Short Empire#Operational history

During the 1930s, global demand for air travel was consistently and rapidly growing. Thus, keen to grow its share of this emerging market, British airline Imperial Airways was keen to expand and sought the latest technology to do so. In particular, Imperial Airways' technical adviser, Major Robert Hobart Mayo developed a specification for a new type of aircraft to serve both passenger and freight requirements throughout the world.Norris 1966, p. 3. This specification sought an aircraft that would be capable of carrying up to 24 passengers in spacious comfort along with adequate room for airmail or freight while simultaneously being capable of a cruising speed of {{convert|170|mph|km/h}} and a range of at least {{convert|700|mi|km}}; the capacity for an extended range of {{convert|2000|mi|km}} to serve the North Atlantic route was also stipulated. At the time, it was not considered possible to construct a land-based aeroplane of such size and weight which would have acceptable landing/take-off performance; thus it was determined that a flying boat would be required.

Early on, it was apparent that Short Brothers, who had previously developed and produced several satisfactory large flying boats for Imperial Airways and the Royal Air Force (RAF), would be a frontrunner to fulfil the requirement. However, Shorts was hesitant to build such an aircraft straight from the drawing board without the production of a preceding prototype, and thus requested to be allowed to build such an aircraft; this was rejected by Imperial Airways, who stated that such a delay was not permissible. In 1935, Imperial Airways announced the placement of an order for 28 flying boats of an as-of-yet undesigned type, weighing 18 tonnes each; the order was reportedly hailed as being "one of the world's boldest experiments in aviation", while sceptics referred to the decision as being a gamble.

A design team led by Arthur Gouge set about designing what would become the Empire. It was quickly determined that, in order to have sufficient clearance between the tips of the propellers and the water, the wing would need to be in a high mounted position; initially to be housed in a hump above the fuselage for sufficient height, the fuselage depth was instead increased, providing more internal volume than required but enabling a lighter and stronger integration of the cantilever wing with the fuselage. Shorts' own convention for wide planing bottomed hulls for its flying boats was overturned as the 18-tonne weight would generate excessive drag with such a configuration; following a series of water tank experiments, a new type of planing bottom with a reduced beam deemed suitable. The basic aerodynamic design was derived from the smaller Short Scion Senior floatplane, which served in all but name as a half-scale prototype for the Empire and for its sibling, the military-orientated Short Sunderland.Norris 1966, pp. 3–4.

At the time of development, the British aircraft industry had never attempted to construct an aeroplane of this size and complexity before; accordingly, many new techniques were devised to overcome problems encountered, particularly during its construction process.Norris 1966, p. 4. Shorts had to develop its own machinery to produce the necessary T-shaped Hiduminium alloy lengths that comprised the main spar. A specialised and patented flap arrangement, known as Gouge flaps after their creator, was employed on the Empire to increase wing area with only a small increase in drag and without heavy disrupting airflow over the top of the aerofoil; in operation, the lift coefficient of the wing could be increased by 30 percent, reducing the landing speed by 12 per cent, without employing any trimming to adjust.

File:Airplane. Captain Wilcockson Signs Autograph BAnQ P48S1P01041.jpg, 8 July 1937]]

On 4 July 1936, the first Empire flying boat to be built, G-ADHL, named Canopus, conducted its maiden flight, flown by Shorts' chief test pilot, John Lankester Parker.Norris 1966, pp. 6–7. Early flights of the type were relatively trouble-free, Parker declaring his satisfaction with the aircraft's performance; the new styling of the planing bottom used also quickly proved its value.Norris 1966, pp. 6–7. On 17 September 1936, G-ADHL first flew on behalf of Imperial Airways, piloted by Major H G Brackley, Imperial Airways' air superintendent; the final delivery and proving flight of the aircraft to Marseille, France took place on 22 October 1936.Norris 1966, p. 7. The first series of the Short Empires, the S.23, could carry five crew, 17 passengers, and 4,480 lb (2,035 kg) of cargo at a maximum speed of 174 knots (320 km/h) and was powered by four {{Convert|920|hp|kW}} Bristol Pegasus Xc radial engines.THE AEROPLANE 28 October 1936

The second Empire and the first of the long-range models to be produced, G-ADHM, named Caledonia, performed her first flight on 15 September 1936 and was delivered to Imperial Airways on 4 December 1936. From September 1936 onwards, the Empire was produced at a rate of one aircraft per month; typically, each aircraft's delivery date occurred only a few days after having performed its maiden flight, the hand-over sometimes happened immediately following the first flight. The Empire was officially known as the C-class by Imperial Airways and each aircraft operated by them was given a name beginning with a C.

