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Timeline of Hamburg#19th century

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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hamburg, Germany.

{{Dynamic list}}

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Prior to 16th century

{{History of Hamburg}}

  • 831 – Bishopric established.{{cite web |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany |url= http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/verden/chronology/germany |publisher=Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese) |location=Norway |access-date= 30 September 2015 }}
  • 845 – Town sacked by Norsemen.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1189
  • Adolf III of Holstein gets charter from Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I that gives Hamburg a court, jurisdiction, and fishing rights.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • St. Peter's Church built (approximate date).
  • 1190 – Alster dam installed.
  • 1201 – Hamburg occupied by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark.
  • 1223 – Archbishopric relocated from Hamburg to Bremen.{{cite book |title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia |location=London |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/chamberssency05lond#page/526/mode/1up |chapter=Hamburg |year=1901 |title-link=Chambers's Encyclopaedia }}
  • 1241 – Lübeck-Hamburg alliance established.
  • 1248 – Fire.
  • 1256 – St. Catherine's Church active (approximate date).{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
  • 1284 – 5 August: Fire.
  • 1286 – 24 April: acquires rights to maintain permanent fire on Neuwerk.
  • 1299 – 1 November: allowed to build a fortified tower, the new work (Neuwerk).
  • 1310 – completion of the Great Tower Neuwerk.
  • 1329 – St. Mary's Cathedral consecrated.
  • 1350 – Black Death.
  • 1356 – {{Interlanguage link|Matthiae-Mahlzeit|de}} (feast) begins.
  • 1375 – Grocers' Guild formed.
  • 1390 – Public clock installed (approximate date).{{cite book|author=Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum |author-link=:de:Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum |title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders |year= 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15510-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9Za4jdBEVB4C&pg=PA392}}
  • 1410 – Constitution of Hamburg established.
  • 1412 – {{Interlanguage link|1412 Unterelbe flood|de|3=Cäcilienflut}}.
  • 1418 – St. Peter's Church rebuilt (approximate date).
  • 1479 – {{Interlanguage link|Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg|de}} (public library) established in the Town Hall.
  • 1491 – Printing press in operation.{{cite book|author= Henri Bouchot |editor=H. Grevel |location=London |title=The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time|year=1890|publisher=H. Grevel & Co. |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5ycxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA367 |chapter=Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established |author-link=Henri Bouchot }}
  • 1500 – City expands its borders.{{Citation |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |location = London |author = George Henry Townsend |title = A Manual of Dates |date = 1867 |edition=2nd |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/472/mode/1up |author-link = George Henry Townsend }}

