Tacoma, Washington#Mass media and local blogs

{{redirect|Tacoma|the volcano after which the city is named|Mount Rainier|the vehicle|Toyota Tacoma|other uses}}

{{Distinguish|Takoma (Washington, D.C.)|Tecoma, Victoria}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement

| official_name = Tacoma

| settlement_type = City

| nickname = City of Destiny, Grit City

| motto =

| image_skyline = Tacoma aerial, May 2023.png

| imagesize =

| image_caption = Aerial view of Downtown Tacoma with Mount Rainier in the background

| image_flag = Flag of Tacoma, Washington.svg

| image_seal = Seal of Tacoma, Washington.svg

| image_map = Pierce County Washington Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tacoma Highlighted.svg

| mapsize = 250px

| map_caption = Location of Tacoma in
Pierce County and Washington state

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = United States

| subdivision_type1 = State

| subdivision_name1 = Washington

| subdivision_type2 = County

| subdivision_name2 = Pierce

| government_footnotes =

| government_type = Council–manager

| leader_title = Mayor

| leader_name = Victoria Woodards (D)

| established_title = Adopted

| established_date = 1868

| established_title1 = Founded

| established_date1 = 1872

| established_title2 = Incorporated

| established_date2 = November 12, 1875

| named_for = Tahoma

| unit_pref = Imperial

| area_footnotes = {{cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_53.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=July 24, 2022}}

| area_total_km2 = 161.68

| area_land_km2 = 128.76

| area_water_km2 = 32.92

| area_total_sq_mi = 62.42

| area_land_sq_mi = 49.71

| area_water_sq_mi = 12.71

| population_as_of = 2020

| population_est = 222906

| pop_est_as_of = 2023

| pop_est_footnotes = {{cite web |date=May 2024 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 20,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2023 Population: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2023-ANNRNK.xlsx |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=December 23, 2024}}

| population_footnotes =

| population_total = 219346

| population_density_km2 = 1703.53

| population_density_sq_mi = 4412.51

| population_rank = US: 105th
WA: 3rd

| population_urban = 3544011 (Seattle urban area) (US: 13th)

| population_metro = 4034248 (Seattle metropolitan area) (US: 15th)

| population_demonym = Tacoman (plural: Tacomans)

| timezone = Pacific (PST)

| utc_offset = –8

| timezone_DST = PDT

| utc_offset_DST = –7

| elevation_footnotes =

| elevation_ft = 387

| coordinates = {{coord|47|14|45|N|122|27|34|W|region:US-WA_type:city|display=inline,title}}

| postal_code_type = ZIP codes

| postal_code = {{collapsible list|title=Zip codes{{cite web |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action |publisher=USPS |title=Zip Code Lookup |access-date=January 5, 2024}} |frame_style=border:none; padding: 0; |list_style=text-align:center;display:none |98401–98409, 98411–98413, 98415–98419, 98421–98422, 98424, 98430–98431, 98433, 98438–98439, 98443–98448, 98464–98467, 98471, 98481, 98490, 98493, 98496–98499}}

| area_code = 253

| area_code_type = Area code

| blank_name = FIPS code

| blank_info = 53-70000

| blank1_name = GNIS feature ID

| blank1_info = 2412025{{GNIS|2412025}}

| website = {{URL|https://cityoftacoma.org}}

| footnotes =

}}

Tacoma ({{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|m|ə}} {{respell|tə|KOH|mə}}) is the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States.{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011}} A port city, it is situated along Washington's Puget Sound, {{convert|32|mi|km}} southwest of Seattle, {{convert|36|mi|km}} southwest of Bellevue, {{convert|31|mi|km}} northeast of the state capital, Olympia, {{convert|58|mi|km}} northwest of Mount Rainier National Park, and {{convert|80|mi|km}} east of Olympic National Park. The city's population was 219,346 at the time of the 2020 census.{{cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Tacoma_city,_Washington?g=160XX00US5370000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 5, 2023}} Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third-most populous in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region, which has a population of about 1 million.

Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, called təˡqʷuʔbəʔ in the Puget Sound Salish dialect, and “Takhoma” in an anglicized version. It is locally known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma's neighboring deep-water harbor, Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad, Tacoma's motto became "When rails meet sails". Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington's largest port. The city gained notoriety in 1940 for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which earned the nickname "Galloping Gertie" due to the vertical movement of the deck during windy conditions.

Like most industrial cities, Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization and divestment. Since the 1990s, downtown Tacoma has experienced a period of revitalization. Developments in the downtown include the University of Washington Tacoma; the T Line (formerly Tacoma Link), the first modern electric light rail service in the state; the state's highest density of art and history museums; and a restored urban waterfront, the Thea Foss Waterway.

History

=Early history=

Image:Mount Rainier overlooking the Port of Tacoma.jpg, 2009]]

The area was inhabited for thousands of years by Native Americans, most recently the Puyallup people, who lived in settlements on the delta.

In 1852, a Swede named Nicolas Delin built a water-powered sawmill on a creek near the head of Commencement Bay, but the small settlement that grew around it was abandoned during the Indian War of 1855–56. In 1864, pioneer and postmaster Job Carr, a Civil War veteran and land speculator, built a cabin (which also served as Tacoma's first post office; a replica was built in 2000 near the original site in "Old Town").{{cite web |url=http://www.jobcarrmuseum.org/ |title=Job Carr Cabin Museum |website=Job Carr Cabin Museum}} Carr hoped to profit from the selection of Commencement Bay as the terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad, and sold most of his claim to developer Morton M. McCarver (1807–1875), who named his project Tacoma City, derived from the indigenous name for the mountain.

Tacoma was incorporated on November 12, 1875, following its selection in 1873 as the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad due to lobbying by McCarver, future mayor John Wilson Sprague, and others. However, the railroad built its depot in New Tacoma, two miles (3 km) south of the Carr–McCarver development. The two communities grew together and joined, merging on January 7, 1884. The transcontinental link was effected in 1887, and the population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890. Rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was "literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest".{{cite book |first=Caroline Denyer |last=Gallacci |title=The City of Destiny and the South Sound: An Illustrated History of Tacoma and Pierce County |location=Carlsbad, California |publisher=Heritage Media Corp |year=2001 |pages=49}}

File:Commencement Bay Land Improvement Co. business card.jpg

George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century. In 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start and finish line.

In November 1885, white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peacefully living in the city. As described by the account prepared by the Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation, on the morning of November 3, "several hundred men, led by the mayor and other city officials, evicted the Chinese from their homes, corralled them at 7th Street and Pacific Avenue, marched them to the railway station at Lakeview and forced them aboard the morning train to Portland, Oregon. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground."

The discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led to Tacoma's prominence in the region being eclipsed by the development of Seattle.

A major tragedy marred the end of the 19th century, when a streetcar accident resulted in significant loss of life on July 4, 1900.

=Early 20th century=

File:PostcardTacomaWAPacificAveNorthFrom13thStCirca1907.jpg

File:Asarco Tacoma 1909 postcard.jpg

From May to August 1907, the city was the site of a smelter workers' strike organized by Local 545 of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), with the goal of a fifty-cent per day pay raise.{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1907.shtml |title=IWW Yearbook 1907 |last=Hermida |first=Arianne |website=IWW History Project |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=May 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601110035/http://depts.washington.edu/iww/iwwyearbook1907.shtml |archive-date=June 1, 2016 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |author= |date=July 13, 1907 |title=To Whom It May Concern |volume=1 |issue=20 |page=2 |newspaper=Industrial Union Bulletin |url=https://archive.org/details/v1n20-jul-13-1907-iub}} The strike was strongly opposed by the local business community, and the smelter owners threatened to blacklist organizers and union officials. The IWW opposed this move by trying to persuade inbound workers to avoid Tacoma during the strike.{{cite news |author= |date=May 18, 1907 |title=The Strike at Tacoma |volume=1 |issue=12 |page=2 |newspaper=Industrial Union Bulletin |url=https://archive.org/details/v1n12-may-18-1907-iub}} By August, the strike had ended without meeting its demands.

Tacoma was briefly (1915–1922) a major destination for big-time automobile racing, with one of the nation's top-rated racing venues just outside the city limits, at the site of today's Clover Park Technical College.

In 1924, Tacoma's first movie studio, H. C. Weaver Studio, was sited at present-day Titlow Beach. At the time, it was the third-largest freestanding film production space in America, with the two larger facilities being located in Hollywood.{{cite web |url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/companies/H/hcWeaverProdInc.html |title=Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List |website=www.silentera.com}} The production studio was also the first of its kind in the Pacific Northwest{{cite book |last1=Stover |first1=Karla |title=Hidden History of Tacoma: Little-Known Tales from the City of Destiny |date=2012 |publisher=The History Press |location=Charleston, SC |isbn=978-1-60949-470-4 |pages=125}} The first film produced in Tacoma was Hearts and Fists, which starred John Bowers and premiered at Tacoma's Rialto Theater. The studio's importance has undergone a revival with the discovery of one of its most famous lost films, Eyes of the Totem.

{{wide image|Asahel Curtis panorama of Tacoma manufacturing district and tide flats, 1912 (cropped to rectangle).jpeg|1000px|Tacoma manufacturing district and tide flats, 1912.}} In 1932, the studios burned to the ground in a mysterious fire, and the production facility was never rebuilt. Several films were destroyed in the fire as old nitrate-based film did not survive.

