Song of Innocence

File:David Axelrod H B Barnum Billboard (cropped).png

In the 1960s, Axelrod worked as a producer and A&R executive for Capitol Records in Los Angeles. During this time, he began to conceive his own musical ideas, involving a fusion of baroque classical sounds, R&B rhythms, and spiritual themes.{{sfn|Bonner|2018}} Challenged by what he described as a "new breed of record buyer ... more sophisticated in his thinking", he was one of several Los Angeles–based musical eccentrics during the late 1960s who wanted to expand on the mid-1960s studio experiments of Brian Wilson and George Martin.{{harvnb|Anon.|1968b|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|2006|p=136}}. His first attempt at this creative vision was composing a religious-themed, psychedelic opera for the Electric Prunes, a local garage rock group. When the band found it too challenging to finish the recording, Axelrod enlisted studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew to complete the album, released as Mass in F Minor in 1968.{{sfn|Bonner|2018}} The recording attracted both controversy and national fame for the producer.{{sfn|Anon.|1968b|p=4}}

After the success of Mass in F Minor, Axelrod was asked by Capitol to record a similar album.{{harvnb|Anon.|1968b|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|2006|p=136}}. He wanted to further capitalize on the experimental climate of popular music and chose to adapt works by English poet William Blake on an album.{{sfn|Anon.|1968b|p=4}} Blake musical settings were at the height of their popularity among musicians and composers.{{sfn|Fitch|1990|p=xxvi}} Numerous serious music composers had set his poems to music since the 1870s, and the practice was eventually adapted in other musical fields during the 20th century, including popular music, musical theatre, and the 1960s folk idiom.{{harvnb|Fitch|1990|pp=xxi–xxiii}}; {{harvnb|Fitch|1990|pp=xxi–xxii}}; {{harvnb|Fitch|1990|p=xxv}} Axelrod, a self-professed "Blake freak", had been fascinated by Blake's painting and poetry since his late teens and frequently read the poems as an adult.{{harvnb|Murph|2005}}; {{harvnb|Howard|2004|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2000}} He conceived Song of Innocence after he had bought an edition of Blake's complete poetry while working in Capitol's art department and considered the concept for a few years before Mass in F Minor.{{harvnb|Monson|1968|p=B5}}; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2000}} Axelrod was not sociable with colleagues, such as record executives who could have helped him professionally, and felt that he could identify with Blake; he considered the poet "very bad at making new friends".{{sfn|Murph|2005}}

{{clear}}

File:Capitolrecords 032806 kdh (cropped).jpg (in 2006), which houses Capitol Studios]]

Axelrod composed Song of Innocence in one week and began recording in mid-1968.{{harvnb|Unterberger|2000}}; {{harvnb|Howard|2004|p=99}} He recorded the album at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles with his close-knit group of veteran studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew, including keyboardist and conductor Don Randi, guitarist Al Casey, bassist Carol Kaye, and drummer Earl Palmer.{{harvnb|Anon.|2001}}; {{harvnb|Howard|2004|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Bonner|2018}}. He had worked with them before when producing sessions for Capitol recording artists.{{sfn|Anon.|1968b|p=4}}

Axelrod did not play any instruments on Song of Innocence; he instead wrote arrangements for his orchestra and utilized 33 players to perform his notated charts.{{harvnb|Anon.|1969|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Fitch|1990|p=9}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|1968b|p=4}} He had learned how to read and orchestrate complex music charts from jazz musicians during the 1950s.{{sfn|Anon.|1969|p=25}} Randi conducted the orchestra and played both piano and organ on the record.{{sfn|Anon.|1968b|p=4}} Axelrod preferred listening to a session from a recording booth like his contemporary Igor Stravinsky. "That way the sounds don't seem to go all over the place", he later said. "Music seems so small in a studio."{{sfn|Monson|1968|p=B5}} Axelrod originally wanted some of the album's compositions to feature a large-scale choir but was uncertain if he could find the appropriate ensemble, so he recorded an entirely instrumental album and included one Blake setting for each section of the score.{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=99}}

