Swardspeak
{{Short description|Queer argot in the Philippines}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Language
|name=Swardspeak
|nativename=Bekinese
|ethnicity=Filipino LGBT people
|states= Philippines
|speakers=Filipino gay community
|familycolor=Creole
|fam2=Taglish and Englog
|script=Latin
|iso2=cpe}}
Swardspeak (also known as salitang bakla (lit. 'gay speak'){{Cite news|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-filipino-gayspeak-filipino-gay-lingo/|title=In Focus: The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)|last=Alba|first=Reinerio A.|date=2006-06-05|work=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|access-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030001439/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-filipino-gayspeak-filipino-gay-lingo/|archive-date=2015-10-30|url-status=dead|language=en-PH}} or "gay lingo") is an argot or cant slang derived from Taglish (Tagalog-English code-switching) and used by a number of LGBT people in the Philippines.{{cite web |url= http://unitedsea.blogspot.com/2007/07/deciphering-filipino-gay-lingo.html |title= Deciphering Filipino Gay Lingo|author= Empress Maruja|date= 27 July 2007|publisher= United SEA|accessdate=23 December 2010}}{{cite book|last1=Leap|first1=William|title=Globalization and Gay Language|date=2013|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=350 Main Street, Malden|isbn=978-1-4051-7581-4|pages=558}}
Description
Swardspeak uses elements from Tagalog, English, Spanish, and some from Japanese, as well as celebrities' names and trademark brands, giving them new meanings in different contexts.{{cite web |url= http://www.thepoc.net/thepoc-features/buhay-pinoy/buhay-pinoy-features/6340-gayspeak-not-gor-gays-only.html |title= Gayspeak: Not for gays only |author= Jessica Salao |date= 30 April 2010 |publisher= thepoc.net |access-date= 23 December 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201034008/http://www.thepoc.net/thepoc-features/buhay-pinoy/buhay-pinoy-features/6340-gayspeak-not-gor-gays-only.html |archive-date= 1 December 2010 }} It is largely localized within gay communities, making use of words derived from the local languages, including Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Waray and Bicolano.
Usage
A defining trait of swardspeak slang is that it more often than not immediately identifies the speaker as homosexual, making it easy for people of that orientation to recognize each other. This creates an exclusive group among its speakers and helps them resist cultural assimilation. More recently, even non-members of the gay community have been known to use this way of speaking, e.g. heterosexual members of industries with a significant amount of gay workers such as the fashion and film industries.
Swardspeak as a language is constantly changing, with old phrases becoming obsolete and new phrases frequently entering everyday usage, reflecting changes in their culture and also maintaining exclusivity. The dynamic nature of the language refuses to cement itself in a single culture and allows for more freedom of expression among its speakers. Words and phrases can be created to react to popular trends and create alternatives to a strictly defined lifestyle. By these characteristics, swardspeak creates a dissident group without any ties to geographical, linguistic, or cultural restrictions, allowing its speakers to shape the language as they see fit, with relation to current times. In this way, the language is not only "mobile" and part of a larger community, but also open to more specific or local meanings and interpretations.{{cite web |url= http://bangkok2005.anu.edu.au/papers/Suguitan.pdf |title= A SEMANTIC LOOK AT FEMININE SEX AND GENDER TERMS IN PHILIPPINE GAY LINGO |author= Cynthia Grace B. Suguitan |date= |publisher= University of the Philippines |accessdate= 25 December 2010 |archive-date= 19 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110219075318/http://bangkok2005.anu.edu.au/papers/Suguitan.pdf |url-status= dead }}
Origin