16th–18th centuries

File:1730 Hamburg Covens & Mortier.JPG

  • 1510 – Hamburg becomes an imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1529
  • Protestant Reformation.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • Council of citizens established.
  • Johanneum (college) founded.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • 1536 – Hamburg joins Schmalkaldic League.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1558 – Hamburg Stock Exchange established.{{sfn|Dollinger|1970}}
  • 1567 – Trade with the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London established.{{cite journal |title=The Merchant Adventurers at Hamburg |author= William E. Lingelbach |journal= American Historical Review |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |year= 1904 |jstor=1833366 |doi=10.2307/1833366 |pages=265–287|hdl= 2027/njp.32101068319530 |hdl-access= free }}
  • 1590 – Berenberg Bank founded.
  • 1615 – City walls extended around Hamburg-Neustadt.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1619 – {{Interlanguage link|Bank of Hamburg|de|3=Hamburger Bank}} founded.{{sfn|Dollinger|1970}}{{cite web |url= http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/amser/chrono.html |title=Comparative Chronology of Money |author1= Glyn Davies |author2= Roy Davies |year=2002 |via=University of Exeter |author1-link=Glyn Davies (economist) }}
  • 1630 – Bremen–Lübeck–Hamburg defensive alliance formed.{{sfn|Dollinger|1970}}
  • 1654 – {{Interlanguage link|Synagoge Neuer Steinweg|de}} in use.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
  • 1663 – Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen magazine begins publication.{{cite book |title=Famous First Facts |year=2000 |publisher= H.W. Wilson Co. |editor=Steven Anzovin and Janet Podell |isbn= 0824209583 |title-link=Famous First Facts }}
  • 1665 – Hamburg Chamber of Commerce founded.
  • 1669
  • St. Michael's Church built.
  • {{Interlanguage link|Wapen von Hamburg (1669)|de}} (ship) launched.
  • 1678 – Oper am Gänsemarkt (opera house) opens;{{cite journal |title=Opera in Hamburg 300 Years Ago |author= George J. Buelow |journal= Musical Times |volume= 119 |issue= 1619 |year= 1978 |jstor=958619 |doi=10.2307/958619 |pages=26–28}} premiere of Theile's opera Adam und Eva.{{cite book|editor=Tim Carter and John Butt |title= Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music |year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79273-8 |chapter= Chronology |author=Stephen Rose |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHJvKVq0vXoC&pg=PA533 }}
  • 1679 – Coffee house in business.{{cite book|author1=Nina Luttinger|author2=Gregory Dicum|title=The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop|year=1999|publisher=New Press|isbn=978-1-59558-724-4 |chapter= Historic Timeline |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jP99B9uAdv4C&pg=PT12 }}
  • 1705 – Premiere of Handel's opera Almira.{{cite book|author= Claude Egerton Lowe |title=Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events |year=1896|publisher=Weekes & Co. |location=London |chapter=Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87 }}
  • 1710 – {{Interlanguage link|Hamburg City Archives|de|3=Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg}} established.
  • 1712 – Plague.
  • 1735 – {{Interlanguage link|Commerzbibliothek|de}} (business library) founded.
  • 1762
  • City occupied by Danish forces.
  • St. Michael's Church built.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • 1765
  • {{Interlanguage link|Hamburgische Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der Künste und nützlichen Gewerbe|de}} (arts society) and Patriotic Club{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}} founded.
  • Komödienhaus (theatre) built.{{cite book|author= William Grange |title=Historical Dictionary of German Theater |year= 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6489-4 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WetnNgbRXDoC&pg=PR13 |author-link=William Grange }}
  • 1767 – Hamburgische Entreprise (theatre) established.
  • 1778 – Hamburger Ersparungskasse (bank) established.
  • 1787 – City directory published.{{cite book |author=A. V. Williams |title= Development and Growth of City Directories |location=Cincinnati, USA |year=1913 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=62QQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 }}
  • 1789 – Clubbs der Freundschaft founded.{{Citation |publisher = H.W. Schmidt |location = Halle |title = Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken |author = Julius Petzholdt |language=de |date = 1853 |oclc = 8363581 |chapter= Hamburg |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/handbuchdeutsch01petzgoog#page/n187/mode/1up }}
  • 1790 – United States consulate established.{{cite web |url=http://www.americanclub.de/en/about-the-club/hamburg-facts.html |title=Hamburg Facts and History |publisher=American Club of Hamburg |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202191940/http://www.americanclub.de/en/about-the-club/hamburg-facts.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}
  • 1792 – {{Interlanguage link|Hamburger Jakobinerklub|de}} formed.
  • 1799 – H. J. Merck & Co. in business.