A jazz fusion album, Song of Innocence combines jazz elements with impressionistic musical figures and hard rock guitar solos.{{harvnb|Cotner|2006|p=53}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|1968b|p=4}} Its music also incorporates funk, rock, theatre, and pop styles.{{harvnb|Kern|n.d.}}; {{harvnb|Sonksen|2012}} Music journalists categorized the record as jazz-rock, baroque pop, and psychedelic R&B.{{sfn|Sonksen|2012}} John Murph of JazzTimes magazine said the music could be better characterized as art pop than jazz.{{sfn|Murph|2005}} Axelrod, who had produced bebop albums before working for Capitol, asserted that jazz played a crucial role in the music: "For years, all I did was jazz. When I first got in the record business, I was so into jazz that I had never heard Elvis Presley. I still probably listen to jazz more than anything else."{{sfn|Murph|2005}}

{{Listen|pos = left

|filename = David Axelrod - Holy Thursday.ogg

|title = "Holy Thursday"

|description = "Holy Thursday" mixes boogaloo and classical elements with jazzy piano and a soaring chorus played by the string and horn sections.{{harvnb|Jurek|n.d.}}; {{harvnb|Kern|n.d.}}

}}

Axelrod composed the album as a tone poem suite based on Blake's illustrated 1789 collection of poems Songs of Innocence.{{sfn|Kresh|1969|p=115}} His compositions borrowed titles from Blake's poems, which dealt with themes such as visions, religious iniquity, rite of passage, and life experience after a person's birth and innocence.{{harvnb|Howey|Reimer|2006|p=532}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|2006|p=136}}; {{harvnb|Sonksen|2012}} Mary Campbell of The Baltimore Sun said the classical and Christian church music elements made the record sound "reverent, as if describing a biblical story".{{sfn|Campbell|1968|p=B4}} Les Inrockuptibles described it as a "psyche-liturgical" work dedicated to Blake.{{sfn|Conte|2000}} According to AllMusic's Thom Jurek, psychedelia was implicit in the record's musical form and feeling, which impelled Axelrod to "celebrate the wildness and folly of youth with celebration and verve".{{sfn|Jurek|n.d.}}

File:Blake Innocence Title.jpg's Songs of Innocence]]

The album's music was written in the rock idiom and arranged for bass, drums, and strings.{{sfn|Kresh|1969|p=115}} As a composer, Axelrod abandoned the conventional unison approach to orchestral writing in favor of more contrasts while centering his tempos around rock-based drum patterns played mostly in common time by Palmer.{{harvnb|Campbell|1968|p=B4}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|1979|p=68}} He utilized his instrumental ensemble as a rock orchestra, playing melodramatic strings and pronounced, echo-laden breakbeats.{{harvnb|Jurek|n.d.}}; {{harvnb|Bush|n.d.}}. The music was also embellished with electric piano, intricate basslines, Echoplex effects, and elements of suspense Axelrod used to reflect the supernatural themes found in Blake's poems.{{harvnb|Cotner|2006|p=53}}; {{harvnb|Sonksen|2012}}. According to David N. Howard, the album's "euphorically" upbeat psychedelic R&B form was interspersed by "dramatically sparse" and "harrowing" arrangements.{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=99}}

Axelrod and his musicians used key musical phrases that are expanded upon throughout Song of Innocence.{{sfn|Kern|n.d.}} He was interested in György Ligeti's 1961 piece Atmosphères and Lukas Foss' idea of starting a piece with a sustained chord, having musicians improvise over 100 bars, and ending with another chord as they finish.{{sfn|Monson|1968|p=B5}} "Urizen" opened with long sustained chords, sound effects, reverbed guitar stabs, and a supple bassline.{{harvnb|Kresh|1969|p=115}}; {{harvnb|Kern|n.d.}} On "Holy Thursday", the rhythm section played a slow, jazzed-out groove and bluesy bop piano lines, as a big band vamp was played by a large-scale string section. In response to their swing style, the brass section and guitarists played dramatic, high-pitched overtones built around a complex melody.{{sfn|Jurek|n.d.}} The middle of the album featured more traditional jazz passages and the presence of a psychedelic harpsichord.{{sfn|Kern|n.d.}} "The Smile" was recorded with a rhythmic drum beat, offbeat bass, and a progressive string part.{{sfn|Weiner|Sylvester|Eells|Christgau|2008}} For the songs near the end, the musicians steadily transitioned to heady psychedelia featuring gritty guitars and disorienting organ licks.{{sfn|Kern|n.d.}} On "The Mental Traveler", Axelrod said he tried to experiment with atonality but "chickened out".{{sfn|Monson|1968|p=B5}}

