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Shahmukhi#Difference from Persian and Urdu

{{short description|Script used to write the Punjabi language}}

{{Infobox Writing system

| name = Shahmukhi

| native_name = {{nq|شاہ مُکھی}}

| languages = Punjabi (incl. dialects and varieties)

| time = 17th century–present

| type = Abjad

| fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs

| fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic

| fam3 = Phoenician

| fam4 = Aramaic

| fam5 = Nabataean

| fam6 = Arabic

| fam7 = Perso-Arabic

| region = Punjab, Hazara, Azad Kashmir

| unicode = {{ubl|[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600 to U+06FF]|

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750 to U+077F]|

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf U+08A0 to U+08FF]|

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50 to U+FDFF]|

[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70 to U+FEFF]}}

| iso15924 =

| sample = Standard Shahmukhi alphabets.png

| caption = Shahmukhi alphabets

}}

{{Arabic-script sidebar|Punjabi}}

Shahmukhi ({{Langx|pa|{{nq|شاہ مُکھی}}|links=no|label=Shahmukhi}}, {{IPA|pa|ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː|pron}}, {{lit|from the Shah's or king's mouth}}, {{langx|pa|ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖੀ|links=|label=Gurmukhi}}) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf|title=Unicode Proposal for ArLaam|last1=Evans|first1=Lorna Priest|last2=Malik|first2=M.G. Abbas|date=1 May 2019|website=Unicode|publisher=Punjabi Parchar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421191456/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020}}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009/|title=Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System|last1=Singh Saini|first1=Tejineder|last2=Singh Lehal|first2=Gurpreet|date=August 2008|website=Aclweb.org|publisher=Coling 2008 Organizing Committee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814075221/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C08-3009.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2017|access-date=21 April 2020|last3=S Kalra|first3=Virinder|pages=177–180}} It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand,{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Saurabh |last2=Gupta |first2=Vishal |date=May 2013 |title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=174 |doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187 |s2cid=55699784 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020}}{{Cite web |last1=Dhanju |first1=Kawarbir Singh |last2=Lehal |first2=Gurpreet Singh |last3=Saini |first3=Tejinder Singh |last4=Kaur |first4=Arshdeep |date=October 2015 |title=Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221003652/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/pdf/83917-144918-2-PB.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Learnpunjabi.org}} which is also used for Persian and Urdu.{{Cite web|last1=Malik|first1=Muhammad Ghulam Abbas|last2=Boitet|first2=Christian|last3=Bhattcharyya|first3=Pushpak|date=27 June 2012|orig-year=2010|title=Analysis of Noori Nasta'leeq for Major Pakistani Languages|url=https://www.kau.edu.sa/Show_Res.aspx?Site_ID=611&LNG=EN&RN=62787|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815063825/https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/611/Researches/62787_33808.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2017|access-date=21 April 2020|website=King AbdulAziz University|page=4|location=Penang, Malaysia}} Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhi used mainly in Punjab, India.{{Cite book|last=Dorren|first=Gaston|title=Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages|publisher=Profile Books|year=2018|isbn=978-1782832508}} Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Saurabh |last2=Gupta |first2=Vishal |date=May 2013 |title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=174 |doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187 |s2cid=55699784 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020}}{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=978-3030059774|pages=142}}

History

Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'.{{Cite web|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|title=Punjabi language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punjabi-language|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}} However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.{{Cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Panjabi|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|editor-last=Cardona|editor-first=George|pages=655|editor-last2=Jain|editor-first2=Dhanesh}} According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal-era Punjab, when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.{{Citation|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|title=Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab|date=2019-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520972100-009|work=The Persianate World|pages=168–169|editor-last=Green|editor-first=Nile|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/9780520972100-009|isbn=978-0-520-97210-0|s2cid=211601323 |access-date=2021-06-12|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}

Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations. Shahmukhi Punjabi was added to Google Translate in 2024.{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=110 new languages are coming to Google Translate |url=https://blog.google/products/translate/google-translate-new-languages-2024/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Google |quote=Here are some of the newly supported languages in Google Translate ... Punjabi (Shahmukhi) is the variety of Punjabi written in Perso-Arabic script (Shahmukhi), and is the most spoken language in Pakistan.}}{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Aditi |date=28 June 2024 |title=Google Translate Now Supports 110 New Languages Including Marwari, Awadhi, Shahmukhi And More |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/technology/google-translate-now-supports-110-new-languages-including-marwari-awadhi-shahmukhi-and-more |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=NDTV}}{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Milestone for Punjabi-speaking community, Google translate now supports Shahmukhi script |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=187134&headline=Milestone-for-Punjabi-speaking-community,-Google-translate-now-supports%C2%A0Shahmukhi-script%C2%A0%C2%A0 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=Babushahi}}

