Red fox#Urban red foxes

File:Red fox kits (40215161564).jpg

Males are called tods or dogs, females are called vixens, and young are known as cubs or kits.{{Cite web|date=26 April 2012|title=10 Fascinating Facts About Foxes (With Photos)|url=https://www.peta.org.uk/blog/10-fascinating-facts-about-foxes-with-photos/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=PETA UK|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120170402/https://www.peta.org.uk/blog/10-fascinating-facts-about-foxes-with-photos/|url-status=live}} Although the Arctic fox has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, and while the corsac fox's range extends into European Russia, the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so is simply called "the fox" in colloquial British English.

The word "fox" comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. Compare with West Frisian foks, Dutch {{Lang|nl|vos}}, and German {{Lang|de|Fuchs}}. This, in turn, derives from Proto-Indo-European *puḱ- 'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the Hindi pū̃ch 'tail', Tocharian B päkā 'tail; chowrie', and Lithuanian {{Lang|lt|pūkas}} 'fur / fluff'. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's Welsh name, {{Lang|cy|llwynog}}, literally 'bushy', from {{Lang|cy|llwyn}} 'bush'. Likewise, {{langx|pt|raposa}} from rabo 'tail', Lithuanian {{Lang|lt|uodẽgis}} from uodegà 'tail', and Ojibwe waagosh from waa, which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The scientific term vulpes derives from the Latin word for fox, and gives the adjectives vulpine and vulpecular.{{cite web|title=Vulpine|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/vulpine|website=dictionary.com|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612234101/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/vulpine|url-status=live}}

File:The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) (1980) Fig. 112.png

The red fox is considered to be a more specialised form of Vulpes than the Afghan, corsac and Bengal fox species, in regards to their overall size and adaptation to carnivory; the skull displays far fewer neotenous traits than in other foxes, and its facial area is more developed. It is, however, not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the Tibetan fox.

The sister lineage to the red fox is the Rüppell's fox, but the two species are surprisingly closely related through mitochondrial DNA markers, with Rüppell's fox nested inside the lineages of red foxes.{{Cite journal |last1=Basuony |first1=A. E. |last2=Saleh |first2=M. |last3=Hailer |first3=F. |date=2024 |title=Mitogenomic analysis of Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii) confirms phylogenetic placement within the Palaearctic clade shared with its sister species, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) |doi=10.1080/24701394.2024.2332320 |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A |volume=34 |issue=1–8 |pages=22–28|pmid=38584459 }} Such a nesting of one species within another is called paraphyly. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this,{{cite journal |last1=Basuony |first1=Ali E |last2=Saleh |first2=Mostafa |last3=Sarhan |first3=Moustafa |last4=Younes |first4=Mahmoud |last5=Abdel-Hamid |first5=Fouad |last6=Rodriguez Fernandes |first6=Carlos |last7=Vercammen |first7=Paul |last8=Aboshaala |first8=Faraj |last9=Bounaceur |first9=Farid |last10=Chadwick |first10=Elizabeth A |last11=Hailer |first11=Frank |title=Paraphyly of the widespread generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): introgression rather than recent divergence of the arid-adapted Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii)? |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2023 |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=453–469 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blad001|doi-access=free }} including (1) recent divergence of Rüppell's fox from a red fox lineage, (2) incomplete lineage sorting, or introgression of mtDNA between the two species. Based on fossil record evidence, the last scenario seems most likely, which is further supported by the clear ecological and morphological differences between the two species.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

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The species is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either Vulpes alopecoides or the related Chinese V. chikushanensis, both of which lived during the Middle Villafranchian of the Pleistocene Epoch.{{cite book|last1=Kurtén|first1=Björn|title=Pleistocene Mammals of Europe|date=1968|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}} The earliest fossil specimens of V. vulpes were uncovered in Baranya County, Hungary, dating from 3.4 to 1.8 million years ago.[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=35369 PaleoDatabase collection No. 35369], authorized by Alan Turner, Liverpool John Moores University. Entry by H. O'Regan, 8 December 2003 The ancestral red fox was likely more diminutive compared to today's extant foxes, as the earliest red fox fossils have shown a smaller build than living specimens.{{rp|115–116}} The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene,David M. Alba, Saverio Bartolini Lucenti, Joan Madurell Malapeira, 2021, [https://portalrecerca.csuc.cat/article/doi/10.13130/2039-4942/15229 Middle Pleistocene fox from the Vallparadís Section (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) and the earliest records of the extant red fox] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026070728/https://portalrecerca.csuc.cat/article/doi/10.13130/2039-4942/15229 |date=26 October 2021 }}, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.127, pp.179-187, DOI:10.13130/2039-4942/15229, Retrieved on 26 October 2021 found in association with middens and refuse left by early human settlements. This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans (as both a source of food and pelts); the possibility also exists of red foxes scavenging from middens or butchered animal carcasses.{{Harvnb|Spagnesi|De Marina Marinis|2002|p=222}}

Red foxes colonised the North American continent in two waves: before and during the Illinoian glaciation, and during the Wisconsinan glaciation. Gene mapping demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400,000 years, thus raising the possibility that speciation has occurred, and that the previous binomial name of Vulpes fulva may be valid.{{cite journal | last1 = Statham | first1 = Mark J. | last2 = Murdoch | first2 = James | last3 = Janecka | first3 = Jan | last4 = Aubry | first4 = Keith B. | last5 = Edwards | first5 = Ceiridwen J. | last6 = Soulsbury | first6 = Carl D. | last7 = Berry | first7 = Oliver | last8 = Wang | first8 = Zhenghuan | last9 = Harrison | first9 = David | display-authors = 8 | year = 2014 | title = Range-wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct demographic histories | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 23 | issue = 19| pages = 4813–4830 | doi = 10.1111/mec.12898 | pmid = 25212210| bibcode = 2014MolEc..23.4813S | s2cid = 25466489 }} In the far north, red fox fossils have been found in Sangamonian Stage deposits near the Fairbanks District, Alaska, and Medicine Hat, Alberta. Fossils dating from the Wisconsinan are present in 25 sites across Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio,{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Rodney |last2=Hackathorn |first2=Merriane |title=Fossils of Ohio |date=1996 |publisher=State of Ohio, Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey |location=Columbus |isbn=0931079055}} Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan, the onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north, and they have only recently reclaimed their former North American ranges because of human-induced environmental changes.{{Cite book |last1=Kurtén |first1=B. |title=Pleistocene Mammals of North America |last2=Anderson |first2=E. |date=1980 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231037334 |pages=96, 174 |name-list-style=amp}} Genetic testing indicates that two distinct red fox refugia exist in North America, which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada, and consists of the larger subspecies V. v. alascensis, V. v. abietorum, V. v. regalis, and V. v. rubricosa. The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the west, from the Rocky Mountains to the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada ranges, consisting of the smaller subspecies V. v. cascadensis, V. v. macroura, V. v. necator, and V. v. patwin. The latter clade has been separated from all other red fox populations since at least the last glacial maximum, and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations.{{cite journal |author1=Aubry, Keith B. |author2=Statham, Mark J. |author3=Sacks, Benjamin N. |author4=Perrines, John D. |author5=Wisely, Samantha M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=Phylogeography of the North American red fox: Vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=2668–2686 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04222.x |pmid=19457180 |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.2668A |s2cid=11518843 |url=http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Aubryetal2009_000.pdf |access-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110238/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Aubryetal2009_000.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}

Although European foxes (V. v. crucigera) were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s, recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox mitochondrial haplotypes in any North American populations.{{cite journal |title=The origin of recently established red fox populations in the United States: translocations or natural range expansions? |author=Mark J. Statham |author2=Benjamin N. Sacks |author3=Keith B. Aubry |author4=John D. Perrine |author5=Samantha M. Wisely |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=93 |issue=1 |page=58 |doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-033.1|doi-access=free }} Additionally, introduced eastern North American red foxes have colonised most of inland California, from Southern California to the San Joaquin Valley, Monterey and north-coastal San Francisco Bay Area (including urban San Francisco and adjacent cities). In spite of the red fox's adaptability to city life, they are still found in somewhat greater numbers in the northern portions of California (north of the Bay Area) than in the south, as the wilderness is more alpine and isolated. The eastern red foxes appear to have mixed with the Sacramento Valley red fox (V. v. patwin) only in a narrow hybrid zone.{{cite journal |title=A restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox Vulpes vulpes populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion |author1=Sacks, B. N. |author2=Moore, M. |author3=Statham, M. J. |author4=Wittmer, H. U. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2011 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=326–341 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04943.x|pmid=21143330|bibcode=2011MolEc..20..326S |s2cid=2995171 }} In addition, no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern American red foxes in California with the montane Sierra Nevada red fox (V. v. necator) or other populations in the Intermountain West (between the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west).{{cite journal |title=Genetic distinctiveness of red foxes in the Intermountain West as revealed through expanded mitochondrial sequencing |author=Volkmann, Logan A. |author2=Statham, Mark J. |author3=Mooers, Arne Ø. |author4=Sacks, Benjamin N. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=297–307 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyv007|year=2015|doi-access=free }}