=The Great Depression=

The 1929 crash of the stock market, resulting in the Great Depression, was only the first event in a series of misfortunes to hit Tacoma in the winter of 1929–30. In one of the coldest winters on record, Tacoma experienced mass power outages and eventually the shutdown of major power supply dams, leaving the city without sufficient power and heat.Hollywood-on-the-Tide flats, 1938. Richard Studio Collection, Northwest Room Tacoma Public Library, Tacoma, WA. During the 30-day power shortage in the winter of 1929 and 1930, the engines of the aircraft carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}} provided Tacoma with electricity.{{cite web |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5113 |title=U.S.S. Lexington provides electricity to Tacoma beginning about on December 17, 1929 |website=HistoryLink.org}}[http://www.thenewstribune.com/2012/12/22/2411474/when-a-giant-ship-powered-tacoma.html In late 1929, Tacoma had no electricity; the USS Lexington brought the power] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130630105807/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2012/12/22/2411474/when-a-giant-ship-powered-tacoma.html|date=June 30, 2013}}

A power grid failure paired with a newly rewritten city constitution – put into place to keep political power away from a single entity such as the railroad – created a standstill in the ability to further the local economy. Local businesses were affected as the sudden stop of loans limited progression of expansion and renewal funds for maintenance, leading to foreclosures.{{cite book |last=Mullins |first=William H. |title=The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929–1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland. Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1991}} Families across the city experienced the fallout of economic depression as breadwinners sought to provide for their families. Shanty-town politics began to develop as the destitute needed some form of leadership to keep the peace.{{cite journal |last=Schmid |first=Calvin F. |title=Social Trends in Seattle, 1944 |journal=University of Washington Publications in the Social Sciences |volume=14 |date=1944 |pages=286–293 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/depress/resources/Jessie%20Jackson_The%20Story%20of%20Hooverville/Jackson_Story%20of%20Hooverville.pdf}}

==Hooverville==

At the intersection of Dock Street EXD and East D Street in the train yard, a shanty town became the solution to the growing scar of the depression. Tacoma's Hooverville grew in 1924 as the homeless community settled on the waterfront.Tacoma News Tribune. Tacoma Hooverville Archive, September 4, 1940 – July 24, 1974. Northwest Room Special Collections and Archives, Tacoma Public Library. Tacoma, Washington.Tacoma Daily Ledger. Tacoma Hooverville Archive, July 18, 1924 – September 4, 1940. Northwest Room Special Collections and Archives, Tacoma Public Library. Tacoma, Washington. In 1927, Tacoma's Hooverville was coined "Hollywood" due to the type of crimes at the camp. The population boomed in November 1930 through early 1931 as families from the neighboring McKinley and Hilltop areas were evicted.

Collecting scraps of metal and wood from local lumber stores and recycling centers, families began building shanties (shacks) for shelter. By 1934, alcoholism and suicide were a common event in the Hooverville that eventually led to its nickname of "Hollywood on the Tide Flats", because of the Hollywood-style crimes and events taking place in the camp.{{explain|date=May 2017|reason=What was a "Hollywood-style crime" of the 1930s?}}

In 1935, Tacoma received national attention when George Weyerhaeuser, the nine-year-old son of prominent lumber industry executive J.P. Weyerhaeuser, was kidnapped{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/weyer/weyer.htm |title=Famous Cases: The Weyerhaeuser Kidnapping |work=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=March 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312011205/http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/weyer/weyer.htm |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |url-status=live}} while walking home from school. FBI agents from Portland handled the case, in which a ransom of $200,000 secured the release of the victim. Four persons were apprehended and convicted; the last to be released was paroled from McNeil Island in 1963. George Weyerhaeuser went on to become chairman of the board of the Weyerhaeuser Company.

In 1940, after eviction notices failed, the police department attempted to burn down Hooverville.

In 1956, the last occupant of "Hollywood" was evicted and the police used fire to level the grounds and make room for industrial growth.Anderson, Hilary. "A Tale of Two Shantytowns." Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History 26, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 10-14. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost.

=Post-WWII=

In 1951, an investigation by a state legislative committee revealed widespread corruption in Tacoma's government, which had been organized commission-style since 1910. Voters approved a mayor and city-manager system in 1952.

Tacoma was featured prominently in the garage rock sound of the mid-1960s with bands including The Wailers and The Sonics. The surf rock band The Ventures were also from Tacoma.

Downtown Tacoma experienced a long decline through the mid-20th century. Harold Moss, later the city's mayor, characterized late-1970s Tacoma as looking "bombed out" like "downtown Beirut" (a reference to the Lebanese Civil War that occurred at that time); "Streets were abandoned, storefronts were abandoned and City Hall was the headstone and Union Station the footstone" on the grave of downtown.Erik Hanberg, [http://www.weeklyvolcano.com/2008-12-24/cover/3189/ An Exercise in Hope, Faith, Vision, and Guts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225183541/http://www.weeklyvolcano.com/2008-12-24/cover/3189/ |date=December 25, 2008}}, Weekly Volcano (Tacoma), December 24, 2008. Accessed online December 4, 2009.

The first local referendums in the U.S. on computerized voting occurred in Tacoma in 1982 and 1987. On both occasions, voters rejected the computer voting systems that local officials sought to purchase. The campaigns, organized by Eleanora Ballasiotes, a conservative Republican, focused on the vulnerabilities of computers to fraud.{{cite news |first=Ronnie |last=Dugger |title=Counting Votes |work=New Yorker |date=November 7, 1988}}

In 1998, Tacoma installed Click! Network, a high-speed fiber optic network throughout the community. The municipally owned power company, Tacoma Power, wired the city. In response, the State of Washington passed RCW 54.16.330 in 2000,{{cite web |url=https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/1999-00/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/6675-S.SL.pdf |title=SUBSTITUTE SENATE BILL 6685, WA 56th Legislature, 2000 Regular Session}} effectively preventing further research and development of Click! Network until its repeal in 2021{{cite web |url=https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2021-22/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1336-S.SL.pdf |title=ENGROSSED SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL 1336, WA 67th Legislature, 2021 Regular Session}} during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period of over 20 years.

=Downtown revival=

File:Tacoma WA aerial.jpg]]

Beginning in the early 1990s, city residents and planners took steps to revitalize Tacoma, particularly its downtown. Among the projects were the federal courthouse in the former Union Station (1991); Save Our Station community group; Merritt+Pardini Architect (1991); Reed & Stem Architects (1911); the adaptation of a group of century-old brick warehouses into a branch campus of the University of Washington; the numerous privately financed renovation projects near the campus; the Washington State History Museum (1996), echoing the architecture of Union Station; the Museum of Glass (2002); the Tacoma Art Museum (2003); and the region's first light-rail line (2003).Lawrence W. Cheek, [http://www.seattlepi.com/visualart/218718_architecture05.html On Architecture: Tacoma's downtown renaissance stumbles with the bland Marriott Courtyard], Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 5, 2005. Accessed online December 5, 2009. The glass and steel Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center opened in November 2004.{{cite web |url=http://www.gtctc.org |title=Tacoma GTCTC - Home}} America's Car Museum was completed in late 2011 near the Tacoma Dome.

The Pantages Theater (first opened in 1918) anchors downtown Tacoma's Theatre District. Tacoma Arts Live{{cite web |url=http://www.broadwaycenter.org |title=Broadway Center for the Performing Arts}} manages the Pantages, the Rialto Theater, and the Theatre on the Square. Tacoma Little Theatre (opened in 1918) is northwest of downtown in the Stadium District. Other attractions include the Grand Cinema, McMenamins Elks Temple, and the Landmark Temple Theatre.

Geography

Tacoma has an official elevation of {{convert|381|ft|m}}, varying between sea level and about {{Convert|500|ft|m}}.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of {{convert|62.34|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|49.72|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|12.62|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 25, 2012}}

Tacoma straddles the neighboring Commencement Bay with several smaller cities surrounding it. Large areas of Tacoma have views of Mount Rainier. In the event of a major eruption of Mount Rainier, the low-lying areas of Tacoma near the Port of Tacoma are at risk from a lahar flowing down the Puyallup River.

The city is several miles north of Joint Base Lewis–McChord, formerly known separately as Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base.

=Neighborhoods=

=Climate=

According to the Köppen climate classification, Tacoma has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). The warmest months are July and August; the coldest month is December.