On 26 February 1938, the final three Empires of the initial order placed by Imperial Airways – Coorong, Coogee and Corio – were diverted from the Imperial Airways order and were delivered instead to the Anglo-Australian Qantas Empire Airways.Norris 1966, pp. 7–10. In late 1937, due to Imperial Airways' satisfaction with its operational experience with the aircraft of the initial batch, the company placed a follow-on order for another 11 Empires; combined with the original order of 28 this had the distinction of being the largest single order to have ever been placed for a British civil aircraft at that time.Norris 1966, pp. 10–11. While the first three aircraft of the additional order were of the typical S.23 class, intended for Qantas Empire Airways, the rest were manufactured to a differing design, designated as the S.30.Norris 1966, p. 11. A total of 42 Empires were built, all at Short's Rochester factory.

The S.30 series was outfitted with four Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve engines in the place of the Pegasus engines; the Perseus engines were more efficient but provided a lower power output of {{Convert|890|hp|kW}}, but the decrease in developed thrust was effectively compensated for via the adoption of smaller diameter nacelles which had resulted in a substantial reduction in drag. It also had a strengthened airframe and used heavier gauge sheeting on the fuselage and wings; while these changes allowed the takeoff weight to be increased to {{Convert|46000|lb|kg}} with a corresponding range of {{Convert|1500|mi|km}}, the S.30 had broadly the same performance as the preceding S.23 flying boats.

The first of the S.30 flying boats to be laid out and completed was G-AFCT, named Champion. In December 1938, the second S.30 aircraft G-AFCU, named Cabot became the first aircraft of the series to conduct the first successful takeoff. The last three aircraft of this order – Captain Cook, Clare and Aotearoa – were renamed and re-registered for use by TEAL. In 1939, a final S.30 flying boat, G-AFKZ, was ordered and delivered to Imperial Airways in late March 1940.

A total of four flying S.30 series flying boats – Cabot, Caribou, Clyde and Connemara – were equipped with in-flight refuelling equipment and extra fuel tanks in order that they could be used to provide a regular transatlantic airmail service. The concept was for the aircraft to take off at lower weights and, once airborne, take on extra fuel to reach an all up weight of {{Convert|53000|lb|kg}}, giving the aircraft a range of over {{Convert|2500|mi|km}}. The extra fuel reduced the payload to {{Convert|4270|lb|kg}} against the {{Convert|6250|lb|kg}} of the standard aeroplane. The refuelling was performed by three converted Handley Page Harrow bombers, one operating out of Ireland and two out of Newfoundland.

In 1939, Imperial Airways placed a further follow-on order for a modified model of the S.30, designated as the S.33. This series had the same basic construction as its immediate predecessors, the new Pegasus XI engine, a development of the powerplant used by the original S.23 series, was adopted instead. Out of these three final aircraft, only two – Clifton and Cleopatra – would be completed and delivered to the newly formed British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC).

A substantial larger development of the Empire flying boat, effectively a new aircraft, was the S.26, designated as the G-class.Norris 1966, p. 13. The aircraft had similar appearance to the standard Empire, but was in fact roughly about 15 percent larger in all dimensions, as well as differing in its use of the more powerful Bristol Hercules radial engine. It adopted an improved hull design, featuring a wing span of {{Convert|134|ft|m|0}} and a length of {{Convert|101|ft|m|0}}. It was intended to be used for year-round services on the north Atlantic route. Only a small number were built, and these were quickly impressed into military service during the Second World War.Norris 1966, pp. 13–14.

File:IWM-ATP8906B Short Empire ADHM 205127435.jpg, Suffolk, England, September 1936]]

The Short Empire flying boat was a relatively clean-looking high-wing monoplane, initially powered by an arrangement of four wing-mounted Bristol Pegasus Xc radial engines which drove de Havilland-built variable-pitch propellers.Norris 1966, pp. 4–6. The engines were each enclosed within NACA cowls and mounted ahead of the leading edge of the wings. This allowed portions of the leading edge adjacent to the engines to be hinged forwards and used as platforms from which to maintain the engines.Pegram, page 182.