The 3rd edition of Mammal Species of the World{{MSW3 Wozencraft|id =14000892}} listed 45 subspecies as valid. In 2010, a distinct 46th subspecies, the Sacramento Valley red fox (V. v. patwin), which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through mitochondrial haplotype studies.{{cite journal |author1=Sacks, Benjamin N. |author2=Statham, Mark J. |author3=Perrine, John D. |author4=Wisely, Samantha M. |author5=Aubry, Keith B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=North American montane red foxes: Expansion, fragmentation, and the origin of the Sacramento Valley red fox |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1523–1539 |doi=10.1007/s10592-010-0053-4 |s2cid=7164254 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt94r5n5s6/qt94r5n5s6.pdf?t=l7nx95 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010ConG...11.1523S |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018004833/https://escholarship.org/content/qt94r5n5s6/qt94r5n5s6.pdf?t=l7nx95 |url-status=live }} Castello (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the Old World red fox and nine subspecies of the North American red fox as valid.Castello, Jose, 2018. Canids of the World. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.

Substantial gene pool mixing between different subspecies is known; British red foxes have crossbred extensively with red foxes imported from Germany, France, Belgium, Sardinia and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia.{{cite book|last1=Dale|first1=Thomas Francis|author-link1= Thomas Francis Dale|title=The Fox|date=1906|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=London, New York, Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/foxdale00dale|access-date=8 July 2016}}{{rp|140}} However, genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe.{{cite journal |title=Modern and ancient red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe show an unusual lack of geographical and temporal structuring, and differing responses within the carnivores to historical climatic change |author1=Teacher, Amber G. F. |author2=Thomas, Jessica A. |author3=Barnes, Ian |name-list-style=amp |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2011 |volume=11 |issue=214 |page=214 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-214 |pmid=21774815 |pmc=3154186 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11..214T }}{{cite journal |title=A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) |author=Kutschera, Verena E. |author2=Lecomte, Nicolas |author3=Janke, Axel |author4=Selva, Nuria |author5=Sokolov, Alexander A. |author6=Haun, Timm |author7=Steyer, Katharina |author8=Nowak, Carsten |author9=Hailer, Frank |name-list-style=amp |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=2013 |volume=13 |issue=114 |page=114 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-114 |pmid=23738594 |pmc=3689046 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13..114K }} Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly agile species, with one red fox covering {{cvt|320|km|}} in under a year's time.{{cite journal |title=Dispersal Patterns of Red Foxes Relative to Population Density |author1=Allen, S. H. |author2=Sargeant, A. B. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Wildlife Management |year=1993 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=526–533 |jstor=3809277 |doi=10.2307/3809277 |bibcode=1993JWMan..57..526A |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235187 |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018005348/https://zenodo.org/record/1235187 |url-status=live }}

Red fox subspecies in Eurasia and North Africa are divided into two categories:

• {{em|Northern foxes}} are large and brightly coloured.
• {{em|Southern grey desert foxes}} include the Asian subspecies V. v. griffithi, V. v. pusilla, and V. v. flavescens. These foxes display transitional features between the northern foxes and other, smaller fox species; their skulls possess more primitive, neotenous traits than the northern foxes and they are much smaller; the maximum sizes attained by southern grey desert foxes are invariably less than the average sizes of northern foxes. Their limbs are also longer and their ears larger.

Red foxes living in Middle Asia show physical traits intermediate to the northern foxes and southern grey desert foxes.

File:Redfoxskull.jpg|Skull of a northern fox

File:Vpusillaskull.jpg|Skull of a southern grey desert fox

File:Yawning red and corsac fox.jpg (right) yawning]]

The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length (70 percent of head and body length),{{cite book |last1=Larivière|first1=Serge|last2=Pasitschniak-Arts|first2=Maria |name-list-style=amp |title=Vulpes vulpes|date=1996|publisher=American Society of Mammalogists |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031015804/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2005|access-date=9 July 2016}} is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented. Nictitating membranes are present, but move only when the eyes are closed. The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws. They are very agile, being capable of jumping over {{cvt|2|m}} high fences, and swim well.{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|pp=132–133}} Vixens normally have four pairs of teats, though vixens with seven, nine, or ten teats are not uncommon. The testes of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes.

Their skulls are fairly narrow and elongated, with small braincases. Their canine teeth are relatively long. Sexual dimorphism of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes, with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males, with wider nasal regions and hard palates, as well as having larger canines. Their skulls are distinguished from those of dogs by their narrower muzzles, less crowded premolars, more slender canine teeth, and concave rather than convex profiles.

Red foxes are the largest species of the genus Vulpes.{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=129}} However, relative to dimensions, red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus Canis. Their limb bones, for example, weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs.{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |title=Running with the Fox |publisher=Unwin Hyman, London |year=1987 |isbn=9780044401995}}{{rp|122}} They display significant individual, sexual, age and geographical variation in size. On average, adults measure {{cvt|35|–|50|cm}} high at the shoulder and {{cvt|45|-|90|cm}} in body length with tails measuring {{cvt|30|-|55.5|cm}}. The ears measure {{cvt|7.7|-|12.5|cm}} and the hind feet {{cvt|12|-|18.5|cm}}. Weights range from {{cvt|2.2|-|14|kg}}, with vixens typically weighing 15–20% less than males.{{cite book|author=Nowak, Ronald M.|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&q=eurasian+lynx+38+kg&pg=PA806|page=636|volume=1|publisher=JHU Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8}}Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), {{ISBN|0789477645}} Adult red foxes have skulls measuring {{cvt|129|–|167|mm}}, while those of vixens measure {{cvt|128|–|159|mm}}. The forefoot print measures {{cvt|60|mm}} in length and {{cvt|45|mm}} in width, while the hind foot print measures {{cvt|55|mm}} long and {{cvt|38|mm}} wide. They trot at a speed of {{cvt|6|-|13|km/h}}, and have a maximum running speed of {{cvt|50|km/h}}. They have a stride of {{cvt|25|–|35|cm}} when walking at a normal pace.{{rp|36}} North American red foxes are generally lightly built, with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism. British red foxes are heavily built, but short, while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations.{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=130}} The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a {{cvt|1.4|m}} long male, that weighed {{cvt|17.2|kg}}, killed in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in early 2012.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-17259087 |title='Largest fox killed in UK' shot on Aberdeenshire farm |author=Wilkes, David |date=5 March 2012 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201091325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-17259087 |url-status=live }}

File:North American Red Fox.jpg

The winter fur is dense, soft, silky and relatively long. For the northern foxes, the fur is very long, dense and fluffy, but it is shorter, sparser and coarser in southern forms. Among northern foxes, the North American varieties generally have the silkiest guard hairs,{{rp|231}} while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser fur.{{rp|235}} The fur in "thermal windows" areas such as the head and the lower legs is kept dense and short all year round, while fur in other areas changes with the seasons. The foxes actively control the peripheral vasodilation and peripheral vasoconstriction in these areas to regulate heat loss.{{Cite journal|last1=Klir|first1=J. J.|last2=Heath|first2=J. E. |name-list-style=amp |date=1992 |title=An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in relation to external thermal stress in three species of foxes: The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus), and Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis) |journal=Physiological Zoology |volume=65|issue=5|pages=1011–1021 |doi=10.1086/physzool.65.5.30158555 |s2cid=87183522}} There are three main colour morphs; red, silver/black and cross (see Mutations). In the typical red morph, their coats are generally bright reddish-rusty with yellowish tints. A stripe of weak, diffuse patterns of many brown-reddish-chestnut hairs occurs along the spine. Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades, which, together with the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lower lips, throat and front of the chest are white. The remaining lower surface of the body is dark, brown or reddish. During lactation, the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red. The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish, while the paws are black. The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish-rusty red, while the upper lips are white. The backs of the ears are black or brownish-reddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The top of the tail is brownish-reddish, but lighter in colour than the back and flanks. The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw-coloured tint. A black spot, the location of the supracaudal gland, is usually present at the base of the tail. The tip of the tail is white.