Song of Innocence was released in October 1968 by Capitol Records and attracted considerable interest from critics.{{harvnb|Schwann|1970|p=229}}; {{harvnb|Jurek|n.d.}}. Writing for Gramophone in 1969, Nigel Hunter found the songs to be "of absorbing power and depth", but complained of the electric guitar parts.{{sfn|Hunter|1969|p=928}} Alasdair Clayre, in the same magazine, questioned whether the "occasional guitar gobbling" reflected Axelrod's genuine ideas or "an obligatory concession to contemporary sound", but he ultimately regarded Song of Innocence as a compelling record. In his opinion, the producer's impressions of Blake "reveal a depth of imagination and skill warranting attention beyond the confines of pop music", proving he could compose innovative pieces for a large orchestra, which Clayre felt comprised the best of California's studio musicians on the album.{{sfn|Clayre|1969|p=1482}} Billboard magazine called it "an aesthetic mix of music and philosophy ... chock full of mysticism, creativity, and change", believing that Axelrod's idyllic music would be interesting enough to impact the record charts.{{sfn|Anon.|1968a|p=30}}

Others were more critical, finding the music foolish.{{sfn|Pattison|2017}} Stereo Review magazine's Paul Kresh appraised the album negatively, calling it pretentious, inadequate, and dependent on movie music tricks and outdated techniques such as forced climaxes and gaudy orchestration. He said it falls severely short of the concept Axelrod aspired to and that "only the most uneducated will be taken in by the mountains of misterioso claptrap that surround these squeaking musical mice".{{sfn|Kresh|1969|p=115}} Nat Freedland from Entertainment World accused Axelrod of "indulging himself here to little avail".{{sfn|Freedland|1969|p=45}}

Song of Innocence received radio exposure on both AM and FM stations with songs such as the title track and "Holy Thursday", which became the album's best-known recording.{{harvnb|Anon.|1968b|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Jurek|n.d.}} The album was not a commercial success, however, and only sold 75,000 copies by October 1969.{{harvnb|Howard|2004|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|1969|p=25}}

{{quote box|quoted = 1|quote=Song of Innocence made critics turn their heads in its day, regarding it as a visionary curiosity piece; today it's simply a great, timeless work of pop art that continues to inspire over three decades after its initial release.|source=— Thom Jurek (AllMusic, 2002){{sfn|Jurek|n.d.}}|salign=right|width=25em|align=left|style=padding:8px;|border=1px}}

Song of Innocence was one of many concept albums recorded as rock music was developing in various directions during the late 1960s, following in the wake of the Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.{{sfn|Lewis|1972|pp=98–99}} It was innovative for its original application of both rock and jazz techniques.{{sfn|Tiegel|1971|p=58}} According to music journalist Zaid Mudhaffer, the term "jazz fusion" was coined in a review of the record when it was released.{{sfn|Mudhaffer|2014}} Axelrod followed the album in 1969 with the similarly Blake-inspired Songs of Experience, which adapted Gunther Schuller's third stream concept to baroque orchestrations and rock, pop, and R&B rhythms and melodies.{{sfn|Murph|2005}} Both albums established Axelrod as an unpredictable, challenging conceptual artist.{{sfn|Howard|2004|p=99}} His instrumental interpretations of Blake were the first in jazz, followed in 1971 by Rafał Augustyn's Niewinność and Adrian Mitchell's musical Tyger: A Celebration of William Blake with composer Mike Westbrook; Westbrook later composed more Blake-inspired works, including The Westbrook Blake: "Bright as Fire" (1980).{{harvnb|Fitch|1990|p=xxv}}; {{harvnb|Fitch|1990|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Fitch|1990|pp=241–242}}