Alphabet

Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script's Persian alphabet. It is identical to the Urdu alphabet, but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology. For writing Saraiki, an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants ({{Nq|ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ}}).{{Cite book |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1062344143 |title=A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki |last2=Conners |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Hefright |first3=Brook |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |others=Hefright, Brook |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-61451-296-7 |location= |pages=62; 77 |oclc=1062344143 |author-link=Elena Bashir}}

= Vowel diacritics =

Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script, to express short vowels.{{Cite book |last=Bhardwaj |first=Mangat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDmDAAAQBAJ&q=diacritics+in+shahmukhi&pg=PA377 |title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1317643265 |pages=378 |quote=It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Shahmukhi) to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.}}

class="wikitable"

|+

Diacritics used in Shahmukhi

!Name

!Symbol

!Usage

!IPA

!Notes

!Examples

colspan="6" |Short vowels
align="center" |Zabar

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌َ‎ }}

| align="center" |a

| align="center" |{{IPAlink|ə|[ə]}}

| align="center" colspan="2" |Written above a letter

align="center" |Zer

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌ِ‎ }}

| align="center" |i

| align="center" |{{IPAlink|ɪ|[ɪ]}}

| align="center" colspan="2" |Written below a letter

align="center" |Pesh

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌ُ‎ }}

| align="center" |u

| align="center" |{{IPAlink|ʊ|[ʊ]}}

| align="center" colspan="2" |Written above a letter

align="center" |Nūn Ġunna

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌٘‎}}

| align="center" |ṉ

| align="center" |{{IPAlink|◌̃|[◌̃]}}, {{IPAlink|ŋ|[ŋ]}}

| align="center" |Nasal vowel diacritic

|‘{{nastaliq|مُون٘ہہ‎}}’ (‘face’)

align="center" |Tashdīd

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌ّ‎}}

| align="center" |Geminate

| align="center" |{{IPAlink|ː|[ː]}}

| align="center" |Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged

|‘{{Nq|کّ}}’ ('kk')

colspan="6" |Loan diacritics
align="center" |Khaṛī Zabar

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌ٰ}}

| align="center" |á

| align="center" |{{IPA link|ä|[äː]}}

| rowspan="2" align="center" |Used in certain Arabic loanwords only

|‘{{nastaliq|عیسیٰ}}’ (‘Jesus’)

align="center" |Zabar Tanwīn

| align="center" |{{Nastaliq|◌ً}}

| align="center" |an

| align="center" |[ən]

|‘{{nastaliq|فوراً}}’ (‘Immediately’)

colspan="6" |Other diacritics
align="center" |Hamza

| align="center" |{{nastaliq|◌ٔ}}

| colspan="2" align="center" |{{strong|varied}}

| colspan="2" align="center" |Indicates a diphthong between two vowels, examples such as: ‘{{nq|{{strong|ئ}}}}’, ‘{{nq|{{strong|ۓ}}}}’, ‘{{nq|{{strong|ؤ}}}}‘, and {{nq|{{strong|أ}}}} , not written as a separate diacritic

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
No.

!colspan="2"|Name{{cite book |last1=Delacy |first1=Richard |title=Beginner's Urdu Script |date=2003 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X |pages=xv–xvi}}