File:Vulpes vulpes colour variations.jpg

Atypical colouration in the red fox usually represents stages toward full melanism, and mostly occurs in cold regions.

Red foxes have binocular vision, but their sight reacts mainly to movement. Their auditory perception is acute, being able to hear black grouse changing roosts at 600 paces, the flight of crows at {{cvt|0.25|–|0.5|km}} and the squeaking of mice at about {{cvt|100|m}}. They are capable of locating sounds to within one degree at 700–3,000 Hz, though less accurately at higher frequencies. Their sense of smell is good, but weaker than that of specialised dogs.

Red foxes have a pair of anal sacs lined by sebaceous glands, both of which open through a single duct.Albone, E. S. & Grönnerberg, T. O. [http://www.jlr.org/content/18/4/474.full.pdf "Lipids of the anal sac secretions of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes and of the lion, Panthera leo"]. Journal of Lipid Research. 18.4 (1977): 474–479. The size and volume of the anal sacs increases with age, ranging in size from 5–40mm in length, 1–3mm in diameter, and with a capacity of 1–5 mL.{{Cite journal |last=Rinck |first1=M |last2=Rinck |first2=R |last3=Rinck |first3=J |last4=Sulimanović |first4=D |last5=Kos |first5=J |last6=Janicki |first6=Z |date=2000-06-01 |title=Morphometrische Analbeutelmessungen beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes, Linné 1758) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02241575 |journal=Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft |volume=46 |issue=117–119 |pages=118 |doi=10.1007/BF02241575 |bibcode=2000ZJag...46..117R |s2cid=35030583 |via=SpringerLink|url-access=subscription }} The anal sacs act as fermentation chambers in which aerobic and anaerobic bacteria convert sebum into odorous compounds, including aliphatic acids. The oval-shaped caudal gland is {{cvt|25|mm}} long and {{cvt|13|mm}} wide, and reportedly smells of violets. The presence of foot glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, with a reddish tinge and smell strongly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible.

File:Red fox (Vulpes vulpes crucigera) Skalnate Pleso.jpg

File:RedFox.png

The red fox is a wide-ranging species. Its range covers nearly {{cvt|70000000|km2}} including as far north as the Arctic Circle. It occurs all across Europe, in Africa north of the Sahara Desert, throughout Asia apart from extreme Southeast Asia, and across North America apart from most of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is absent in the Arctic islands,{{Disputed inline|Actual range|date=January 2025}} the most northern parts of central Siberia, and in extreme deserts.

It is not present in New Zealand and is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, which does not allow import.{{cite web |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0030/latest/DLM386556.html#DLM386556 |title=Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms |publisher=New Zealand Government |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616104517/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0030/latest/DLM386556.html#DLM386556 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Feral foxes in Australia}}

In Australia, estimates in 2012 indicated that there were more than 7.2 million red foxes,{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |title=Impacts of Feral Animals |access-date=29 May 2012 |publisher=Game Council of New South Wales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418154902/http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |archive-date=18 April 2012}} with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland.{{rp|14}} They became established in Australia through successive introductions in the 1830s and 1840s, by settlers in the British colonies of Van Diemen's Land (as early as 1833) and the Port Phillip District of New South Wales (as early as 1845), who wanted to foster the traditional English sport of fox hunting. A permanent red fox population did not establish itself on the island of Tasmania, and it is widely held that foxes were out-competed by the Tasmanian devil.{{Cite journal |last1=Bostanci |first1=A. |title=Wildlife Biology: A Devil of a Disease |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1035 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1035 |year=2005 |pmid=15718445|s2cid=54100368}} On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an apex predator. The fox is generally less common in areas where the dingo is more prevalent, but it has, primarily through its burrowing behaviour, achieved niche differentiation with both the feral dog and the feral cat. Consequently, the fox has become one of the continent's most destructive invasive species.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The red fox has been implicated in the extinction or decline of several native Australian species, particularly those of the family Potoroidae, including the desert rat-kangaroo.{{Cite journal |last1=Short |first1=J. |title=The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00026-3 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=365–377|year=1998 |bibcode=1998BCons..86..365S}} The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of rabbits in Australia, and corresponds with declines in the distribution of several medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals, including brush-tailed bettongs, burrowing bettongs, rufous bettongs, bilbies, numbats, bridled nail-tail wallabies and quokkas.{{cite report |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/pestsweeds/RedfoxApproved.pdf |title=Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) |year=2001 |publisher=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service |isbn=0731364244 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317045658/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/pestsweeds/RedfoxApproved.pdf |url-status=live}} Most of those species are now limited to areas (such as islands) where red foxes are absent or rare. Local fox eradication programs exist, although elimination has proven difficult due to the fox's denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting, so the focus is on management, including the introduction of state bounties.{{cite journal |author=Millen, Tracey |date=October–November 2006 |title=Call for more dingoes to restore native species |journal=ECOS |volume=133 |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p5a.pdf |access-date=9 March 2007 |archive-date=16 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416060335/http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file |url-status=live}} (Refers to the book Australia's Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000 Year History. Christopher N. Johnson. {{ISBN|978-0-521-68660-0}}.) According to the Tasmanian government, red foxes were accidentally introduced to the previously fox-free island of Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posing a significant threat to native wildlife, including the eastern bettong, and an eradication program was initiated, conducted by the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water.{{cite web |title=Latest Physical Evidence of Foxes in Tasmania |work=Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania website |url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=20 September 2013 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054610/http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open |url-status=live}}

File:Areale dei canidi italiani.png and Italian wolf]]

The origin of the ichnusae subspecies in Sardinia, Italy is uncertain, as it is absent from Pleistocene deposits in their current homeland. It is possible it originated during the Neolithic following its introduction to the island by humans. It is likely then that Sardinian fox populations stem from repeated introductions of animals from different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory may explain the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.

{{multiple image

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| caption3 = A pair of European red foxes (V.{{nbsp}}v. crucigera) at the British Wildlife Centre, Surrey, England

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File:Young Fox (16605353545).jpg]]

Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode.{{rp|117}} They use their urine to mark their territories.{{cite journal |author1=Fawcett, John K. |author2=Fawcett, Jeanne M. |author3=Soulsbury, Carl D. |name-list-style=amp |title=Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes Vulpes vulpes |journal=Journal of Ethology |year=2012 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7 |s2cid=15328275}}{{cite journal |author1=Macdonald, D. W. |year=1979 |title=Some observations and field experiments on the urine marking behaviour of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L. |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00667.x |bibcode=1979Ethol..51....1M |url=https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/04/MacDonald_1979_Some-Observations-and-Field-Experiments-on-scent-marking-in-red-fox.pdf |access-date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706103639/https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/04/MacDonald_1979_Some-Observations-and-Field-Experiments-on-scent-marking-in-red-fox.pdf |url-status=dead }} A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him, whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground between the hind legs.{{cite book |author1=Walters, M. |author2=Bang, P. |author3=Dahlstrøm, P. |name-list-style=amp |title=Animal Tracks and Signs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6XwAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2001 |pages=202–203 |isbn=978-0-19-850796-3}} Urine is also used to mark empty cache sites, used to store found food, as reminders not to waste time investigating them.{{rp|125}}{{cite journal|title=The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) |author=Henry, J. D. |journal=Behaviour |volume=61 |issue=1/2 |year=1977 |pages=82–106 |jstor=4533812 |doi=10.1163/156853977X00496 |pmid=869875|s2cid=36332457 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=K. F. |last2=Vulpius |first2 =T. |name-list-style=amp |title=Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, Panthera leo|doi=10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 |journal=Chemical Senses |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=179–189 |year=1999 |pmid=10321819 |doi-access=free}} Males generally have higher urine marking rates during late summer and autumn, but the rest of the year the rates between male and female are similar.{{cite journal |author1=Fawcett, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Fawcett, J. |author3=Soulsbury, C. |year=2013 |title=Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes Vulpes vulpes |journal=Journal of Ethology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7|s2cid=254144483 }} The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to precisely control the position of the scent mark.{{cite book |author1=Elbroch, L. M. |author2=Kresky, M. R. |author3=Evans, J. W. |name-list-style=amp |title=Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGHgFgtJDQYC&pg=PA189 |year=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25378-0 |page=189}} Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint territory. In favourable habitats and/or areas with low hunting pressure, subordinate foxes may be present in a range. Subordinate foxes may number one or two, sometimes up to eight in one territory. These subordinates could be formerly dominant animals, but are mostly young from the previous year, who act as helpers in rearing the breeding vixen's kits. Alternatively, their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success. Non-breeding vixens will guard, play, groom, provision and retrieve kits, an example of kin selection. Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the chances of winning a territory of their own are high. If not, they will stay with their parents, at the cost of postponing their own reproduction.{{rp|140–141}}

