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Timeline of psychology#{{DECADE

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This article is a general timeline of psychology.

Ancient history – BCE

  • c. 1550 BCE – The Ebers Papyrus mentioned depression and thought disorders.{{cite journal |last1=Okasha |first1=Ahmed |date=2005 |title=Mental Health in Egypt |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=116–25 |pmid=16342608 }}
  • c. 600 BCE – Many cities in Greece had temples to Asklepios that provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses.{{cite book|last=Silverberg|first=Robert|title=The dawn of medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/dawnofmedicine00silv|url-access=registration|access-date=21 April 2013|year=1967|publisher=Putnam}}
  • 540–475 Heraclitus{{cite book|last1=Sheehy|first1=Noel|last2=Chapman|first2=Antony J.|last3=Conroy|first3=Wendy A.|title=Biographical Dictionary of Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzA6s7KZo-MC|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415285612|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113045/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzA6s7KZo-MC|url-status=live}}
  • c. 500 Alcmaeon – suggested theory of humors as regulating human behavior (similar to Empedocles' elements)
  • 500–428 Anaxagoras
  • 490–430 Empedocles proposed a first natural, non-religious system of factors that create things around, including human characters. In his model he used four elements (water, fire, earth, air) and four seasons to derive diversity of natural systems.
  • 490–421 Protagoras
  • 470–399 Socrates – Socrates has been called the father of western philosophy, if only via his influence on Plato and Aristotle. Socrates made a major contribution to pedagogy via his dialectical method and to epistemology via his definition of true knowledge as true belief buttressed by some rational justification.
  • 470–370 Democritus – Democritus distinguished between insufficient knowledge gained through the senses and legitimate knowledge gained through the intellect—an early stance on epistemology.
  • 460 BC – 370 BCE – Hippocrates introduced principles of scientific medicine based upon naturalistic observation and logic, and denied the influence of spirits and demons in diseases. Introduced the concept of "temperamentum"("mixture", i.e. 4 temperament types based on a ratio between chemical bodily systems.{{cite book|last1=Howells|first1=John G.|last2=Osborn|first2=M. Livia|title=A reference companion to the history of abnormal psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAMlAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 November 2012|year=1984|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313242618|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113046/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAMlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} Hippocrates was among the first physicians to argue that brain, and not the heart is the organ of psychic processes.
  • 387 BCE – Plato suggested that the brain is the seat of mental processes. Plato's view of the "soul" (self) is that the body exists to serve the soul: "God created the soul before the body and gave it precedence both in time and value, and made it the dominating and controlling partner." from Timaeus
  • c. 350 BCE – Aristotle wrote on the psuchê (soul) in De Anima, first mentioning the tabula rasa concept of the mind.
  • c. 340 BCE – Praxagoras
  • 371–288 Theophrastus
  • 341–270 Epicurus
  • c. 320 Herophilus
  • c. 300–30 Zeno of Citium taught the philosophy of Stoicism, involving logic and ethics. In logic, he distinguished between imperfect knowledge offered by the senses and superior knowledge offered by reason. In ethics, he taught that virtue lay in reason and vice in rejection of reason. Stoicism inspired Aaron Beck to introduce cognitive behavioral therapy in the 1970s.{{cite book |vauthors=Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G |year = 1979|title = Cognitive Therapy of Depression|page = 8|publisher = Guilford Press|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-89862-000-9}}
  • 304–250 Erasistratus
  • 123–43 BCE – Themison of Laodicea was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia and founded a school of medical thought known as "methodism." He was criticized by Soranus for his cruel handling of mental patients. Among his prescriptions were darkness, restraint by chains, and deprivation of food and drink. Juvenal satirized him and suggested that he killed more patients than he cured.
  • c. 100 BCE – The Dead Sea Scrolls noted the division of human nature into two temperaments.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss-lc-community.htm|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls at the Gnostic Society Library: Texts from the Scrolls – Community Rule|website=www.gnosis.org|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425052529/http://www.gnosis.org/library/dss/dss-lc-community.htm|url-status=live}}

1st–5th century CE

  • c. 50 – Aulus Cornelius Celsus died, leaving De Medicina, a medical encyclopedia; Book 3 covers mental diseases. The term insania, insanity, was first used by him. The methods of treatment included bleeding, frightening the patient, emetics, enemas, total darkness, and decoctions of poppy or henbane, and pleasant ones such as music therapy, travel, sport, reading aloud, and massage. He was aware of the importance of the doctor-patient relationship.{{cite book|last1=Howells|first1=John G.|last2=Osborn|first2=M. Livia|title=A reference companion to the history of abnormal psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAMlAAAAMAAJ|access-date=21 April 2013|year=1984|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313242618|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113046/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAMlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
  • c. 100 – Rufus of Ephesus believed that the nervous system was instrumental in voluntary movement and sensation. He discovered the optic chiasma by anatomical studies of the brain. He stressed taking a history of both physical and mental disorders. He gave a detailed account of melancholia, and was quoted by Galen.
  • 93–138 – Soranus of Ephesus advised kind treatment in healthy and comfortable conditions, including light, warm rooms.
  • c. 130–200 – Galen "was schooled in all the psychological systems of the day: Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean" He advanced medicine by offering anatomic investigations and was a skilled physician. Galen developed further the theory of temperaments suggested by Hippocrates, that people's characters were determined by the balance among four bodily substances. He also distinguished sensory from motor nerves and showed that the brain controls the muscles.
  • c. 150–200 – Aretaeus of Cappadocia{{cite book|last=Radden|first=Jennifer|title=The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aESBh9lXDJMC|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195151657|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113051/https://books.google.com/books?id=aESBh9lXDJMC|url-status=live}}
  • 155–220 Tertullian
  • 205–270 Plotinus wrote Enneads a systematic account of Neoplatonist philosophy, also nature of visual perception and how memory might work.
  • c. 323–403 – Oribasius compiled medical writings based on the works of Aristotle, Asclepiades, and Soranus of Ephesus, and wrote on melancholia in Galenic terms.
  • 345–399 – Evagrius Ponticus described a rigorous way of introspection within the early Christian monastic tradition. Through introspection, monks could acquire self-knowledge and control their stream of thought which signified potentially demonic influences. Ponticus developed this view in Praktikos, his guide to ascetic life.Inbar Graiver, [http://www.shellsandpebbles.com/2017/10/10/probing-the-boundary-between-knowledge-and-science-in-the-history-of-psychology-the-late-antique-roots-of-introspection/ "Probing the Boundary between Knowledge and Science in the History of Psychology: The Late Antique Roots of Introspection"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522070802/http://www.shellsandpebbles.com/2017/10/10/probing-the-boundary-between-knowledge-and-science-in-the-history-of-psychology-the-late-antique-roots-of-introspection/ |date=22 May 2021 }}, Shells and Pebbles [blog], 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2018-20-7.
  • c. 390 – Nemesius wrote De Natura Hominis (On Human Nature); large sections were incorporated in Saint John Damascene's De Fide Orthodoxia in the eighth century. Nemesius' book De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis (On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato) contains many passages concerning Galen's anatomy and physiology, believing that different cavities of the brain were responsible for different functions.{{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Simon|title=Medieval psychology: Simon Kemp|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUNAQAAMAAJ|access-date=27 April 2013|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313267345|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113052/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUNAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
  • 397–398 – St. Augustine of Hippo published Confessions, which anticipated Freud by near-discovery of the subconscious.Henry Chadwick, Augustine (Oxford, 1986), p.3. Augustine's most complete account of the soul is in De Quantitate Animae (The Greatness of the Soul). The work assumes a Platonic model of the soul.
  • 5th century – Caelius Aurelianus opposed harsh methods of handling the insane, and advocated humane treatment.
  • c. 423–529 – Theodosius the Cenobiarch founded a monastery at Kathismus, near Bethlehem. Three hospitals were built by the side of the monastery: one for the sick, one for the aged, and one for the insane.
  • c. 451 – Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople: his followers dedicated themselves to the sick and became physicians of great repute. They brought the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, and influenced the approach to physical and mental disorders in Persia and Arabia

6th–10th century

  • 625–690 – Paul of Aegina suggested that hysteria should be treated by ligature of the limbs, and mania by tying the patient to a mattress placed inside a wicker basket and suspended from the ceiling. He also recommended baths, wine, special diets, and sedatives for the mentally ill. He described the following mental disorders: phrenitis, delirium, lethargus, melancholia, mania, incubus, lycanthropy, and epilepsy
  • c. 800 – The first bimaristan was built in Baghdad. By the 13th century, bimaristans grew into hospitals with specialized wards, including wards for mentally ill patients.Miller, A. C. (2006). Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(12), 615–617. {{doi|10.1258/jrsm.99.12.615}}
  • c. 850 – Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wrote a work emphasizing the need for psychotherapy.Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [361]
  • {{circa|900}} – Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi urged doctors to ensure that they evaluated the state of both their patients' bodies and souls, and highlighted the link between spiritual or mental health and overall health.{{cite journal | last1 = Deuraseh | first1 = Nurdeen | last2 = Mansor Abu | first2 = Talib | year = 2005 | title = Mental health in Islamic medical tradition | journal = The International Medical Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 76–79 }}
  • {{circa|900}} – al-Razi (Rhazes) promoted psychotherapy and an understanding attitude towards those with psychological distress.{{Cite journal |first=Amber |last=Haque |year=2004 |title=Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=357–377 [376] |doi=10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z |s2cid=38740431 }}