{{Weather box

|location = Tacoma, Washington (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1982–present)

|single line = Y

|collapsed = y

|Jan record high F = 66

|Feb record high F = 68

|Mar record high F = 77

|Apr record high F = 83

|May record high F = 92

|Jun record high F = 105

|Jul record high F = 94

|Aug record high F = 96

|Sep record high F = 89

|Oct record high F = 82

|Nov record high F = 70

|Dec record high F = 68

|year record high F = 105

|Jan avg record high F = 58.2

|Feb avg record high F = 58.8

|Mar avg record high F = 66.1

|Apr avg record high F = 72.6

|May avg record high F = 79.8

|Jun avg record high F = 83.0

|Jul avg record high F = 86.7

|Aug avg record high F = 87.4

|Sep avg record high F = 80.6

|Oct avg record high F = 70.8

|Nov avg record high F = 62.6

|Dec avg record high F = 58.2

|year avg record high F = 89.4

|Jan high F = 48.1

|Feb high F = 50.3

|Mar high F = 54.7

|Apr high F = 59.8

|May high F = 66.5

|Jun high F = 71.1

|Jul high F = 76.8

|Aug high F = 76.9

|Sep high F = 70.7

|Oct high F = 60.7

|Nov high F = 52.4

|Dec high F = 47.3

|year high F = 61.3

|Jan mean F = 42.8

|Feb mean F = 43.9

|Mar mean F = 47.4

|Apr mean F = 51.8

|May mean F = 57.8

|Jun mean F = 62.2

|Jul mean F = 67.0

|Aug mean F = 66.9

|Sep mean F = 61.9

|Oct mean F = 53.7

|Nov mean F = 46.5

|Dec mean F = 42.1

|year mean F = 53.7

|Jan low F = 37.4

|Feb low F = 37.4

|Mar low F = 40.1

|Apr low F = 43.7

|May low F = 49.1

|Jun low F = 53.4

|Jul low F = 57.2

|Aug low F = 57.0

|Sep low F = 53.0

|Oct low F = 46.6

|Nov low F = 40.5

|Dec low F = 36.9

|year low F = 46.0

|Jan avg record low F = 25.6

|Feb avg record low F = 27.2

|Mar avg record low F = 31.2

|Apr avg record low F = 35.4

|May avg record low F = 41.3

|Jun avg record low F = 47.0

|Jul avg record low F = 50.9

|Aug avg record low F = 50.1

|Sep avg record low F = 44.6

|Oct avg record low F = 35.7

|Nov avg record low F = 28.2

|Dec avg record low F = 25.7

|year avg record low F = 21.9

|Jan record low F = 17

|Feb record low F = 11

|Mar record low F = 15

|Apr record low F = 29

|May record low F = 34

|Jun record low F = 37

|Jul record low F = 46

|Aug record low F = 41

|Sep record low F = 34

|Oct record low F = 26

|Nov record low F = 5

|Dec record low F = 6

|year record low F = 5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation inch = 6.03

|Feb precipitation inch = 4.03

|Mar precipitation inch = 4.38

|Apr precipitation inch = 3.39

|May precipitation inch = 2.00

|Jun precipitation inch = 1.42

|Jul precipitation inch = 0.55

|Aug precipitation inch = 0.83

|Sep precipitation inch = 1.57

|Oct precipitation inch = 4.09

|Nov precipitation inch = 6.50

|Dec precipitation inch = 6.02

|year precipitation inch = 40.81

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in

|Jan precipitation days = 19.5

|Feb precipitation days = 15.9

|Mar precipitation days = 17.4

|Apr precipitation days = 14.7

|May precipitation days = 10.6

|Jun precipitation days = 8.3

|Jul precipitation days = 3.4

|Aug precipitation days = 3.9

|Sep precipitation days = 7.0

|Oct precipitation days = 14.3

|Nov precipitation days = 19.5

|Dec precipitation days = 20.4

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 64

|Feb sun = 113

|Mar sun = 186

|Apr sun = 210

|May sun = 248

|Jun sun = 270

|Jul sun = 310

|Aug sun = 279

|Sep sun = 210

|Oct sun = 155

|Nov sun = 60

|Dec sun = 62

|year sun =

|Jand sun = 2

|Febd sun = 4

|Mard sun = 6

|Aprd sun = 7

|Mayd sun = 8

|Jund sun = 9

|Juld sun = 10

|Augd sun = 9

|Sepd sun = 7

|Octd sun = 5

|Novd sun = 2

|Decd sun = 2

|yeard sun =

|Jan percentsun = 22

|Feb percentsun = 39

|Mar percentsun = 50

|Apr percentsun = 51

|May percentsun = 53

|Jun percentsun = 57

|Jul percentsun = 65

|Aug percentsun = 63

|Sep percentsun = 56

|Oct percentsun = 46

|Nov percentsun = 22

|Dec percentsun = 23

|year percentsun =

|source = NOAA,{{cite web |url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sew |title=NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| access-date = July 8, 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00458278.normals.txt |title=WA Tacoma #1 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| access-date = July 8, 2021}} The Weather Channel,{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USWA0441 |title=Monthly Averages for Tacoma, WA – Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=The Weather Channel}} and Weather Atlas (sun and uv){{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/washington-usa/tacoma-climate |title=Monthly weather forecast and climate - Tacoma, WA |publisher=Weather Atlas|access-date=March 28, 2020}}

}}

Demographics

{{US Census population

|1870= 73

|1880= 1098

|1890= 36006

|1900= 37714

|1910= 83743

|1920= 96965

|1930= 106817

|1940= 109408

|1950= 143673

|1960= 147979

|1970= 154407

|1980= 158501

|1990= 176664

|2000= 193556

|2010= 198397

|2020= 219346

|estyear=2023

|estimate=222906

|estref=

|align-fn=center

|footnote=source:Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 333.
U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |author=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 25, 2014}}
2020 Census

}}

=2020 census=

As of the 2020 census, there were 219,346 people and 91,951 households residing in the city.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Tacoma, Washington – Racial and ethnic composition
{{nobold|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.}}

!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)

!Pop 2000{{Cite web |title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Tacoma city, Washington |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US5370000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=February 25, 2024}}

!Pop 2010{{Cite web |title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tacoma city, Washington |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US5370000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=February 25, 2024}}

!{{partial|Pop 2020}}{{Cite web |title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tacoman city, Washington |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US5370000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=February 25, 2024}}

!% 2000

!% 2010

!{{partial|% 2020}}

White alone (NH)

|128,696

|119,981

|style='background: #ffffe6; |120,118

|66.49%

|60.48%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |54.76%

Black or African American alone (NH)

|21,187

|21,222

|style='background: #ffffe6; |21,708

|10.95%

|10.70%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |9.90%

Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)

|3,398

|2,988

|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,910

|1.76%

|1.51%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.33%

Asian alone (NH)

|14,508

|16,013

|style='background: #ffffe6; |19,932

|7.50%

|8.07%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |9.09%

Pacific Islander alone (NH)

|1,740

|2,358

|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,174

|0.90%

|1.19%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.90%

Other race alone (NH)

|504

|394

|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,399

|0.26%

|0.20%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.64%

Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)

|10,261

|13,051

|style='background: #ffffe6; |20,090

|5.30%

|6.58%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |9.16%

Hispanic or Latino (any race)

|13,262

|22,390

|style='background: #ffffe6; |29,015

|6.85%

|11.29%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |13.23%

Total

|193,556

|198,397

|style='background: #ffffe6; |219,346

|100.00%

|100.00%

|style='background: #ffffe6; |100.00%

=2010 census=

As of the 2010 census, there were 198,397 people, 78,541 households, and 45,716 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,864.9|PD/sqmi}}. There were 81,102 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,619.4|/sqmi}}. The racial makeup of the city was 64.9% White (60.5% Non-Hispanic White), 12.2% African American, 8.2% Asian (2.1% Vietnamese, 1.6% Cambodian, 1.3% Korean, 1.3% Filipino, 0.4% Chinese, 0.4% Japanese, 0.2% Indian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai), 1.8% Native American, 1.2% Pacific Islander (0.7% Samoan, 0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), and 8.1% were from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 11.3% of the population (8.1% Mexican, 1.1% Puerto Rican).

There were 78,541 households, of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no spouse present, 5.6% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 41.8% were other families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.10.

The median age in the city was 35.1 years. 23% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

=2000 census=

As of the 2000 census, there were 193,556 people, 76,152 households, and 45,919 families residing in the city. The median income for a household in the city was $37,879, and the median income for a family was $45,567. Males had a median income of $35,820, versus $27,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,130. About 11.4% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.6% of those under the age of 18 and 10.9% of those 65 and older.

=Crime=

{{Infobox UCR

|city_name= Tacoma

|year= 2022

|violent_crime= 3,601

|homicide= 41

|rape= 147

|robbery= 752

|aggravated_assault= 2,661

|property_crime= 19,217

|arson= 243

|burglary= 2,365

|larceny_theft= 11,027

|motor_vehicle_theft= 5,582

|source_url= https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend

|source_name= 2022 FBI UCR Data

|notes= 2022 population: 221,776

}}

According to Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2022, there were 3,601 violent crimes and 19,217 property crimes, for 221,776 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 147 forcible rapes, 41 murders, 752 robberies and 2,661 aggravated assaults, while 2,365 burglaries, 11,027 larceny-thefts, 5,582 motor vehicle thefts and 243 instances of arson defined the property offenses.

Tacoma's Hilltop neighborhood struggled with crime in the 1980s and early 1990s. The beginning of the 21st century has seen a marked reduction in crime, while neighborhoods have enacted community policing and other policies.{{cite news |title=Ash Street shootout: The night that changed Tacoma's Hilltop |url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/story/895048.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204011909/http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/story/895048.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013 |work=The News Tribune |date=September 27, 2009 |last=Robinson |first=Sean}}

Bill Baarsma (mayor, 2002–2010) was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,{{cite web |url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml |title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members|access-date=March 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219174422/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml|archive-date=February 19, 2008|url-status=dead}} a bi-partisan group with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets".