{{Further|Silver fox (animal)#Mating behaviour|l1=Mating behavior of melanistic red foxes}}

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File:Red foxes mating (2).jpg]]

Red foxes reproduce once a year in spring. Two months prior to oestrus (typically December), the reproductive organs of vixens change shape and size. By the time they enter their oestrus period, their uterine horns double in size, and their ovaries grow 1.5–2 times larger. Sperm formation in males begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February. The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks, during which the dog-foxes mate with the vixens for several days, often in burrows. {{anchor|Copulation}} The male's bulbus glandis enlarges during copulation, forming a copulatory tie which may last for more than an hour. The gestation period lasts 49–58 days. Though foxes are largely monogamous,{{cite journal |last1=Iossa |first1=G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Soulsbury, C.D. |author3=Baker, P.J. |author4=Harris, S. |year=2008 |title=Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox Vulpes vulpes |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=89 |issue=6|pages=1481–1490 |doi=10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1 |doi-access=free}} DNA evidence from one population indicated large levels of polygyny, incest and mixed paternity litters. Subordinate vixens may become pregnant, but usually fail to whelp, or have their kits killed postpartum by either the dominant female or other subordinates.

File:Fox kits in front of fox hole.ogg

The average litter size consists of four to six kits, though litters of up to 13 kits have occurred. Large litters are typical in areas where fox mortality is high.{{rp|93}} Kits are born blind, deaf and toothless, with dark brown fluffy fur. At birth, they weigh {{cvt|56|–|110|g}} and measure {{cvt|14.5|cm}} in body length and {{cvt|7.5|cm}} in tail length. At birth, they are short-legged, large-headed and have broad chests. Mothers remain with the kits for 2–3 weeks, as they are unable to thermoregulate. During this period, the fathers or barren vixens feed the mothers. Vixens are very protective of their kits, and have been known to even fight off terriers in their defence.{{rp|21–22}} If the mother dies before the kits are independent, the father takes over as their provider.{{rp|13}} The kits' eyes open after 13–15 days, during which time their ear canals open and their upper teeth erupt, with the lower teeth emerging 3–4 days later. Their eyes are initially blue, but change to amber at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins to change at three weeks of age, when the black eye streak appears. By one month, red and white patches are apparent on their faces. During this time, their ears erect and their muzzles elongate. Kits begin to leave their dens and experiment with solid food brought by their parents at the age of 3–4 weeks. The lactation period lasts 6–7 weeks. Their woolly coats begin to be coated by shiny guard hairs after 8 weeks. By the age of 3–4 months, the kits are long-legged, narrow-chested and sinewy. They reach adult proportions at the age of 6–7 months. Some vixens may reach sexual maturity at the age of 9–10 months, thus bearing their first litters at one year of age. In captivity, their longevity can be as long as 15 years, though in the wild they typically do not survive past 5 years of age.

File:Foxden.jpg

Outside the breeding season, most red foxes favour living in the open, in densely vegetated areas, though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather. Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks of water bodies, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts and neglected human environments. Red foxes prefer to dig their burrows on well drained soils. Dens built among tree roots can last for decades, while those dug on the steppes last only several years. They may permanently abandon their dens during mange outbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease. In the Eurasian desert regions, foxes may use the burrows of wolves, porcupines and other large mammals, as well as those dug by gerbil colonies. Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes, badgers, marmots and corsac foxes, red fox dens are not overly complex. Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows, which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards (40–45°) and broadens into a den, from which numerous side tunnels branch. Burrow depth ranges from {{cvt|0.5|–|2.5|m}}, rarely extending to ground water. The main passage can reach {{cvt|17|m}} in length, standing an average of {{cvt|5|–|7|m}}. In spring, red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements, first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with their hind legs, throwing the discarded soil over {{cvt|2|m}} from the burrow. When kits are born, the discarded debris is trampled, thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food. They may share their dens with woodchucks or badgers. Unlike badgers, which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in latrines, red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens.{{rp|15–17}} The average sleep time of a captive red fox is 9.8 hours per day.{{cite journal |author=Holland, Jennifer S. |title=40 winks? |journal=National Geographic |volume=220 |issue=1 |date=July 2011}}

File:Lis (Vulpes vulpes) WOB.JPG

Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears, tail and postures, with their body markings emphasising certain gestures. Postures can be divided into aggressive/dominant and fearful/submissive categories. Some postures may blend the two together.{{rp|42–43}}

Inquisitive foxes will rotate and flick their ears whilst sniffing. Playful individuals will perk their ears and rise on their hind legs. Male foxes courting females, or after successfully evicting intruders, will turn their ears outwardly, and raise their tails in a horizontal position, with the tips raised upward. When afraid, red foxes grin in submission, arching their backs, curving their bodies, crouching their legs and lashing their tails back and forth with their ears pointing backwards and pressed against their skulls. When merely expressing submission to a dominant animal, the posture is similar, but without arching the back or curving the body. Submissive foxes will approach dominant animals in a low posture, so that their muzzles reach up in greeting. When two evenly matched foxes confront each other over food, they approach each other sideways and push against each other's flanks, betraying a mixture of fear and aggression through lashing tails and arched backs without crouching and pulling their ears back without flattening them against their skulls. When launching an assertive attack, red foxes approach directly rather than sideways, with their tails aloft and their ears rotated sideways.{{rp||page=43}} During such fights, red foxes will stand on each other's upper bodies with their forelegs, using open mouthed threats. Such fights typically only occur among juveniles or adults of the same sex.

File:Red foxes fighting.jpg

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Red foxes have a wide vocal range, and produce different sounds spanning five octaves, which grade into each other.{{rp|28}} Recent analyses identify 12 different sounds produced by adults and 8 by kits. The majority of sounds can be divided into "contact" and "interaction" calls. The former vary according to the distance between individuals, while the latter vary according to the level of aggression.{{rp|28}}

• Contact calls: The most commonly heard contact call is a three to five syllable barking "wow wow wow" sound, which is often made by two foxes approaching one another. This call is most frequently heard from December to February (when they can be confused with the territorial calls of tawny owls). The "wow wow wow" call varies according to individual; captive foxes have been recorded to answer pre-recorded calls of their pen-mates, but not those of strangers. Kits begin emitting the "wow wow wow" call at the age of 19 days, when craving attention. When red foxes draw close together, they emit trisyllabic greeting warbles similar to the clucking of chickens. Adults greet their kits with gruff huffing noises.{{rp|28}}
• Interaction calls: When greeting one another, red foxes emit high pitched whines, particularly submissive animals. A submissive fox approached by a dominant animal will emit a ululating siren-like shriek. During aggressive encounters with conspecifics, they emit a throaty rattling sound, similar to a ratchet, called "gekkering". Gekkering occurs mostly during the courting season from rival males or vixens rejecting advances.{{rp|28}}

Another call that does not fit into the two categories is a long, drawn-out, monosyllabic "waaaaah" sound. As it is commonly heard during the breeding season, it is thought to be emitted by vixens summoning males. When danger is detected, foxes emit a monosyllabic bark. At close quarters, it is a muffled cough, while at long distances it is sharper. Kits make warbling whimpers when nursing, these calls being especially loud when they are dissatisfied.{{rp|28}}