11th–15th century

  • 1025 – In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna described a number of conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor.S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", Neurosurgical Focus 23 (1), E13, p. 3.
  • c. 1030 – Al-Biruni employed an experimental method in examining the concept of reaction time.Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" (cf. [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601071319/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/|date=1 June 2009}} and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120094810/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm|date=20 November 2008}})
  • c. 1180 – 1245 Alexander of Hales
  • c. 1190 – 1249 William of Auvergne
  • c. 1200 – Maimonides wrote about neuropsychiatric disorders, and described rabies and belladonna intoxication.
  • 1215–1277 Peter Juliani taught in the medical faculty of the University of Siena, and wrote on medical, philosophical and psychological topics. He was personal physician to Pope Gregory X and later became archbishop and cardinal. He was elected pope under the name John XXI in 1276.{{cite book|last1=Cosman|first1=Madeleine Pelner|last2=Jones|first2=Linda Gale|title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC&pg=PA480|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438109077|page=480|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113043/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC&pg=PA480|url-status=live}}
  • c. 1214 – 1294 Roger Bacon advocated for empirical methods and wrote on optics, visual perception, and linguistics.
  • 1221–1274 Bonaventure
  • 1193–1280 Albertus Magnus
  • 1225 – Thomas Aquinas
  • 1240 – Bartholomeus Anglicus published De Proprietatibus Rerum, which included a dissertation on the brain, recognizing that mental disorders can have a physical or psychological cause.
  • 1247 – Bethlehem Royal Hospital in Bishopsgate outside the wall of London, one of the most famous old psychiatric hospitals was founded as a priory of the Order of St. Mary of Bethlem to collect alms for Crusaders; after the English government secularized it, it started admitting mental patients by 1377 ({{circa|1403}}), becoming known as Bedlam Hospital; in 1547 it was acquired by the City of London, operating until 1948; it is now part of the British NHS Foundation Trust.Shorter, E. (1997)
  • 1266–1308 Duns Scotus
  • {{circa|1270}} – Witelo wrote Perspectiva, a work on optics containing speculations on psychology, nearly discovering the subconscious.
  • 1295 Lanfranc writes Science of Cirurgie
  • 1317–1340 – William of Ockham, an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that the simplest explanation is to be preferred. He also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology, advancing his thoughts about intuitive and abstracted knowledge.
  • c. 1375 – English authorities regarded mental illness as demonic possession, treating it with exorcism and torture.{{cite web|url=http://www.manoneileen.com/2011/05/06/the-history-of-treatment-of-psychological-illness-demons-witches-and-exorcism/|title=Contact Support|publisher=manoneileen.com|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510073803/http://www.manoneileen.com/2011/05/06/the-history-of-treatment-of-psychological-illness-demons-witches-and-exorcism/|archive-date=10 May 2013|url-status=dead}}
  • c. 1400 – Renaissance Humanism caused a reawakening of ancient knowledge of science and medicine.
  • 1433–1499 Marsilio Ficino was a renowned figure of the Italian Renaissance, a Neoplatonist humanist, a translator of Greek philosophical writing, and the most influential exponent of Platonism in Italy in the fifteenth century.
  • c. 1450 – The pendulum in Europe swings, bringing witch mania, causing thousands of women to be executed for witchcraft until the late 17th century.

16th century

  • 1590 – Scholastic philosopher Rudolph Goclenius coined the term "psychology"; though usually regarded as the origin of the term, there is evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by Marko Marulić.

17th century

18th century

  • 1701 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published the Law of Continuity, which he applied to psychology, becoming the first to postulate an unconscious mind; he also introduced the concept of threshold.{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology|author=Hergenhahn, B.|date=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495506218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZwXnfYAo3oC|page=189|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113107/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZwXnfYAo3oC|url-status=live}}
  • 1710 – George Berkeley published Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, which claims that the outside world is composed solely of ideas.
  • 1732 – Christian Wolff published Psychologia Empirica, followed in 1734 by Psychologia Rationalis, popularizing the term "psychology".
  • 1739 – David Hume published A Treatise of Human Nature, claiming that all contents of mind are solely built from sense experiences.
  • 1781 – Immanuel Kant published Critique of Pure Reason, rejecting Hume's extreme empiricism and proposing that there is more to knowledge than bare sense experience, distinguishing between "a posteriori" and "a priori" knowledge, the former being derived from perception, hence occurring after perception, and the latter being a property of thought, independent of experience and existing before experience.
  • 1783 – Ferdinand Ueberwasser designated himself Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic at the Old University of Münster; four years later, he published the comprehensive textbook Instructions for the regular study of empirical psychology for candidates of philosophy at the University of Münster which complemented his lectures on scientific psychology.Schwarz, K. A., & Pfister, R.: Scientific psychology in the 18th century: a historical rediscovery. In: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Nr. 11, p. 399-407.
  • 1798 – Immanuel Kant proposed the first dimensional model of consistent individual differences by mapping the four Hippocrates' temperament types into dimensions of emotionality and energetic arousal.{{cite book|year=1798|last1=Kant|first1=I.|title=Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view. trans. Mary Gregor). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974 (VII)}} These two dimensions later became an essential part of all temperament and personality models.

19th century

=1800s=

  • c. 1800 – Franz Joseph Gall developed cranioscopy, the measurement of the skull to determine psychological characteristics, which was later renamed phrenology; it is now discredited.
  • 1807 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel published Phenomenology of Spirit (Mind), which describes his thesis-antithesis-synthesis dialectical method, according to which knowledge pushes forwards to greater certainty, and ultimately towards knowledge of the noumenal world.
  • 1808 – Johann Christian Reil coined the term "psychiatry".

=1810s=

  • 1812 – Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind,{{cite web|url=http://deila.dickinson.edu/theirownwords/title/0034.htm|title=Benjamin Rush – Medical Inquiries and Observations, Upon Diseases of the Mind|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=7 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107235241/http://deila.dickinson.edu/theirownwords/title/0034.htm|url-status=live}} the first American textbook on psychiatry.Mental Wellness.com

=1820s=

  • 1829 – John Stuart Mill's father James Mill published Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (2 vols.).{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/library/2461200/analysis-of-the-phenomena-of-the-human-mind|title=Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind – Vol. 1|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171904/https://www.questia.com/library/2461200/analysis-of-the-phenomena-of-the-human-mind|url-status=live}}

=1840s=

=1850s=

=1860s=

=1870s=

=1880s=

=1890s=

20th century

=1900s=

=1910s=

=1920s=

=1930s=

  • 1930 – Edwin Boring discussed the Boring figure.
  • 1931 – Gordon Allport et al. published the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, which defines six major value types.
  • 1932 – Journal of Personality founded as first personality psychology research periodical originally titled Character and Personality.
  • 1933 – Pyotr Gannushkin published Manifestations of Psychopathies.Ганнушкин П. Б. (2000). Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика. Издательство Нижегородской государственной медицинской академии. {{ISBN|5-86093-015-1}}.
  • 1933 – Clark L. Hull published Hypnosis and Suggestibility, proving that hypnosis is not sleep and founding the modern study of hypnosis.
  • 1933 – Wilhelm Reich published Character Analysis and The Mass Psychology of Fascism.
  • 1934 – Lev Vygotsky published Thought and Language (Thinking and Speech).
  • 1934 – Ruth Winifred Howard became the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology.{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Patrick|title=Notable Black American Scientistis|date=1999|publisher=Galel Research|location=Farmington Hills, Michigan|isbn=978-0-7876-2789-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableblackamer0000unse/page/22 22–23]|url=https://archive.org/details/notableblackamer0000unse/page/22}}
  • 1935 – John Ridley Stroop developed a color-word task to demonstrate the interference of attention, the Stroop effect{{cite journal | last1 = Stroop | first1 = J.R. | year = 1935 | title = Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 18 | issue = 6| pages = 643–662 | doi=10.1037/h0054651| hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5ADB-7 | hdl-access = free }}
  • 1935 – Helen Flanders Dunbar published Emotions and Bodily Changes: A Survey of Literature on Psychosomatic Interrelationships;{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/emotions/psychosomatic.html|title=Emotions and Disease: Psychosomatic Medicine: 'The Puzzling Leap'|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213062133/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/emotions/psychosomatic.html|url-status=live}} in 1942 she founded the American Psychosomatic Society (American Society for Research in Psychosomatic Problems),{{Cite web |url=http://www.psychosomatic.org/about/index.cfm |title=American Psychosomatic Society |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-date=21 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321220946/http://www.psychosomatic.org/about/index.cfm |url-status=live }} and was the first editor of the society's journal Psychosomatic Medicine: Experimental and Clinical Studies, founded in 1939.{{cite web|url=http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/|title=Psychosomatic Medicine|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214043220/http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/|url-status=live}}
  • 1935 – Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan of Harvard University published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
  • 1935 – Theodore Newcomb began the Bennington College Study,{{cite web|url=http://www2.lewisu.edu/~gazianjo/newcomb.htm|title=Newcomb|publisher=www2.lewisu.edu|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034852/http://www2.lewisu.edu/~gazianjo/newcomb.htm|url-status=live}} which ended in 1939, documenting liberalization of women students' political beliefs, along with the effects of proximity on acquaintance and attraction.
  • 1936 – Kurt Lewin published Principles of Topological Psychology,{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesoftopo011804mbp|title=Principles of Topological Psychology: Kurt Lewin: Free Download & Streaming: Internet Archive|access-date=17 October 2014}} containing Lewin's Equation B = f (P, E), meaning that behavior is a function of a person in their environment.
  • 1936 – Wilhelm Reich published The Sexual Revolution.
  • 1936 – Kenneth Spence published an analysis of discrimination learning in terms of gradients of excitation and inhibition, showing that mathematical deductions from a quantitative theory could generate interesting and empirically testable predictions.
  • 1936 – The Psychometric Society was founded by Louis Leon Thurstone, who proposed dividing general intelligence into seven primary mental abilities (PMAs).
  • 1938 – B.F. Skinner published his first major work The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis, introducing behavior analysis.
  • 1939 – Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley published a classic report in the journal Nature of the first recording of an action potential.
  • 1939 – Neal E. Miller et al. published the frustration-aggression theory, which claims that aggression is the result of frustration of efforts to attain a goal.
  • 1939 – David Wechsler developed the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale.
  • 1939 – On 1 September World War II began with the German invasion of Poland; on 20 September Adolf Hitler signed the Euthanasia Decree,{{cite web|url=http://www.euthanasia.com/hitlerletter.html|title=Hitler's Euthanasia Decree|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004050/http://www.euthanasia.com/hitlerletter.html|url-status=live}} written by psychologist Max de Crinis, resulting in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program; on 23 September Sigmund Freud committed physician-assisted suicide in London on the Jewish Day of Atonement; on 31 October his archrival Otto Rank died of a kidney infection in New York City after uttering the word "comical"; Wilhelm Reich fled to New York, coining the word orgone and building "orgone accumulators", which got him in trouble with the psychiatric establishment and the federal government.