The word "swardspeak", according to José Javier Reyes, was coined by columnist and film critic Nestor Torre in the 1970s. Reyes himself wrote a book on the subject entitled Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study.{{cite web |url= http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=289&subcat=13 |title= The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)|author= Reinerio A. Alba |date= June 5, 2006|publisher=ncca.gov.ph|accessdate=24 December 2010}} "Sward" is an outdated slang for 'gay male' in the Philippines.{{cite web |url= http://badinggerzie.blogspot.com/2005/05/gay-speaks-on-swardspeak.html |title= GAY SPEAKS on "SWARDSPEAK" |author= |date= May 13, 2005|publisher= badinggerzie.blogspot.com|accessdate=24 December 2010}}{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|date=January 2018|reason=The source used is a blog.}} The origin of the individual words and phrases, however, has existed longer and come from a variety of sources.{{cite journal |url= https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/kk/article/view/1503|title= Gay Language: Defying the Structural Limits of English Language in the Philippines |author= Norberto V. Casabal |date= August 2008|journal= Kritika Kultura |issue= 11 |pages= 74–101 |accessdate=December 4, 2019}}
Conventions
Swardspeak is a form of slang (and therefore highly dynamic, as opposed to colloquialisms) that is built upon preexisting languages. It deliberately transforms or creates words that resemble words from other languages, particularly English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and German. It is colorful, witty, and humorous, with vocabularies derived from popular culture and regional variations.{{cite web |url= http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/views-and-analysis/05/05/08/philippine-gay-lingo-danton-remoto |title= On Philippine gay lingo |author=Danton Remoto |date= 2008-05-05|publisher= abs-cbnnews.com|accessdate=25 December 2010}} It is unintelligible to people not familiar with the Filipino gay culture or who do not know the rules of usage.{{cite web |url= http://philippines-butchokoy.blogspot.com/2008/11/gay-lingo-made-in-philippines.html |title= Gay Lingo (Made in the Philippines)|author=|date= November 16, 2008|publisher= doubletongued.org|accessdate=23 December 2010}} There is no standardized set of rules, but some of the more common conventions are shown below:{{cite web |url= http://unitedsea.blogspot.com/2007/07/deciphering-filipino-gay-lingo.html |title= Deciphering Filipino Gay Lingo|author= Empress Maruja|date= 27 July 2007|publisher= United SEA|accessdate=23 December 2010}}
- Replacing the first letter/syllable of words with the letter "J"/"Sh" or the syllables "Jo-"/"Sho-" or "Ju-"/"Shu-".
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word ! scope="col" width="400" |Language of origin |
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|Jowa (variant diminutive: Jowabelle/Jowabels) |Asawa (spouse, usually female) |
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|Gora (variant diminutive: Gorabelle/Gorabels) |to go (to a place) |English |
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|Shupatembang, Shupated, Jupiter |Kapatíd (sibling) |Tagalog |
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|Shunga |Tangá (idiot) |Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon |
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|Julalay |Alalay (assistant) |Tagalog |
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- Replacing the first letter/syllable of words with "Ky-" or "Ny-".
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word ! scope="col" width="400" |Language of origin |
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|Kyota |Batà (child) |Tagalog |
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|Nyorts |Shorts |
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|Nyormville |English |
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|Kyoho |Mabahò (stinking) |Tagalog |
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- Replacing the end syllable of words with "-ash", "-is", "-iz", "-ish", "-itch", "-ech", "-ush", or "-oosh" as a diminutive or augmentative suffix.
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word ! scope="col" width="400" |Language of origin |
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|Jotis (a very small amount) |Jutay (a small amount) |
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|Jubis (very fat) |obese |English |
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|Jomba |fat |English |
--
|Taroosh (very bitchy) |Taray (bitchy) |Tagalog |
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|Baboosh (goodbye) |Babay/Bye-bye |
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|Itech (this) |Itó (this) |Tagalog |
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|Sinetch (who) |Sinó (who) |Tagalog |
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|Anech? (what, usually exclamatory) |Anó? (what) |Tagalog |
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- Replacing "a", "o", or "u" sounds with "or", "er", or "ur", especially directly before or after the consonant "l".