The Pegasus Xc engines could each produce {{Convert|910|hp|kW}} on takeoff, decreasing to {{Convert|740|hp|kW}} at an altitude of 3,500 ft. Alternative engines were installed upon various models of the aircraft, of both greater and lower power outputs depending upon the model's role and purpose. Initial production aircraft were designed for a {{convert|40500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} gross weight; however, by 1939, many aircraft had been strengthened for an increased gross weight of {{convert|53000|lb|kg|abbr=on}}."The Greatest Short." Flight, 20 July 1939. p. e. Overall, its useful load included {{convert|600|impgal|USgal L}} of fuel (weighing {{convert|4560|lb|kg|abbr=on}}), {{convert|44|impgal|USgal L|abbr=on}} of oil, assorted onboard equipment (weighing {{convert|3340|lb|kg|abbr=on}}), along with the payload itself and a crew complement of five (weighing {{convert|8200|lb|kg}}). The S.23 series achieved a top speed of {{convert|200|mph}} at an altitude of {{convert|5500|ft|m}} along with a cruising speed of {{convert|165|mph}} and a minimum flying speed of {{convert|73|mph}}.

The wings had a flush-riveted Alclad covering and featured both Frise-type ailerons and the internally-developed Gouge flaps, the latter of which were actuated by an electric motor connected via a gearing system and screw jacks, allowing the flaps to be lowered in 60 seconds and raised within 90 seconds. Large cylindrical 325-gallon fuel tanks were accommodated within the wings, set in between the inner and outer engines, and were fitted as standard; on long-range variants of the aircraft, additional fuel tanks were present in the wings, up to a total of three containing 280 gallons, 325 gallons, and 175 gallons in each wing. Elements of the leading edge of the wing, set upon either side of the engine nacelles, could be folded down to act as servicing platforms for both the engines and the floats, the latter of which were carried upon tandem struts fixed onto the main spar and featured shock absorbers in order to eliminate undue torsional loads being transmitted to the wings by the sudden impact of waves while travelling at speed.

The hull, which had adopted a radically new shape, employed mainly traditional construction methods at Shorts. The structure used a combination of Z-shaped stringers and I-shaped girders to form triangular sections that ran along the chines located at the point where the fuselage sides met with the planing underside.Norris 1966, p. 5. As a measure to simplify manufacturing and to increase the available internal volume, only a simple curvature sweeping the sides of the hull into the chines was employed; on previous Shorts-built flying boats, a more complex S-shaped curvature and a sudden reduction in beam just above the chines had been employed instead.

File:StateLibQld 1 190231 Seaplane S.23, Coriolanus, moored at Pinkenba on the Brisbane River, 1939.jpg on the Brisbane River, 1939]]

The {{convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep hull accommodated a total of two decks, the upper deck forming a lengthy compartment divided into sections to accommodate {{convert|3000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of freight and mail along with a storage space and a ship's clerk's office. This office contained controls such as electrical fuseboxes and circuit switches, ventilation controls, and fuelcocks. The lower deck contained a large marine compartment containing an anchor, a pair of drogues, a mooring bollard, and a boat hook, along with a step ladder to the cockpit; aft of the mooring compartment was the forward passenger saloon, followed by a central corridor flanked by the toilets and galley, a mid-ship cabin, a spacious promenade cabin, and finally an aft-cabin.Norris 1966, pp. 5–6. The cabins could be alternatively outfitted with comfortable seating or bunks for sleeper services. Near the rear of the aircraft, a further compartment for the purpose of containing freight and mail was present which extended into the after fuselage.

The flying crew was seated in a spacious cockpit, also referred to as the bridge; the captain and co-pilot were seated side-by-side while the radio operator sat behind the captain, facing rearwards. The flight deck was relatively well equipped for the era, including features such as an autopilot; the flying instrumentation included a Hughes turn indicator, compass, and variometer, a Sperry Corporation artificial horizon and heading indicator, a Kollsman sensitive altimeter, a Marconi radio direction finder, a Smiths chronometer, and an attitude indicator.Norris 1966, p. 6. The radio operator was furnished with Marconi shock-proof radio sets for receiving and transmitting across the radio spectrum; the retractable loop antenna could be repositioned for visual or aural homing.