File:Red fox with nutria.jpg]]

The red fox is an omnivore with a highly varied diet.{{Cite journal |last1=Contesse |first1=P. |last2=Hegglin |first2=D. |last3=Gloor |first3=S. |last4=Bontadina |first4=F. |last5=Deplazes |first5=P. |date=2004 |title=The diet of urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the availability of anthropogenic food in the city of Zurich, Switzerland |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=81–95 |doi=10.1078/1616-5047-00123 |bibcode=2004MamBi..69...81C |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=F. B. |last2=Gartner |first2=M. |last3=Norrie |first3=E.-M. |last4=Haddou |first4=Y. |last5=Soulsbury |first5=C. D. |last6=Adaway |first6=K. A. |date=2023 |title=Urban foxes are bolder but not more innovative than their rural conspecifics |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=203 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.07.003 |doi-access=free}} Research in the former Soviet Union revealed that the red fox consumes over 300 animal species and a few dozen plant species. It primarily feeds on small rodents like voles, mice, ground squirrels, hamsters, gerbils, woodchucks, pocket gophers and deer mice. Secondary prey species include birds with passeriformes, galliformes and waterfowl predominating, leporids, porcupines, raccoons, opossums, reptiles, insects, other invertebrates, flotsam and carrion. On very rare occasions, it attacks young or small ungulates. It typically targets mammals up to about {{cvt|3.5|kg}} in weight and requires {{cvt|500|g}} of food daily.

It hunts its preferred prey when abundant, but when unavailable, it can still sustain off different prey and even seeds and fruit.{{Cite journal |last=Diaz-Ruiz |first=F |date=2011 |title=Biological Patterns in the diet of an opportunistic predator: the red fox Vulpes vulpes in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=Mammal Review |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=59–70|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00206.x }} In some areas, fruit can amount to 100% of its diet in autumn. Commonly consumed fruits include blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, cherry, persimmon, mulberry, apple, plum, grape and acorn. Other plant material includes grass, sedge and tuber.

The red fox is implicated in the predation of game and song birds, hares, rabbits, muskrats and young ungulates, particularly in preserves, reserves and hunting farms where ground-nesting birds are protected and raised, as well as in poultry farms.

Visual cues are the most important ones for the hunting behaviour of the red fox.{{cite journal |author=Osterholm, H. |year=1964 |title=The significance of distance reception in the feeding behaviour of fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) |journal=Acta Zoologica Fennica |volume=106 |pages=1–31}}

It prefers to hunt in the early morning hours before sunrise and late evening. Although it typically forages alone, it occassionally aggregates in resource-rich environments.{{cite book |author=Hunter, L. |title=Carnivores of the World |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=106 |isbn=978-0-691-15227-1}} When hunting mouse-like prey, it first pinpoints the prey's location by sound, then leap, sailing high above the quarry, steering in mid-air with its tail before landing on target up to {{cvt|5|m}} away. It only feeds on carrion in the late evening hours and at night. It seem to dislike the taste of moles, but nonetheless catches them alive and presents them to its kits as playthings.{{rp|41}} It is possessive of its food and defends its catches from even dominant animals.{{rp|58}} It occasionally commits acts of surplus killing; during one breeding season, four red foxes were recorded to have killed around 200 black-headed gulls each, with peaks during dark, windy hours when flying conditions were unfavourable. Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of this.{{rp|164}}

A 2008–2010 study of 84 red foxes in the Czech Republic and Germany found that successful hunting in long vegetation or under snow appeared to involve an alignment of the red fox with the Earth's magnetic field.{{cite journal|author1=Červený, J. |author2=Begall, S. |author3=Koubek, P. |author4=Nováková, P. |author5=Burda, H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Directional preference may enhance hunting accuracy in foraging foxes |date=2011 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.1145 |pmid=21227977|journal=Biology Letters |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=355–357 |pmc=3097881}}

File:Red Fox vs Grey Fox - San Joaquin National Wildlife Refuge.jpg

The red fox typically dominates other fox species. Where the red fox and Arctic fox are sympatric, the Arctic fox feeds on lemmings and flotsam rather than voles, as favoured by red foxes. Both species kill each other's kits, given the opportunity. The southern range of the Arctic fox is limited by the presence of the red fox; both were introduced to almost every island from the Aleutian Islands to the Alexander Archipelago during the 1830s–1930s by fur companies. The red fox invariably displaced the Arctic fox, with one male red fox having been reported to have killed off all resident Arctic foxes on a small island in 1866.{{rp||page=85}}

The red fox is a competitor of the corsac fox, as they hunt the same prey all year. The red fox is stronger, better adapted to hunting in snow deeper than {{cvt|10|cm}} and is more effective in hunting and catching medium-sized to large rodents. The corsac fox seems to only outcompete the red fox in semi-desert and steppe areas.{{Harvnb|Heptner|Naumov|1998|pp=453–454}} In Israel, the Blanford's fox escapes competition with the red fox by being restricted to rocky cliffs and actively avoiding the open plains inhabited by the red fox.{{rp|84–85}} The red fox dominate kit and swift foxes. Kit foxes usually avoid competition with their larger cousins by living in more arid environments, though red foxes have been increasing in ranges formerly occupied by kit foxes due to human-induced environmental changes. Red foxes will kill both species and compete with them for food and den sites. The gray fox dominates the red fox wherever their ranges meet. Historically, interactions between the two species were rare, as the gray fox favoured heavily wooded or semiarid habitats as opposed to the open and mesic ones preferred by the red fox. However, interactions have become more frequent due to deforestation, allowing the red fox to colonise gray fox-inhabited areas.

File:Interspecific social interaction between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (fig. 1).png in south-western Germany]]

The wolf is known to kill and eat the red fox in disputes over carcasses.{{cite book |author1=Mech, L. D. |author2=Boitani, L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation |page=269 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-51696-7}} In North America where the red fox and coyote are sympatric, their home ranges do not overlap, and interactions between the two species vary in nature, ranging from active antagonism to indifference. The majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes, and there are few reports of red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their kits were approached. Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together.{{cite journal |author1=Sargeant, A. B. |author2=Allen, S. H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |year=1989 |issue=3 |pages=631–633 |volume=70 |jstor=1381437 |doi=10.2307/1381437 |bibcode=1989JMamm..70..631S |url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/cfoxint/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114195545/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/cfoxint/ |archive-date=14 November 2007|url-access=subscription }} In Israel, the red fox shares habitat with the golden jackal, and where their ranges meet, they compete due to near-identical diets. The red fox ignores golden jackal scents or tracks and avoids close physical proximity; in areas where the golden jackal is abundant, the red fox population decreases significantly, apparently because of competitive exclusion.{{cite journal |author1=Scheinin, S. |author2=Yom-Tov, Y. |author3=Motro, U. |author4=Geffen, E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2006 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=577–584 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.022 |s2cid=38578736 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Behavioural_responses_of_red_foxes.pdf |access-date=24 August 2007 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113071230/https://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Behavioural_responses_of_red_foxes.pdf |url-status=live}} However, multiple red foxes interacting peacefully with a golden jackal have been observed in southwestern Germany.{{cite journal |year=2024 |last1=Böcker |first1=F. |title=Interspecific social interaction between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) |journal=Mammal Research |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=319–324 |last2=Weber |first2=H. |last3=Arnold |first3=J. |last4=Collet |first4=S. |last5=Hatlauf |first5=J. |doi=10.1007/s13364-024-00737-2 |doi-access=free}}

File:Aquila chrysaetos 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg feeding on a red fox]]

The red fox dominates the raccoon dog and sometimes kills its kits or bites adults to death. Cases are known of red foxes killing raccoon dogs after entering their dens. Both species compete for mouse-like prey. This competition reaches a peak during early spring when food is scarce. In Tatarstan, red fox predation accounted for 11.1% of deaths among 54 raccoon dogs and amounted to 14.3% of 186 raccoon dog deaths in northwestern Russia.

The red fox occasionally kills small mustelids like least weasel, stone marten,{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=134}} pine marten, stoat, Siberian weasel, European polecat and young sables. Eurasian badgers may live alongside red foxes in isolated sections of large burrows. It is possible that the two species tolerate each other out of mutualism; red foxes provide Eurasian badgers with food scraps, while Eurasian badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness.{{rp|15}} However, cases are known of Eurasian badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them. Wolverines may kill red foxes, often while the latter is sleeping or near carrion.{{rp|546}} Red foxes, in turn, may kill young wolverines.

