Concept testing}}
  • {{annotated link|Evaporating Cloud}}
  • {{annotated link|The Fifth Discipline|Fifth discipline}}
  • {{annotated link|Groupthink}}
  • {{annotated link|Collective intelligence|aka=Group synergy}}
  • {{annotated link|Ideas bank}}
  • {{annotated link|Language interpretation}}
  • {{annotated link|Learning organization}}
  • {{annotated link|Metaplan}}
  • {{annotated link|Operations research}}
  • {{annotated link|Organization development}}
  • {{annotated link|Organizational communication}}
  • {{annotated link|Organizational culture}}
  • {{annotated link|Organizational ethics}}
  • {{annotated link|Organizational learning}}
  • {{annotated link|Rhetoric}}
  • {{annotated link|Smart mob}}
  • {{annotated link|Theory of constraints}}
  • {{annotated link|Think tank}}
  • {{annotated link|The Wisdom of Crowds|Wisdom of crowds}}

}}

Teaching methods and skills

{{Main|Education}}

{{columns-list|

  • {{annotated link|Active learning}}
  • {{annotated link|Classical conditioning}}
  • {{annotated link|Directed listening and thinking activity}}
  • {{annotated link|Discipline}}
  • {{annotated link|Learning theory (education)}}
  • {{annotated link|Mentorship}}
  • {{annotated link|Operant conditioning}}
  • {{annotated link|Problem-based learning}}
  • {{annotated link|Punishment}}
  • {{annotated link|Reinforcement}}

}}

Awards related to thinking

= Awards for acts of genius =

  • {{annotated link|Nobel Prize}}
  • {{annotated link|Pulitzer Prize}}
  • {{annotated link|MacArthur Fellows Program}}

Organizations

  • Associations pertaining to thought
  • {{annotated link|Association for Automated Reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking}}
  • {{annotated link|International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning}}
  • {{annotated link|High IQ society|High IQ societies}}
  • {{annotated link|Mind Sports Organisation}}s
  • {{annotated link|World Mind Sports Games}}
  • {{annotated link|Think tank}}

Media

= Publications =

== Books ==

== Periodicals ==

= Television programs =

Persons associated with thinking

= People notable for their extraordinary ability to think =

= Scientists in fields that study thought =

= Scholars of thinking =

{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}

Related concepts

= Awareness and perception =

{{Main|Awareness|Perception}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

}}

= Learning and memory =

{{Main|Education|Learning|Memory}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

}}

See also

{{Portal|Philosophy|Psychology}}

Miscellaneous

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

}}

Thinking

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

}}

Lists

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Sister project links|Thought}}

  • [http://cnx.org/content/m14358/latest/ The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thought}}

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