!IPA

!Final glyph

!Medial glyph

!Initial glyph

!Isolated glyph

1

| {{Nastaliq|الف}}

| alif

| {{IPA|/äː/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/}}

|{{Nq|ـا}}

|{{Nq|ـا}}

|{{Nq|ا}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ا}}}}

2

| {{Nastaliq|بے}}

| bē

| {{IPA|/b/}}

|{{Nq|ـب}}

|{{Nq|ـبـ}}

|{{Nq|بـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ب}}}}

3

| {{Nastaliq|پے}}

| pē

| {{IPA|/p/}}

|{{Nq|ـپ}}

|{{Nq|ـپـ}}

|{{Nq|پـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|پ}}}}

4

| {{Nastaliq|تے}}

| tē

| {{IPA|/t/}}

|{{Nq|ـت}}

|{{Nq|ـتـ}}

|{{Nq|تـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ت}}}}

5

| {{Nastaliq|ٹے}}

| ṭē

| {{IPA|/ʈ/}}

|{{Nq|ـٹ}}

|{{Nq|ـٹـ}}

|{{Nq|ٹـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ٹ}}}}

6

| {{Nastaliq|ثے}}

| s̱ē

| {{IPA|/s/}}

|{{Nq|ـث}}

|{{Nq|ـثـ}}

|{{Nq|ثـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ث}}}}

7

| {{Nastaliq|جيم}}

| jīm

| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}

|{{Nq|ـج}}

|{{Nq|ـجـ}}

|{{Nq|جـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ج}}}}

8

| {{Nastaliq|چے}}

| cē

| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}

|{{Nq|ـچ}}

|{{Nq|ـچـ}}

|{{Nq|چـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|چ}}}}

9

| {{Nastaliq|وڈّی حے}}

| waḍḍi ḥē

| {{IPA|/ɦ/}}

|{{Nq|ـح}}

|{{Nq|ـحـ}}

|{{Nq|حـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ح}}}}

10

| {{Nastaliq|خے}}

| k͟hē

| {{IPA|/x/}}

|{{Nq|ـخ}}

|{{Nq|ـخـ}}

|{{Nq|خـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|خ}}}}

11

| {{Nastaliq|دال}}

| dāl

| {{IPA|/d/}}

|{{Nq|ـد}}

|{{Nq|ـد}}

|{{Nq|د}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|د}}}}

12

| {{Nastaliq|ڈال}}

| ḍāl

| {{IPA|/ɖ/}}

|{{Nq|ـڈ}}

|{{Nq|ـڈ}}

|{{Nq|ڈ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ڈ}}}}

13

| {{Nastaliq|ذال}}

| ẕāl

| {{IPA|/z/}}

|{{Nq|ـذ}}

|{{Nq|ـذ}}

|{{Nq|ذ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ذ}}}}

14

| {{Nastaliq|رے}}

| rē

| {{IPA|/r/}}

|{{Nq|ـر}}

|{{Nq|ـر}}

|{{Nq|ر}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ر}}}}

15

| {{Nastaliq|ڑے}}

| ṛē

| {{IPA|/ɽ/}}

|{{Nq|ـڑ}}

|{{Nq|ـڑ}}

|{{Nq|ڑ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ڑ}}}}

16

| {{Nastaliq|زے}}

| zē

| {{IPA|/z/}}

|{{Nq|ـز}}

|{{Nq|ـز}}

|{{Nq|ز}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ز}}}}

17

| {{Nastaliq|ژے}}

| žē

| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}

|{{Nq|ـژ}}

|{{Nq|ـژ}}

|{{Nq|ژ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ژ}}}}

18

| {{Nastaliq|سین}}

| sīn

| {{IPA|/s/}}

|{{Nq|ـس}}

|{{Nq|ـسـ}}

|{{Nq|سـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|س}}}}

19

| {{Nastaliq|شین}}

| shīn

| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}

|{{Nq|ـش}}

|{{Nq|ـشـ}}

|{{Nq|شـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ش}}}}

20

| {{Nastaliq|صاد}}

| ṣwād

| {{IPA|/s/}}

|{{Nq|ـص}}

|{{Nq|ـصـ}}

|{{Nq|صـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ص}}}}

21

| {{Nastaliq|ضاد}}

| ẓwād

| {{IPA|/z/}}

|{{Nq|ـض}}

|{{Nq|ـضـ}}

|{{Nq|ضـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ض}}}}

22

| {{Nastaliq|طوئیں}}

| t̤o{{hamza}}ēṉ

| {{IPA|/t/}}

|{{Nq|ـط}}

|{{Nq|ـطـ}}

|{{Nq|طـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ط}}}}

23

| {{Nastaliq|ظوئیں}}

| z̤o{{hamza}}ēṉ

| {{IPA|/z/}}

|{{Nq|ـظ}}

|{{Nq|ـظـ}}

|{{Nq|ظـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ظ}}}}

24

| {{Nastaliq|عین}}

| {{okina}}ain

| {{IPA|/∅/, /äː/, /ə/, /eː/, /oː/, }}

|{{Nq|ـع}}

|{{Nq|ـعـ}}

|{{Nq|عـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ع}}}}