19th century

=1800s–1840s=

  • 1805 – {{Interlanguage link|Gesellschaft der Freunde des vaterländischen Schul- und Erziehungswesens|de}} (education society) founded.
  • 1806 – 19 November: French occupation of city begins.
  • 1810 – Hoffmann und Campe publisher in business.{{cite book|title=Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNdEAAAAcAAJ|year=1870|publisher=O.A. Schulz |location=Leipzig |language=de }}
  • 1811
  • 9th French-Polish Uhlan Regiment founded in Hamburg.{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|page=51}}
  • City becomes capital of the French Bouches-de-l'Elbe department.
  • 1813
  • Siege of Hamburg.
  • Hamburg Women's Association established.{{cite journal |title=Remembering and Forgetting: The Local and the Nation in Hamburg's Commemorations of the Wars of Liberation |author= Katherine Aaslestad |journal=Central European History |volume= 38 |issue= 3 |year=2005 |jstor=20141115 |doi=10.1163/156916105775563634 |pages=384–416|s2cid= 146605508 }}
  • 1814 – Hamburg Citizen Militia and Hamburg Police formed.
  • 1815 – 8 June: City becomes a member state of the German Confederation.
  • 1821 – Lehmann's botanical garden established.
  • 1823
  • Hospital built in St. George.
  • Altona Observatory founded by Heinrich Christian Schumacher.
  • 1825 – February flood of 1825.
  • 1827 – City Theatre opens.{{cite book |location=Berlin |title=Neuer Theater-Almanach |year=1908|publisher=F.A. Günther & Sohn |language=de |chapter=Hamburg |hdl=2027/uva.x030515382 }}{{cite book|author=Hermann Uhde|title=Das Stadttheater in Hamburg, 1827–1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zFI5AAAAMAAJ|year=1879|publisher=Cotta |location=Stuttgart |language=de }}
  • 1828 – Hamburg Philharmonic Society formed.{{cite book|editor= Colin Lawson |title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA275 }}
  • 1833 – Rauhes Haus founded.
  • 1834 – Johanneum building constructed.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • 1835 – Coat of arms of Hamburg redesigned.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
  • 1838 – English Church built.{{cite book |publisher = J. Murray |location = London |year=1877 |title=Handbook for North Germany |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookfornort00firgoog#page/n143/mode/1up }}
  • 1839 – Verein für Hamburgische Geschichte (local history society) founded.
  • 1840
  • Gymnasium founded.
  • Population: 136,956.
  • 1841 – Circus Gymnasticus opens.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
  • 1842
  • Exchange built.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • 5–8 May: Great Fire of Hamburg.
  • 1843
  • Thalía Theatre built.
  • {{Interlanguage link|Naturhistorisches Museum Hamburg|de}} established.
  • 1845 – {{Ill|Sillem's Bazar|de}} shopping arcade built.{{cite book|editor= Furnée and Lesger |title=The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping Streets and Cultures in Western Europe, 1600-1900 |year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-31406-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3SEAwAAQBAJ }}
  • 1846 – Berliner Railway Station established.
  • 1847
  • Hamburg America Line in business.
  • Patriotic Club building constructed.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • Pestalozzi-Stiftung Hamburg founded
  • 1848 – {{Interlanguage link|Otto Meissner (publisher)|de|3=Otto Meissner (Verleger)}} in business.
  • 1849
  • {{Ill|Hamburger Nachtrichten|de}} newspaper begins publication.
  • St. Peter's Church rebuilt again.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}