The red fox competes with the striped hyena on large carcasses; the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh that is too tough for the red fox. When harassing striped hyenas, it avoids attacks through greater speed. Sometimes, red foxes seem to deliberately torment striped hyenas even when there is no food at stake, though some red foxes mistime their attacks and are killed.{{rp|77–79}} Red fox remains are often found in striped hyena dens, and striped hyenas steal red foxes from traps.

The red fox may be preyed upon by the leopard, caracal and Eurasian lynx. The Eurasian lynx chases the red fox into deep snow, where its long legs and larger paws gives it an advantage over the red fox, especially when the depth of the snow exceeds one meter. In the Velikoluksky District in Russia, the red fox is absent or seen only occasionally where the Eurasian lynx established permanent territories. In North America, the red fox is predated by the cougar, Canada lynx and bobcat.

The red fox competes with common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and even steals their kills.{{cite journal |author1=Jankowiak, L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Tryjanowski, P. |year=2013 |title=Cooccurrence and food niche overlap of two common predators (red fox Vulpes vulpes and common buzzard Buteo buteo) in an agricultural landscape |journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=157–162 |url=}} The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) regularly takes young red foxes and preys on adults if needed.{{cite book |author=Watson, J. |title=The Golden Eagle |edition=Second |year=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-1420-9 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aj5MNvCkun0C&pg=PA92}} Other large eagles such as the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax), eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) have also been known to kill red foxes less frequently.{{cite journal |author=Lewis, C. F. |year=1957 |title=Wedge-tailed eagle takes a fox |journal=Victorian Naturalist |volume=74 |pages=89-90}}{{cite book |author1=Utekhina, I. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, E. |author3=McGrady, M.J. |year=2000 |chapter=Diet of the Steller's Sea Eagle in the northern Sea of Okhotsk |chapter-url= |pages=71–92 |title=First Symposium on Steller's and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia |editor1=Ueta, M. |editor2=McGrady, M.J. |publisher=Wild Bird Society of Japan |location=Tokyo, Japan}}{{cite journal |author1=Vrezec, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bordjan, D. |year=2009 |title=Population and ecology of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and its conservation status in Slovenia |journal=Denisia |volume=27 |pages=103–114 |author3=Perušek, M. |author4=Hudoklin, A. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265293841}} Large owls such as the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) and snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) prey on young foxes and adults on occasions.{{cite journal |author=Dixon, C. C. |year=1970 |title=Red Fox predated by Snowy Owl |journal=Blue Jay |volume=33 |issue=2}}{{cite web |url=http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Bubo&species=bubo |title=Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) - Information, Pictures, Sounds |publisher=The Owl Pages |date=2015 |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120022654/http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Bubo&species=bubo |url-status=live}}

File:Vulpes vulpes, Red Fox, Zorro.jpg]]

Red foxes are the most important rabies vector in Europe. In London, arthritis is common in foxes, being particularly frequent in the spine. Foxes may be infected with leptospirosis and tularemia, though they are not overly susceptible to the latter. They may also fall ill from listeriosis and spirochetosis, as well as acting as vectors in spreading erysipelas, brucellosis and tick-borne encephalitis. A mysterious fatal disease near Lake Sartlan in the Novosibirsk Oblast was noted among local red foxes, but the cause was undetermined. The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of encephalomyelitis, which was first observed in captive-bred silver foxes. Individual cases of foxes infected with Yersinia pestis are known.

Red foxes are not readily prone to infestation with fleas. Species like Spilopsyllus cuniculi are probably only caught from the fox's prey species, while others like Archaeopsylla erinacei are caught whilst traveling. Fleas that feed on red foxes include Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides canis and Paraceras melis. Ticks such as Ixodes ricinus and I. hexagonus are not uncommon in red foxes, and are typically found on nursing vixens and kits still in their earths. The louse Trichodectes vulpis specifically targets red foxes, but is found infrequently. The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is the most important cause of mange in red foxes. It causes extensive hair loss, starting from the base of the tail and hindfeet, then the rump before moving on to the rest of the body. In the final stages of the condition, red foxes can lose most of their fur, 50% of their body weight and may gnaw at infected extremities. In the epizootic phase of the disease, it usually takes red foxes four months to die after infection. Other endoparasites include Demodex folliculorum, Notoderes, Otodectes cynotis (which is frequently found in the ear canal), Linguatula serrata (which infects the nasal passages) and ringworms.

Up to 60 helminth species are known to infect captive-bred foxes in fur farms, while 20 are known in the wild. Several coccidian species of the genera Isospora and Eimeria are also known to infect them. The most common nematode species found in red fox guts are Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala, Capillaria aerophila{{cite journal |author1=Lalošević, V. |author2=Lalošević, D. |author3=Čapo, I. |author4=Simin, V. |author5=Galfi, A. |author6=Traversa, D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=High infection rate of zoonotic Eucoleus aerophilus infection in foxes from Serbia |journal=Parasite |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=3 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2012003 |pmid=23340229 |pmc=3718516 |doi-access=free}} and Crenosoma vulpis; the latter two infect their lungs and trachea.{{Cite journal |last1=Mechouk |first1=N. |last2=Deak |first2=G. |last3=Ionică |first3=A. M. |last4=Toma |first4=C. G. |last5=Bouslama |first5=Z. |last6=Daniel Mihalca |first6=A. |date=2023 |title=First report of Crenosoma vulpis in Africa and Eucoleus aerophilus in Algeria |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=20 |pages=187–191 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.003 |pmc=10023903 |pmid=36941973 }} Capillaria plica infects the red fox's bladder. Trichinella spiralis rarely affects them. The most common tapeworm species in red foxes are Taenia spiralis and T. pisiformis. Others include Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Eleven trematode species infect red foxes, including Metorchis conjunctus.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=H. J. |year=1978 |title=Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=366–370 |pmid=691132 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-14.3.366 |doi-access=free}} A red fox from was found to be a host of intestinal parasitic acanthocephalan worms, Pachysentis canicola in Bushehr Province, Iran,{{cite journal |last1=Tavakol |first1=Sareh |last2=Amin |first2=Omar M. |last3=Luus-Powell |first3=Wilmien J. |last4=Halajian |first4=Ali |title=The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 October 2015 |volume=4033 |issue=2 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3|pmid=26624401 }} Pachysentis procumbens and Pachysentis ehrenbergi in both in Egypt.{{Cite journal | doi=10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6| title=A New Species of Pachysentis Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species| year=2019| last1=Gomes| first1=Ana Paula N.| last2=Amin| first2=Omar M.| last3=Olifiers| first3=Natalie| last4=Bianchi| first4=Rita de Cassia| last5=Souza| first5=Joyce G. R.| last6=Barbosa| first6=Helene S.| last7=Maldonado| first7=Arnaldo| journal=Acta Parasitologica| volume=64| issue=3| pages=587–595| pmid=31286360| pmc=6814649}}

{{Further|Foxes in culture}}

File:Reynard-the-fox.jpg

Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric. In Greek mythology, the Teumessian fox,{{Langx|grc|Τευμησ(σ)ία ἀλώπηξ}} (Teumēs(s)íā alôpēx),gen.: Τευμησίας ἀλώπεκος, also known as ἀλώπηξ τῆς Τευμησσοῦ "fox of Teumessos"; Teumessos was an ancient city in Boeotia. or Cadmean vixen, was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught. The fox was one of the children of Echidna.{{cite book|author=Wallen, Martin |title=Fox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0xkcOKOxKsC&pg=PA40 |year=2006|publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-297-3 |page=40}}

In Celtic mythology, the red fox is a symbolic animal. In the Cotswolds, witches were thought to take the shape of foxes to steal butter from their neighbours.{{cite book |author=Monaghan, P. |year=2004 |title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore |pages=199–200 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-4524-2}} In later European folklore, the figure of Reynard the Fox symbolises trickery and deceit; he originally appeared under the name of "Reinardus" as a secondary character in the 1150 poem "Ysengrimus", reappeared in 1175 in Pierre Saint Cloud's Le Roman de Renart and made his debut in England in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Nun's Priest's Tale. Many of Reynard's adventures may stem from actual observations on fox behaviour; he is an enemy of the wolf and has a fondness for blackberries and grapes.{{rp|32–33}}