While designed as civil aircraft, examples of the type would not only see military service but be specifically refitted for this purpose. In 1941, two Empire flying boats – Clio and Cordelia returned to Shorts' Belfast facility, where they were modified with the addition of gun turrets in dorsal and rear positions and air to surface vessel (ASV) radar equipment installed on the top and sides of the fuselage. They were used by Coastal Command. More extensive military use was made of the Empire's sibling design, the Short Sunderland.

File:StateLibQld 1 154471 Flying boat, Challenger on her moorings in the Townsville Harbour, Queensland.jpgs in the Townsville Harbour, Queensland, December 1938]]

On 8 February 1937, one of the Empire flying boats, Castor, conducted the first regular flight, flying from Calshot, Hampshire, England to Alexandria, Egypt.Norris 1966, p. 10. This flight, which covered a distance of roughly {{Convert|2300|mi|km}} non-stop, showed that Britain could move military material to its overseas bases by air.[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20-%200475.html "Flying-boat Prestige."] Flight, 15 February 1937. On 18 February 1937, Caledonia, the first of the Empires built, flew the same Calshot-Alexandria route; it was able to traverse the route non-stop at an average speed of 170 mph.

On 5 July 1937, the first crossing of the Atlantic by an Empire flying boat was conducted. On an experimental basis, Caledonia, piloted by Captain W N Cummings, flew a {{Convert|1993|mi|km}} route from Foynes on the River Shannon, Ireland west to Botwood on the Bay of Exploits, Newfoundland. On the same day, an American Sikorsky S-42 flying boat flew the opposite direction. Caledonia took just over 15 hours (including a period spend searching for a landing spot), flying at an altitude of {{convert|1500|to|5000|ft|m|abbr=on}} to cover {{convert|1993|mi|km}}—an average speed of about {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. On its return flight, conducted on 22 July 1937, Caledonia flew the same route in the opposite direction in a time of 12 hours; in comparison to the competing Sikorsky S-42, the Empire was able to traverse the overall route faster.

Several more survey flights of the Atlantic were made by Caledonia and Cambria. In August 1937, Cambria conducted the east–west flight in 14 hrs 24 min. In 1937, Cavalier was shipped to Bermuda and, after reassembly, started a service between there and New York City on 25 May 1937.

The Short Empire was designed to operate along the Imperial Airways routes to South Africa and Australia, where no leg was much over {{convert|500|mi|km}}. After the design of the Empire had been finalised and production had commenced, it was recognised that, with some pressure from the United States, it would be desirable to offer a similar service across the Atlantic. The range of the S.23 was less than that of the equivalent American-built counterpart in the form of the Sikorsky S-42, and as such it could not provide a true transatlantic service. Two boats (Caledonia and Cambria) were lightened and furnished with long-range tanks; both aircraft were used in experimental in-flight refuelling trials in order for them to conduct the journey; these modifications came at the cost of being able to carry fewer passengers and less cargo.

File:ZK-AMA on water.jpg aircraft, ZK-AMA, named Aotearoa, at Auckland, New Zealand]]

In an attempt to manage the Atlantic crossing, an alternative 'piggy-back' approach was trialled. This concept had been strongly advocated for by Imperial Airways' technical adviser, Major Robert Hobart Mayo, as a means of significantly increasing both range and payload, and had been well received by both the airline and the British Air Ministry, the latter of which placed an order with Shorts.Norris 1966, pp. 11–12. Using the S.21 design (based on the S.23) as the carrier, a smaller four-engined floatplane, the Short S.20, was mounted upon its back; the most obvious difference between the S.21 and regular S.23 aeroplanes was the additional superstructure to carry the floatplane. Only a single example was built of the S.21 carrier aircraft, named Maia, and of the S.20, named Mercury. Together, they were known as the Short Mayo Composite.[http://aerostories.free.fr/appareils/compopara/page14.html Robert Mayo – Short Aircraft Engineer's Concept]

On 21 July 1938, a successful mid-air launch of Mercury was executed off the west coast of Ireland while carrying a 600 lb payload of mixed cargo and mail; it arrived at Montreal, Canada, {{Convert|2860|mi|km}} 22 hrs 22 min later, having achieved an average speed of {{convert|141|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.Norris 1966, p. 12. In further flights, the Empire-Mercury combination went on to set a number of long-distance records; one such flight was conducted on 6 October 1938, flying from Dundee, Scotland to Orange River, South Africa, covering {{Convert|6045|mi|km}} in 42 hrs 5 min.Norris 1966, pp. 12–13. However, in spite of the demonstrated merits and workability of the concept, the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in the effective termination of all development work. During wartime, there was interest in the concept using alternative land-based aircraft to deliver Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft for aerial protection over the mid-Atlantic.