=1940s=

=1950s=

= 1960s =

=1970s=

=1980s=

=1990s=

  • 1990 – On 17 May the World Health Organization (WHO) declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder,{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/546|title=May 17th is the Intl Day Against Homophobia|website=ILGA|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704014026/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/546|archive-date=4 July 2014}} launching the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia.
  • 1990 – Leonard Berkowitz published the cognitive neoassociation model of aggressive behavior to cover the cases missed by the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
  • 1991 – Steven Pinker proposed his theory on how children acquire language in Science,{{cite journal | last1 = Pinker | first1 = S. | year = 1991 | title = Rules of Language | journal = Science | volume = 253 | issue = 5019| pages = 530–535 | doi=10.1126/science.1857983 | pmid=1857983| bibcode = 1991Sci...253..530P }} later popularized in the book The Language Instinct.
  • 1991 – The first issue of Feminism & Psychology was published.
  • 1991- The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) passed a resolution opposing "public or private discrimination" against homosexuals. It stopped short, however, of agreeing to open its training institutes to these individuals.{{Cite web |url=http://www.psychiatricnews.org/pnews/98-07-17/apsa.html |title=Psychiatric News Main Frame |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614205256/http://www.psychiatricnews.org/pnews/98-07-17/apsa.html |url-status=live }}
  • 1992 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) extended the provisions of its 1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes.
  • 1992 – Jaak Panksepp coined the term affective neuroscience for the name of the field that studies neural mechanisms of emotion,Panksepp, J. (1992) A critical role for 'affective neuroscience' in resolving what is basic about basic emotions. Psychology Review, Vol. 99, No. 3, 554–560 and in 1998 published the book Affective Neuroscience – The Foundations of Human and Animal EmotionsPanksepp, J. (1998) Affective Neuroscience – The foundations of human and animal emotions, Oxford University Press, New York
  • 1992 – Sandra Scarr published Developmental Theories of the 1990s, proposing that genes control experiences, and search and create environments.
  • 1992 – Joseph LeDoux summarized and published his research on brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning.{{cite journal | last1 = LeDoux | first1 = J.E. | year = 1992 | title = Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning | journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 191–197 | doi=10.1016/0959-4388(92)90011-9| pmid = 1638153 | s2cid = 54361261 }}
  • 1992 – The American Psychological Association (APA) selected behavioral genetics as one of two themes that best represented the past, present, and future of psychology.Plomin, R., McLearn, G.E. (1992) Nature, Nurture, and Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • 1994 – DSM-IV was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
  • 1994 – Antonio Damasio published Descartes' Error, presenting the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making.
  • 1994 – Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray published The Bell Curve.
  • 1994 – Michael Posner and Marcus Raichle published Images of the Mind, using positron emission tomography (PET) to localize brain cognitive functions.
  • 1994 – Esther Thelen and Linda B. Smith published A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, a book on the use of developmental models based on dynamic systems.
  • 1994 – A study reports that magical thinking emerges more frequently under high-stress (e.g. immediate death anxiety) conditions.{{cite journal |last1=Keinan |first1=Giora |title=Effects of stress and tolerance of ambiguity on magical thinking. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |date=July 1994 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.48 }}
  • 1994 – Harvard University professor of psychiatry John E. Mack interviews dozens of experiencers of the 1994 Ariel School UFO incident, reporting the event to the world,{{cite news |title=The Ariel School Phenomenon: What Really Happened When 68 Children Witnessed A UFO? |url=https://www.iflscience.com/the-ariel-school-phenomenon-what-really-happened-when-68-children-witnessed-a-ufo-63873 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=IFLScience |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172420/https://www.iflscience.com/the-ariel-school-phenomenon-what-really-happened-when-68-children-witnessed-a-ufo-63873 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Eghigian |first1=Greg |title=Making UFOs make sense: Ufology, science, and the history of their mutual mistrust |journal=Public Understanding of Science |date=6 December 2015 |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=612–626 |doi=10.1177/0963662515617706 |pmid=26644010 |s2cid=37769406 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0963662515617706 |issn=0963-6625 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172420/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0963662515617706 |url-status=live }} which indicated that the event cannot be dismissed as mass hysteria,{{cite journal |last1=Kokota |first1=D |title=View point: Episodes of mass hysteria in African schools: a study of literature. |journal=Malawi Medical Journal |date=September 2011 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=74–7 |pmid=23448000 |pmc=3588562 }} after going on television with alien abductees during the spring of 1994{{cite web |title=NOVA Online/Kidnapped by UFOs/John Mack |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aliens/johnmack.html |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513100737/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aliens/johnmack.html |url-status=live }}
  • 1995 – Simon Baron-Cohen coined the term mental blindness to reflect the inability of children with autism to properly represent the mental states of others.Baron-Cohen, S., (1995) "Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mindfreak" Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
  • 1996 – Giacomo Rizzolatti published his discovery of mirror neurons.{{cite journal | last1 = Rizzolatti | first1 = G.| year = 1996 | title = Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions | journal = Cognitive Brain Research | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 131–141 | doi=10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0|display-authors=etal | pmid=8713554| citeseerx = 10.1.1.553.2582}}
  • 1996 – Amos Tversky defined ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous choices, relating it to comparative ignorance.
  • 1997 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) became the first U.S. national mental health organization to support same-sex marriage.{{cite news |title=Psychoanalysts Modify Homosexuality Stand |work=Psychiatric News |url=http://www.psychiatricnews.org/pnews/98-07-17/apsa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907220114/http://www.psychiatricnews.org/pnews/98-07-17/apsa.html |archive-date=2015-09-07 }}
  • 1998 – Martin Seligman established Positive Psychology as his main theme when he became President of the American Psychological Association (APA).Srinivasan, T. S. (12 February 2015). The 5 Founding Fathers and A History of Positive Psychology. Retrieved 4 February 2017, from https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/founding-fathers/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617161536/https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/founding-fathers/ |date=17 June 2019 }}
  • 1999 – George Botterill published The Philosophy of Psychology,{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Psychology|author1=Botterill, G.|author2=Carruthers, P.|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521559157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW3HZpqDUKUC|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304113124/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW3HZpqDUKUC|url-status=live}} about how modern cognitive science challenges our common sense self-image.

21st century

= 2000s =

  • 2000 – Alan Baddeley updated his model of working memory from 1974 to include the episodic buffer as a third slave system alongside the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad{{cite journal | last1 = Baddeley | first1 = A.D. | year = 2000 | title = The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? | doi=10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2 | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 4 | issue = 11| pages = 417–423 | pmid=11058819| s2cid = 14333234 | doi-access = free }}
  • 2000 – Max Velmans published Understanding Consciousness, arguing for reflexive monism.
  • 2002 – Avshalom Caspi et al. presented a study that was the first to provide epidemiological evidence that a specific genotype moderates children's sensitivity to environmental insults.{{cite journal | last1 = Caspi | first1 = A. | last2 = McClay | first2 = J. | last3 = Moffitt | first3 = T.E. | last4 = Mill | first4 = J. | last5 = Craig | first5 = I.W. | last6 = Taylor | first6 = A. | last7 = Poulton | first7 = R. | year = 2002 | title = Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children | doi=10.1126/science.1072290 | journal = Science | volume = 297 | issue = 5582| pages = 851–854 | pmid=12161658| bibcode = 2002Sci...297..851C | s2cid = 7882492 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Kim-Cohen | first1 = J. | last2 = Caspi | first2 = A. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = A. | last4 = Williams | first4 = B. | last5 = Newcombe | first5 = R | last6 = Craig | first6 = IW | last7 = Moffitt | first7 = T.E. | year = 2006 | title = MAOA, maltreatment, and gene–environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 10| pages = 903–913 | doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001851 | pmid=16801953| doi-access = }}
  • 2002 – Steven Pinker published The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, arguing against tabula rasa models of the social sciences.Pinker, S. (2002) The Blank Slate – The Modern Denial of Human Nature, London: Penguin books{{cite journal | last1 = Pinker | first1 = S. | year = 2006 | title = The Blank slate | url = http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/The_Blank_Slate_General_Psychologist.pdf | journal = General Psychologist | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060719015810/http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/The_Blank_Slate_General_Psychologist.pdf | archive-date = 19 July 2006 | df = dmy-all }}
  • 2002 – Daniel Kahneman won Nobel Prize{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2002/kahneman-lecture.html |title=Daniel Kahneman – Prize Lecture: Maps of Bounded Rationality |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523005637/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2002/kahneman-lecture.html |url-status=live }}
  • 2007 – George Mandler published A History of Modern Experimental PsychologyMandler, G. A history of modern experimental psychology: From Janes and Wundt to cognirive science.