Chinese folk tales tell of fox-spirits called huli jing that may have up to nine tails, or kumiho as they are known in Korea.{{cite journal |author=Goff, J. |url=https://eee.uci.edu/clients/sbklein/GHOSTS/articles/goff-foxes.pdf |title=Foxes in Japanese culture: Beautiful or beastly? |journal=Japan Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=2 |year=1997 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053659/https://eee.uci.edu/clients/sbklein/GHOSTS/articles/goff-foxes.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}} In Japanese mythology, the kitsune are fox-like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. Foremost among these is the ability to disguise as human. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others, other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers and wives.{{cite book |author=Smyers, K. A. |title=The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8248-2102-9}} In Arab folklore, the fox is considered a cowardly, weak, deceitful and cunning animal that feigns death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated, then lies on its side, awaiting the approach of unwitting prey. The animal's cunning was noted by the authors of the Bible who applied the word "fox" to false prophets in the Book of Ezekie 13:4 and the hypocrisy of Herod Antipas in Luke 13:32.{{cite book |author=Bright, M. |title=Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible |year=2006 |pages=120–127 |isbn=978-1-86105-831-7 |publisher=Robson Books |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/120}}

The cunning Fox is commonly found in native American mythology, where it is portrayed as an almost constant companion to Coyote. Fox, however, is a deceitful companion that often steals Coyote's food. In the Achomawi creation myth, Fox and Coyote are the co-creators of the world, that leave just before the arrival of humans. The Yurok tribe believed that Fox, in anger, captured the Sun, and tied him to a hill, causing him to burn a great hole in the ground. An Inuit story tells of how Fox, portrayed as a beautiful woman, tricks a hunter into marrying her, only to resume her true form and leave after he offends her. A Menominee story tells of how Fox is an untrustworthy friend to Wolf.{{cite book |author1=Bastian, Dawn Elaine |author2=Mitchell, Judy K. |name-list-style=amp |title=Handbook of Native American Mythology |pages=99–100 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85109-533-9}}

{{Further|Fox hunting}}

File:Bruno Liljefors - Beagle and Fox.jpg]]

The earliest historical records of fox hunting come from the 4th century BC; Alexander the Great is known to have hunted foxes and a seal dated from 350 BC depicts a Persian horseman in the process of spearing a fox. Xenophon, who viewed hunting as part of a cultured man's education, advocated the killing of foxes as pests, as they distracted hounds from hares. The Romans were hunting foxes by AD 80. During the Dark Ages in Europe, foxes were considered secondary quarries, but gradually grew in importance. Cnut the Great re-classed foxes as Beasts of the Chase, a lower category of quarry than Beasts of Venery. Foxes were gradually hunted less as vermin and more as Beasts of the Chase, to the point that by the late 1200s, Edward I had a royal pack of foxhounds and a specialised fox huntsman. In this period, foxes were increasingly hunted above ground with hounds, rather than underground with terriers. Edward, Second Duke of York assisted the climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his The Master of Game. By the Renaissance, fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility. After the English Civil War caused a drop in deer populations, fox hunting grew in popularity. By the mid-1600s, Great Britain was divided into fox hunting territories, with the first fox hunting clubs being formed (the first was the Charlton Hunt Club in 1737). The popularity of fox hunting in Great Britain reached a peak during the 1700s.{{rp|21}} Although already native to North America, red foxes from England were imported for sporting purposes to Virginia and Maryland in 1730 by prosperous tobacco planters.{{cite book|last1=Potts|first1=Allen|title=Fox Hunting in America|date=1912|publisher=The Carnahan Press|location=Washington|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foxhuntinginamer00pott/page/7 7], 38|url=https://archive.org/details/foxhuntinginamer00pott|access-date=9 July 2016}} These American fox hunters considered the red fox more sporting than the grey fox.

{{blockquote|The grays furnished more fun, the reds more excitement. The grays did not run so far, but usually kept near home, going in a circuit of six or eight

miles. 'An old red, generally so called irrespective of age, as a tribute to his prowess, might lead the dogs all day, and end by losing them as evening fell, after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles. The capture of a gray was what men boasted of; a chase after 'an old red' was what they 'yarned' about.}}

Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests, with human-caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species. Annual red fox kills are: UK 21,500–25,000 (2000); Germany 600,000 (2000–2001); Austria 58,000 (2000–2001); Sweden 58,000 (1999–2000); Finland 56,000 (2000–2001); Denmark 50,000 (1976–1977); Switzerland 34,832 (2001); Norway 17,000 (2000–2001); Saskatchewan (Canada) 2,000 (2000–2001); Nova Scotia (Canada) 491 (2000–2001); Minnesota (US) 4,000–8,000 (average annual trapping harvest 2002–2009);{{cite book|last1=Dexter|first1=Margaret|title=Trapping Harvest Statistics|date=8 December 2009|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|page=282 (Table 5)|url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/wildlife/populationstatus2009/7_trapping_harvest.pdf|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=25 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825062640/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/wildlife/populationstatus2009/7_trapping_harvest.pdf|url-status=live}} New Mexico (US) 69 (1999–2000).

File:Fur redfox.jpg

File:Vöyri - Fur farm - July 2020.jpg, Finland]]

Red foxes are among the most important fur-bearing animals harvested by the fur trade. Their pelts are used for trimmings, scarfs, muffs, jackets and coats. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments, including evening wraps.{{rp|229–230}} The pelts of silver foxes are popular as capes,{{rp|246}} while cross foxes are mostly used for scarves and rarely for trimming.{{rp|252}} The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other fur-bearers. However, this amount is overshadowed by the total number of red fox pelts used for trimming purposes.{{rp|229–230}} The silver colour morphs are the most valued by furriers, followed by the cross colour morphs and the red colour morphs, respectively.{{rp|207}} In the early 1900s, over 1,000 American red fox skins were imported to Great Britain annually, while 500,000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia.{{rp|6}} The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985–86 was 1,543,995 pelts. Red foxes amounted to 45% of U.S. wild-caught pelts worth $50 million. Pelt prices are increasing, with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $39 and 2013 prices averaging $65.78.{{cite web |title=NAFA February 2013 Fur Auction Results |url=http://trappingtoday.com/index.php/category/fur-prices/ |website=Trapping Today |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626072523/http://trappingtoday.com/index.php/category/fur-prices/ |url-status=live }}

North American red foxes, particularly those of northern Alaska, are the most valued for their fur, as they have guard hairs of a silky texture which, after dressing, allow the wearer unrestricted mobility. Red foxes living in southern Alaska's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception, as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one-third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins.{{rp|231}} Most European peltries have coarse-textured fur compared to North American varieties. The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries, but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness.{{rp|235}}

File:Picked clean - geograph.org.uk - 500576.jpg

File:Urban fox and rabbit.jpg garden investigating a rabbit hutch]]

Red foxes may on occasion prey on lambs. Usually, lambs targeted by red foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens, but not always. Lambs belonging to small breeds, such as the Scottish Blackface, are more vulnerable than larger breeds, such as the Merino. Twins may be more vulnerable to red foxes than singlets, as ewes cannot effectively defend both simultaneously. Crossbreeding small, upland ewes with larger, lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring, thus making the lambs more at risk to red fox predation. Lambs born from gimmers (ewes breeding for the first time) are more often killed by red foxes than those of experienced mothers, who stick closer to their young.{{rp|166–167}}

Red foxes may prey on domestic rabbits and guinea pigs if they are kept in open runs or are allowed to range freely in gardens. This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs. Urban red foxes frequently encounter cats and may feed alongside them. In physical confrontations, the cats usually have the upper hand. Authenticated cases of red foxes killing cats usually involve kittens. Although most red foxes do not prey on cats, some may do so and may treat them more as competitors rather than food.{{rp|180–181}}

{{Further|Domesticated silver fox}}

File:A tame fox cub at home with Mr and Mrs Gordon Jones, Talysarn (4478261667).jpg