=1850s–1890s=

  • 1850 – Kunsthalle (art gallery) opens.{{cite book|author=Königliche Museen zu Berlin|title=Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland |url= https://archive.org/stream/kunsthandbuchfr00berlgoog |edition=6th |language=de |year=1904|publisher=Georg Reimer}}
  • 1855 – January: Flood.
  • 1856 – North German Bank and Union Bank established.{{Citation |title = A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation |date = 1880 |publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. |location=London |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryprac00mccu#page/n749/mode/2up |author=John Ramsay McCulloch |editor=Hugh G. Reid |author-link = John Ramsay McCulloch }}
  • 1859
  • {{Ill|Synagoge Kohlhöfen|de}} built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • Hamburg Frauenchor (women's choir) founded.{{cite book|editor=Donna M. Di Grazia|title=Nineteenth-Century Choral Music |year= 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-98852-0}}
  • 1861
  • Museum Godeffroy opens.
  • Population: 178,841.{{cite book|author=Georg Friedrich Kolb |author-link=:de:Georg Friedrich Kolb |language=de |title=Grundriss der Statistik der Völkerzustands- und Staatenkunde |year=1862 |location=Leipzig |publisher=A. Förstnersche Buchhandlung |chapter=Deutschland: Hamburg |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QkBVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60 }}
  • 1863
  • {{Ill|Hamburger Fremdenblatt|de}} newspaper in publication.
  • Zoological Garden of Hamburg opens.{{cite book|editor=Vernon N. Kisling|title=Zoo and Aquarium History|year= 2000|publisher=CRC Press |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4200-3924-5 |chapter=Zoological Gardens of Germany (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC&pg=PA372 }}
  • Rebuilt St. Nicholas' Church dedicated.
  • 1865
  • Lübeck–Hamburg railway begins operating; Lübecker Railway Station established.
  • {{Interlanguage link|Lombardsbrücke|de}} (bridge) built.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
  • 1866
  • Horsecar tram begins operating.
  • {{Interlanguage link|Bahnhof Hamburg Klosterthor|de}} (railway station) established.
  • 21 August: City becomes part of the North German Confederation.{{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/657/mode/1up |title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates }}
  • 1867 – Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld (horse racetrack) built.
  • 1868 – St. Georg becomes part of city.
  • 1869 – Horner Rennbahn (horse racetrack) and Kunsthalle{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}} built.
  • 1871
  • City becomes part of the German Empire.
  • Population: 240,251.
  • {{Ill|Gesellschaft für Verbreitung von Volksbildung|de}} (education society) branch established.{{sfn|Hurd|1996}}
  • 1872 – Venloer Railway Station established.
  • 1873
  • Photographic Society founded.{{citation |title=International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin |year=1890 |publisher=E. & H. T. Anthony & Company |location=New York |chapter=Continental Photographic Societies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyoXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA481 }}
  • Frei Hafen bridge constructed.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1874 – Hagenbeck's zoo opens.
  • 1877
  • Ohlsdorf Cemetery established near city.
  • Blohm + Voss shipbuilders in business near city.
  • 1878 – Museum for Art and Industry founded.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1879
  • {{Ill|Hanseatic High Court of Appeal|de|3=Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht}} headquartered in Hamburg.{{sfn|Umbach|2005}}
  • Holsten Brewery in business.
  • 1880 – Steinway & Sons piano factory in operation.
  • 1883 – Speicherstadt (warehouse district) construction begins in the Port of Hamburg.
  • 1887
  • {{Ill|Hamburger Echo|de}} newspaper begins publication.{{cite web |url= http://catalog.crl.edu/search~S35?/dHamburg+%28Germany%29+--+Newspapers |publisher=Center for Research Libraries |location=Chicago, USA |title= Global Resources Network |access-date=5 December 2013}}
  • Sport-Club Germania Hamburg founded.
  • Central post office built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1888
  • Hamburg joins German Customs Union.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • Harbourworks{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}} and iron bridge{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} constructed.
  • Free Port opens.
  • 1889 – 15 May: Exhibition of Trade and Industry opens.
  • 1890
  • German East Africa Line (shipping company) in business.{{cite book|author= Edwin Jones Clapp|title=The Port of Hamburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47pIAAAAYAAJ|year=1911|publisher=Yale University Press}}
  • May: Gas-worker strike.
  • Population: 323,923.
  • 1891 – Natural History Museum built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1892
  • {{Ill|1892 Germany cholera outbreak|de|3=Choleraepidemie von 1892}}.
  • German Open Tennis Championships begin.
  • Hamburger Dom (funfair) relocated to Heiligengeistfeld fair ground.
  • 1894 – St. Pauli becomes part of city.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
  • 1896
  • November: Dockworker strike.
  • {{ill|Fischauktionshalle (Hamburg-Altona)|de}} (fish market) rebuilt.
  • 1897 – Hamburg Rathaus (city hall) built.
  • 1898 – Hamburg-Altona railway station opens.
  • 1899 – {{Ill|Hamburger Öffentliche Bücherhallen|de}} (library) founded.{{citation needed|date=September 2015 }}
  • 1900
  • Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases opens.
  • Shipbuilding school founded.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}