= 2010s =

  • 2010s – As research on the topic accumulates and its usage increases, scientists investigate neuroenhancement – such as nootropics{{cite journal |last1=Schifano |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Catalani |first2=Valeria |last3=Sharif |first3=Safia |last4=Napoletano |first4=Flavia |last5=Corkery |first5=John Martin |last6=Arillotta |first6=Davide |last7=Fergus |first7=Suzanne |last8=Vento |first8=Alessandro |last9=Guirguis |first9=Amira |title=Benefits and Harms of 'Smart Drugs' (Nootropics) in Healthy Individuals |journal=Drugs |date=1 April 2022 |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=633–647 |doi=10.1007/s40265-022-01701-7 |pmid=35366192 |s2cid=247860331 |issn=1179-1950|hdl=2299/25614 |hdl-access=free }} – regarding psychological mechanisms underlying cognitive functions, neuroethics, effects on moral decision-making,{{cite journal |last1=Ngo |first1=Thao |last2=Ghio |first2=Marta |last3=Kuchinke |first3=Lars |last4=Roser |first4=Patrik |last5=Bellebaum |first5=Christian |title=Moral decision making under modafinil: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover fMRI study |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=1 September 2019 |volume=236 |issue=9 |pages=2747–2759 |doi=10.1007/s00213-019-05250-y |pmid=31037409 |s2cid=139102705 |issn=1432-2072}} public perception, their potential for the treatment of mental diseases, and the potential or ongoing use by professionals or self-administering civilians.{{cite journal |last1=Dresler |first1=Martin |last2=Sandberg |first2=Anders |last3=Bublitz |first3=Christoph |last4=Ohla |first4=Kathrin |last5=Trenado |first5=Carlos |last6=Mroczko-Wąsowicz |first6=Aleksandra |last7=Kühn |first7=Simone |last8=Repantis |first8=Dimitris |title=Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement |journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience |date=20 March 2019 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=1137–1148 |doi=10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571 |pmid=30550256 |pmc=6429408 |issn=1948-7193}}{{cite journal |last1=Tennison |first1=Michael N. |last2=Moreno |first2=Jonathan D. |title=Neuroscience, Ethics, and National Security: The State of the Art |journal=PLOS Biology |date=20 March 2012 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e1001289 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001289 |pmid=22448146 |pmc=3308927 |issn=1545-7885 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Lucius |first1=Caviola |last2=S. |first2=Faber, Nadira |title=Pills or Push-Ups? Effectiveness and Public Perception of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=2015 |volume=6 |page=1852 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01852 |pmid=26696922 |pmc=4667098 |issn=1664-1078|doi-access=free }}{{cite report |last1=Brunye |first1=Tad T. |last2=Beaudoin |first2=Monique E. |last3=Feltman |first3=Kathryn A. |last4=Heaton |first4=Kristin J. |last5=McKinley |first5=Richard A. |last6=Vartanian |first6=Oshin |last7=Tangney |first7=John F. |last8=Van Erp |first8=Jan |last9=Vergin |first9=Annika |last10=Merla |first10=Ancangelo |last11=Whittaker |first11=Annalise |title=Neuroenhancement in Military Personnel: Conceptual and Methodological Promises and Challenge |date=4 February 2022 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1159590 |publisher= |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110020/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1159590 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Stephan |first1=Schleim |last2=B. |first2=Quednow, Boris |title=How Realistic Are the Scientific Assumptions of the Neuroenhancement Debate? Assessing the Pharmacological Optimism and Neuroenhancement Prevalence Hypotheses |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=2018 |volume=9 |page=3 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00003 |pmid=29403383 |pmc=5786508 |issn=1663-9812|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=J. |first1=Schelle, Kimberly |last2=Nadira |first2=Faulmüller |last3=Lucius |first3=Caviola |last4=Miles |first4=Hewstone |title=Attitudes toward pharmacological cognitive enhancement—a review |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |date=2014 |volume=8 |page=53 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2014.00053 |pmid=24860438 |pmc=4029025 |issn=1662-5137|doi-access=free }}
  • 2010s – With the rise of smartphone gaming and a continued large and nearly entirely commercially-driven gaming industry and Big Tech, mobile apps and social media are made intentionally addictive using insights from psychology.{{cite news |title=The scientists who make apps addictive |url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2016/10/20/the-scientists-who-make-apps-addictive |access-date=7 September 2022 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817124340/https://www.economist.com/1843/2016/10/20/the-scientists-who-make-apps-addictive |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Social media apps are 'deliberately' addictive to users |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44640959 |access-date=7 September 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914075318/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44640959 |url-status=live }} Research works such as The Age of Addiction: How Bad Habits Became Big Business propose that the methods of "limbic capitalism"{{cite web |last1=Courtwright |first1=David T. |title=What is Limbic Capitalism? |url=https://www.damagemag.com/2021/06/02/what-is-limbic-capitalism/ |website=Damage |access-date=8 September 2022 |date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110028/https://www.damagemag.com/2021/06/02/what-is-limbic-capitalism/ |url-status=live }} have become substantially more sophisticated.{{cite news |last1=Illing |first1=Sean |title=Capitalism is turning us into addicts |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/10/17/18647521/capitalism-age-of-addiction-phone-david-courtwright |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Vox |date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110019/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/10/17/18647521/capitalism-age-of-addiction-phone-david-courtwright |url-status=live }} {{see below|also below}}
  • 2010s – With increasing legalization of cannabis within the U.S. and worldwide, chronic effects of various types of cannabis consumption on cognition, along with comparisons of legalization impacts, become a more common focus of psychological research.{{cite book |title=The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research |url=http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2017/health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids.aspx |website=National Academy of Sciences |year=2017 |doi=10.17226/24625 |pmid=28182367 |isbn=978-0-309-45304-2 |author1=((National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Health and Medicine Division)) |author2=Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice |author3=Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714035337/https://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2017/health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids.aspx |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E | title = Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 1262–9 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26884547 | pmc = 4988731 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbw003 }}{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Iain |title=Chapter Fourteen - Psychostimulants and Artistic, Musical, and Literary Creativity |journal=International Review of Neurobiology |date=1 January 2015 |volume=120 |pages=301–326 |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2015.04.001 |pmid=26070763 |language=en |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0074774215000161 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110026/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0074774215000161 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ksir C, Hart CL | title = Cannabis and Psychosis: a Critical Overview of the Relationship | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 12 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26781550 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y | type = Review | s2cid = 36538598 | quote = our review of the evidence leads us to conclude that both early use of cannabis and heavy use of cannabis are more likely in individuals with a vulnerability to a variety of other problem behaviors, such as early or heavy use of cigarettes or alcohol, use of other illicit drugs, and poor school performance. }}{{cite journal |last1=d'Angelo |first1=L-S Camilla |last2=Savulich |first2=George |last3=Sahakian |first3=Barbara J |title=Lifestyle use of drugs by healthy people for enhancing cognition, creativity, motivation and pleasure |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |date=12 May 2017 |volume=174 |issue=19 |pages=3257–3267 |doi=10.1111/bph.13813 |pmid=28427114 |pmc=5595759 |issn=0007-1188}}
  • 2010s – As digital content becomes more abundant and more immediately available, attention gains a higher value, with the attention economy, where attention is the capital alongside data on consumers, taking shape{{cite magazine |last1=Wu |first1=Tim |title=The Crisis of Attention Theft—Ads That Steal Your Time for Nothing in Return |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/04/forcing-ads-captive-audience-attention-theft-crime/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |magazine=Wired |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814164003/https://www.wired.com/2017/04/forcing-ads-captive-audience-attention-theft-crime/ |url-status=live }} as part of "mental capitalism".{{cite journal |last1=van Krieken |first1=Robert |title=Georg Franck's 'The Economy of Attention': Mental capitalism and the struggle for attention |journal=Journal of Sociology |date=March 2019 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |doi=10.1177/1440783318812111 |s2cid=202164608 |issn=1440-7833}}
  • 2010s – Neuroscience and genetics investigate neurological and heritable factors of intelligence and develop neuroimaging intelligence testing, powered by far more extensive data and sophisticated tools.{{cite journal |last1=Pietschnig |first1=Jakob |last2=Penke |first2=Lars |last3=Wicherts |first3=Jelte M. |last4=Zeiler |first4=Michael |last5=Voracek |first5=Martin |title=Meta-analysis of associations between human brain volume and intelligence differences: How strong are they and what do they mean? |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |date=1 October 2015 |volume=57 |pages=411–432 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.017 |pmid=26449760 |s2cid=23180321 |issn=0149-7634}}{{cite journal |last1=Savage |first1=Jeanne E. |last2=Jansen |first2=Philip R. |display-authors=et al. |title=Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence |journal=Nature Genetics |date=July 2018 |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=912–919 |doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0152-6 |pmid=29942086 |pmc=6411041 |hdl=10138/303673 |issn=1546-1718}}{{cite journal |last1=Goriounova |first1=Natalia A. |last2=Mansvelder |first2=Huibert D. |title=Genes, Cells and Brain Areas of Intelligence |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |date=15 February 2019 |volume=13 |pages=44 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2019.00044|pmid=30828294 |pmc=6384251 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Plomin |first1=Robert |last2=von Stumm |first2=Sophie |title=The new genetics of intelligence |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |date=March 2018 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=148–159 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2017.104|pmid=29335645 |pmc=5985927 }}
  • 2010 – The draft of DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) was distributed for comment and critique.
  • 2010 – Simon LeVay published Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why, which in 2012 received the Bullough Book Award for the most distinguished book written for the professional sexological community published in a given year.{{cite web |author=LeVay, Simon |url=http://www.simonlevay.com/my-books#gaystraight |title=Simon LeVay's website |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017094016/http://www.simonlevay.com/my-books#gaystraight |url-status=live }}
  • 2012 – In 2009 America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16, and in 2012 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry echoed these recommendations.[http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-22897-transgender_at_10.html Transgender At 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701173135/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-22897-transgender_at_10.html |date=1 July 2016 }}. Wweek.com (6 August 2014). Retrieved on 26 April 2015.
  • 2012 – The American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.{{cite web |last=Ford |first=Zack |url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2012/08/21/721441/apa-issues-position-statements-supporting-transgender-care-and-civil-rights/?mobile=nc |title=APA Issues Position Statements Supporting Transgender Care And Civil Rights |website=ThinkProgress |date=21 August 2012 |access-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030616/http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2012/08/21/721441/apa-issues-position-statements-supporting-transgender-care-and-civil-rights/?mobile=nc |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}
  • 2013 – On 2 April U.S. President Barack Obama announced the 10-year BRAIN Initiative to map the activity of every neuron in the human brain.