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word ! scope="col" width="400" |Language of origin |
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|Haller/Heller |Hello |English |
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|Kalurkey |Kaloka (insanely [entertaining], maddening, crazy) |Tagalog (from Spanish loca) |
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|Gander |Gandá (beautiful) |Tagalog |
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|Walley |Walâ (nothing) |Tagalog |
- Inverting the letter order of a word, similar to Tagalog syllable switching slang. It is predominantly used in Cebuano swardspeak.{{cite web |url= http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=289&subcat=13 |title= The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)|author= Reinerio A. Alba |date= June 5, 2006|publisher= ncca.gov.ph|accessdate=24 December 2010}}
class="wikitable" |
---
! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word ! scope="col" width="400" |Language of origin |
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|Ilij (no, not) |Dili (no, not) |Cebuano |
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|Bayu (lover, boyfriend) |Uyab (lover) |Cebuano |
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|Nial (bad, unpleasant) |Lain (bad, unpleasant) |Cebuano, Hiligaynon |
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- Word play, puns, malapropisms, code-switching, onomatopoeic words that resemble preexisting words, and deliberately incorrect Anglicization of words.
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word(s) ! scope="col" width="400" |Language of origin |
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|Crayola (to cry, to be sad) |Cry |English |
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|Antibiotic (obnoxious, unpleasant) |Antipátika (obnoxious, unpleasant) |Tagalog (from Spanish antipática) |
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|Liberty (free) |Libre (free) |Tagalog (from Spanish libre) |
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|Career/Karír ('to take seriously', in the sense of "they turned it into their career", used as a verb, e.g. karirin, "to career", kinareer) |Career |English |
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|Fillet O'Fish (to be attracted to someone) |Feel (to sympathize) |English |
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|Kapé / Capuccino / Coffeemate (to be realistic) |'Wake up and smell the coffee.' (a humorous corruption of 'Wake up and smell the roses') |
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|Thundercats (old, or the elderly, particularly old gay men) |Matandà (old) |Tagalog |
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|Chiminey Cricket (housemaid) |Deliberate corruption of Jiminy Cricket, Chimáy (Tagalog slang for housemaid) |Tagalog |
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|Warla (war, fight, quarrel) |War |English |
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|Nota (penis) |Description as musical note |Tagalog |
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|Pocahontas (prostitute) |Pokpok (slang for 'prostitute') |Tagalog |
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|Pagoda Cold Wave Lotion (tired, exhausted) |A locally available brand of cold wave lotion for setting permanent waves, and pagód (tired, exhausted) |Tagalog |
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|Mudra (mother, also used to refer to female friends with children) |Madre (mother) |
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|Pudra (father, also used to refer to male friends with children) |Padre (father) |
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|Hammer (prostitute) |Pokpok (slang for 'prostitute), Pokpok (onomatopoeic Tagalog word 'to pound', 'to hammer') |Tagalog, English |
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|Biyuti/Beyooti (beautiful, pretty) |Beauty, word play of Cebuano bayot ('gay') |English, Cebuano |
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|Silahis (bisexual male, often flamboyant) |Silahis ([sun]beam, ray) |Tagalog |
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|Boyband (fat kid) |A pun on Tagalog baboy ('pig') |Tagalog, English |
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|G.I. Joe (A foreign lover, particularly American) |Acronym for 'Gentleman Idiot' |English |
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|Opposition Party (a social occasion with a lot of expected problems) |Pun on political opposition |English |
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|Egyptian Airlines (jeepney) |jeepney, jeep (or dyip in Tagalog) |English |
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|Geisha (he is gay) |gay siya |English, Tagalog |
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- References to popular culture, usually celebrities or TV shows. They can be selected to replace a word in reference to the things they were famous for, simply because parts of the words rhyme, or both.