During the late 1990s, Axelrod's records were reassessed and considered innovative by critics, including Song of Innocence, which was regarded as a classic.{{harvnb|Unterberger|n.d.}}; {{harvnb|Wolfson|2004}} Mojo cited it as "the heart of Axelrod's legacy", while John Mulvey from NME called it "sky-kissingly high and divine", finding Axelrod versatile enough to "soar above his own pretensions",{{harvnb|Mulvey|2000}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|2006|p=136}}. Writing for AllMusic, John Bush said the album "sounded like nothing else from its era", while Thom Jurek argued that it continued to sound new upon each listen due to a lack of "cynicism and hipper-than-thou posturing" in the music.{{harvnb|Jurek|n.d.}}; {{harvnb|Bush|n.d.}}. In a four-and-a-half star retrospective review, Jurek said it was innovative in 1968 and still "withstands the test of time better than the Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album that allegedly inspired it".{{sfn|Jurek|n.d.}} Giving it a five-out-of-five score, Tiny Mix Tapes said it sounded engagingly magnificent and diverse, citing it as one of the most dynamic musical fusions and "one of the most unique and thought provoking musical efforts of the last several decades".{{sfn|Kern|n.d.}}

File:DJ Shadow (cropped).jpg (2006).]]

Axelrod's music was also rediscovered and sampled by leading disc jockeys in the 1990s including hip hop producers.{{sfn|Keenan|2000|p=54}} When sampling in hip hop peaked during the early and mid-1990s, they searched for archived records with atmospheric beats and strings to sample. Los Angeles–based disc jockey B+ recalled finding a copy of Song of Innocence at a Goodwill in Culver City and said it appealed to him because of its dissonant quality, musical dynamics, and string sound: "This big sound. It was like somehow [Axelrod] was summoning the future, that you can project this environment, this moment into the future."{{sfn|George|2007}} Electronica pioneers such as DJ Cam and DJ Shadow also sampled Song of Innocence.{{sfn|Jurek|n.d.}} The latter producer sampled the record's choral themes and piano motifs on his influential debut album Endtroducing..... (1996).{{sfn|Anon.|2007|p=630}} "The Smile" was sampled by Pete Rock on his 1998 song "Strange Fruit" and by DJ Premier on Royce da 5'9"'s 2009 song "Shake This".{{harvnb|Fennessey|2005}}; {{harvnb|Mudhaffer|2014}} "Holy Thursday" was frequently sampled by producers, including The Beatnuts on their 1994 song "Hit Me with That", UNKLE on their 1998 song "Rabbit in Your Headlights", and Swizz Beatz on Lil Wayne's 2008 song "Dr. Carter".{{harvnb|Goh|2006}}; {{harvnb|Anon.|2013}}; {{harvnb|Fennessey|2005}}; {{harvnb|Benbow|2008}}

The renewed interest in Axelrod's work prompted Stateside Records to reissue Song of Innocence in 2000.{{sfn|Anon.|2009}} Reviewing the re-release, Now wrote that after sounding odd during the 1960s, the songs had become "a sampler's dream come true".{{sfn|Anon.|1999}} David Keenan attributed Axelrod's sampling legacy to "the original badass drummer" Palmer. In his appraisal for The Wire, he facetiously critiqued that the songs "may reek of stale joss sticks and patchouli-scented self-actualisation, but in their very datedness they somehow sound very modern."{{sfn|Keenan|2000|p=54}} Pitchfork journalist Sean Fennessey later said Axelrod's first two records were "essential if only as a tour guide through early 90s hip-hop", having "literally been a rap producer's delight for years".{{sfn|Fennessey|2005}} In a 2013 list for Complex, DJ and production duo Kon and Amir named "Holy Thursday" the greatest hip hop sample of all time.{{sfn|Anon.|2013}} In 2017, Pitchfork ranked the album 144th on a list of "The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s", and in an accompanying essay, Louis Pattison acknowledged how hip hop crate diggers "recognized the holy, beautiful vision" of Axelrod's rhythmic compositions.{{sfn|Pattison|2017}}