  • 2013 – DSM-5 was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Among other things, it eliminated the term "gender identity disorder", which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/21/health/dsm-changes/ |title='Psychiatric bible' tackles grief, binge eating, drinking – CNN.com |website=CNN |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010749/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/21/health/dsm-changes/ |url-status=live }}
  • 2014 – Stanislas Dehaene, Giacomo Rizzolatti, and Trevor Robbins, were awarded the Brain Prize for their research on higher brain mechanisms underpinning literacy, numeracy, motivated behaviour, social cognition, and their disorders.{{cite web|url=http://www.thebrainprize.org/flx/prize_winners/prize_winners_2014|title=The Brain Prize|access-date=27 August 2016|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233429/http://www.thebrainprize.org/flx/prize_winners/prize_winners_2014/|url-status=live}}
  • 2014 – Brenda Milner, Marcus Raichle, and John O'Keefe received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition{{Cite web| url=http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2014-kavli-prize-laureates-neuroscience| title=2014 Kavli Prize Laureates in Neuroscience| date=30 May 2014| access-date=27 August 2016| archive-date=4 July 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704005211/http://kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2014-kavli-prize-laureates-neuroscience| url-status=live}}
  • 2014 – John O'Keefe shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser for their discoveries of cells (Place cell, Grid cell) that constitute a positioning system in the brain.{{Cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 | access-date=14 June 2017 | archive-date=7 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007190458/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/ | url-status=live }}
  • 2015 – The journal Psychology Today announced that it will no longer accept ads for gay conversion therapy, and is deleting medical practitioners who list such therapy in their professional profiles.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
  • 7 August 2015 – The American Psychological Association barred psychologists from participating in national security interrogations at sites violating international law.{{cite magazine | url=https://time.com/3989583/american-psychological-association-interrogations/ | title=Psychologists' Group Bans Participation in Some Interrogations | date=7 August 2015 | first=Julia | last=Zorthian | magazine=Time | access-date=26 June 2019 | archive-date=1 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001014036/https://time.com/3989583/american-psychological-association-interrogations/ | url-status=live }}
  • 27 August 2015 – The Reproducibility Project, a crowdsourced collaboration of 270 contributing authors led by Brian Nosek to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies, shows the replication crisis in psychology research,{{cite journal |author1=Open Science Collaboration |title=Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science |journal=Science |date=28 August 2015 |volume=349 |issue=6251 |pages=aac4716 |doi=10.1126/science.aac4716 |pmid=26315443 |s2cid=218065162 |issn=0036-8075 |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lkcsb_research/5257 |hdl=10722/230596 |hdl-access=free |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925044900/https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lkcsb_research/5257/ |url-status=live }} a term coined in the early 2010s when awareness of the problem was growing.{{cite journal |last1=Pashler |first1=Harold |last2=Harris |first2=Christine R. |title=Is the Replicability Crisis Overblown? Three Arguments Examined |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |date=November 2012 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=531–536 |doi=10.1177/1745691612463401 |pmid=26168109 |s2cid=1342421 |issn=1745-6916}} According to the study published in Science, only 39 of 100 studies published in major psychology journals could be replicated.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/27/9216565/psychology-studies-reproducability-issues |title=The Verse, 27 August 2015 |access-date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203104017/https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/27/9216565/psychology-studies-reproducability-issues |url-status=live }}
  • {{anchor|psychologyinpolitics}}2016 – Intensive use of psychological profiling and psychographic microtargeting, as well as voter manipulation – such as Internet manipulation, using insights from psychology and psychological data becomes a worldwide prevalent phenomenon in politics of majoritarian plain-votes-based democracies.{{cite news |last1=Lomas |first1=Natasha |title=Voter manipulation on social media now a global problem, report finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/26/voter-manipulation-on-social-media-now-a-global-problem-report-finds/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=TechCrunch |date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908001601/https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/26/voter-manipulation-on-social-media-now-a-global-problem-report-finds/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Lomas |first1=Natasha |title=Facebook data misuse and voter manipulation back in the frame with latest Cambridge Analytica leaks |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/06/facebook-data-misuse-and-voter-manipulation-back-in-the-frame-with-latest-cambridge-analytica-leaks/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=TechCrunch |date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908001555/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/06/facebook-data-misuse-and-voter-manipulation-back-in-the-frame-with-latest-cambridge-analytica-leaks/ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Stromer-Galley |first1=Jennifer |chapter=2016: The Turn to Mass-Targeted Campaigning |title=Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age |edition=2nd |date=22 August 2019 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190694043.003.0007 |isbn=9780190694081 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}{{cite news |title=The Data That Turned the World Upside Down |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Vice |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906182937/https://www.vice.com/en/article/mg9vvn/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Bastick |first1=Zach |title=Would you notice if fake news changed your behavior? An experiment on the unconscious effects of disinformation |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=1 March 2021 |volume=116 |pages=106633 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2020.106633 |s2cid=228903262 |issn=0747-5632|doi-access=free }}{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Adi |title=Netflix documentary The Great Hack turns the Cambridge Analytica scandal into high drama |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/30/18200049/the-great-hack-cambridge-analytica-netflix-documentary-film-review-sundance-2019 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Verge |date=30 January 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724233934/https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/30/18200049/the-great-hack-cambridge-analytica-netflix-documentary-film-review-sundance-2019 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|first=Brian|last=Resnick|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/3/23/17152564/cambridge-analytica-psychographic-microtargeting-what|title=Cambridge Analytica's 'psychographic microtargeting': what's bullshit and what's legit|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|location=New York City|date=March 26, 2018|access-date=February 15, 2020|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110026/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/3/23/17152564/cambridge-analytica-psychographic-microtargeting-what|url-status=live}} Social media has given rise to new public opinion cues that often have weak links with real public opinion,{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Andrew R. N. |last2=Chadwick |first2=Andrew |last3=Vaccari |first3=Cristian |title=Digital media and the proliferation of public opinion cues online: Biases and vulnerabilities in the new attention economy |journal=The Routledge Companion to Political Journalism |year=2021 |pages=241–251 |doi=10.4324/9780429284571-22 |isbn=9780429284571 |s2cid=242642397 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/media/media/research/o3c/pdf/Ross_Chadwick_Vaccari_-_Online_public_opinion_cues_biases_vulnerabilities_Jan_14_2021.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110029/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/media/media/research/o3c/pdf/Ross_Chadwick_Vaccari_-_Online_public_opinion_cues_biases_vulnerabilities_Jan_14_2021.pdf |url-status=live }} part of social media-driven societal and ideological polarisation via "filter bubbles",{{cite journal |last1=Bruns |first1=Axel |title=Filter bubble |journal=Internet Policy Review |date=29 November 2019 |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.14763/2019.4.1426|s2cid=211483210 |doi-access=free |hdl=10419/214088 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Bozdag |first1=Engin |last2=van den Hoven |first2=Jeroen |title=Breaking the filter bubble: democracy and design |journal=Ethics and Information Technology |date=1 December 2015 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=249–265 |doi=10.1007/s10676-015-9380-y |s2cid=14246611 |issn=1572-8439|doi-access=free }} which becomes an increasingly common topic of psychological research along with conspirational thinking/mentality{{cite journal |last1=Imhoff |first1=Roland |last2=Bertlich |first2=Tisa |last3=Frenken |first3=Marius |title=Tearing apart the "evil" twins: A general conspiracy mentality is not the same as specific conspiracy beliefs |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |date=1 August 2022 |volume=46 |pages=101349 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101349 |pmid=35537265 |s2cid=248159085 |issn=2352-250X |url=https://psyarxiv.com/hq7v9/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812181217/https://psyarxiv.com/hq7v9/ |url-status=live }} and misinformation-proliferation.
  • 13 June 2019 – A study concludes that "spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature [e.g. via one long or many shorter visits/week] is associated with good health and wellbeing".{{cite news |last1=Sheikh |first1=Knvul |title=How Much Nature Is Enough? 120 Minutes a Week, Doctors Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/health/nature-outdoors-health.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172419/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/health/nature-outdoors-health.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Mathew P. |last2=Alcock |first2=Ian |last3=Grellier |first3=James |last4=Wheeler |first4=Benedict W. |last5=Hartig |first5=Terry |last6=Warber |first6=Sara L. |last7=Bone |first7=Angie |last8=Depledge |first8=Michael H. |last9=Fleming |first9=Lora E. |title=Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing |journal=Scientific Reports |date=13 June 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=7730 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3 |pmid=31197192 |pmc=6565732 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7730W |issn=2045-2322}}
  • June 2019 — The World Health Organization included gaming disorder, characterized by problematic or compulsive use of video games, in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.{{Cite journal|last1=Pontes|first1=Halley M.|last2=Schivinski|first2=Bruno|last3=Sindermann|first3=Cornelia|last4=Li|first4=Mei|last5=Becker|first5=Benjamin|last6=Zhou|first6=Min|last7=Montag|first7=Christian|date=2021-04-01|title=Measurement and Conceptualization of Gaming Disorder According to the World Health Organization Framework: the Development of the Gaming Disorder Test|journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction|volume=19|issue=2|pages=508–528|doi=10.1007/s11469-019-00088-z|s2cid=173992750|issn=1557-1882|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=van den Brink|first=Wim|title=ICD-11 Gaming Disorder: Needed and just in time or dangerous and much too early?|journal=Journal of Behavioral Addictions|year=2017|volume=6|issue=3|pages=290–292|doi=10.1556/2006.6.2017.040|issn=2062-5871|pmc=5700715|pmid=28816496}}
  • November 2019 – Researchers report, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide.{{cite news |author=Arizona State University |title=Caring for family is what motivates people worldwide – International study including 27 countries shows people prioritize loved ones over everything else |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/asu-cff112619.php |date=26 November 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=30 November 2019 |author-link=Arizona State University |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128074654/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/asu-cff112619.php |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |author=Ko, Ahra |display-authors=et al. |title=Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation |url=https://psyarxiv.com/u8h3x/ |date=14 July 2019 |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |access-date=30 November 2019 |pmid=31791196 |doi=10.1177/1745691619872986 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=173–201 |s2cid=208611389 |doi-access=free |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223115928/https://psyarxiv.com/u8h3x/ |url-status=live }}