In their unmodified wild state, red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets.{{cite news|author=Jones, Lucy |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pets/news-features/why-we-love-keeping-foxes-at-home---despite-the-smell/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pets/news-features/why-we-love-keeping-foxes-at-home---despite-the-smell/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Why we love keeping foxes at home - despite the smell |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=7 May 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016}}{{cbignore}} Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well-meaning people during the spring period, though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young. Actual orphans are rare and the ones that are adopted are likely kits that simply strayed from their den sites.{{cite news |author=Karim, Fariha |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/why-having-mr-fox-to-stay-is-not-such-a-fantastic-idea-after-all-d3wrv7b2c |title=Why having Mr Fox to stay is not such a fantastic idea after all |newspaper=The Times |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908140537/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-having-mr-fox-to-stay-is-not-such-a-fantastic-idea-after-all-d3wrv7b2c |url-status=live }} Kits require almost constant supervision; when still suckling, they require milk at four-hour intervals day and night. Once weaned, they may become destructive to leather objects, furniture and electric cables.{{rp|56}} Though generally friendly toward people when young, captive red foxes become fearful of humans, save for their handlers, once they reach 10 weeks of age.{{rp|61}} They maintain their wild counterparts' strong instinct of concealment and may pose a threat to domestic birds, even when well-fed.{{rp|122}} Although suspicious of strangers, they can form bonds with cats and dogs, even ones bred for fox hunting. Tame red foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds.{{rp|132–133}}

White to black individual red foxes have been selected and raised on fur farms as "silver foxes". In the second half of the 20th century, a lineage of domesticated silver foxes was developed by Russian geneticist Dmitry Belyayev who, over a 40-year period, bred several generations selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans. Eventually, Belyayev's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans, thus resulting in a population of silver foxes whose behaviour and appearance was significantly changed. After about 10 generations of controlled breeding, these foxes no longer showed any fear of humans and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection. These behavioural changes were accompanied by physical alterations, which included piebald coats, floppy ears in kits and curled tails, similar to the traits that distinguish domestic dogs from grey wolves.{{cite journal |author=Trut, Lyudmila N. |url=http://www.hum.utah.edu/~bbenham/2510%20Spring%2009/Behavior%20Genetics/Farm-Fox%20Experiment.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215131052/http://www.hum.utah.edu/~bbenham/2510%20Spring%2009/Behavior%20Genetics/Farm-Fox%20Experiment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2010 |title=Early canid domestication: The farm-fox experiment |journal=American Scientist |volume=87 |issue=2 |year=1999 |pages=160–169 |doi=10.1511/1999.20.813|bibcode=1999AmSci..87.....T |s2cid=120981396 }}

Red foxes have been extremely successful in colonising built-up environments, especially lower-density suburbs, although many have also been sighted in dense urban areas far from the countryside. Throughout the 20th century, they have established themselves in many Australian, European, Japanese and North American cities. The species first colonised British cities during the 1930s, entering Bristol and London during the 1940s, and later established themselves in Cambridge and Norwich. In Ireland, they are now common in suburban Dublin. In Australia, red foxes were recorded in Melbourne as early as the 1930s, while in Zurich, Switzerland, they only started appearing in the 1980s.{{cite web |url=http://www.thefoxwebsite.org/urbanfoxes/index.html |title=Urban foxes: Overview |publisher=The fox website |access-date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916075909/http://www.thefoxwebsite.org/urbanfoxes/index.html |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=usurped}}

Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned, low-density housing. They are rare in areas where industry, commerce or council-rented houses predominate. In these latter areas, the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources; the home range of these foxes average from {{cvt|80|-|90|ha|km2 acre}}, whereas those in more residential areas average from {{cvt|25|-|40|ha|km2 acre}}.{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Stephen|title=Urban Foxes|date=1986|publisher=Whittet Books |location=London |isbn=978-0905483474}}

In 2006, it was estimated that there were 10,000 red foxes in London.{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908200905/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2006 |title=10,000 Foxes Roam London |website=National Geographic |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=20 September 2013}} City-dwelling red foxes may have the potential to consistently grow larger than their rural counterparts as a result of abundant scraps and a relative lack of predators. In cities, red foxes may scavenge food from litter bins and bin bags, although much of their diet is similar to rural red foxes.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn, doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times. It is uncommon to spot them during the day, but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds. Urban red foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban areas as well as on the edges of a city, visiting at night for sustenance. They sleep at night in dens.

While urban red foxes will scavenge successfully in the city (and the red foxes tend to eat anything that humans eat) some urban residents will deliberately leave food out for the animals, finding them endearing. Doing this regularly can attract urban red foxes to one's home; they can become accustomed to human presence, warming up to their providers by allowing themselves to be approached and in some cases even played with, particularly young kits.

Urban red foxes can cause problems for local residents. They have been known to steal chickens, disrupt rubbish bins and damage gardens. Most complaints about urban red foxes made to local authorities occur during the breeding season in late January/early February or from late April to August when the new kits are developing.

In the U.K., hunting red foxes in urban areas is banned and shooting them in an urban environment is not suitable. One alternative to hunting urban red foxes has been to trap them, which appears to be a more viable method.{{cite web|title=Fieldsports Britain: How to call in great big bucks|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3doTc9A31Y |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/D3doTc9A31Y |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Fieldsports Channel |date=24 October 2012}}{{cbignore}} However, killing red foxes has little effect on the population in an urban area; those that are killed are very soon replaced, either by new kits during the breeding season or by other red foxes moving into the territory of those that were killed. A more effective method of urban red fox control is to deter them from the specific areas they inhabit. Deterrents such as creosote, diesel oil, or ammonia can be used. Cleaning up and blocking access to den locations can also discourage an urban red fox's return.

In January 2014 it was reported that "Fleet", a relatively tame urban red fox tracked as part of a wider study by the University of Brighton in partnership with the BBC TV series Winterwatch, had unexpectedly traveled 195 miles in 21 days from his neighbourhood in Hove at the western edge of East Sussex across rural countryside as far as the town of Rye, near the eastern edge of the county. He was still continuing his journey when the GPS collar stopped transmitting due to suspected water damage. Along with setting a record for the longest journey undertaken by a tracked red fox in the United Kingdom, his travels have highlighted the fluidity of movement between rural and urban red fox populations.{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01qfhsb |title=BBC Two - Winterwatch, Urban Fox Diary: Part 2 |website=BBC |date=23 January 2014 |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209183707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01qfhsb |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-25840467 |title=Fleet the Sussex fox breaks British walking record |publisher=BBC News |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915133240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-sussex-25840467/fleet-the-sussex-fox-breaks-british-walking-record |url-status=live }}

File:Red fox crossing road.jpg|An urban red fox crossing a city street in Denver, Colorado

File:Urban fox at night.webm|An urban red fox in a built-up area in London, England

File:Fox with food bag.jpg|An urban red fox eating from a bag of biscuits in Dorset, England

File:Fleet Fox AKA Rolf, Winterwatch Brighton.png|"Fleet", the urban red fox from the BBC TV series Winterwatch

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite journal|last1=Osborn|first1=Dale. J.|last2=Helmy|first2=Ibrahim |name-list-style=amp |title=The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) |periodical=Fieldiana |series=New Series |number=5 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryland05osbo|year=1980}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Sillero-Zubiri|first1=Claudio|last2=Hoffman|first2=Michael|last3=MacDonald|first3=David W. |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.canids.org/cap/index.htm|title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs – 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group|year=2004|isbn=978-2-8317-0786-0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006222952/http://www.canids.org/cap/index.htm|archive-date=6 October 2011}}
• {{Cite journal|last1=Spagnesi|first1=Mario|last2=De Marina Marinis|first2=Maria |name-list-style=amp |title=Mammiferi d'Italia|journal=Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura|year=2002|issn=1592-2901}}

{{Commons|Vulpes vulpes|the red fox}}

{{Wikispecies|Vulpes vulpes|Red fox}}

{{Wiktionary|Fox}}

• {{ITIS |id=180604 |taxon=Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) |access-date=18 March 2006}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707230002/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/red-fox.html Red Fox], National Geographic
• [https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/group/foxes Natural History of the Red Fox], Wildlife Online
• [http://planetsave.com/2010/09/07/extinct-fox-not-extinct-found-in-california/ Sacramento Valley red fox info1]
• [http://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/red-foxes-at-the-fwg Red Fox], Fletcher Wildlife Garden

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}

{{North American Game}}

{{English Game}}

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