20th century

=1900–1945=

  • 1901 – Civil law courts built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1904 – American Businessmen's Club of Hamburg founded.
  • 1905 – Population: 802,793.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
  • 1906
  • Hamburg Hauptbahnhof (railway station) opens.
  • Altona-Hamburg railway begins operating.
  • 1907
  • Tierpark Hagenbeck (zoo) established.
  • Stadion Hoheluft (stadium) opens.
  • 1908
  • {{interlanguage link|Hamburgisches Kolonialinstitut|de}} established.
  • Music Hall inaugurated.{{sfn|Baedeker|1910}}
  • Simplo Fullfeder pen company relocates to Hamburg.
  • 1909 – Hotel Atlantic in business.
  • 1910 – Sportplatz at Rothenbaum opens.
  • 1911 – Hamburg Airport and Elbe Tunnel open.
  • 1912
  • Hamburg U-Bahn begins operating.
  • Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory dedicated.
  • Hamburg-Mannheimer Insurance Corporation in business.
  • 1913
  • 3 April: Vaterland passenger ship launched.{{cite book|author= Florian Illies |title=1913: The Year Before the Storm|url=https://archive.org/details/1913yearbeforest0000illi|url-access= registration |year= 2013|publisher=Melville House|isbn=978-1-61219-352-6|author-link=Florian Illies}}
  • Gewerkschaftlich-Genossenschaftliche Versicherungsaktiengesellschaft (insurance firm) in business.
  • 1914 – Hamburg Stadtpark (park) opens.
  • 1918
  • Hamburg Kammerspiele (theatre) founded.
  • Hamburger Volkszeitung newspaper begins publication.
  • 1919 – University of Hamburg and Hamburger Sport-Verein established.
  • 1921 – Consulate of Poland founded.{{cite book|last=Chałupczak|first=Henryk|editor-last1=Kaczmarek|editor-first1=Ryszard|editor-last2=Masnyk|editor-first2=Marek|year=2004|title=Konsulaty na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim i polsko-czechosłowackim w 1918–1939|language=pl|location=Katowice|publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego|page=20|chapter=Powstanie i działalność polskich placówek konsularnych w okresie międzywojennym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pogranicza polsko-niemiecko-czechosłowackiego)}}
  • 1922 – Museum of Hamburg History opens.
  • 1923 – Labour and Socialist International founded in Hamburg.{{cite book|author1= James C. Docherty |author2= Peter Lamb |title=Historical Dictionary of Socialism |year= 2006 |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6477-1 |chapter=Chronology |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JRYjU-L4F7wC&pg=PR21 }}
  • 1924
  • Nordische Rundfunk radio begins broadcasting.
  • Chilehaus built.
  • 1925
  • Helms-Museum and Hamburg School of Astrology established.
  • Population: 1,079,126.
  • 1926 – Botanischer Sondergarten Wandsbek (garden) established.
  • 1930
  • Planten un Blomen (park) created.
  • Population: 1,145,124.
  • 1933
  • Nazis seize control of the city and Carl Vincent Krogmann becomes mayor.
  • Hamburger Flugzeugbau (aircraft company) in business.
  • Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp founded.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-fuhlsbuettel/|title=Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • 1934
  • Bürgerschaft abolished.
  • Gau Hamburg established.
  • Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt begins operating.
  • 1937
  • major expansion of the land of Hamburg per the Greater Hamburg Act:
  • the cities Altona, Wandsbek, and Harburg-Wilhelmsburg join
  • and the cities Geesthacht and Cuxhaven (including Neuwerk) leave the territory of the Land Hamburg.
  • 1938 – Neuengamme concentration camp established by SS.
  • 1939 – Bombing of Hamburg in World War II begins.
  • 1940 – April: Oflag X-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied officers established.{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=266|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}
  • 1943
  • May: Langer Morgen forced labour camp for men established.{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1773|title=Arbeitserziehungslager "Langer Morgen" Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=11 December 2023|language=de}}
  • 7 August: Main base of the 2nd SS construction brigade (forced labour camp) relocated from Bremen to Hamburg.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-hammerbrook-2nd-ss-construction-brigade/|title=Hamburg-Hammerbrook (2nd SS Construction Brigade)|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • 1944