In 2018, Song of Innocence was given another re-release, this time by Now-Again Records. It featured a new remaster by Randi, H. B. Barnum, and Axelrod's widow, Terri, along with sleeve notes written by Eothen Alapatt, Now-Again's CEO. According to Alapatt's notes, Axelrod once told him that Miles Davis played the album before conceiving his own fusion of jazz and rock for Bitches Brew (1970).{{sfn|Bonner|2018}}

All songs were written, arranged, and produced by David Axelrod.{{sfn|Anon.|2000b}}

{{Track listing

| headline = Side one

| title1 = Urizen

| length1 = 3:56

| title2 = Holy Thursday

| length2 = 5:30

| title3 = The Smile

| length3 = 3:25

| title4 = A Dream

| length4 = 2:26

}}

{{Track listing

| headline = Side two

| title1 = Song of Innocence

| length1 = 4:32

| title2 = Merlin's Prophecy

| length2 = 2:43

| title3 = The Mental Traveler

| length3 = 4:03

}}

Credits were adapted from the album's liner notes.{{sfn|Anon.|2000b}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

• David Axelrod – arranger, producer, vocals
• Benjamin Barrett – musician
• Arnold Belnick – musician
• Harry Bluestone – violin
• Bobby Bruce – musician
• Al Casey – guitar
• Gary Coleman – background vocals
• Douglas Davis – musician
• Alvin Dinkin – musician
• Gene Estes – percussion
• Anne Goodman – musician
• Freddie Hill – trumpet
• Bill Hinshaw – musician
• Harry Hyams – musician
• Carol Kaye – bass
• Raphael Kramer – musician
• Richard Leith – trombone
• Arthur Maebe – horn
• Leonard Malarsky – musician
• Lew McCreary – horn
• Ollie Mitchell – trumpet
• Gareth Nuttycombe – musician
• Rob Owen – reissue co-ordination (2000)
• Earl Palmer – drums
• Joe Polito – engineer
• Don Randi – conductor, organ, piano
• The Red Room – artwork re-generation (2000)
• Nigel Reeve – reissue co-ordination (2000)
• Allen Di Rienzo – musician
• Howard Roberts – guitar
• Vincent de Rosa – horn
• Nathan Ross – musician
• Henry Roth – musician
• Myron Sandler – musician
• Harold Schneier – musician
• Sid Sharp – musician
• Jack Shulman – musician
• Henry Sigismonti – wind instrument
• Marshall Sosson – musician
• Tony Terran – musician
• Pete Wyant – musician
• Tibor Zelig – musician

}}

{{Portal|Jazz}}

• Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)
• William Blake in popular culture

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite magazine|ref={{SfnRef|Anon.|1968a}}|author=Anon.|date=September 28, 1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30|title=Album Reviews|magazine=Billboard|location=Cincinnati|volume=80|issue=39|page=30|access-date=November 20, 2012|via=Google Books}}
• {{cite magazine|ref={{SfnRef|Anon.|1968b}}|author=Anon.|date=September 28, 1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA4|title=Axelrod: Hunter of New Sounds|magazine=Billboard|location=Los Angeles|volume=80|issue=39|access-date=November 20, 2012|via=Google Books}}
• {{cite journal|author=Anon.|date=October 3, 1969|journal=Entertainment World|title=Al DeLory & David Axelrod|volume=1|issue=1|location=Hollywood}}
• {{cite magazine|author=Anon.|date=January 20, 1979|title=Talent in Action – Freddie Hubbard, Joe Sample, Joe Farrell, David Axelrod|magazine=Billboard|page=68|location=Los Angeles|volume=91|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT67|access-date=November 20, 2012|via=Google Books}}
• {{cite news |author=Anon. |date=December 28, 1999 |url=http://www.nowtoronto.com/music/story.cfm?content=125593 |title=Top 10 Reissues |newspaper=Now |location=Toronto |volume=20 |issue=17 |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013256/http://www.nowtoronto.com/music/story.cfm?content=125593 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite AV media notes|ref={{SfnRef|Anon.|2000b}}|author=Anon.|year=2000|title=Song of Innocence|others=David Axelrod|type=CD reissue booklet|publisher=Stateside Records|id=7243 5 21588 2 9|location=London}}
• {{cite journal |author=Anon. |year=2001 |journal=The Fader |issue=7 |title=David Axelrod |location=New York |url=http://www.stonesthrow.com/news/2001/09/in-the-studio-with-axelrod |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107150549/http://www.stonesthrow.com/news/2001/09/in-the-studio-with-axelrod |archive-date=January 7, 2015 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite journal|author=Anon.|date=January 2006|title=Reissues|journal=Mojo|location=London|issue=146}}
• {{cite book|author=Anon.|title=The Mojo Collection|edition=4th|publisher=Canongate Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84767-643-6|chapter=DJ Shadow|editor1-first=Jim|editor1-last=Irvin|editor1-link=Jim Irvin|editor2-first=Colin|editor2-last=McLear}}
• {{cite journal |author=Anon. |issue=March 5 |year=2009 |url=http://www.factmag.com/staging/2009/03/05/david-axelrods-live-at-the-royal-festival-hall-on-vinyl/ |title=David Axelrod's 'Live at the Royal Festival Hall' on vinyl |journal=Fact |location=London |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130409113558/http://www.factmag.com/staging/2009/03/05/david-axelrods-live-at-the-royal-festival-hall-on-vinyl/ |archive-date=April 9, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite journal |author=Anon. |issue=May 17 |year=2013 |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/05/kon-amir-present-the-50-greatest-hip-hop-samples-of-all-time/david-axelrod-holy-Thursday |title=1. David Axelrod "Holy Thursday" (1968) — Kon + Amir Present: The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Samples of All Time |journal=Complex |location=New York |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204541/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/05/kon-amir-present-the-50-greatest-hip-hop-samples-of-all-time/david-axelrod-holy-thursday |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite web|author=Anon.|year=n.d.|url=http://www.rarerecordpriceguide.com/view-record/iGmAqA%3D%3D|title=Rare Record Price Guide|publisher=Metropolis International|access-date=November 20, 2012}} {{subscription required}}
• {{cite news |last=Benbow |first=Julian |issue=June 9 |year=2008 |url=https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2008/06/10/on_carter_iii_lil_wayne_perfects_the_art_of_the_brag/ |title=On 'Carter III,' Lil' Wayne perfects the art of the brag |newspaper=Boston Globe |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010200/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2008/06/10/on_carter_iii_lil_wayne_perfects_the_art_of_the_brag/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite magazine|last=Bonner|first=Michael|date=August 23, 2018|url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/reviews/album/david-axelrod-song-innocence|title=David Axelrod – Song Of Innocence|magazine=Uncut|access-date=October 5, 2018}}
• {{cite web |last=Bush |first=John |year=n.d. |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/david-axelrod-mn0000634377 |title=David Axelrod – Music Biography, Credits and Discography |website=AllMusic |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211180619/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/david-axelrod-mn0000634377 |archive-date=February 11, 2013 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news|last=Campbell|first=Mary|date=October 21, 1968|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1750468082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+21%2C+1968&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Rock+Influence&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411162852/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1750468082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+21,+1968&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Rock+Influence&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2013|title=Rock Influence|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=November 20, 2012}} {{subscription required}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Weiner |first1=Johan |last2=Sylvester |first2=Nick |last3=Eells |first3=Josh |last4=Christgau |first4=Robert |author-link4=Robert Christgau |date=June 11, 2008 |url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bl/carter-08.php |title=The Great Lil Wayne Debate: Is Tha Carter III a Classic? |journal=Blender |location=New York |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026104512/http://robertchristgau.com/xg/bl/carter-08.php |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite journal|last=Clayre|first=Alasdair|author-link=Alasdair Clayre|date=April 1969|title=Keeping Track: A Cross Section of Recent Popular LPs, EPs and Singles|journal=Gramophone|location=London|volume=46}}
• {{cite journal|last=Conte|first=Christophe|issue=November 30|year=2000|title=David Axelrod|journal=Les Inrockuptibles|language=fr|location=Paris}}
• {{cite journal|last=Cotner|first=David|year=2006|title=David Cotner scopes out 7" records, 3" CDs and other odds & ends|journal=Signal to Noise|location=Burlington|issue=41}}
• {{cite web |last=Fennessey |first=Sean |date=September 15, 2005 |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/392-the-edge-david-axelrod-at-capitol-1966-1970/ |title=David Axelrod: The Edge: David Axelrod At Capitol 1966–1970 |work=Pitchfork |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602084015/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/392-the-edge-david-axelrod-at-capitol-1966-1970/ |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite book|last=Fitch|first=Donald|title=Blake Set to Music: A Bibliography of Musical Settings of the Poems and Prose of William Blake|publisher=University of California Press|year=1990|isbn=0520097343}}
• {{cite journal|last=Freedland|first=Nat|journal=Entertainment World|title=Music–Recording|date=October 3, 1969|volume=1|issue=1|location=Hollywood}}
• {{cite news |last=George |first=Lynell |issue=June 3 |year=2007 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-03-tm-axelrod22-story.html |title=Replay |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230650/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/03/magazine/tm-axelrod22 |archive-date=April 8, 2014 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |last=Goh |first=Daryl |issue=February 27 |year=2006 |url=http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/2/27/music/13472560&sec=music |title=David Axelrod's The Edge of Music: An Exploration of 50 Years in Music |newspaper=The Star |location=Malaysia |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032804/http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F2%2F27%2Fmusic%2F13472560&sec=music |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book|last=Howard|first=David N.|title=Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|year=2004|isbn=0634055607}}
• {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Howey|Reimer|2006|p=532}}|last1=Howey|first1=Ann F.|last2=Stephen Ray|first2=Reimer|year=2006|title=A Bibliography of Modern Arthuriana (1500–2000)|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=1843840685}}
• {{cite journal|last=Hunter|first=Nigel|issue=December|year=1969|title=The Critics' Choice—1969|journal=Gramophone|location=London|page=928|volume=47}}
• {{cite web |last=Jurek |first=Thom |year=n.d. |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/song-of-innocence-mw0000739065 |title=Song of Innocence – David Axelrod : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards |website=AllMusic |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112813/http://www.allmusic.com/album/song-of-innocence-mw0000739065 |archive-date=March 13, 2013 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite journal|last=Keenan|first=David|author-link=David Keenan|title=Boomerang – New reissues: rated on the rebound|journal=The Wire|location=London|page=54|year=2000|issue=197–202}}
• {{cite web |author=Kern |year=n.d. |url=http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/david-axelrod-songs-innocence |title=David Axelrod – Songs of Innocence |publisher=Tiny Mix Tapes |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813135337/http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/david-axelrod-songs-innocence |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite journal|last=Kresh|first=Paul|title=Stereo Tape|journal=Stereo Review|location=New York|page=115|volume=22|issue=3|date=March 1969}}
• {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Roger|year=1972|title=Outlaws of America: The Underground Press and Its Context|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0140215867}}
• {{cite news|last=Monson|first=Karen|issue=December 31|year=1968|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/527884532.html?dids=527884532:527884532&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+31%2C+1968&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=HIS+OWN+THING&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411161059/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/527884532.html?dids=527884532:527884532&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+31,+1968&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=HIS+OWN+THING&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2013|title=His Own Things|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=November 20, 2012}} {{subscription required}}