25

| {{Nastaliq|غین}}

| ġain

| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}

|{{Nq|ـغ}}

|{{Nq|ـغـ}}

|{{Nq|غـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|غ}}}}

26

| {{Nastaliq|فے}}

| fē

| {{IPA|/f/}}

|{{Nq|ـف}}

|{{Nq|ـفـ}}

|{{Nq|فـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ف}}}}

27

| {{Nastaliq|قاف}}

| qāf

| {{IPA|/q/}}

|{{Nq|ـق}}

|{{Nq|ـقـ}}

|{{Nq|قـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ق}}}}

28

| {{Nastaliq|کاف}}

| kāf

| {{IPA|/k/}}

|{{Nq|ـک}}

|{{Nq|ـکـ}}

|{{Nq|کـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ک}}}}

29

| {{Nastaliq|گاف}}

| gāf

| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}

|{{Nq|ـگ}}

|{{Nq|ـگـ}}

|{{Nq|گـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|گ}}}}

30

| {{Nastaliq|لام}}

| lām

| {{IPA|/l/}}

|{{Nq|ـل}}

|{{Nq|ـلـ}}

|{{Nq|لـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ل}}}}

31Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed

| {{Nastaliq|لؕام}}

| ḷām

| {{IPA|/ɭ/}}

|{{Nq|ـلؕ}}

|{{Nq|ـلؕـ}}

|{{Nq|لؕـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|لؕ}}}}

32

| {{Nastaliq|میم}}

| mīm

| {{IPA|/m/}}

|{{Nq|ـم}}

|{{Nq|ـمـ}}

|{{Nq|مـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|م}}}}

33

| {{Nastaliq|نون}}

| nūn

| {{IPA|/n, ɲ/}}

|{{Nq|ـن}}

|{{Nq|ـنـ}}

|{{Nq|نـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ن}}}}

34

| {{Nastaliq|ݨون}}

| ṇūn

| {{IPA|/ɳ/}}

|{{Nq|ـݨ}}

|{{Nq|ـݨـ}}

| {{Nq|ݨـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |

35

| {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}}

| nūn ġunnah

| {{IPA|/◌̃, ŋ/}}

|{{Nq|ـں}}

|{{Nq|ـن٘ـ}}

|{{Nq|ن٘ـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ں}}}}

36

| {{Nastaliq|واؤ}}

| vā{{hamza}}o

| {{IPA|/ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/}}

|{{Nq|ـو}}

|{{Nq|ـو}}

|{{Nq|و}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|و}}}}

37

| {{Nastaliq|نکی ہے}}
{{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}

| nikkī hē
gol hē

|{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑː, e:/}}

|{{Nq|ـہ}}

|{{Nq|ـہـ}}

|{{Nq|ہـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}}}

38

| {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}

| do-cashmī hē

| {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}}

|{{Nq|ـھ}}

|{{Nq|ـھـ}}

|{{Nq|ھ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}

39

| {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}}

| hamzah

| {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}}

|{{Nq|ء}}

|{{Nq|ء}}

|{{Nq|ء}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ء}}}}

40

|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}

|choṭī yē

|{{IPA|/j, iː/}}

|{{Nq|ـی}}

|{{Nq|ـیـ}}

|{{Nq|یـ}}

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ی}}}}

41

|{{Nastaliq|وڈّی يے}}

|waḍḍi yē

|{{IPA|/ɛː, eː/}}

|{{Nq|ـے}}

|N/A

|N/A

| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}}

No Punjabi words begin with {{lang|pnb|ں}}, {{lang|pnb|ھ}}, or {{lang|pnb|ے}}. Words which begin with {{lang|pnb|ڑ}} are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat.{{cite Q|Q113450202|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DA%91&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default|access-date=2022-08-29|volume=2|pages=1672-1673}}

The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, {{Nastaliq|ل}} and {{Nastaliq|لؕ}} form ligatures with {{Nastaliq|ا}}: {{Nastaliq|لا}} ({{Nastaliq|ـلا}}) and {{Nastaliq|لؕا}} ({{Nastaliq|ـلؕا}}).

== Aspirates ==

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! No.