Starting in 2020, during the pandemic, Tacoma's crime started to rise again. In 2022, the city of Tacoma had the highest number of murders in its recorded history, at 45 murders,{{cite web | last=Talbot | first=Peter | title=Bucking national trend, Tacoma recorded its highest tally of homicides on record in 2022 | website=Tacoma News Tribune | date=January 17, 2023 | url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article270902872.html | access-date=November 11, 2024}} which dropped to 34 in 2023.{{cite web | last=Bsanti | first=Puneet | title=Tacoma hit its highest tally of homicides two years ago. 2023 saw a turnaround | website=Tacoma News Tribune | date=January 15, 2024 | url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/crime/article284095848.html | access-date=November 11, 2024}}

Government

The government of the city of Tacoma operates under a council-manager system. The city council consists of an elected mayor (Victoria Woodards) and eight elected council members: five from individual city council districts and three others from the city at-large. All serve four-year terms and are elected in odd-numbered years. The council adopts and amends city laws, approves a two-year budget, establishes city policy, appoints citizens to boards and commissions, and performs other actions. The council also meets in "standing committees", which examine the council's work in more defined areas, such as "Environment & Public Works", "Neighborhoods & Housing", and "Public Safety, Human Services & Education". The council meets as a whole most Tuesdays at 5:00 p.m. in the council chambers at 747 Market St. Meetings are open to the public and provide for public input.

Victoria Woodards began her term as mayor of the City of Tacoma on January 2, 2018. She is Tacoma's third African-American mayor and third female mayor, and the second African-American female mayor. She succeeded Marilyn Strickland, who was elected in 2009, becoming Tacoma's first African-American female mayor.

Normal day-to-day operations of the city government are administered by Tacoma's city manager, who is appointed by the city council. Elizabeth Pauli was appointed Interim City Manager on February 6, 2017.{{cite news |last1=Ruud |first1=Candice |title=Tacoma council picks longtime city attorney as interim city manager |url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/politics-government/article130461494.html|access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=The News Tribune}}{{cite web |title=City Manager Executive Profile |url=https://www.cityoftacoma.org/government/city_departments/City_Managers_Office/city_manager_executive_profile |website=City of Tacoma|access-date=February 24, 2017}} She replaced former manager T. C. Broadnax, who was appointed to the office in January 2012{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftacoma.org/Page.aspx?nid=54 |title=City of Tacoma – City Council |access-date=March 27, 2008 |work=CityOfTacoma.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329124255/http://www.cityoftacoma.org/Page.aspx?nid=54 |archive-date=March 29, 2008}} and left in 2017 to become the city manager of Dallas, Texas.{{cite news |last1=Martinez |first1=Krystina |title=New City Manager T. C. Broadnax Says 'It's A Great Time' To Come To Dallas |url=http://keranews.org/post/new-city-manager-tc-broadnax-says-it-s-great-time-come-dallas|access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=KERA}}

At the federal level, Tacoma is part of two congressional districts. The western and northern portions of the city are part of the 6th District, represented by Emily Randall. The eastern portion is in the 10th District, represented by former Tacoma mayor Marilyn Strickland.{{Cite web |title=Find Your Representative {{!}} house.gov |url=https://www.house.gov/representatives/find-your-representative |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.house.gov}}

Economy

File:Port of Tacoma 8276.JPG, on Commencement Bay, is one of the largest seaports in the Pacific Northwest.]]

Tacoma is the home of several international companies, including staffing company True Blue Inc., lumber company Simpson, and the food companies Roman Meal and Brown and Haley.

Frank C. Mars founded Mars, Incorporated, in 1911 in Tacoma.

Beginning in the 1930s, the city became known for the "Tacoma Aroma", a distinctive, acrid odor produced by pulp and paper manufacturing on the industrial tide flats. In the late 1990s, Simpson Tacoma Kraft reduced total sulfur emissions by 90%. This largely eliminated the problem; where once the odor was ever-present, it is now only noticeable occasionally downtown, primarily when the wind is coming from the east. The mill produces pulpwood and linerboard products; previously owned by St. Regis {{nowrap|Company,{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NpFYAAAAIBAJ&pg=7364%2C3873598 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=3 pulp mills ask compliance extension |date=November 29, 1972 |page=23}}}} the mill was sold to RockTenn in 2014.[http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2014/03/03/simpson-tacoma-kraft-mill-rocktenn.html Georgia company agrees to buy Simpson Tacoma Kraft paper mill] The mill's name changed yet again in 2016 to WestRock and closed on September 30, 2023.{{cite web | url=https://komonews.com/news/local/westrock-company-aroma-of-tacoma-paper-mill-to-close-september-2023-employees-community-impact-high-operating-costs-kraft-pulp-capital-pierce-county-washington-state | title=Tacoma paper mill to halt operations after 90 years, 400 jobs impacted | date=August 23, 2023 }}

U.S. Oil and Refining operates an oil refinery on the tide flats in the Port of Tacoma. Built {{Years or months ago|1952}} in Tacoma in 1952, it refines 39,000 barrels of petroleum per day.

The Tacoma Mall is the largest shopping center in Tacoma. It is owned by Simon Property Group. Anchor tenants include JC Penney, Macy's, and Nordstrom.

An economic setback for the city occurred in September 2009 when Russell Investments, which had been in downtown Tacoma since its inception in 1936, announced it was moving its headquarters to Seattle along with several hundred white-collar jobs.{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldnet.com/business/russell-investments-will-leave-tacoma-for-seattle/ |title=Russell Investments will leave Tacoma for Seattle |work=Everett Herald |agency=Associated Press |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=January 4, 2024}} A large regional office for State Farm occupied the building until 2018 when the building was purchased by the 909 Destiny Fund LLC. The building reopened as a multi-tenant Class A property. The anchor tenant is TOTE Alaska, which announced in 2019 that it would be relocating its Federal Way headquarters to the 909 A Street building's top two floors.{{Cite web |url=https://www.southsoundbiz.com/news/tacoma-s-909-a-street-building-starts-its-second-act/article_49bf747c-becb-5187-890c-33111086f223.html |title=Tacoma's 909 a Street Building Starts its Second Act |work=South Sound Business |last=Peterson |first=Blake |date=March 4, 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2024}}

Hospitals in Tacoma are operated by MultiCare Health System and Franciscan Health System. Hospitals include MultiCare Tacoma General Hospital, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital, MultiCare Allenmore Hospital and St. Joseph Medical Center. The Tacoma–Pierce County Health Department manages public health initiatives across the city and county.

=Top employers=

According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,{{cite web |url=https://www.cityoftacoma.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_6/File/cms/Finance/Financial_Reports/ACFR/2022/2022%20ACFR%20with%20headers%20and%20footers.pdf |title=City of Tacoma 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report |page=286 |date=January 5, 2024}} the largest employers in the city are:

class="wikitable"
#

! Employer

! Type of Business

! # of Employees

! Percentage

1

| Joint Base Lewis–McChord

| Military

| 54,000

| 5.7%

2

| MultiCare Health System

| Health Care

| 8,264

| 0.9%

3

| State of Washington

| Government

| 7,859

| 0.8%

4

| CHI Franciscan Health

| Health Care

| 5,682

| 0.6%

5

| Tacoma Public Schools

| Education

| 3,649

| 0.4%

6

| City of Tacoma

| Government

| 3,623

| 0.4%

7

| Pierce County

| Government

| 3,304

| 0.3%

8

| Puyallup School District

| Education

| 2,711

| 0.3%

9

| Bethel School District

| Education

| 2,689

| 0.3%

10

| Safeway and Albertsons

| Retail Grocery

| 2,153

| 0.2%

|Total employers

|—

|93,934

|9.9%

Parks and recreation

File:Pt Defiance Park 04.jpg]]

Parks and recreation services in and around Tacoma are governed by Metro Parks Tacoma, a municipal corporation established as a separate entity from the city government in 1907. Metro Parks maintains over fifty parks and open spaces in Tacoma.{{cite web |url=http://www.metroparkstacoma.org/page.php?id=8 |title=Metro Parks Tacoma}}

Point Defiance Park, one of the largest urban parks in the country (at 700 acres), is in Tacoma.{{cite web |url=http://wsm.wsu.edu/s/index.php?id=211 |title=On the waterfront :: Winter 2008 :: Washington State Magazine |first=Washington State |last=Magazine}} Scenic Five-Mile Drive allows access to many of the park's attractions, such as Owen Beach, Fort Nisqually, old growth forest trails, and the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium (PDZA). There are many historic structures within the park, including the Pagoda, which was originally built as a streetcar waiting room. It was restored in 1988 and now serves as a rental facility for weddings and private parties.{{cite web |url=http://www.metroparkstacoma.org/page.php?id=62 |title=Metro Parks Tacoma}} The Pagoda was nearly destroyed by fire on August 15, 2011.{{cite web |url=http://www.exit133.com/6223/pagoda-at-point-defiance-park-on-fire-this-morning |title=Exit133 - In Tacoma By Choice |first=Derek |last=Young|access-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141400/http://www.exit133.com/6223/pagoda-at-point-defiance-park-on-fire-this-morning|archive-date=July 29, 2018|url-status=dead}} Repair work began immediately after the fire and continued until January 2013, at which time the Pagoda was reopened for public use.

Ruston Way is a waterfront area along Commencement Bay north of downtown Tacoma that hosts several public parks connected by a multi-use trail and interspersed with restaurants and other businesses. Public parks along Ruston Way include Jack Hyde Park, Old Town Dock, Hamilton Park, Dickman Mill Park, Les Davis Pier, Marine Park, and Cummings Park.{{cite web |url=http://www.metroparkstacoma.org/page.php?id=19 |title=Metro Parks Tacoma}} The trail is used by walkers, runners, cyclists, and other recreationalists. There are several beaches along Ruston Way with public access, some of which are also popular for scuba diving.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Another large park in Tacoma is Wapato Park, which has a lake and walking trails that circle the lake. Wapato is in Tacoma's south end, at Sheridan and 72nd St.