= 2020s =

{{Science year nav|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

  • 2020s – Researchers investigate the impacts of different forms (types or categories) of digital media uses on cognition and the impacts of digital media use(s) on different types of biological cognitive abilities.{{cite journal |last1=Sauce |first1=Bruno |last2=Liebherr |first2=Magnus |last3=Judd |first3=Nicholas |last4=Klingberg |first4=Torkel |title=The impact of digital media on children's intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background |journal=Scientific Reports |date=11 May 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=7720 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-11341-2 |pmid=35545630 |pmc=9095723 |issn=2045-2322}}{{cite news |title=Smart technology is not making us dumber: study |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-smart-technology-dumber.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=phys.org |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814133410/https://phys.org/news/2021-07-smart-technology-dumber.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Cecutti |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Chemero |first2=Anthony |last3=Lee |first3=Spike W. S. |title=Technology may change cognition without necessarily harming it |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=1 July 2021 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=973–975 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01162-0 |pmid=34211150 |s2cid=235709853 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352906266 |access-date=14 August 2021 |issn=2397-3374 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020044426/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352906266_Technology_may_change_cognition_without_necessarily_harming_it |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Storm |first1=Benjamin C. |last2=Soares |first2=Julia S. |chapter=Memory in the Digital Age |title=The Oxford Handbook of Human Memory |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355038642}}{{additional citation needed|date=September 2022}}{{Further|Digital media use and mental health#Impact on cognition}}
  • 2020s – The pandemic COVID-19 and its mitigation have a substantiall toll on mental health worldwide. {{Further|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes}}
  • With growing awareness and impacts of climate change and other environmental issues, ecopsychology increasingly gathers public attention and becomes a more common topic of research{{additional citation needed|date=September 2022}}
  • Studies investigate the psychological benefits of urban green spaces (UGS) in detail, with one 2021 study reporting that higher exposure to woodland urban green spaces or urban forest but not grassland is associated with improved cognitive development and risks of mental problems for urban adolescents.{{cite journal |last1=Maes |first1=Mikaël J. A. |last2=Pirani |first2=Monica |last3=Booth |first3=Elizabeth R. |last4=Shen |first4=Chen |last5=Milligan |first5=Ben |last6=Jones |first6=Kate E. |last7=Toledano |first7=Mireille B. |title=Benefit of woodland and other natural environments for adolescents' cognition and mental health |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=19 July 2021 |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=851–858 |doi=10.1038/s41893-021-00751-1 |hdl=10044/1/98026 |s2cid=236096013 |issn=2398-9629|hdl-access=free }}
  • News article: {{cite news |last1=Woodyatt |first1=Amy |title=City children have better mental health and cognition if they live near woodlands |url=https://us.cnn.com/2021/07/20/health/woodland-children-wellness-scn-intl-scli-gbr/index.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=CNN |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814134144/https://us.cnn.com/2021/07/20/health/woodland-children-wellness-scn-intl-scli-gbr/index.html |url-status=live }}
  • August 2020 – A review concludes that "Within a generation, children's lives have largely moved indoors" and that "research indicates that direct experiences of nature in childhood contribute to care for nature across the life span."{{cite web |last1=Keith |first1=Ryan |last2=Hochuli |first2=Dieter |last3=Martin |first3=John |last4=Given |first4=Lisa M. |title=One in two primary-aged kids have strong connections to nature, but it drops off in teenage years |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-08-primary-aged-kids-strong-nature-teenage.html |website=medicalxpress.com |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172420/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-08-primary-aged-kids-strong-nature-teenage.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Louise |title=Childhood nature connection and constructive hope: A review of research on connecting with nature and coping with environmental loss |journal=People and Nature |date=September 2020 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=619–642 |doi=10.1002/pan3.10128 |s2cid=225318925 |issn=2575-8314|doi-access=free }}
  • Lay summary: {{cite news |title=Childhood connection to nature has many benefits but is not universally positive, finds review |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-08-childhood-nature-benefits-universally-positive.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=British Ecological Society |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172420/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-08-childhood-nature-benefits-universally-positive.html |url-status=live }}
  • March 2021 – A study concludes that "eco-anger", termed in the style of the recently coined "eco-anxiety" which is reported to be rising, "predicted better mental health outcomes, as well as greater engagement in pro-climate activism and personal behaviours".{{cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=Samantha K. |last2=Hogg |first2=Teaghan L. |last3=Leviston |first3=Zoe |last4=Walker |first4=Iain |title=From anger to action: Differential impacts of eco-anxiety, eco-depression, and eco-anger on climate action and wellbeing |journal=The Journal of Climate Change and Health |date=1 March 2021 |volume=1 |pages=100003 |doi=10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100003 |s2cid=233840435 |issn=2667-2782|doi-access=free |hdl=1885/296923 |hdl-access=free }} Anger may be "powerful in motivating people to get involved" and to overcome degrees of apathy.{{cite magazine |title=How Psychology Can Help Fight Climate Change—And Climate Anxiety |url=https://time.com/6204083/climate-change-mental-heath-psychology/ |access-date=7 September 2022 |magazine=Time |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907015609/https://time.com/6204083/climate-change-mental-heath-psychology/ |url-status=live }} {{Further|Psychological impact of climate change}}
  • 2020s – Research investigates how well-being could objectively or effectively be measured for health and ecological economics.{{cite journal |last1=Aitken |first1=Andrew |title=Measuring Welfare Beyond GDP |journal=National Institute Economic Review |date=August 2019 |volume=249 |pages=R3–R16 |doi=10.1177/002795011924900110 |s2cid=200087926 |issn=0027-9501}}{{cite journal |last1=Mckeever |first1=Anna |title=The Economy of Wellbeing |journal=Ulster Medical Journal |date=2020 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=70–71 |pmid=33093689 |pmc=7576387 }}{{cite journal |last1=Frijters |first1=Paul |last2=Clark |first2=Andrew E. |last3=Krekel |first3=Christian |last4=Layard |first4=Richard |title=A happy choice: wellbeing as the goal of government |journal=Behavioural Public Policy |date=July 2020 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=126–165 |doi=10.1017/bpp.2019.39 |s2cid=208191891 |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp12720.pdf |issn=2398-063X |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908110028/https://docs.iza.org/dp12720.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Kirti V. |last2=Jones-Harrell |first2=Carla |last3=Fan |first3=Yingling |last4=Ramaswami |first4=Anu |last5=Orlove |first5=Ben |last6=Botchwey |first6=Nisha |title=Understanding subjective well-being: perspectives from psychology and public health |journal=Public Health Reviews |date=19 November 2020 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1186/s40985-020-00142-5 |pmid=33292677 |pmc=7678314 |issn=2107-6952 |doi-access=free }}
  • 2020s – Accumulating and substantially more sophisticated research, often using large biological datasets, investigate the links of probiotics and mental health (psychobiotics) and potential interventions,{{Cite journal|last1=Ansari|first1=Fereshteh|last2=Pourjafar|first2=Hadi|last3=Tabrizi|first3=Aydin|last4=Homayouni|first4=Aziz|date=2020|title=The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on mental disorders: A review on depression, anxiety, Alzheimer, and autism spectrum disorders|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology |volume=21|issue=7|pages=555–65|doi=10.2174/1389201021666200107113812|issn=1873-4316|pmid=31914909|s2cid=210121155 }}{{cite journal |last1=Del Toro-Barbosa |first1=Mariano |last2=Hurtado-Romero |first2=Alejandra |last3=Garcia-Amezquita |first3=Luis Eduardo |last4=García-Cayuela |first4=Tomás |title=Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Evaluation Methods and Effectiveness in Applications with Food Products |journal=Nutrients |date=19 December 2020 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=3896 |doi=10.3390/nu12123896|pmid=33352789 |pmc=7767237 |doi-access=free }} the links of nutrition and mental health (nutrition psychology) and potential recommendations or interventions,{{cite journal |last1=Aucoin |first1=Monique |last2=LaChance |first2=Laura |last3=Naidoo |first3=Umadevi |last4=Remy |first4=Daniella |last5=Shekdar |first5=Tanisha |last6=Sayar |first6=Negin |last7=Cardozo |first7=Valentina |last8=Rawana |first8=Tara |last9=Chan |first9=Irina |last10=Cooley |first10=Kieran |title=Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review |journal=Nutrients |date=10 December 2021 |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=4418 |doi=10.3390/nu13124418 |pmid=34959972 |pmc=8706568 |issn=2072-6643|doi-access=free }} and neurobiological effects of physical exercise that affect mental health.{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Jin-Lei |last2=Jiang |first2=Wan-Ting |last3=Wang |first3=Xing |last4=Cai |first4=Zhi-Dong |last5=Liu |first5=Zu-Hong |last6=Liu |first6=Guo-Rong |title=Exercise, brain plasticity, and depression |journal=CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics |date=September 2020 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=885–895 |doi=10.1111/cns.13385 |pmid=32491278 |pmc=7415205 |issn=1755-5949}} Moreover, research increasingly begins to investigate potential interventions or modifyable factors in brain aging.{{cite journal |last1=Blinkouskaya |first1=Yana |last2=Caçoilo |first2=Andreia |last3=Gollamudi |first3=Trisha |last4=Jalalian |first4=Shima |last5=Weickenmeier |first5=Johannes |title=Brain aging mechanisms with mechanical manifestations |journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development |date=December 2021 |volume=200 |pages=111575 |doi=10.1016/j.mad.2021.111575 |pmid=34600936 |pmc=8627478 |issn=1872-6216}}{{cite journal |last1=Panagiotou |first1=M. |last2=Michel |first2=S. |last3=Meijer |first3=J. H. |last4=Deboer |first4=T. |title=The aging brain: sleep, the circadian clock and exercise |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |date=September 2021 |volume=191 |pages=114563 |doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114563 |pmid=33857490 |issn=1873-2968|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3209333 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Melzer |first1=Thayza Martins |last2=Manosso |first2=Luana Meller |last3=Yau |first3=Suk-yu |last4=Gil-Mohapel |first4=Joana |last5=Brocardo |first5=Patricia S. |title=In Pursuit of Healthy Aging: Effects of Nutrition on Brain Function |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=10 May 2021 |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=5026 |doi=10.3390/ijms22095026|pmid=34068525 |pmc=8126018 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Baranowski |first1=Bradley J. |last2=Marko |first2=Daniel M. |last3=Fenech |first3=Rachel K. |last4=Yang |first4=Alex J.T. |last5=MacPherson |first5=Rebecca E.K. |title=Healthy brain, healthy life: a review of diet and exercise interventions to promote brain health and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk |journal=Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism |date=October 2020 |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=1055–1065 |doi=10.1139/apnm-2019-0910|pmid=32717151 |s2cid=220841653 |doi-access=free }}
  • 2020s – Research investigates challenges of manipulative choice architectures, false and misleading information and distracting environments and respective potential interventions.{{cite journal |last1=Kozyreva |first1=Anastasia |last2=Lewandowsky |first2=Stephan |last3=Hertwig |first3=Ralph |title=Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |date=December 2020 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=103–156 |doi=10.1177/1529100620946707|pmid=33325331 |pmc=7745618 }}{{cite web |title=The online information environment |url=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/online-information-environment/the-online-information-environment.pdf |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211131118/https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/online-information-environment/the-online-information-environment.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Further|Internet manipulation|Misinformation#Online misinformation}}
  • 2020s – In the new field of neuromarketing, consumers are manipulated with insights from neuroscience and psychology to lead consumer decision making and behavior.{{cite journal |last1=Alvino |first1=Letizia |last2=Pavone |first2=Luigi |last3=Abhishta |first3=Abhishta |last4=Robben |first4=Henry |title=Picking Your Brains: Where and How Neuroscience Tools Can Enhance Marketing Research |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |date=3 December 2020 |volume=14 |pages=577666 |doi=10.3389/fnins.2020.577666 |pmid=33343279 |pmc=7744482 |quote=This new approach is now known as Consumer Neuroscience (a.k.a. Neuromarketing) and lies at the intersection of three disciplines: marketing, psychology, and neuroscience ... The goal of consumer neuroscience is the study of neuropsychological mechanisms that support and lead consumer decision making and behavior. Consumer neuroscience uses both psychological and neuroscience methods to investigate marketing related issues concerning buying behavior|doi-access=free }}