! Digraph{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}

! Transcription

! IPA

! Example

1

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|بھ}}

| bh

| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|بھاری}}

2

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|پھ}}

| ph

| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|پھل}}

3

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|تھ}}

| th

| {{IPA|[t̪ʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|تھم}}

4

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}

| ṭh

| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|ٹھیس}}

5

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|جھ}}

| jh

| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}

6

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|چھ}}

| ch

| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|چھوکرا}}

7

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|دھ}}

| dh

| {{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}

8

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}

| ḍh

| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}

9

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|رھ}}

| rh

| {{IPA|[ɾʰ]}}

|{{Nastaliq|بارھویں}}

10

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}

| ṛh

| {{IPA|[ɽʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|کڑھنا}}

11

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|کھ}}

| kh

| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|کھولنا}}

12

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|گھ}}

| gh

| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|گھبراہٹ}}

13

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|لھ}}

| lh

| {{IPA|[lʰ]}}

|{{Nastaliq|کولھ}}

14

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|مھ}}

| mh

| {{IPA|[mʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|سامھنا}}

15

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|نھ}}

| nh

| {{IPA|[nʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|چنھاں}}

16

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|وھ}}

| wh

| {{IPA|[ʋʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|وھایا}}

17

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|یھ}}

| yh

| {{IPA|[jʰ]}}

| {{Nastaliq|یھاوا}}{{cite Q|Q113450202|volume=3|page=2958|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|access-date=2022-08-29}}

  • {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ے}}}} (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ی}}}}.
  • Vowels are expressed as follows:

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |Final

!Middle

!Initial

colspan="2" |ـہ

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَ}}

style="font-size: 150%" |یٰ

| colspan="2" |{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|آ}}

colspan="2" |N/A

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اِ}}

colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِيـ}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اِی}}

colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـے‬}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـيـ}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اے}}

colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَے‬}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَيـ}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَے}}

colspan="2" |N/A

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اُ}}

colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اُو}}

colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـو}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|او}}

colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}

| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَو}}

= Difference from Persian and Urdu =

{{See also|Persian alphabet|Urdu alphabet}}

Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} to represent /ʈ/, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} to represent /ɖ/, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} to represent /ɽ/, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ں}}}} to represent /◌̃/, and {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}} to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-he letter, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ھ}}}}, exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/, this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/. These characters, however are seldom used.

= Pronunciation =

The letter {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ژ}}}} is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi{{strong|si}}on in English and the letter {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ع}}}} is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

Gallery

File:Modern_Shahmukhi_alphabets_in_Nastaliq.png|Modern Shahmukhi alphabet table in Mehr Nastaliq Saraiki font

File:Standard_Shahmukhi_alphabets.png|Standard Shahmukhi alphabets

File:Shahmukhi nastaliq.png|"Shahmukhi" written in Shahmukhi script

File:Bhulay Shah.jpg|Another example of poetry by Bulleh Shah in Shahmukhi

See also

References

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{cite Q|Q113235868|language=pa}}
  • {{cite Q|Q113450202|language=pa}}
  • {{cite Q|Q113270613|language=pa,ur}}
  • {{cite Q|Q113301763|language=pa}}
  • {{cite Q|Q112672112|language=en,pa}}

External links

  • [http://www.cicling.org/2008/RCS-vol-33/12-Saini.pdf Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: A Corpus based Approach]
  • [https://sangam.learnpunjabi.org/ Online Shahmukhi - Gurmukhi and Gurmukhi - Shahmukhi text Conversion tool]
  • [https://dic.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx Online Punjabi Dictionary in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi]
  • [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html The Western Panjabi Alphabet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130213535/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html |date=2017-11-30 }}
  • [http://www.apnaorg.com/shahmukhi/ Learn Shahmukhi]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20040315071212/http://www.likhari.org/shamukhi.htm Likhari in Shahmukhi]
  • [http://apnaorg.com/poetry/nanak/ Kalam-e-Baba Nanak]
  • [http://www.punjabiandpunjab.com/ Punjabi and Punjab]
  • [http://www.apnaorg.com/books/hazarasingh/ E-Book on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi]
  • {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180903075218/https://saanjhpunjab.org/ PDF on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi]}}

{{Arabic alphabets}}

{{Punjabi language topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahmukhi alphabet}}

Category:Arabic alphabets

Category:Orthographies by language

Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan

Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages