Succès Masra

Masra was born in Chad on 30 August 1983, and was educated in Chad, Cameroon and France. After studying economics, Masra started working for the African Development Bank, where he worked as an economist prior to resigning in 2018 to start his political career.{{Cite news |last=Olivier |first=Mathieu |date=18 May 2018 |title=Succès Masra, de la BAD à la politique : " Il faut mettre fin à l'idée que le Tchad est un butin de guerre " |language=fr |work=Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/560767/politique/succes-masra-de-la-bad-a-la-politique-il-faut-mettre-fin-a-lidee-que-le-tchad-est-un-butin-de-guerre/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}

On 29 April 2018, Masra founded Les Transformateurs (meaning "The Transformers"; {{Langx|ar|المحوِّلون}}), a political party and opposition movement. Masra stated his intention to bring together Chadians "from the outside as well as from the inside" and to turn the country into a functioning social democracy. Masra was a noted critic of Idriss Déby, who had served as president since 1990, and whose regime had been described as authoritarian and corrupt by some international media sources.{{Cite web |last=Fall Diagne |first=Hamet |date=20 September 2022 |title=Succès Masra: qui est cet opposant au régime tchadien? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c727e416k9yo |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=BBC News Afrique |language=fr}}{{Cite web |last=Ehlert |first=Stefan |date=4 August 2016 |title=Chad's Deby unwilling to quit |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit/a-19173621 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=DW |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=3 April 2007 |title=In Pictures: Most Corrupt Nations |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/04/03/corruption-countries-nations-biz-07caphosp-cx_da_0403corrupt_slide.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}

In November 2020, Déby announced he would stand as a candidate in the 2021 presidential election, running for his sixth consecutive term.{{Cite web |last=Olivier |first=Mathieu |date=19 November 2020 |title=Tchad: Idriss Déby Itno, un maréchal en campagne |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1074889/politique/tchad-idriss-deby-itno-un-marechal-en-campagne/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr-FR}} Masra publicly objected to Déby's candidacy, citing the Chadian constitution of 2018, which stated that presidential terms would last for six years and would be renewable only once.{{Cite news |date=21 April 2021 |title=Au Tchad, Succès Masra estime que "le peuple ne veut pas d'une transmission dynastique du pouvoir" |language=fr |work=TV5Monde |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/au-tchad-succes-masra-estime-que-le-peuple-ne-veut-pas-dune-transmission-dynastique-du |access-date=14 October 2023}}{{Cite web |date=30 April 2018 |title=Le Tchad se dote d'une nouvelle Constitution qui renforce le régime présidentiel |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20180430-tchad-constitution-idriss-deby-president-2033-mandat-manifestations-opposition-election |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=France 24 |language=fr}} Masra subsequently made his own application to run as a candidate; his application was rejected by the Independent National Electoral Commission, who stated that Les Transformateurs was not an officially registered political party.{{Cite news |last=Tiassou |first=Kossivi |date=17 March 2021 |title=Rencontre avec Idriss Deby : Succès Masra s'explique |language=fr |work=DW |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/rencontre-avec-idriss-deby-succ%C3%A8s-masra-sexplique/a-56896193 |access-date=14 October 2023}} Following this, Masra took part in protests with which were violently suppressed by Chadian forces, leading to Masra seeking refuge in the United States' embassy in N'Djamena for six days due to fears for his safety.

On 16 March 2021, Masra met with Déby, and called on him to postpone the election to organise an inclusive national dialogue between Déby; his party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement; and opposition parties and organisations. Déby declined the postponement, and went on to win the election with 79.32% of the vote; Le Monde described the election as being "illegitimate" due to widespread irregularities.{{Cite news |date=20 April 2021 |title=Au Tchad, réélection sans surprise pour un sixième mandat du président Idriss Déby |language=fr |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/20/au-tchad-reelection-sans-surprise-pour-un-sixieme-mandat-du-president-idriss-deby_6077344_3212.html |access-date=14 October 2023}}

On 20 April 2021, Déby's death was publicly announced, with an army spokesperson stating that he had died of gunshot-related injuries while commanding the Chad National Army against Front for Change and Concord in Chad rebels near Nokou, as part of the Northern Chad offensive.{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=Chad President Idriss Deby dies after 30-year rule |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-after-30-years-in-power-military-says/a-57262804 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=DW |language=en}} That same day, the government and constitution of Chad were dissolved, and a Transitional Military Council (CMT), a military junta led by Déby's son, Mahamat, was announced.{{Cite web |last=Irfan |first=Muhammad |date=20 April 2021 |title=Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/chad-sets-up-transitional-military-council-he-1229174.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Urdu Point |language=en}} Masra called the dissolution of the government a "coup d'état", and called for an end of the Déby regime and associated cronyism, and for a turn towards democracy.

In May 2022, protests took place in N'Djamena against the presence of French troops in the country; France, a former coloniser of Chad, was accused of propping up the CMT junta.{{Cite web |last=Salih |first=Zeinab Mohammed |date=16 May 2023 |title=Chadians protest as anti-French sentiments hit new highs in Sahel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/16/chadians-protest-as-anti-french-sentiments-hit-new-highs-in-sahel |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Les Transformeurs, alongside the civil society group Wakit Tamma, backed the protests, which were suppressed by the government, leading to the deaths of at least twelve people.{{Cite news |date=27 April 2021 |title=Manifestations au Tchad: retour sur une journée de contestation et de répression |language=fr |work=RFI |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210427-manifestations-au-tchad-retour-sur-une-journ%C3%A9e-de-contestation-et-de-r%C3%A9pression |access-date=14 October 2023}}

After the CMT announced its intention to enter into dialogue with opposition groups, Masra and Les Transformateurs, alongside Wakit Tama, established a set of preconditions that would need to be agreed before any dialogue took place. These included guarantees that a referendum would be held on any new constitution; that members of the military would not run in the next presidential election; and that there would be a clear separation of the government and the military.{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Dialogue national au Tchad: Succès Masra (les Transformateurs), précise les conditions d'une participation |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211205-dialogue-national-au-tchad-succ%C3%A8s-masra-les-transformateurs-pr%C3%A9cise-les-conditions-d-une-participation |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}}{{Cite web |last=Nako |first=Madjiasra |date=4 June 2022 |title=Succès Masra et les Transformateurs expriment leurs attentes fortes de la Transition |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220604-succ%C3%A8s-masra-et-les-transformateurs-expriment-leurs-attentes-fortes-de-la-transition |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}} By August 2022, Les Transformeurs and Wakit Tama had announced that they would not partake in dialogue planned for the following month; Masra stated that he believed that the preconditions could be too easily annulled by the CMT.{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Tchad : le chef rebelle Timan Erdimi à N'Djamena pour participer au dialogue national |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1370215/politique/tchad-le-chef-rebelle-timan-erdimi-a-ndjamena-pour-participer-au-dialogue-national/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr-FR}}

On 1 September 2022, Masra organised demonstrations in N'Djamena to protest the commencement of dialogue between the CMT and opposition groups. 91 activists were subsequently arrested for "disturbing public order" and non-compliance with laws around demonstrations on public roads; many activists fled to Les Transformeurs' headquarters, which were subsequently blockaded by the police.{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Tchad : arrestation de plusieurs dizaines d'opposants du parti de Succès Masra |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1373967/politique/tchad-arrestation-de-plusieurs-dizaines-dopposants-du-parti-de-succes-masra/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr-FR}}{{Cite web |last=Nako |first=Madjiasra |date=2 September 2022 |title=Tchad: le siège du parti des Transformateurs encerclé par des forces de l'ordre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220902-tchad-le-si%C3%A8ge-du-parti-des-transformateurs-encercl%C3%A9-par-des-forces-de-l-ordre |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}} Further demonstrations against the blockade of Les Transformateurs led to the arrests of at least 200 more activists, which triggered the Catholic Church in Chad to withdraw from the dialogue with the CMT, with several other organisations threatening to drop out should the blockade not be lifted. The activists were released after several days following the intervention of the Burkinabé diplomat Djibril Bassolé.{{Cite web |last=Nako |first=Madjiasra |date=4 September 2023 |title=Dialogue national toujours suspendu au Tchad: les mots durs de Mahamat Idriss Deby, le retrait de l'Église |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220904-dialogue-national-toujours-suspendu-au-tchad-les-mots-durs-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-le-retrait-de-l-eglise |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}}{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Tchad : des partisans de Succès Masra gazés en route vers le tribunal |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2022/09/09/tchad-des-partisans-de-succes-masra-gazes-en-route-vers-le-tribunal/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}

In a speech during the protests, Masra told Chadians to "expect the worst"; he was subsequently summoned to appear in court in response to his statement. On his journey to the court, he was accompanied by over a thousand activists, who were dispersed by the police; an estimated 300 activists were arrested, with around 1000 injured. The CMT's actions were criticised by the International Federation for Human Rights, the African Union and European Union, the governments of the United States, Germany and France, and Idriss Déby's party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. In response to the international outcry, Masra's court summons was cancelled.{{Cite web |last=Nako |first=Madjiasra |date=9 September 2022 |title=Tchad: nouvelles échauffourées près du siège des Transformateurs |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220909-tchad-nouvelles-%C3%A9chauffour%C3%A9es-pr%C3%A8s-du-si%C3%A8ge-des-transformateurs |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}}{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title=Tchad: la répression des militants de Succès Masra fait réagir la communauté internationale |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220912-tchad-la-r%C3%A9pression-des-militants-de-succ%C3%A8s-masra-fait-r%C3%A9agir-la-communaut%C3%A9-internationale |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}}

In October 2022, protests broke out within Chad after Déby publicly announced his intention to extend his rule by a further two years, reconstituting the CMT as the National Transitional Council (CNT), rather than transferring power to a civilian government as he had originally promised.{{Cite web |date=23 January 2023 |title=Chad: Justice Needed for October Crackdown |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/23/chad-justice-needed-october-crackdown |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno investi président de la transition |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-investi-president-de-la-transition-1324691 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=TV5MONDE |language=fr}} The government's violent response to the protests led to the deaths of at least 50 protestors; Masra put the figure at least 70, with over a thousand tortured or injured.{{Cite news |last=Ramadane |first=Mahamat |date=22 October 2022 |title=Devastated relatives identify victims of Chad's bloody protests |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/devastated-relatives-identify-victims-chads-bloody-protests-2022-10-21/ |access-date=14 October 2023}} Following the protests, Masra went into hiding and subsequently fled to Cameroon before settling in the United States.{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Tchad: l'opposant Succès Masra a annoncé son retour d'exil |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230811-tchad-l-opposant-succ%C3%A8s-masra-a-annonc%C3%A9-son-retour-d-exil |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}}{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Tchad: un mandat d'arrêt international émis contre l'opposant Succès Masra |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231005-tchad-un-mandat-d-arr%C3%AAt-international-%C3%A9mis-contre-succ%C3%A8s-masra |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}}{{Cite web |last=Nemeth |first=Sébastien |date=8 November 2022 |title=Tchad: l'opposant Succès Masra a quitté le pays |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20221108-tchad-l-opposant-succ%C3%A8s-masra-a-quitt%C3%A9-le-pays |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=RFI |language=fr}} In his absence, Les Transformateurs' registration was suspended by the CNT, before it was reinstated in January 2023.{{Cite news |date=21 January 2023 |title=Au Tchad, les partis d'opposition de nouveau autorisés après trois mois de suspension |language=fr |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/01/21/au-tchad-les-partis-d-opposition-de-nouveau-autorises-apres-trois-mois-de-suspension_6158783_3212.html |access-date=14 October 2023}}

On 11 August 2023, Masra announced his intention to return to Chad by 18 October 2023, ahead of the 2023 constitutional referendum. Subsequent posts on social media revealed that the N'Djamena Court of Appeal had issued a previously unknown international arrest warrant against Masra in June 2023, accusing him of "inciting hatred and revolt" and attempting to "undermine constitutional order".{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Chad: Closing Political Space Ahead of Referendum |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/13/chad-closing-political-space-ahead-referendum |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}} Human Rights Watch stated Chad's transitional government threatening an exiled opposition leader with arrest demonstrated that "fundamental freedoms are still very much at risk" in the country ahead of the referendum.

On 16 October 2023, Masra announced he was delaying his return to Chad, stating "increasing threats" from the transitional council.{{Cite web |last=Kindzeka |first=Moki Edwin |date=16 October 2023 |title=Chad's Exiled Opposition Leader Delays Return Home |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chad-s-exiled-opposition-leader-delays-return-home-/7312981.html |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=VOA |language=en}} On 31 October 2023, Masra and the Chadian government signed an agreement brokered by the Economic Community of Central African States permitting Masra to return to Chad after an amnesty was granted to him and other protesters. Some members of the opposition criticised Masra for signing the agreement, accusing him of absolving the government of their accountability concerning their response to the protests.{{Cite web |last=Rondouba |first=Brilliant |date=19 November 2023 |title=Chad: is Succès Masra being rejected by the opposition? |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/11/19/chad-is-succes-masra-being-rejected-by-the-opposition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119131052/https://www.africanews.com/2023/11/19/chad-is-succes-masra-being-rejected-by-the-opposition/ |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Africanews |language=en}} On 1 January 2024, Succès Masra was appointed Prime Minister of Chad.{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Tchad: l'ex-opposant Succès Masra nouveau Premier ministre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20240101-tchad-succ%C3%As-masra-nouveau-premier-ministre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20240101-tchad-succ%C3%A8s-masra-nouveau-premier-ministre |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Radio France Internationale |language=fr}}

On 3 March 2024, Masra announced his candidacy for the presidential election of 6 May 2024.{{Cite web |date=3 March 2024 |title=C'est Officiel : Succès Masra est candidat à la prochaine élection présidentielle. La Rédaction TchadOne |url=https://tchadone.com/post/6726/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Tchad One |language=fr}} He ran as the head of the Les Transformateurs party. {{cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title=Chad's transitional leader General Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno candidate for 2024 elections |url=https://northafricapost.com/74448-74448.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=North Africa Post}} His candidacy was approved by the Constitutional Court.{{Cite web |date= 25 March 2024|title=Chad: Mahamat Deby, Success Masra among 10 cleared candidates for presidential election |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/25/chad-mahamat-deby-opposition-figure-success-masra-cleared-for-may-6-presidential-election/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Africanews |language=en}} On 10 March 2024, he announced that he had accepted his party's nomination of him as its candidate for the presidential election.{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Success Masra declares candidacy for Chad's presidency |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/11/success-masra-declares-candidacy-for-chads-presidency/ |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Africanews |language=en}} It was the first time in Chad's history that a president and a prime minister faced each other in a presidential election.{{Cite web |title=Chad main opposition figures barred as leaders cleared for election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/24/chad-main-opposition-figures-barred-as-leaders-cleared-for-election |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

On 9 May, transitional president Mahamat Déby was declared the winner of the 2024 election by the National Elections Management Agency (ANGE).{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Chad's military ruler declared winner of presidential election, while opposition disputes the result |url=https://apnews.com/article/chad-election-mahamat-deby-itno-b809af55663a06fcdbf9c5ad4251ffe1 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=AP News |language=en}} According to ANGE, Déby won 61.3% of the vote while Masra, won 18.53%.{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Chad's interim leader Déby wins presidential vote, says election body |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240509-chad-interim-leader-d%C3%A9by-wins-presidential-vote-says-election-body |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=France 24 |language=en}} Just prior to the announcement, Masra claimed victory on Facebook, claiming he won a "resounding victory." The results of the election were announced two weeks earlier than expected.{{Cite web |title=Mahamat Déby wins Chad presidential election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz96ezdljl9o |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}

On 22 May, Masra submitted his resignation as prime minister as well as that of the transitional government.{{Cite web |title=Chad's PM Succes Masra submits resignation after junta chief presidential election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240522-chad-s-pm-succes-masra-submits-resignation-after-junta-chief-presidential-election |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=France 24 |date=22 May 2024 |language=en-GB}}

On the early morning of 16 May 2025, Masra was taken from his residence by armed individuals. Prosecutors later confirmed that he had been arrested on charges of inciting hatred following clashes in Logone Occidental Region on 14 May that left 42 people dead.{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Chad's ex-prime minister arrested for 'inciting hatred' |website=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250516-chad-s-ex-prime-minister-arrested-for-inciting-hatred}}

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Category:1982 births

Category:Living people

Category:21st-century Chadian politicians

Category:Chadian economists

Category:Heads of government of Chad

Category:People from N'Djamena

Category:Chadian exiles