Titlow Beach, at the end of 6th Avenue, is also a scuba diving area.

File:Tacoma, WA - Wright Park 01.jpg]]

Wright Park, near downtown, is a large, English-style park designed in the late 19th century by Edward Otto Schwagerl and Ebenezer Rhys Roberts. It contains Wright Park Arboretum and the W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory. This historic park is also the home of local festivals such as Ethnic Fest,[http://www.metroparkstacoma.org/ethnicfest MetroParksTacoma – Ethnic Fest] Out in the Park (Tacoma's Pride festival[http://tacomapride.org/ TacomaPride – Pride Festival]), and the Tacoma Hempfest (Tacoma's annual gathering advocating decriminalization of marijuana).

Jefferson Park in North Tacoma is the location of a new sprayground, an area designed to be a safe and unique play area where water is sprayed from structures or ground sprays and then drained away before it can accumulate.

Frost Park in downtown Tacoma is often utilized for sidewalk chalk contests. Don Pugnetti Park was the site of an Occupy Wall Street encampment.

In response to the Tacoma area's growing dog population and stricter leash laws in many areas, dog parks have begun to be established. Rogers Off-Leash Dog Park is a metro public park established in 1949.{{cite web |url=http://www.metroparkstacoma.org/page.php?id=26 |title=Metro Parks Tacoma |website=www.metroparkstacoma.org}}

Architecture

Tacoma includes several landmarks and was home to prolific architects, including Everett Phipps Babcock, Frederick Heath, Ambrose J. Russell, and Silas E. Nelsen.

Two suspension bridges span a narrow section of the Puget Sound called the Tacoma Narrows. The Tacoma Narrows Bridges link Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Kitsap Peninsula. The failure of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which was the third-longest suspension bridge in the world, is a famous case study in architecture textbooks.

=Historic landmarks=

{{See also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Pierce County, Washington#Tacoma}}

Image:Fireboat1-ruston-way-tacoma.jpg]]

Tacoma has many properties that are listed on the City of Tacoma Register of Historic Places, the Washington State Heritage Register, and the National Register of Historic Places.

The city of Tacoma has an active municipal historic preservation program, which includes 165 individual city landmarks and over 1,000 historic properties included within five locally regulated historic overlay zones.

Engine House No. 9 is a fire station built in 1907. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The building houses a pub and microbrewery.

Stadium High School and the Stadium Bowl, part of the Tacoma School District, provided a setting for the movie 10 Things I Hate About You.{{relevance inline|date=May 2017|reason=does this qualify it as a "Historic landmark"?}}

Fireboat No. 1 rests on a permanent dry berth at a public beach near Tacoma's Old Town neighborhood. It was built in 1929 for the Port of Tacoma by the Coastline Shipbuilding Company, and served for 54 years in waterfront fire protection, harbor security patrols, search and rescue missions, and water pollution control. It is one of only five fireboats designated as a National Historic Landmark. Visitors are able to walk around her exterior, but her interior is closed to the public.

File:East 21st Street Bridge, Tacoma at night.jpg, 2006]]

William Ross Rust House is a home in Colonial/Classic Revival style, built in 1905 by Ambrose J. Russell (architect) and Charles Miller (contractor).

Murray Morgan Bridge is a 1911 steel lift bridge across the Thea Foss Waterway; in 2007, it was closed to automobile traffic due to its deteriorating condition but was reopened to all traffic in February 2013 following a substantial rehabilitation.

Other notable buildings include the National Realty Building, Lincoln High School, Rhodes House, Pythian Temple, Perkins Building, Tacoma Dome, and Rhodesleigh. The Luzon Building and Nihon Go Gakko school house have been demolished, and the MV Kalakala was scrapped in early 2015. University of Puget Sound, Cushman Dam No. 1, Cushman Dam No. 2, Rialto Theater, and Union Station are also noteworthy.

{{wide image|Tacoma-Panorama.jpg|1400px|alt=Panorama of Tacoma from the McKinley neighborhood with the Tacoma Dome in the foreground and Puget Sound in the background.}}

Education

File:Tacoma - Stadium High School 04.jpg]]

The majority of Tacoma is within the boundaries of Tacoma Public Schools.{{cite map |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53053_pierce/DC20SD_C53053.pdf |title=2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Pierce County, WA |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=July 20, 2022 |pages=1-2 (PDF p. 2-3)}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53053_pierce/DC20SD_C53053_SD2MS.txt Text list] The district contains 36 elementary schools, eleven middle schools, and 10 high schools, including three non-traditional high schools (SAMi, SOTA, and iDEA) and two alternative high schools (Oakland and Willie Stewart Academy). Tacoma is also home to three charter public schools: SOAR Academy (elementary), Green Dot Destiny (middle) and Summit Olympus (high) school.{{Cite web |url=https://www.tacomaschools.org/schools/Pages/default.aspx |title=Schools |website=www.tacomaschools.org |language=en-US|access-date=October 1, 2017}}

Henry Foss High School operates an International Baccalaureate program. Sheridan Elementary School operated three foreign-language immersion programs (Spanish, French, and Japanese). Mount Tahoma High School opened a new building in South Tacoma in the fall of 2004. Stadium High School and Wilson High School were remodeled/refurbished and reopened in September 2006.

Tacoma School of the Arts, opened in 2001 in downtown Tacoma, is an arts-focused high school that serves as a national model for educational innovation. SOTA is a public school, part of the Tacoma Public Schools, and is one of the nation's first schools to implement standards-based instruction, influencing the design of many schools in the nation. SOTA is in multiple venues around Downtown Tacoma and uses Community Museums and Universities for instructional space. In 2009, SOTA's staff expanded to a second, STEM-based high school located in Point Defiance Park, the Science and Math Institute (SAMI). In 2017, the school district opened a third non-traditional high school in the same vein as SAMI and SOTA, called iDEA (Industrial Design, Engineering, and Art) in south Tacoma. SAMI and SOTA are the only schools in Tacoma to offer University of Washington in the Classroom college credit options from the University of Washington.

Lincoln High School reopened in the fall of 2007 after a $75 million renovation and expansion.{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/columnists/callaghan/story/27561.html |title=History intact at renovated Lincoln High |work=The News Tribune |date=March 22, 2007 |access-date=March 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165548/http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/columnists/callaghan/story/27561.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/story/157162.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919013030/http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/story/157162.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |title=It's awesome, say Abes |work=The News Tribune |date=September 16, 2007}}

File:Annie Wright School pano.jpg]]

Other school districts with territory covering parts of Tacoma are: Clover Park School District, Fife Public Schools, Franklin Pierce School District, and University Place School District.

The area also has numerous private schools, including Evergreen Lutheran High School, the Annie Wright Schools, Bellarmine Preparatory School, Life Christian Academy, Charles Wright Academy, Covenant High School, and Parkland Lutheran School.

Tacoma's institutions of higher learning include the University of Puget Sound, Tacoma Community College, City University of Seattle-Tacoma, Bates Technical College, Corban University School of Ministry/Tacoma Campus, as well as satellite campuses of The Evergreen State College and the University of Washington. Pacific Lutheran University is in Parkland, just south of the city; nearby Lakewood is the home of Clover Park Technical College and Pierce College.

Arts and culture

The Tacoma city government adopted a percent for art ordinance in 1975 to allocate one percent of construction costs on major projects towards the commissioning or purchase of public artwork. The program was repealed in 1985 following controversy over the use of neon art in the Tacoma Dome. It was managed by the Tacoma Arts Commission and later a combined city–council arts commission, but was not enforced for most of its existence.{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Cheryl |date=April 22, 1984 |title=1% for Art: Whether you love it or loathe it, it's helping local artists and business |page=E1 |work=The News Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-1-for-art-whether-you/160991324/ |via=Newspapers.com |accessdate=December 15, 2024}}{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Don |date=November 14, 1985 |title=Tacoma voters brush aside ordinance requiring spending on art |page=B5 |work=The Seattle Times}} By 1986, the city had 136 pieces of public artwork.{{cite news |date=June 20, 1986 |title=Free: View 136 pieces of public art in Tacoma. |pages=10–11 |work=The News Tribune}} The percent for art program was reinstated in March 2000.{{cite news |last=Graves |first=Jen |date=March 8, 2000 |title=Tacoma restores 1 percent for art |page=B1 |work=The News Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-tacoma-restores-1-perce/160991512/ |via=Newspapers.com |accessdate=December 15, 2024}}{{cite web |title=Public Art |url=https://www.cityoftacoma.org/government/city_departments/community_and_economic_development/arts___cultural_vitality_division/public_art |publisher=City of Tacoma |accessdate=December 15, 2024}}