  • April: 2nd SS construction brigade relocated to Berlin.
  • 8 June: Hamburg-Wandsbek subcamp of the Ravensbrück concentration camp established. The prisoners were mostly Polish and Soviet women.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-wandsbek/|title=Hamburg-Wandsbek|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • July: Hamburg-Veddel subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-veddel-women/|title=Hamburg-Veddel (Women)|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • 1 September: Hamburg-Wandsbek subcamp of Ravensbrück reorganized into a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp.
  • 12 September: Hamburg-Langenhorn subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-langenhorn/|title=Hamburg-Langenhorn|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • 13 September: Hamburg-Neugraben and Hamburg-Sasel subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-neugraben/|title=Hamburg-Neugraben|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-sasel/|title=Hamburg-Sasel|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • 13 September: Women prisoners of the Hamburg-Veddel subcamp moved to other subcamps in Hamburg and Wedel.
  • 15 September: 2,000 male prisoners deported to the Hamburg-Veddel subcamp of Neuengamme.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-veddel-men/|title=Hamburg-Veddel (Men)|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • 27 September: Hamburg-Eidelstedt subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were Jewish women.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-eidelstedt/|title=Hamburg-Eidelstedt|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • October: Hamburg-Finkenwerder subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established. The prisoners were mostly Soviet, Polish, Belgian, French and Danish men.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-finkenwerder/|title=Hamburg-Finkenwerder|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • November: Subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established by the SS at the Spaldingstraße for men of various nationalities.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-hammerbrook-spaldingstrasse/|title=Hamburg-Hammerbrook (Spaldingstraße)|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • L'Obstinée masonic lodge established by Belgian POWs in the Oflag X-D POW camp.Megargee; Overmans; Vogt, p 267
  • 1945
  • 8 February: Hamburg-Neugraben subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved and Hamburg-Tiefstack subcamp founded. Surviving prisoners moved from the Hamburg-Neugraben to the Hamburg-Tiefstack subcamp.{{cite web|url=https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/history/satellite-camps/satellite-camps/hamburg-tiefstack/|title=Hamburg-Tiefstack|website=KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme|access-date=11 December 2023}}
  • March: 250 Romani and Sinti women deported to the Hamburg-Langenhorn subcamp of Neuengamme from the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
  • March: Hamburg-Finkenwerder subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved.
  • 22 March: Langer Morgen forced labour camp dissolved.
  • 7 April: Hamburg-Tiefstack subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to Bergen-Belsen.
  • 14 April: Hamburg-Veddel subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to Sandbostel.
  • 17 April: Subcamp of Neuengamme at Spaldingstraße dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to Sandbostel.
  • 30 April: Hamburg-Wandsbek subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved.
  • 3 May: Hamburg-Langenhorn subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved, surviving prisoners deported to the Hamburg-Eidelstedt subcamp.
  • 3 May: Oflag X-D POW camp liberated by the British.
  • 4–5 May: Hamburg-Sasel subcamp of Neuengamme liberated by the British.
  • 5 May: Hamburg-Eidelstedt subcamp of Neuengamme liberated by the British.
  • Bombing of Hamburg in World War II ends.
  • Hamburg in the British occupation zone.
  • Rudolf Petersen appointed mayor by British authorities.
  • Eppendorf (company) founded.
  • Population: 1,350,278.