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Original word or concept ! scope="col" width="400" |Derived from |
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|Julie Andrew (to be caught cheating) |Hulì (Tagalog, 'to be caught') |'Julie' rhymes with 'Huli', and references the British actress Julie Andrews |
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|Gelli de Belén (jealous) |Jealous |
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|Winnie Cordero (to win, have won) |Win |
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|Luz Valdez (to lose, have lost) |Lose |
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|Toy Story (toy, or any other kind of plaything) |toy |
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|Julanis Morissette (raining) |ulan (Tagalog, 'rain') |
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|Jinit Jackson (hot weather) |init (Tagalog, 'hot') |
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|Tommy Lee Jones / Tom Jones (hungry) |Tom-guts (Tagalog syllable switching slang for gutóm, hungry) |
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|Stress Drilon (stress) |stress |
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|Haggardo Versoza (haggard) |haggard (exhausted, tired) |
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|X-Men (formerly appearing to be heterosexual, coming out, especially from being hypermasculine to effeminate) |'Ex-man' |
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|Fayatollah Kumenis (thin) |Payát (Tagalog, 'thin') |
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|Barbra Streisand (to be rejected bluntly, blocked) |Bará (Tagalog, 'to block', including verbally) |
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|Muriah Carrey (cheap) |Mura (Tagalog, 'cheap') |
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|Lupita Kashiwahara (cruel) |Lupít (Tagalog, 'cruel') |Lupita Aquino-Kashiwahara (A Filipina film and television director, and sister of assassinated Senator Benigno Aquino Jr.) |
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|Carmi Martin (karma) |Karma |
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|Rita Gómez (irritating, annoying) |Nakaka-iritá (Tagalog, 'irritating') |
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|Mahalia Jackson (expensive) |Mahál (Tagalog 'expensive', 'precious', 'dear') |
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|Anaconda (traitor, to betray) |Ahas (Tagalog slang, 'to betray', literally 'snake') |Anaconda (film) |
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|Badinger Z (homosexual) |Badíng (Tagalog derogatory slang 'homosexual') |Mazinger Z (anime) |
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|Taxina Hong Kingston (to wait for a taxicab) |Taxi |
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|Noël Coward (No) |No |
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|Oprah Winfrey (promise) |Promise |
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|Sharon Cuneta (yes, sure) |Sure |
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|Mag-Sharon (To Sharon) |Take home leftover food from parties. Derived from the lines "Balutin mo ako sa liwanag ng iyong pagmamahal" (Wrap me in the light of your love) of Cuneta's single Bituing Walang Ningning.{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2023 |title=Sharon Cuneta sings 'Balutin mo ako' while taking out food at birthday party |work=GMA News |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/901061/sharon-cuneta-sings-balutin-mo-ako-while-taking-out-food-at-birthday-party/story/}}{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Rhea Manila |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Sharon Cuneta reacts to the viral ‘Balutin Mo Ako’ meme |work=ABS-CBN |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/2023/7/6/sharon-cuneta-reacts-to-the-viral-balutin-mo-ako-meme-907}} |
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|Jesus Christ Superstar |
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|Optimus Prime (Fashion makeover, to change into more fashionable clothing) |Transformation |
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|Churchill (high society) |Sosyál |
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- Borrowed words from other languages, particularly long disused Spanish words in the Philippines (which has feminine forms of words preferred in swardspeak that is absent in most Filipino languages), English, and Japanese.{{cite web |url= http://hoowanted.wordpress.com/2009/07/05/gay-lingo-collections/ |title= Gay Lingo Collections|author= |date= July 5, 2009|publisher= |accessdate=23 December 2010}}
class="wikitable" |
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! scope="col" width="200" |Swardspeak ! scope="col" width="200" |Definition ! scope="col" width="400" |Origin |
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|Drama (also means the adjective 'dramatic') |Melodrama, exaggeration, drama [queen] |English |