  • The Museum of Glass has a structure standing near the Thea Foss Waterway; the steel cone of the hot shop (glassblowing studio) is one of the most recognizable structures in the city.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} It is connected to the rest of the Museum District by the Bridge of Glass, which features works by Tacoma native glass artist Dale Chihuly.
  • LeMay-America's Car Museum opened in June 2012 and displays 300 vehicles in various exhibits on vintage to modern automobiles. The museum pays respects to Harold LeMay's collection, one of the world's largest, with a permanent display entitled "Lucky's Garage". The rest of Harold LeMay's collection can be viewed at the Marymount Event Center, home of the LeMay Family Collection Foundation.
  • Tacoma Art Museum was founded in 1935 and reopened in 2003 in a new building on Pacific Avenue in Tacoma – forming the "museum district" with the Museum of Glass and Washington State History Museum. It is considered{{according to whom|date=May 2017}} a model for mid-sized regional museums.
  • Foss Waterway Seaport is a heritage museum that features hands-on displays, a wooden boat shop, as well as a functional dock. The Museum houses the greatest collection of marine history in the South Sound. The seaport museum today is equal parts education facility, boat shop, maritime museum, dock, moorage, and iconic events venue.{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Foss Waterway Seaport |url=https://www.fosswaterwayseaport.org/about-foss-waterway-seaport |access-date=April 17, 2024 |website=www.fosswaterwayseaport.org}}
  • Fort Nisqually Fort Nisqually, the first globally connected settlement on the Puget Sound, was established in 1833 by the Hudson's Bay Company as a fur trading outpost. Originally located in what is now DuPont, WA. The Fort you see today was reconstructed in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Civic-minded citizens preserved and donated two of the original structures, the Factor's House and Granary, to the Metropolitan Park District of Tacoma. The museum gives residents and visitors a chance to experience what life was like on Puget Sound in 1855.{{Cite web |title=FORT NISQUALLY |url=https://www.metroparkstacoma.org/place/fort-nisqually-living-history-museum/}}
  • Buffalo Soldiers Museums The museum presents varied accounts of the many challenges and triumphs of the brave African American men who served their country and helped to build and strengthen the Western Frontier with integrity, devotion and pride. The museum is one of only two of its kind in the country dedicated to honoring the Buffalo Soldiers, the other being the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum in Houston.{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.buffalosoldierstacoma.org/about.html |access-date=April 17, 2024 |website=Buffalo Soldiers - 9th and 10th Horse Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers Museum |language=en}}
  • Washington State History Museums (WSHM), is a part of The Washington State Historical Society, the WSHM partners with our communities to explore how history connects us all.{{Cite web |title=About |website=Washington State Historical Society |url=https://www.washingtonhistory.org/about/}}
  • Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium, Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium (PDZA) is the only combined zoo and aquarium in the Pacific Northwest. It is nationally accredited by the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA), which ensures rigorously high standards of animal welfare, veterinary care, conservation, education and more. The Zoo sits within 700-acre Point Defiance Park, offering views of Mount Rainier, the Olympic Mountains and Puget Sound. PDZA is operated by Metro Parks Tacoma, the oldest independent park district in Washington.{{Cite web |title=About Us at Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium: team, mission, vision, history |url=https://www.pdza.org/connect/about/ |access-date=April 17, 2024 |website=Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium |language=en-US}}

File:Pantages Theater.jpg circuit founded by Alexander Pantages]]

  • Tacoma Arts Live is home to three theaters, two of which are on the National Register of Historic Places. They are home to the Tacoma Opera, Tacoma Symphony Orchestra, Northwest Sinfionetta, Tacoma City Ballet, Tacoma Concert Band, Tacoma Philharmonic, Tacoma Youth Symphony, Theatre Northwest, and Puget Sound Revels (one of ten Revels organizations nationwide).
  • The Tacoma Film Festival takes place annually at the Grand Cinema.
  • Tacoma is home to the first modern legal American marijuana farmers' market[https://archive.today/20130216014845/http://www.farmersmarketonline.com/fm/TacomaCannabisFarmersMarket.html "Tacoma Cannabis Farmers Market"], Farmer's Market Online. Retrieved January 27, 2013.[http://www.cannabisfarmersmarkets.com/About-Us.html "About Us"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129064201/http://www.cannabisfarmersmarkets.com/About-Us.html |date=January 29, 2013 }}, Cannabis Farmer's Market. Retrieved January 27, 2013. and also the home to the first needle and syringe programmes in the nation.{{Cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Susan G. |last2=Purchase |first2=Dave |date=2001-04-01 |title=Point Defiance: a case study of the United States' first public needle exchange in Tacoma, Washington |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395900000748 |journal=International Journal of Drug Policy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1016/S0955-3959(00)00074-8 |pmid=11275503 |issn=0955-3959}}
  • The Tacoma farmers' market runs every Thursday, from May through October, in the Theatre District; it was established in 1990. There is also a seasonal farmers' market in the Proctor District (along Sixth Avenue).{{cite news |last=Sherred |first=Kristine |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Here are 13 farmers markets in Pierce, Thurston counties for local produce, bite of lunch |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/entertainment/restaurants/tnt-diner/article289191509.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=December 15, 2024}}
  • Tacoma hosts part of the annual four-part Daffodil Parade, which takes place every April in Tacoma, Puyallup, Sumner, and Orting.
  • Shakespeare in the Parking Lot performs the works of William Shakespeare in non-traditional venues and provides theatre education{{cite news |last=Ponnekanti |first=Rosemary |date=November 11, 2006 |title=Parking Lot provides creatively corporate 'Hamlet' |page=E9 |work=The News Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-parking-lot-provides-cr/160991043/ |via=Newspapers.com |accessdate=December 15, 2024}}

Mass media

The city's daily newspaper is The News Tribune, which has a circulation of about 85,000 (100,000 on Sundays), making it the state's third-largest newspaper. The News Tribune was first published on June 17, 1918, as the result of a merger between two competing daily newspapers: The Daily News, started in 1883;{{efn|The News was first published as a weekly in 1881 and became a daily in 1883.}} and The Tacoma Daily Tribune, started in 1908.{{cite book |last1=Harvey |first1=Paul W. |title=Tacoma Headlines: An Account of Tacoma News and Newspapers from 1873 to 1962 |date=1962 |publisher=The Tacoma News Tribune |location=Tacoma, Washington |oclc=2720728}} The newspaper remained under local ownership until 1986, when it was sold to McClatchy Newspapers.{{cite news |last1=McDermott |first1=Terry |title=Jobs at Tacoma paper up in the air |work=The Seattle Times |date=June 19, 1986 |page=C1}} The E. W. Scripps Company published a competing daily, The Tacoma Times, from 1903 to 1949. Other local newspapers include the Tacoma Weekly,{{cite news |last1=Santos |first1=Melissa |title=Weekly WA newspaper fined $15,000 for selling election coverage |url=https://crosscut.com/politics/2021/09/weekly-wa-newspaper-fined-15000-selling-election-coverage |access-date=March 12, 2024 |work=Crosscut.com |date=September 28, 2021 |language=en}} the legal paper Tacoma Daily Index,{{cite news |title=David Black's empire |work=The Seattle Times |date=January 21, 2007 |page=F5}} and the alternative newsweekly Weekly Volcano.{{cite news |title=Poster artists, music group, paper win city recognition |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-poster-artists-music-g/113758652/ |access-date=March 12, 2024 |work=The News Tribune |date=September 30, 2007 |page=E4 |via=NewsBank}} The University of Washington Tacoma is served by The Ledger, a weekly student newspaper.{{cite news |last1=Grimly |first1=Brynn |title=UW Tacoma journalists resurrect 2006 Hilltop shooting death case |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article25894093.html |access-date=March 12, 2024 |work=The News Tribune |date=November 15, 2014 |page=A3}}

Tacoma's media market is shared with Seattle. Four television stations are licensed to the city: KCPQ 13 (Fox), KSTW 11 (Independent), KTBW-TV 20 (TBN), and KWDK 56 (Daystar); with the exception of KSTW, all stations are owned-and-operated by their respective networks.{{cite web |title=Facilities Search Results |url=https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilitySearchResults.html |website=Licensing and Management System |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |access-date=March 17, 2024}}{{cite web |title=Tacoma - Search Results |url=https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/find/Tacoma/page-offset-0/order-best-match/filter-none/ |website=FCC Public Inspection Files |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |access-date=March 17, 2024}} Bates Technical College owns the city's PBS member station, KBTC-TV 28, which serves as the market's secondary PBS station. The city government also runs its own government-access television station, TV Tacoma, broadcasting its meetings and other local affairs.{{cite web |title=TV Tacoma |url=https://www.cityoftacoma.org/cms/one.aspx?pageId=18251 |publisher=City of Tacoma |access-date=March 17, 2024}}

Nine radio stations are licensed to Tacoma, with two AM stations and seven FM stations; the latter includes NPR affiliates KNKX and KVTI. KNKX was owned and operated by Pacific Lutheran University as KPLU-FM until 2016, when public outcry over a planned sale of the station to the University of Washington resulted in its transition to a community licensee instead; KVTI, owned by Clover Park Technical College, was run by college students until its operation was outsourced to Northwest Public Broadcasting of Washington State University in 2010.{{cite news |last1=Kiley |first1=Brendan |title=KPLU officially begins broadcasting as KNKX |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/kplu-officially-begins-broadcasting-as-knkx/ |access-date=March 12, 2024 |work=The Seattle Times |date=August 31, 2016}}{{Cite press release |title=NWPR to manage college radio station in Lakewood |date=April 6, 2010 |publisher=Washington State University |url=https://archive.news.wsu.edu/news/2010/04/06/nwpr-to-manage-college-radio-station-in-lakewood/ |access-date=March 12, 2024 |location=Pullman, Washington}} Another station involved in campus radio is KUPS, which is run by students at the University of Puget Sound.{{cite news |last1=Morford |first1=Morf |title=Radio, near or far, old or new, is still around |url=https://www.tacomadailyindex.com/blog/radio-near-or-far-old-or-new-is-still-around/2443159/ |access-date=March 17, 2024 |work=Tacoma Daily Index |date=May 9, 2018}}