;2020

  • June – Scientists reporting the discovery of Aguada Fénix put forward a theory of cognitive archaeology whereby communal work of such large projects was important in the initial development of the Maya civilization.{{cite journal |last1=Inomata |first1=Takeshi |last2=Triadan |first2=Daniela |last3=Vázquez López |first3=Verónica A. |last4=Fernandez-Diaz |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Omori |first5=Takayuki |last6=Méndez Bauer |first6=María Belén |last7=García Hernández |first7=Melina |last8=Beach |first8=Timothy |last9=Cagnato |first9=Clarissa |last10=Aoyama |first10=Kazuo |last11=Nasu |first11=Hiroo |title=Monumental architecture at Aguada Fénix and the rise of Maya civilization |journal=Nature |date=3 June 2020 |volume=582 |issue=7813 |pages=530–533 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2343-4 |pmid=32494009 |bibcode=2020Natur.582..530I |s2cid=219281856 }}
  • University press release: {{cite news |title=Largest, oldest Maya monument suggests importance of communal work |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-06-largest-oldest-maya-monument-importance.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=University of Arizona |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907172421/https://phys.org/news/2020-06-largest-oldest-maya-monument-importance.html |url-status=live }}
  • November – The first whole-genome comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos is published and shows genomic aspects that may underlie or have resulted from their divergence and behavioral differences, including selection for genes related to diet and hormones.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kovalaskas S, Rilling JK, Lindo J | title = Comparative analyses of the Pan lineage reveal selection on gene pathways associated with diet and sociality in bonobos | journal = Genes, Brain and Behavior | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = e12715 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33200560 | doi = 10.1111/gbb.12715 | s2cid = 226988471| doi-access = free }}
  • {{cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Whole genomes map pathways of chimpanzee and bonobo divergence |website=Phys.org |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-genomes-pathways-chimpanzee-bonobo-divergence.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704032737/https://phys.org/news/2020-12-genomes-pathways-chimpanzee-bonobo-divergence.html |url-status=live }}

;2021

  • July – A study reports that adolescent loneliness in contemporary schools and depression increased substantially and consistently worldwide after 2012.{{cite news |title=Teens around the world are lonelier than a decade ago. The reason may be smartphones. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/teens-loneliness-smart-phones/2021/07/20/cde8c866-e84e-11eb-8950-d73b3e93ff7f_story.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803201249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/teens-loneliness-smart-phones/2021/07/20/cde8c866-e84e-11eb-8950-d73b3e93ff7f_story.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |title=Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness |journal=Journal of Adolescence |date=20 July 2021 |doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006 |issn=0140-1971|last1=Twenge |first1=Jean M. |last2=Haidt |first2=Jonathan |last3=Blake |first3=Andrew B. |last4=McAllister |first4=Cooper |last5=Lemon |first5=Hannah |last6=Le Roy |first6=Astrid |volume=93 |pages=257–269 |pmid=34294429 |doi-access= }}
  • September – Psychologist and behavior geneticist Kathryn Paige Harden publishes The Genetic Lottery: Why DNA Matters for Social Equality, an argument for using genetics to create a just society – including in terms of psychology-related predispositions,{{Cite Q | Q105923407 }}{{additional citation needed|date=September 2022}} similar to a bioethical argument made by Papaioannou in 2013.{{cite journal |last1=Papaioannou |first1=Theo |title=New life sciences innovation and distributive justice: rawlsian goods versus senian capabilities |journal=Life Sciences, Society and Policy |date=28 May 2013 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/2195-7819-9-5 |issn=2195-7819|doi-access=free|pmc=4512999 }}
  • October – The American Psychological Association releases guidelines for the optimal use of social media in professional psychological practice.{{cite web |last1=APA Committee on Professional Practice and Standards |title=APA Guidelines for the Optimal Use of Social Media in Professional Psychological Practice |url=https://www.apa.org/about/policy/guidelines-optimal-use-social-media.pdf |website=APA |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205003336/https://www.apa.org/about/policy/guidelines-optimal-use-social-media.pdf |url-status=live }}
  • December – In applied behavioural science, "megastudies" as meta-analyses are proposed and demonstrated for investigating the efficacy of many different interventions designed in an interdisciplinary manner by separate teams, e.g. to inform policy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Milkman KL, Gromet D, Ho H, Kay JS, Lee TW, Pandiloski P, Park Y, Rai A, Bazerman M, Beshears J, Bonacorsi L, Camerer C, Chang E, Chapman G, Cialdini R, Dai H, Eskreis-Winkler L, Fishbach A, Gross JJ, Horn S, Hubbard A, Jones SJ, Karlan D, Kautz T, Kirgios E, Klusowski J, Kristal A, Ladhania R, Loewenstein G, Ludwig J, Mellers B, Mullainathan S, Saccardo S, Spiess J, Suri G, Talloen JH, Taxer J, Trope Y, Ungar L, Volpp KG, Whillans A, Zinman J, Duckworth AL | display-authors = 6 | title = Megastudies improve the impact of applied behavioural science | journal = Nature | volume = 600 | issue = 7889 | pages = 478–483 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34880497 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-021-04128-4 | pmc = 8822539 | s2cid = 245047340 | bibcode = 2021Natur.600..478M | author40-link = Kevin Volpp }}