• {{cite web |last=Mudhaffer |first=Zaid |date=January 20, 2014 |url=http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/magazine/david-axelrod-guide |title=Heavy Axe: A Guide to David Axelrod |publisher=Red Bull Music Academy |access-date=June 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223223403/http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/magazine/david-axelrod-guide |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite journal |last=Mulvey |first=John |issue=May 17 |year=2000 |url=https://www.nme.com:80/reviews/reviews/20000517070037.html |title=David Axelrod – Songs of Innocence/ Songs of Experience |journal=NME |location=London |access-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000823032905/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/20000517070037.html |archive-date=August 23, 2000 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}
• {{cite journal |last=Murph |first=John |url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/16176-autumn-chill-41-of-the-season-s-best-albums-part-ii |issue=November |year=2005 |title=Autumn Chill: 41 of the Season's Best Albums, Part II |journal=JazzTimes |location=Quincy |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217104452/http://jazztimes.com/articles/16176-autumn-chill-41-of-the-season-s-best-albums-part-ii |archive-date=February 17, 2012 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite magazine|last=Pattison|first=Louis|date=August 22, 2017|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-200-best-albums-of-the-1960s/?page=3|title=The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s: 144) David Axelrod - Song of Innocence (1968)|magazine=Pitchfork|access-date=February 24, 2020}}
• {{cite journal|last=Schwann|first=William|journal=Schwann Monthly Guide to Stereo Records|year=1970|volume=22|issue=1–3|location=Cambridge|title=Long Playing Record Catalog}}
• {{cite web |last=Sonksen |first=Mike |date=June 15, 2012 |url=http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/landofsunshine/la-letters/songs-of-innocence-and-experience-the-tone-poems-of-david-axelrod-and-william-blake.html |title=LA Letters > Songs of Innocence and Experience: The Tone Poems of David Axelrod and William Blake |publisher=KCET |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326061407/http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/landofsunshine/la-letters/songs-of-innocence-and-experience-the-tone-poems-of-david-axelrod-and-william-blake.html |archive-date=March 26, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite magazine|last=Tiegel|first=Eliot|date=July 17, 1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Axelrod: Trend to Blend Sounds|location=Los Angeles|magazine=Billboard|volume=83|issue=29|access-date=November 20, 2012|via=Google Books}}
• {{cite AV media notes|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|author-link=Richie Unterberger|year=2000|title=David Axelrod's Rock Interpretation of Handel's Messiah|others=David Axelrod|publisher=RCA Records|id=LSP-4636|location=New York|type=LP reissue liner notes}}
• {{cite web |last=Unterberger |first=Richie |year=n.d. |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/heavy-axe-mw0000421998 |title=Heavy Axe – David Axelrod |website=AllMusic |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508102556/http://www.allmusic.com/album/heavy-axe-mw0000421998 |archive-date=May 8, 2013 |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |last=Wolfson |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Wolfson (musician) |date=March 16, 2004 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3613910/The-alchemist-of-crossover.html |title=The alchemist of crossover |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=November 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503064446/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3613910/The-alchemist-of-crossover.html |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live }}

{{Refend}}

• {{cite magazine|ref=none|last=Smith|first=RJ|date=March 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j18EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA136|title=Groovy Again|magazine=Los Angeles Magazine|via=Google Books}}

• {{Official website|http://www.davidaxelrodmusic.com/}}
• {{Discogs master|67456|type=album}}
• [http://www.whosampled.com/sampled/David%20Axelrod/ Song of Innocence] at WhoSampled

{{Spoken Wikipedia|EN Song Of Innocence-Article.ogg|date=2015-01-06}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1968 debut albums

Category:Adaptations of works by William Blake

Category:Albums conducted by Don Randi

Category:Albums produced by David Axelrod (musician)

Category:Capitol Records albums

Category:1960s concept albums

Category:David Axelrod (musician) albums

Category:1960s instrumental albums

Category:Jazz fusion albums by American artists

Category:Baroque pop albums

Category:Art pop albums

Category:Albums recorded at Capitol Studios

Category:Now-Again Records albums