=1946–1990s=

21st century

See also

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

=in English=

;published in 17th–18th centuries

  • {{Citation |publisher =S. Birt |location = London |author = Thomas Nugent |title = The Grand Tour |date = 1749 |chapter=Hamburg |volume=2: Germany and Holland |author-link = Thomas Nugent (travel writer) |hdl = 2027/mdp.39015030762572 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Printed for J. Almon |location = London |title = Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, the Ukraine, and Poland, in the years 1768, 1769, and 1770 |author=Joseph Marshall |date = 1772 |oclc = 3354484 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughho02mars#page/106/mode/2up |chapter=Hamburgh (etc.) }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = J.F.C. Rivington |location = London |author = Richard Brookes |author-link=Richard Brookes |title = The General Gazetteer |edition=6th |date = 1786 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/generalgazetteer00broouoft#page/n287/mode/1up |chapter=Hamburg }}

;published in 19th century

  • {{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |location = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |author-link1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = New Universal Gazetteer |date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/311/mode/1up |chapter=Hamburgh

}}

  • {{Cite book |publisher =William Blackwood |date = 1830 |location = Edinburgh |title = Edinburgh Encyclopædia |editor=David Brewster |chapter=Hamburgh |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo10edinuoft#page/618/mode/1up

|title-link = Edinburgh Encyclopædia }}

  • {{Citation |title = Descriptive Road-Book of Germany |author= Edward Augustus Domeier |date = 1830 |publisher = Samuel Leigh |location=London |chapter=Hamburg |hdl= 2027/hvd.hx167e }}
  • {{Citation |location=New York |publisher = John S. Taylor & Co. |title = Visit to Northern Europe |author = Robert Baird |chapter=Hamburg |date = 1842 |oclc = 8052123 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/visittonorthern01bairgoog#page/n49/mode/2up |author-link = Robert Baird (clergyman) }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Routledge, Warne, & Routledge |location = London |author = Theodore Alois Buckley |title = Great Cities of the Middle Ages |edition=2nd |date = 1862 |chapter= Hamburgh |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/greatcitiesofmid00buck#page/399/mode/2up |author-link = Theodore Alois Buckley }}
  • {{cite book |title=Geography |volume=3 |series=English Cyclopaedia |editor=Charles Knight |location=London |year=1866 |publisher=Bradbury, Evans, & Co. |chapter=Hamburg |hdl=2027/nyp.33433000064802 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |location = Coblenz |title = Northern Germany |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/northerngermanyh00inkarl#page/100/mode/2up |chapter=Hamburg |edition = 5th |date = 1873 |oclc = 5947482 }}
  • {{Citation |date = 1873 |title = Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany |location = London |publisher = W.J. Adams & Sons |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF8DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA30 }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = D. Appleton & Co. |location = New York |title = Appletons' European Guide Book |date = 1888 |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/appletonseurope02unkngoog#page/n187/mode/1up }}
  • {{cite journal |date=November 1892 |journal=The Cosmopolitan |location=New York |title=City of Hamburg |author=Murat Halstead |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35 }}

;published in 20th century

  • {{Citation

|publisher = Karl Baedeker |location = Leipzig |title = Northern Germany |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/northerngerma00karl#page/n211/mode/2up |edition=15th |chapter=Hamburg

|date = 1910

|oclc = 78390379

| ref = {{harvid|Baedeker|1910}}

}}

  • {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Hamburg (city) |volume= 12 | pages = 871–875 |quote= a seaport of Germany |ref={{sfnref|Britannica|1910}} }}
  • {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Hamburg (state) |volume= 12 | page = 871 |quote= a state of the German empire}}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Grant Richards |location = London |author = Nathaniel Newnham Davis |title = The Gourmet's Guide to Europe |date = 1911 |edition=3rd |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/gourmetsguidetoe00daviuoft#page/208/mode/2up |chapter= Hamburg }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Doubleday, Page |location = Garden City, N.Y. |author = Esther Singleton |title = Great Cities of Europe |date = 1913 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/greatcitiesofeur00singiala#page/160/mode/2up |chapter=City of Hamburg }}
  • {{Citation |url = https://openlibrary.org/books/ia:chroniclesofthre00king/Chronicles_of_three_free_cities_Hamburg_Bremen_Lübeck |title = Chronicles of Three Free Cities: Hamburg Bremen, Lübeck

|date = 1914

|publisher = Dent |location=London |author=Wilson King

|ol = 6568866M

}}

  • {{citation

|title=This is Hamburg in 1960 |author= Joachim Joesten|location=Gt. Barrington, Massachusetts, US

|year= 1960

|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000571286 |series=New Germany Reports |number=45 |publisher=J. Joesten

}}

  • {{cite book|author=Philippe Dollinger|title=The German Hansa|year=1970|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0742-8|ref={{harvid|Dollinger|1970}}|url=https://archive.org/details/germanhansa0000doll}}
  • {{cite journal

|title=Education, Morality, and the Politics of Class in Hamburg and Stockholm, 1870–1914 |author= Madeleine Hurd |journal= Journal of Contemporary History |volume= 31

|issue= 4 |year=1996

|jstor=261041

|ref= {{harvid|Hurd|1996}}

|doi=10.1177/002200949603100402

|pages=619–650

|s2cid= 144894036 }}

;published in 21st century

  • {{cite book

|editor=John M. Jeep

|title=Medieval Germany: an Encyclopedia

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4uHav3mZLsC

|year= 2001

|publisher=Garland Publishing |isbn=0-8240-7644-3

|chapter= Hamburg

}}

  • {{cite book

|editor1=Richard Lawton |editor2=W. Robert Lee |title= Population and Society in Western European Port Cities, c.1650-1939

|year=2002

|publisher=Liverpool University Press

|isbn=978-0-85323-435-7

|chapter= Changes in population development, urban structures, and living conditions in nineteenth-century Hamburg |author= Clemens Wischermann