After Italy entered the Second World War in June 1940, it became impossible for mail to be safely flown between Britain and Egypt (and thus onto Australia) via the Mediterranean. Accordingly, a new "Horseshoe Route" was established that ran from Auckland/Sydney via Cairo (following the old "Eastern Route") to Durban, South Africa, and thence by sea to Britain. This was restricted after the loss of Singapore in February 1942 to being between Durban and Calcutta, India.

Wartime experience in operating the type at overload weights resulted in the realisation that the Empires could take off at considerably higher weights than the conservative maxima provided by Shorts and, although the last Empire crossings to America were made in 1940 (by Clare and Clyde), many more flights were made on the long, demanding and vital over-water Lisbon-Bathurst flights.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

File:VH-ABBcrop.jpg

42 "C Class" Short Empire flying boats were built, including 31 S.23s, nine S.30s and two S.33s.

• S.23 Mk I : powered by four {{Convert|920|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. 27 built.
• S.23 Mk II Bermuda : powered by four {{Convert|920|hp|kW}} Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. 2 built.
• S.23 Mk III Atlantic : powered by four {{Convert|920|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. two built.
• S.23M : two converted from impressed S.23 Mk I, with an ASV radar, armed with two Boulton Paul gun turrets and depth charges.
• S.30 Mk I : powered by four {{Convert|890|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. One built.
• S.30 Mk I (Cathay) : powered by four {{Convert|920|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. One built.
• S.30 Mk II New Zealand : powered by four {{Convert|890|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. One built.
• S.30 Mk III Atlantic : powered by four {{Convert|890|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. Four built.
• S.30 Mk IV New Zealand : powered by four {{Convert|890|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. Two built.
• S.30M : two converted from impressed S.30 Mk III Atlantic for ASV trials and transport duties.
• S.33 : powered by four {{Convert|920|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. Two completed, third example scrapped when 75% complete.

Many S.23, S.30 & S.33 were re-engined during the war with {{Convert|1010|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bristol Pegasus XXII poppet valve radial engines.

Most accidents involving the aircraft occurred during landing and were generally attributed to pilot error.

For pilots trained on smaller less sophisticated aircraft judgement of height was difficult due to the high cockpit of the Empire, as well as the concept of using flaps to manage speed.Pegram, page 183. With time improved familiarity reduced the accident rate. Once in service the structure was found to be weak in places, especially on the planing bottoms, which led to later models employing thicker gauge skins on the hull and wings.

;24 March 1937: G-ADVA Capricornus of Imperial Airways crashed in the Beaujolais mountains in Central France, during the inaugural Southampton to Alexandria scheduled service.{{cite journal|title=L'accident du Capricornus|journal=Les Ailes|date=1 April 1937|issue=824|page=10|language=fr|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6560495x/f10.highres|access-date=10 May 2016}}

;27 November 1938:G-AETV Calpurnia of Imperial Airways crashed on landing on Lake Habbaniya, Iraq with the loss of four lives.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939-1-%20-%200185.html |title=The Calpurnia Accident |magazine=Flight |issue=20 July 1938 |page=55}}

;21 January 1939:G-ADUU Cavalier of Imperial Airways ditched in the Atlantic Ocean due to carburettor icing affecting all four engines. The aircraft subsequently sank with the loss of three lives. Ten survivors were rescued by the American tanker {{SS|Esso Baytown|1937|2}}.{{cite magazine| last=Pomeroy|first=Colin|title=The Last Voyage of Cavalier |magazine=Aeroplane|date=September 2016 |volume=44|number=9|pages=50–53|issn=0143-7240}}

;14 March 1939: G-ADVB Corsair (under Capt E.S. Alcock, brother of John Alcock) foundered during a forced landing on the Dungu River. After 10 months' salvage work, and one failed take-off attempt, it was flown off the river on 6 January 1940.{{sfn|Cassidy|2013|pp=60–69}}

;1 May 1939: G-ADVD Challenger of Imperial Airways crashed on landing in Mozambique Harbour with the loss of two lives.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939-1-%20-%200604.html |title=The Mozambique Accident |magazine=Flight |issue=24 August 1939 |page=188}}