Sports

class="wikitable"

! Team

! Sport

! League

! Founded

! Venue

Tacoma RainiersBaseballPacific Coast League1960Cheney Stadium
Tacoma DefianceSoccerMLS Next Pro2014Cheney Stadium
Tacoma StarsIndoor SoccerMajor Arena Soccer League2003ShoWare Center (Kent)

The Tacoma Dome is the city's main sports venue and opened in 1983. It hosts traveling sports and other events, such as pro-wrestling, figure-skating tours, and tours by the Harlem Globetrotters. For the 1994–95 season, the Tacoma Dome hosted home games of both the National Basketball Association's Seattle SuperSonics (as the Seattle Center Coliseum was under renovation) and the American Professional Soccer League's Seattle Sounders. The Tacoma Dome also hosted the 1988 and 1989 Women's NCAA Final Four.{{cite news |last=Jasmin |first=Ernest A. |date=April 13, 2003 |title=A nice, round 20 |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114953674/a-nice-round-20/ D1], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114953694/a-nice-round-20-cont/ D5] |work=The News Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114953674/a-nice-round-20/ |via=Newspapers.com |accessdate=December 29, 2022}}

The city has hosted several now-defunct minor-league hockey franchises. The original Tacoma Rockets played in the Pacific Coast Hockey League from 1946 to 1953.

The Rockets were resurrected in the Western Hockey League in 1991 at the Tacoma Dome to record crowds, before moving to Kelowna, British Columbia in 1995. Filling this void, the Tacoma Sabercats formed in the now-defunct West Coast Hockey League in 1997
, winning a title in 1999, and closed their doors in 2002 for financial reasons.

Cheney Stadium is home to the Tacoma Rainiers, a AAA minor league baseball team affiliated with the nearby Seattle Mariners since 1995. Minor-league baseball in the city began with the 1903–05 Tacoma Tigers of the then-independent Pacific Coast League (PCL), who were resurrected in the Western International League and played from 1922 until 1951, winning three titles.{{cite news |last=McGarth |first=John |date=May 24, 1999 |title=Tacoma to thank Clay for many feats |page=D1 |work=The News Tribune}} Following the construction of Cheney Stadium, the Tacoma Giants returned to the PCL in 1960 and were later renamed to the Rainiers.{{cite web |title=Tacoma Affiliation History |url=https://www.milb.com/tacoma/history/affiliation-history |publisher=Minor League Baseball |accessdate=December 29, 2022}} Both the Tacoma Dome and Cheney Stadium hosted events during the 1990 Goodwill Games, an international multi-sport competition.{{cite report |last=Hallenbeck |first=Mark |date=May 1991 |title=Traffic Impacts During the Goodwill Games |pages=1, 10–13 |url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/232.1.pdf |publisher=Washington State Department of Transportation |accessdate=February 29, 2024}}

Tacoma has also had a long history with soccer. In men's outdoor soccer, the city is currently represented in the third-division MLS Next Pro by the Tacoma Defiance, reserve team of MLS's Seattle Sounders FC. The Defiance were founded in 2015 in the USL Championship in nearby Tukwila, Washington, but have been operated jointly with the Rainiers out of Cheney Stadium since 2019. The city's first professional soccer team were the Tacoma Tides, who played one season in 1976 in the American Soccer League. This team was resurrected in 2006 as the Tacoma Tide in the USL PDL, playing primarily in nearby Sumner, Washington. The Tide were folded into the Sounders organization as their U-23 team in 2012, and played until folding in 2019.

In women's outdoor soccer, Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League played their home games at Cheney Stadium during the 2019, 2020, and 2021 seasons.{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Geoff |date=January 30, 2019 |title=Reign FC announces immediate move to Tacoma, dropping Seattle from name |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/reign/seattle-reign-womens-soccer-team-announces-immediate-move-to-tacoma/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=January 30, 2019}} The Reign considered plans to build a soccer-specific stadium in Tacoma, but ultimately returned to Seattle in 2022.{{Cite web |url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/2019/01/seattle-reign-fc-to-tacoma-tacoma-defiance-new-usl-brand/ |title=Seattle Reign FC to Tacoma; Tacoma Defiance New USL Brand |last=Reichard |first=Kevin |date=January 30, 2019 |website=Soccer Stadium Digest|access-date=March 17, 2019}}{{Cite press release |date=December 15, 2021 |title=OL Reign Returns Home to Seattle |url=https://www.olreign.com/news/ol-reign-returns-home-to-seattle |publisher=OL Reign |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215181703/https://www.olreign.com/news/ol-reign-returns-home-to-seattle |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |accessdate=December 12, 2024}}

In 1983, Tacoma's entry into indoor soccer, the Tacoma Stars, began play in the Tacoma Dome as part of the Major Indoor Soccer League. The original Stars folded in 1992, but were reformed in 2003 in the Professional Arena Soccer League. Since 2015, the new Stars have played in the Major Arena Soccer League at the ShoWare Center in nearby Kent, Washington.

Tacoma is home to the all-female flat track roller derby league Dockyard Derby Dames, which fields an away team.{{cite news |last=Means |first=Sean P. |date=October 4, 2010 |title=Roller derby update: Big in Boise |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogs/vulture/50252181-56/shakers-derby-salt-roller.html.csp |work=Salt Lake Tribune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021221538/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogs/vulture/50252181-56/shakers-derby-salt-roller.html.csp |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |accessdate=December 29, 2022}} Many golf clubs and courses are located in Tacoma including Lake Spanaway Golf Course.{{cite web |url=http://www.pntf.org/usaxc99/xcmedia.htm |title=USA Winter Cross Country National Championships |publisher=pntf.org|access-date=September 8, 2018}}

Transportation

Tacoma's system of transportation is based primarily on the automobile. The majority of the city has a system of gridded streets oriented in relation to A Street (one block east of Pacific Avenue) and 6th Avenue or Division Avenue, both beginning in downtown Tacoma. Within the city, and with a few exceptions, east-to-west streets are numbered and north-to-south streets are given a name or a letter. Some east-to-west streets are also given names, such as S. Center St. and N. Westgate Blvd. Streets are generally labeled "North", "South", "East", or "North East" according to their relationship with 6th Avenue or Division Avenue (west of 'Division Ave', '6th Avenue' is the lowest-numbered street, making it the dividing street between "North" and "South"), 'A Street' (which is the dividing line between "East" and "South"), or 1st Street NE (which is the dividing line between "East" and "North East"). This can lead to confusion, as most named streets intersect streets of the same number in both north and south Tacoma. For example, the intersection of South 11th Street and South Union Avenue is just ten blocks south of North 11th Street and North Union Avenue.

To the east of the Thea Foss waterway and 'A Street', streets are similarly divided into "East" and "Northeast", with 1st Street NE being in-line with the Pierce–King county line. "North East" covers a small wedge of Tacoma and unincorporated Pierce County (around Browns Point and Dash Point) lying on the hill across the tideflats from downtown. Tacoma does have some major roads which do not seem to follow any naming rules. These roads include Schuster Pkwy, Pacific Ave, Puyallup Ave, Tacoma Mall Blvd, Marine View Dr (SR 509), and Northshore Pkwy. Tacoma also has some major roads which appear to change names in different areas (most notable are Tyler St/Stevens St, Oakes St/Pine St/Cedar St/Alder St, and S. 72nd St/S. 74th St). These major arterials actually shift over to align with other roads, which causes them to have the name changed.

This numeric system extends to the furthest reaches of unincorporated Pierce County (with roads outside of the city carrying "East", "West", "North West", and "South West", except on the Key Peninsula, which retains the north–south streets but chooses the Pierce–Kitsap county line as the zero point for east–west streets. Until 2018, Key Peninsula's roads also carried a "KP N" or "KP S" ("Key Peninsula North" or "Key Peninsula South") designation at the end of the street name. From 2018, these designations have switched to "NW" and "SW" respectively.

In portions of the city dating back to the Tacoma Streetcar Period (1888–1938), denser mixed-use business districts exist alongside single family homes. Twelve such districts have active, city-recognized business associations and hold "small town"-style parades and other festivals. The Proctor District, Tacoma, Old Town, Dome, 6th Avenue, Stadium, Lincoln Business District, and South Tacoma Business Districts are some of the more prominent of these and coordinate their efforts to redevelop urban villages through the Cross District Association of Tacoma.{{cite web |url=http://www.tacomabusinessdistricts.com |title=Tacoma Business Districts |website=www.tacomabusinessdistricts.com}} In newer portions of the city to the west and south, residential culs-de-sac, four-lane collector roads and indoor shopping centers are more commonplace.