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|Carry/Keri |To carry [oneself well], manageable |English |
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|Siete Pecados |Nosy, gossipmonger |Spanish, 'seven sins' |
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|Puñeta (also spelt punyeta) |General profanity, roughly equivalent to 'fuck' |Spanish slang, with varying degrees of perceived obscenity. Literally 'in a fist'. |
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|Chiquito |Small |Spanish, 'small' |
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|Coño (also spelt 'konyo') |High society, especially [affluent] socialites who speak Taglish exclusively |Spanish slang, 'vagina' |
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|Otoko |Manly man |Japanese, 男 (otoko) |
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|Berru |Beer |Japanese, ビール (bīru) |
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|Watashi |Me, I |Japanese, 私 (watashi) |
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Examples
- Translation of the traditional Filipino nursery rhyme Ako ay May Lobo (I have a balloon) into swardspeak.{{cite journal |url= https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/kk/article/view/1503|title= Gay Language: Defying the Structural Limits of English Language in the Philippines |author= Norberto V. Casabal |date= August 2008|journal= Kritika Kultura |issue= 11 |pages= 74–101 |accessdate=December 4, 2019}}
cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center;" |
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! scope="col" width="300" |Original version ! scope="col" width="300" |Translation into swardspeak ! scope="col" width="300" |Approximate English translation |
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|Ako ay may lobo Lumipád sa langit Di ko na nakità Pumutók na palá Sayang lang ang pera, Pinambilí ng lobo Sa pagkain sana, Nabusóg pa ako. |Aketch ai may lobing Flylalou sa heaven Witchels ko na nasightness Jumutók lang pala Sayang lang ang anda Pinang buysung ng lobing Kung lafangertz sana Nabusóg pa aketch |I had a balloon It flew up to the sky I couldn't see it anymore [Didn't know] it had popped Money was just a waste Buying the balloon Had I bought food instead At least I would have been full |
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- Translation of the traditional Filipino nursery rhyme Bahay Kubò (Nipa hut) into swardspeak.
cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center;" |
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! scope="col" width="300" |Original version ! scope="col" width="300" |Translation into swardspeak ! scope="col" width="300" |Approximate English translation{{cite web |url= http://www.mamalisa.com/?t=es&p=1017&c=20 |title= Philippines Children's Songs and Nursery Rhymes|author= Lisa Yannucci |date= |publisher= mamalisa.com|accessdate=25 December 2010}} |
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|Bahay kubò, kahit muntî Ang halaman doón, Ay sari-sarì Singkamás, at talóng, Sigarilyas at manî Sitaw, bataw, patani Kundól, patola, upo’t kalabasa At saka meron pa Labanós, mustasa Sibuyas, kamatis, bawang at luya Sa paligid-ligid Ay puno ng lingá |Valer kuberch, kahit jutey Ang julamantrax denchi, Ay anek-anek. Nyongkamas at nutring, Nyogarilyas at kipay. Nyipay, nyotaw, jutani. Kundol, fyotola, kyupot jolabastrax At mega join-join pa Jobanos, nyustasa, Nyubuyak, nyomatis, nyowang at luyax And around the keme Ay fulnes ng linga. |Nipa hut, though it be small The plants it houses Are sundry and all Jicama and eggplant, Winged bean and peanut String bean, hyacinth bean, lima bean. long gourd and squash, And then there is also white radish, mustard greens, Onion, tomato, Garlic, and ginger And all around Are sesame seeds. |
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See also
{{Portal|Philippines|Language|LGBTQ}}
- Tagalog profanity
- Bahasa Binan, a similar dialect in Indonesia
- Gayle language, an Afrikaans-based gay argot
- IsiNgqumo, a South African gay argot based on the Bantu languages
- Lavender linguistics
- LGBT culture in the Philippines
- LGBT slang
- Manila sound, a musical genre from the Philippines often characterized by the use of swardspeak
- Polari, cant slang used in Britain
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- DV Hart, H Hart. Visayan Swardspeak: The language of a gay community in the Philippines - Crossroads, 1990
- Manalansan, Martin F. IV. “’Performing’ the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context.” Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. Ed. William L Leap. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266
- Manalansan, Martin F. IV. “Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora”, Duke University Press Books, November 19, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-3217-6}}
External links
- [http://www.gaylanguage.com Gay Language]
{{LGBT in the Philippines}}{{LGBTQ|culture=expanded}}
Category:LGBTQ culture in the Philippines