;February 1941:G-AFCX Clyde of BOAC was wrecked in a gale at Lisbon, Portugal.{{cite magazine |title=BOAC Special |magazine=Aeroplane |issue=April 2015 |pages=26–49 |publisher=Key Publishing |location=Stamford |issn=0143-7240}}

;29 December 1941:G-ADUX Cassiopeia of BOAC crashed after striking debris on takeoff from Sabang, Indonesia, killing four.{{ASN accident|title= G-ADUX|id= 19411229-1|access-date=23 March 2015}}

;30 January 1942:G-AEUH Corio of BOAC was shot down by seven Japanese fighter aircraft and crashed off West Timor, killing 13 of the 18 people on board. The aircraft was owned by BOAC, but was operated by Qantas.

;28 February 1942: G-AETZ Circe of Qantas was shot down {{convert|320|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}} south of Java by Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy with the loss of all on board.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article247917962 |title=Airliner Vanishes |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |volume=VII |issue=9 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=1 April 1942 |access-date=15 September 2020 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}{{cite web|url=http://www.australianflying.com.au/news/circe-mystery-solved-after-72-years |title=Circe Mystery Solved after 72 Years |author= |date=28 February 2014 |website=australianflying.com.au |publisher=Yaffa Publishing Group |access-date=16 April 2014}}

;22 April 1943:G-AEUB (VH-ADU) crashed off Port Moresby, with 18 survivors.{{Cite web|url=http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/short/camilla.html|title = Pacific Wrecks}}

File:Sam Hood - 3639888721.jpg

File:IWM-CH14013 Short Empire AFKZ 205210604.jpg, South Africa, circa 1942]]

File:British Overseas Airways Corporation and Qantas, 1940-1945. CH15322.jpg, India]]

File:ZK-AMA flying.jpg

File:British Overseas Airways Corporation and Qantas, 1940-1945. CH14781.jpg at Rod El Farag flying boat base, Cairo]]

File:Airplane. Cambria BAnQ P48S1P01055 zoom.jpg

File:An aerial profile view of the seaplane G-ADUT in-flight taken from another aircraft (AM 77480-1).jpg]]

class="wikitable"
+List of aircraftNorris 1966, p. 14.
Registration !Name !Operator
colspan=3 |S.23
G-ADHL |Canopus |Imperial Airways/BOAC
G-ADHM |Caledonia |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-ADUT |Centaurus |Imperial Airways, to Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in 1939 (as serial A18-10)
G-ADUU |Cavalier |Imperial Airways. Crashed 21 January 1939
G-ADUV |Cambria |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-ADUW |Castor |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-ADUX |Cassiopeia |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-ADUY |Capella |Imperial Airways
G-ADUZ |Cygnus |Imperial Airways
G-ADVA |Capricornus |Imperial Airways
G-ADVB |Corsair |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-ADVC |Courtier |Imperial Airways
G-ADVD |Challenger |Imperial Airways
G-ADVE |Centurion |Imperial Airways
G-AETV |Coriolanus |Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to QANTAS in 1942 (as registration VH-ABG)
G-AETW |Calpurnia |Imperial Airways.
G-AETX |Ceres |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AETY |Clio |Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1940 (as AX659). Crashed 22 August 1941
G-AETZ |Circe |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AEUA |Calypso |Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1939 not used directly, to RAAF (as serial A18-11)
G-AEUB |Camilla |Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to QANTAS (as VH-ADU)
G-AEUC |Corinna |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AEUD |Cordelia |Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to RAF in 1940 (as AX660), returned to BOAC in 1941 (as G-AEUD)
G-AEUE |Cameronian |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AEUF |Corinthian |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AEUG |Coogee |Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1938 (as VH-ABC), to RAAF in 1939 (as A18-12)
G-AEUH |Corio |Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1938 (as VH-ABD), to Imperial Airways in 1939 (as G-AEUH)
G-AEUI |Coorong |Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1938 (as VH-ABE), to Imperial Airways in 1939 (as G-AEUI)
G-AFBJ |Carpentaria |Imperial Airways not used, to QANTAS in 1937 (as VH-ABA), to BOAC in 1942 (as G-AFBJ)
G-AFBK |Coolangatta |Imperial Airways not used, to QANTAS in 1937 (as VH-ABB), to RAAF in 1939 (as A18-13)
G-AFBL |Cooee |Imperial Airways not used, to QANTAS in 1937 (as VH-ABF) to BOAC in 1942
colspan=3 |S.30
G-AFCT |Champion |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AFCU |Cabot |Imperial Airways, to RAF in 1939 (as V3137). Destroyed 5 May 1940
G-AFCV |Caribou |Imperial Airways, to RAF in 1939 (as V3138). Destroyed 6 May 1940
G-AFCW |Connemara |Imperial Airways
G-AFCX |Clyde |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
G-AFCY |Captain Cook | Imperial Airways, to TEAL in 1940 (as ZK-AMC Awarua). Sold as obsolete in 1948{{cite news |title=Last Trip Made |work=The Gisborne Herald |volume=74 |issue=22356 |date=14 June 1947 |page=4 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GISH19470614.2.25}}{{cite news |title=Tenders |work=The Otago Daily Times |issue=26793 |date=9 June 1948 |page=1 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19480609.2.8.3}}
G-AFCZ |Australia then Clare |Imperial Airways, to TEAL in 1940 (as ZK-AMB), later to BOAC
G-AFDA |Aotearoa |Imperial Airways, to TEAL in 1940 (as ZK-AMA). Sold as obsolete in 1948{{cite news |title=Aotearoa to Withdraw |work=The Otago Daily Times |issue=26609 |date=4 November 1947 |page=4 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19471104.2.26}}
G-AFKZ |Cathay |Imperial Airways, later BOAC
colspan=3 |S.33
G-AFPZ |Clifton |BOAC April 1940, to RAAF (as A18-14), to QANTAS in 1942 (as VH-ACD). Crashed January 1944.
G-AFRA |Cleopatra |BOAC May 1940, 1st Service 5 June 1940 Poole to Durban. Final Service ended 5 November 1946 at Poole. Scrapped 1946.