=Roads and highways=

Seven highways end in or pass through Tacoma: I-5, I-705, SR 7, SR 16, SR 163, SR 167, and SR 509.{{cite web |url=http://wspdsmap.ci.tacoma.wa.us/samples/streets.pdf |title=City of Tacoma Streets |author=City of Tacoma Community & Economic Development Department, GIS Analysis & Data Services|access-date=October 15, 2009 |date=October 8, 2009}}

The dominant intercity transportation link between Tacoma and other parts of the Puget Sound is Interstate 5, which links Tacoma with Seattle to the north and Portland, Oregon, to the south. It bisects the city for {{convert|6.5|mi|km}} and has several overpasses for pedestrians and cross-traffic.{{cite news |last=Sailor |first=Craig |date=March 17, 2024 |title=It literally cut Tacoma in two 60 years ago. Now the city has $1.3M to study fixes |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article286650635.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=May 26, 2024}} State Route 16 runs along a concrete viaduct through Tacoma's Nalley Valley, connecting Interstate 5 with Central and West Tacoma, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, and the Kitsap Peninsula.

=Aviation=

Seattle–Tacoma International Airport lies {{convert|22|mi|km}} north, in the city of SeaTac. The city of Tacoma contributed $100,000 to the airport's construction, in return for it being constructed at Bow Lake. The other proposed location near Lake Sammamish is much further from Tacoma, while Bow Lake is halfway between Seattle and Tacoma.{{cite web |last1=Crowley |first1=Walt |title=Sea-Tac International Airport: Part 1 — Founding |url=https://www.historylink.org/file/1004 |website=HistoryLink |access-date=January 27, 2024}}

A seaplane service with tours of the Tacoma area is operated by Kenmore Air from a dock near Old Town. It was started in August 2023 as part of a partnership with the Puyallup Tribe; Kenmore also plans to offer flights from the dock to other destinations in the region.{{cite news |last=Glenn |first=Jack |date=August 10, 2023 |title='It's a beautiful thing.' Puyallup Tribe, Kenmore Air kick off scenic tours from Tacoma |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article277942483.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=August 11, 2023}}

=Public transportation=

File:Tacoma Link approaches S 13th Street.jpg on Commerce Street as it approaches S. 13th Street.]]

Tacoma has a public transportation network that includes buses, commuter rail, light rail, and ferries.{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Chapter 12: Transportation Element |pages=12{{hyphen}}11, 12{{hyphen}}12 |url=https://www.piercecountywa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/60004/Transportation-Element---Whole-Document |work=Pierce County Comprehensive Plan |publisher=Pierce County |accessdate=December 29, 2023}} Public bus service is primarily provided by Pierce Transit, which serves Tacoma and most of urban Pierce County. Pierce Transit operates 38 bus routes{{rp|12{{hyphen}}97}} using a fleet of more than 200 buses powered by compressed natural gas, diesel, and electric batteries.{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=John |date=December 6, 2021 |title=New bus fuel is 'carbon neutral,' Pierce Transit claims. It's not |url=https://www.kuow.org/stories/new-bus-fuel-is-carbon-neutral-pierce-transit-claims-it-s-not |publisher=KUOW |accessdate=March 3, 2024}} Bus service generally operates at 30–60 minute frequencies on weekdays; prior to service cuts in 2021, several trunk routes had service every 15 to 20 minutes on weekdays.{{cite news |last=Sailor |first=Craig |date=November 4, 2021 |title=Pierce Transit, Sound Transit to reduce bus service this month. Here's how and why |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article255521776.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}}{{cite news |last=Lynn |first=Adam |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Changes are coming to a Pierce Transit bus route near you |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/traffic/article100905367.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}} The busiest Pierce Transit bus route, serving the Pacific Avenue corridor, was planned to be upgraded into a bus rapid transit line by 2022, at a cost of $150 million. Significant cost increases during the COVID-19 pandemic caused Pierce Transit to pause the construction of the bus rapid transit line, named the Stream Community Line, and instead launch a limited-stop "enhanced bus" on the corridor in 2024.{{cite news |last=Sailor |first=Craig |date=August 16, 2024 |title=Pierce Transit puts troubled Bus Rapid Transit project on hold and turns to quicker fix |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article278268003.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}}{{cite news |last=Sailor |first=Craig |date=February 29, 2024 |title=It's not bus rapid transit, but Pierce Transit hopes this new bus line will save you time |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article285954836.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}}

The city's main train and bus station is Tacoma Dome Station, a multimodal hub near the Tacoma Dome southeast of downtown. The station is also served by Sounder commuter rail trains to Seattle and intercity Amtrak trains on both the Cascades and Coast Starlight.{{cite news |last=Sailor |first=Craig |date=November 18, 2021 |title=Amtrak resumes service on Point Defiance Bypass route where 3 died in 2017 |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article255927656.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}} Sound Transit, the regional transit authority, operates Sounder, the T Line (part of the Link light rail system), and daily Sound Transit Express bus service to and from Seattle. The T Line connects Tacoma Dome Station to Downtown Tacoma, the University of Washington campus, and the Hilltop neighborhood.{{cite news |last=Metzger |first=Katie |date=August 17, 2023 |title=Tacoma transit connections: How to link up with the extended T Line |url=https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/tacoma-transit-connections-how-to-link-with-extended-t-line |work=The Platform |publisher=Sound Transit |accessdate=March 3, 2024}} Sound Transit plans to extend the Tacoma Link light rail further west towards Tacoma Community College along South 19th Street by 2039 or 2041.{{cite news |last=Needles |first=Allison |date=August 9, 2021 |title=Sound Transit has $6.5 billion ST3 budget gap. What does that mean for Tacoma projects? |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article253314648.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}}

The Washington State Ferries system, which has a dock at Point Defiance, provides automobile ferry access to Tahlequah at the southern tip of Vashon Island. Proposals for a passenger-only ferry linking Downtown Tacoma to Seattle have been studied since the 2010s but remain unrealized.{{cite news |last=Cockrell |first=Debbie |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Passenger-only Tacoma-Seattle ferry service is highly desired. What are the prospects? |url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article249044715.html |work=The News Tribune |accessdate=March 3, 2024}}

Public utilities

Tacoma's relationship with public utilities extends back to 1893. At that time the city was undergoing a boom in population, causing it to exceed the available amount of fresh water supplied by Charles B. Wright's Tacoma Light & Water Company. In response to both this demand and a growing desire to have local public control over the utility system, the city council put up a public vote to acquire and expand the private utility. The measure passed on July 1, 1893, with 3,195 in favor of acquiring the utility system and 1,956 voting against. Since then, Tacoma Public Utilities (TPU) has grown from a small water and light utility to be the largest department in the city's government, employing about 1,200 people.

Tacoma Power, a division of TPU, provides residents of Tacoma and several bordering municipalities with electrical power generated by eight hydroelectric dams on the Skokomish River and elsewhere. Environmentalists, fishermen, and the Skokomish Tribe have criticized TPU's operation of Cushman Dam on the North Fork of the Skokomish River; the tribe's $6 billion claim{{cite web |url=http://www.fwee.org/news/getStory?story=1453 |title=Court Ends Fight Over Dams |work=Foundation for Water and Energy Education, quoting The News Tribune |access-date=March 27, 2008 |date=January 12, 2006 |first=Chris |last=Sherman}} was denied by the U.S. Supreme court{{cite web |url={{SCOTUS URL Docket|05-434}} |title=Docket for 05-434}} in January 2006. The capacity of Tacoma's hydroelectric system as of 2004 was 713,000 kilowatts, or about 50% of the demand made up by TPU's customers (the rest is purchased from other utilities). According to TPU, hydroelectricity provides about 87% of Tacoma's power; coal 3%; natural gas 1%; nuclear 9%; and biomass and wind at less than 1%. Tacoma Power also operates the Click! Network, a municipally owned cable television and internet service. The residential cost per kilowatt hour of electricity is just over 6 cents.

Tacoma Water provides customers in its service area with water from the Green River Watershed. As of 2004, Tacoma Water provided water services to 93,903 customers. The average annual cost for residential supply was $257.84.

Tacoma Rail, initially a municipally owned street railway line running to the tideflats, was converted to a common-carrier rail switching utility. Tacoma Rail is self-supporting and employs over 90 people.

In addition to municipal garbage collection, Tacoma offers commingled recycling services for paper, cardboard, plastics, and metals.

Notable people

{{See also|Category:People from Tacoma, Washington}}

Sister cities

Tacoma's sister cities are:{{cite web |title=Tacoma's Sister Cities |url=https://www.cityoftacoma.org/government/city_departments/community_and_economic_development/sister_cities/tacomas_sister_cities |website=cityoftacoma.org |publisher=City of Tacoma|access-date=January 26, 2021}}

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  • {{flagicon|JPN}} Kitakyushu, Japan (1959)
  • {{flagicon|KOR}} Gunsan, South Korea (1978)
  • {{flagicon|NOR}} Ålesund, Norway (1986)
  • {{flagicon|RUS}} Vladivostok, Russia (1992)
  • {{flagicon|CHN}} Fuzhou, China (1994)
  • {{flagicon|PHL}} Davao City, Philippines (1994)
  • {{flagicon|RSA}} George, South Africa (1997)
  • {{flagicon|CUB}} Cienfuegos, Cuba (2000)
  • {{flagicon|TWN}} Taichung, Taiwan (2000)
  • {{flagicon|MAR}} El Jadida, Morocco (2007)
  • {{flagicon|FRA}} Biot, France (2012)
  • {{flagicon|MEX}} Boca del Río, Mexico (2016)
  • {{flagicon|UKR}} Brovary, Ukraine (2017)

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See also

{{Portal|United States|Pacific Northwest}}

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}