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZBGZ5ikmhwC

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = Rodopi |isbn = 9789042011854 |title = Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, and National Culture: Public Culture in Hamburg, 1700–1933 |editor = Peter Uwe Hohendahl |editor1-link=Peter Uwe Hohendahl

|date = 2003

}}

  • {{cite journal

|title=A Tale of Second Cities: Autonomy, Culture, and the Law in Hamburg and Barcelona in the Late Nineteenth Century |author= Maiken Umbach |journal= American Historical Review |volume= 110

|issue= 3 |year=2005

| ref = {{harvid|Umbach|2005}}

|doi=10.1086/ahr.110.3.659

|pages=659–692

|doi-access= free}}

=in German=

  • {{cite book |title=Topographia Saxoniae Inferioris

|year= 1653

|series=Topographia Germaniae |location=Frankfurt |chapter=Hamburg |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OXJOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA125 |language=de |page=125+

|last1= Zeiller

|first1= Martin

}}

  • {{cite book|author=Gottfried Schütze|title=Die Geschichte von Hamburg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOM-AAAAcAAJ

|year=1776

|publisher=J.G. Fritsch |location=Hamburg |language=de

}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009019784 v.2]

  • {{cite book|author=J. J. Ropelius|title=Chronik oder Geschichte von Hamburg |trans-title=Chronicle or History of Hamburg |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011630277 |year=1832|publisher=J.L.H. Wichers und Sohn |language=de

}}

  • {{cite book|author=W. L. Meeder|title=Geschichte von Hamburg |trans-title=History of Hamburg |year=1838–1839|location=Hamburg |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009732244 |language=de }}
  • {{Citation |publisher = Tramburg's Erben |location = Hamburg |title = Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg |url = http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008554450 |author = Johann Gustav Gallois |date = 1853–1856 |oclc = 6894187 |language=de

}}

  • {{cite book|author=Architectonischen Verein |title=Hamburg: historisch-topographische und baugeschichtliche Mittheilungen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpZZAAAAYAAJ|year=1868|publisher=Otto Meissner |location=Hamburg |language=de

}}

  • {{cite book |title=Historische Topographie der Freien und Hanse-Stadt Hamburg

|year=1880

|author=Gaedechens |language=de

}}

  • {{Citation |publisher = Persiehl |author = Carl Mönckeberg |title = Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg

|date = 1885

|oclc = 13436239 |language=de

|ol = 23438002M }}

  • {{cite book|author=Fabian Landau|title=Denksteine aus der Geschichte von Hamburg und Altona |trans-title=Monuments from the history of Hamburg and Altona |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008688160

|year=1907

|publisher=Knackstedt & Näther |location=Hamburg |language=de

}}

  • {{cite book

|title=Hamburg

|series= Griebens Reiseführer

|language=de

|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100630399

|year=1912

|publisher= A. Goldschmidt

}}

  • {{cite book

|editor=P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht

|title=Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas |trans-title=Meyer's Atlas of German Cities

|year=1913

|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut

|location=Leipzig

|language=de

|chapter-url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009018394

|chapter= Hamburg

}}

{{refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Hamburg}}

  • Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg. [http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subcharts/digbib/dobsearch?sa1=TitleTrans&sv1=*&submit=Suchen&sby=YearOfPublicationFact&sby=TitleTrans Maps of Hamburg]
  • Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=hamburg&rows=96 Items related to Hamburg], various dates.
  • Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=hamburg+germany&utf8=✓ Items related to Hamburg], various dates
  • New York Public Library. [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?advword=hamburg Items related to Hamburg]

{{coord|53.565278|10.001389|type:city|display=title}}

{{Hamburg}}

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Hamburg

Category:Hamburg-related lists