File:Short S-23.jpg, as G-AFBL]]

File:Short S.30 ZK-AMC.jpg aircraft, ZK-AMC, named Awarua, circa 1940]]

;{{AUS}}

• Qantas

;{{NZL}}

• TEAL

;{{UK}}

• Imperial Airways
• BOAC

;{{AUS}}

• Royal Australian Air Force
• No. 11 Squadron RAAF
• No. 13 Squadron RAAF
• No. 20 Squadron RAAF
• No. 33 Squadron RAAF
• No. 41 Squadron RAAF

;{{UK}}

• Royal Air Force
• No. 119 Squadron RAF

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft,{{Cite book |editor=Donald, David|title=The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft |publisher=Aerospace Publishing |year=1997 |isbn= 1-85605-375-X}} The Short Empire BoatsNorris 1966, p. 12.

|prime units?=imp

|crew=5 (2 pilots, navigator, flight clerk and steward)Jackson 1988, p. 145.

|capacity=

• 24 day passengers or 16 sleeping passengers
• 1.5 ton of mail

|length m=

|length ft=88

|length in=0

|span m=

|span ft=114

|span in=0

|height m=

|height ft=31

|height in=9+3/4

|wing area sqm=

|wing area sqft=1500

|empty weight kg=

|empty weight lb=23500

|gross weight kg=

|gross weight lb=40500

|fuel capacity=

|eng1 number=4

|eng1 name=Bristol Pegasus Xc

|eng1 type=radial engines

|eng1 kw=

|eng1 hp=920

|prop blade number=

|prop name=

|prop dia m=

|prop dia ft=

|prop dia in=

|max speed kmh=

|max speed mph=200

|max speed kts=

|max speed mach=

|cruise speed kmh=

|cruise speed mph=165

|cruise speed note=Jackson 1988, p. 149.

|range km=

|range miles=760

|range nmi=

|ceiling m=

|ceiling ft=20000

|climb rate ms=

|climb rate ftmin=950

|climb rate note=

|more performance=

|avionics=

}}

{{External media|topic= |width=20% |float=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9CVbDaXWnY Compilation of statistics and footage on the Short Empire flying boats] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1rQ9Tlu72c Period amateur video of an Empire in Sumba, Indonesia, in 1937] |video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOfWhwvGQZc British Pathé newsreel of a Empire Flying Boat flying the first experimental flight from Sydney to Southampton]}}

{{Aircontent

|related=

• Short Sarafand
• Short Knuckleduster
• Short Scion Senior
• Short Mayo Composite
• Short S.26
• Short Sunderland

|similar aircraft=

• Boeing 314
• Latécoère 611
• Martin China Clipper

|lists=

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of flying boats and floatplanes

|see also=

• Sikorsky S-42
• Potez-CAMS 141

}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=35em|refs=

Jackson 1974, p. 146

}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book | last = Barnes | first =C.H. |author2=James D.N | title =Shorts Aircraft since 1900 | year =1989 | publisher =Putnam | location =London | isbn = 0-85177-819-4}}
• BOAC at War – Part 2 – Aeroplane Monthly – August 1975.
• {{cite CiteSeerX |last= Cassidy |first= Brian |title= Flying Empires: Short 'C' Class Empire Flying Boats |date= 2011 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.463.3896 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=Brian |title=Empire flying boat : 1936 to 1947 (all models): owners' workshop manual |date=2013 |publisher=Haynes |location=Sparkford |isbn=978-0-85733-158-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Crotty |first1=David |title=Qantas and the Empire Flying Boat |date=2022 |publisher=Key Publishing |location=Stamford, Lincs |isbn=978-1-80282-094-2 |url={{GBurl|9_1zEAAAQBAJ}}}}
• {{cite magazine|last=Gardner|first=Brian|title=Flight Refuelling... The Wartime Story|magazine=Air Enthusiast|date=1984|issue=25 |pages=34–43, 80 |issn=0143-5450}}
• {{cite book |last= Jackson|first= A.J.|title= British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 3|year= 1974|publisher= Putnam|location= London|isbn=0-370-10014-X }}
• {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=A. J. |title=British Civil Aircraft 1919–1972: Volume III |year=1988 |location=London |publisher=Putnam |isbn=0-85177-818-6 }}
• Knott, Richard, 'Flying Boats of the Empire', Robert Hale, 2011.
• Norris, Geoffrey. The Short Empire Boats (Aircraft in Profile Number 84). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
• {{cite book |last= Pegram |first= Ralph |title= Beyond the Spitfire - The Unseen Designs of R.J. Mitchell |publisher= The History Press |year= 2016 |location= Brimscombe Port | isbn= 978-0-7509-6515-6}}
• {{cite magazine|last=Prins|first=François|title=Pioneering Spirit: The QANTAS Story |magazine=Air Enthusiast |date=Spring 1994|issue=53 |pages=24–32 |issn=0143-5450}}
• Sims, Phillip, Adventurous Empires. Airlife Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|1-84037-130-7}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yea|first1=Hugh J.|title=The 'Empire' Strikes Back: Notes on the Shorts 'Empire' Flying-boats |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=September–October 1999|issue=65|pages=70–71 |issn=0143-5450}}
• {{cite magazine|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202919.html |title=The Construction of the Empire Boats |magazine=Flight |date=29 October 1936|volume=XXX|issue=1453|pages=440d–440h }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820080939/http://jaapteeuwen.com/ww2aircraft/html%20pages/short%20c-class%20empire%20boats.htm Short C-Class Empire Boats] – British Aircraft of World War II
• [http://www.century-of-flight.freeola.com/Aviation%20history/coming%20of%20age/flying%20boats/Short%20S-23%20Empire.htm Century of Flight entry]
• [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20-%201974.html ATLANTIC ROUTINE Flight 1937] – contemporary article on Sikorksy S42 and Empire Caledonia operating across Atlantic
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160406013125/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/a81e23604ed0d544.html] LIFE photos by Margaret Bourke-White of CAVALIER and its competitor the Bermuda Clipper New York area 1937
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20170520142302/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/94b0fc16af17afd5.html] LIFE photos by Margaret Bourke-White of CALEDONIA with a Beech Staggerwing near Central Park New York City July 1937
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230039/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/64c028a70b50b424.html] LIFE colour photos by Dmitri Kessel of CLARE at the La Guardia Marine Terminal New York City, during a series of mail/courier flights it, and CLYDE, operated to New York via Newfoundland during the Battle of Britain, 1940
• [http://www.airvectors.net/avsund.html#m1 The Short Sunderland Flying Boat] Describes the development of the Empire though to Sunderland through flying boats.

{{Short Brothers aircraft}}

{{ADF aircraft designations}}

{{Authority control}}

Empire

Category:1930s British mailplanes

Category:1930s British airliners

Category:Flying boats

Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft

Category:High-wing aircraft

Category:Aircraft first flown in 1936

Category:Four-engined piston aircraft