;2022

  • July – A deep learning system that learns intuitive fundamental physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments) that is based on the violation-of-expectation theory of visual cognition in infants is reported.{{cite news |title=DeepMind AI learns physics by watching videos that don't make sense |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2327766-deepmind-ai-learns-physics-by-watching-videos-that-dont-make-sense |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816155100/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2327766-deepmind-ai-learns-physics-by-watching-videos-that-dont-make-sense/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Piloto |first1=Luis S. |last2=Weinstein |first2=Ari |last3=Battaglia |first3=Peter |last4=Botvinick |first4=Matthew |title=Intuitive physics learning in a deep-learning model inspired by developmental psychology |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=11 July 2022 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=1257–1267 |doi=10.1038/s41562-022-01394-8 |pmid=35817932 |pmc=9489531 |issn=2397-3374|doi-access=free}}
  • November – A study reports estimated contemporary prevalence and psychological associations with belief in witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between nations and is still a widespread element in worldviews globally. It for example shows associations with low "innovative activity", "weak institutions", lower life expectancy, lower life satisfaction and high religiosity.{{cite news |title=Witchcraft beliefs are widespread, highly variable around the world |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-11-witchcraft-beliefs-widespread-highly-variable.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Public Library of Science via phys.org |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217121645/https://phys.org/news/2022-11-witchcraft-beliefs-widespread-highly-variable.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Gershman |first1=Boris |title=Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |date=23 November 2022 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=e0276872 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0276872|pmid=36417350 |pmc=9683553 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1776872G |doi-access=free}}
  • November – A study delivers a potential explanation-component for why learning is often more efficient in children beyond the higher level of neuroplasticity.{{cite news |title=Brain scans shed light on how kids learn faster than adults |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/11/17/brain-scans-children-learn/9721668697147/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=UPI |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210012959/https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/11/17/brain-scans-children-learn/9721668697147/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Sebastian M. |last2=Becker |first2=Markus |last3=Qi |first3=Andrea |last4=Geiger |first4=Patricia |last5=Frank |first5=Ulrike I. |last6=Rosedahl |first6=Luke A. |last7=Malloni |first7=Wilhelm M. |last8=Sasaki |first8=Yuka |last9=Greenlee |first9=Mark W. |last10=Watanabe |first10=Takeo |title=Efficient learning in children with rapid GABA boosting during and after training |journal=Current Biology |date=5 December 2022 |volume=32 |issue=23 |pages=5022–5030.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.021 |pmid=36384138 |issn=0960-9822|biorxiv=10.1101/2022.01.02.474022|s2cid=253571891 |doi-access=free }}

;2023

  • February – A study hypothesizes mental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or increasingly glamorised and romanticised mental disorders on social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically appealing backgrounds shared more widely on certain social media – especially TikTok{{cite journal |last1=Harness |first1=Jane |last2=Getzen |first2=Hayley |title=TikTok's Sick-Role Subculture and What to Do About It |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |date=March 2022 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=351–353 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2021.09.312 |pmid=34534625 |issn=1527-5418}}) may {{tooltip|contribute|beyond e.g. increased reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms or mental health-related issues}} to the recent substantial rise in reported mental health problems by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such.{{cite web |last1=Sears |first1=Richard |title=Mental Health Awareness Campaigns May Actually Lead to Increases in Mental Distress |url=https://www.madinamerica.com/2023/03/mental-health-awareness-campaigns-may-actually-lead-to-global-increases-in-mental-distress/ |website=Mad In America |access-date=22 April 2023 |date=21 March 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Foulkes |first1=Lucy |last2=Andrews |first2=Jack L. |title=Are mental health awareness efforts contributing to the rise in reported mental health problems? A call to test the prevalence inflation hypothesis |journal=New Ideas in Psychology |date=1 April 2023 |volume=69 |pages=101010 |doi=10.1016/j.newideapsych.2023.101010 |s2cid=256776819 |issn=0732-118X|doi-access=free }} Around 2023, the rapid rise of TikTok prompts extensive research into potential harmful effects of such apps such as higher levels of mental problems correlating with higher levels of usage or addictive elements of this and similar apps.{{cite journal |last1=Chao |first1=Miao |last2=Lei |first2=Jing |last3=He |first3=Ru |last4=Jiang |first4=Yunpeng |last5=Yang |first5=Haibo |title=TikTok use and psychosocial factors among adolescents: Comparisons of non-users, moderate users, and addictive users |journal=Psychiatry Research |date=1 July 2023 |volume=325 |pages=115247 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115247 |pmid=37167877 |issn=0165-1781}}
  • March – Bioengineers {{tooltip|show bodily system changes|their "results define a generalizable approach for noninvasive, temporally precise functional investigations of joint organism-wide interactions among targeted cells during behaviour"}} can induce anxiety, in specific altered heart rate by itself in risky contexts,{{cite news |last1=Brookshire |first1=Bethany |title=In mice, anxiety isn't all in the head. It can start in the heart |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mice-anxiety-brain-heart-emotion |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=Science News |date=14 March 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Hsueh |first1=Brian |last2=Chen |first2=Ritchie |last3=Jo |first3=YoungJu |display-authors=et al. |title=Cardiogenic control of affective behavioural state |journal=Nature |date=March 2023 |volume=615 |issue=7951 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05748-8 |pmid=36859543 |pmc=9995271 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..292H |issn=1476-4687}} after earlier studies also implicated immune system elements.{{cite news |last1=Kingsland |first1=James |title=Immune system may trigger anxiety in response to infection |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/immune-system-may-trigger-anxiety-in-response-to-infection |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=www.medicalnewstoday.com |date=23 September 2020 }}{{cite journal |last1=Alves de Lima |first1=Kalil |last2=Rustenhoven |first2=Justin |last3=Da Mesquita |first3=Sandro |last4=Wall |first4=Morgan |last5=Salvador |first5=Andrea Francesca |last6=Smirnov |first6=Igor |last7=Martelossi Cebinelli |first7=Guilherme |last8=Mamuladze |first8=Tornike |last9=Baker |first9=Wendy |last10=Papadopoulos |first10=Zach |last11=Lopes |first11=Maria Beatriz |last12=Cao |first12=William Sam |last13=Xie |first13=Xinmin Simon |last14=Herz |first14=Jasmin |last15=Kipnis |first15=Jonathan |title=Meningeal γδ T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons |journal=Nature Immunology |date=November 2020 |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1421–1429 |doi=10.1038/s41590-020-0776-4 |pmid=32929273 |pmc=8496952 |issn=1529-2916}}

  • April – The first review of interventions against false conspiracy beliefs is published, indicating interventions "that fostered an analytical mindset or taught critical thinking skills" are most effective and that preventive action is important.{{cite news |last1=Pappas |first1=Stephanie |title=Conspiracy Theories Can Be Undermined with These Strategies, New Analysis Shows |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-can-you-fight-conspiracy-theories/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Scientific American }}{{cite journal |last1=O’Mahony |first1=Cian |last2=Brassil |first2=Maryanne |last3=Murphy |first3=Gillian |last4=Linehan |first4=Conor |title=The efficacy of interventions in reducing belief in conspiracy theories: A systematic review |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 April 2023 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=e0280902 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0280902 |pmid=37018172 |pmc=10075392 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1880902O |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}
  • June – A time-use study provides the first comprehensive bird's-eye view, with a "global human day" {{tooltip|framework|the study integrates "data from hundreds of diverse datasets" – economic and noneconomic data – into one consistent framework}}, of what humans currently spend their time on.{{cite news |title=This is what the average human day looks like. How do Australians compare? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2023-06-13/day-in-the-life-of-average-human-in-21st-century/102456844 |access-date=26 July 2023 |work=ABC News |date=12 June 2023 }}{{cite journal |last1=Fajzel |first1=William |last2=Galbraith |first2=Eric D. |last3=Barrington-Leigh |first3=Christopher |last4=Charmes |first4=Jacques |last5=Frie |first5=Elena |last6=Hatton |first6=Ian |last7=Le Mézo |first7=Priscilla |last8=Milo |first8=Ron |last9=Minor |first9=Kelton |last10=Wan |first10=Xinbei |last11=Xia |first11=Veronica |last12=Xu |first12=Shirley |title=The global human day |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=20 June 2023 |volume=120 |issue=25 |pages=e2219564120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2219564120 |pmid=37307470 |pmc=10288543 |bibcode=2023PNAS..12019564F |issn=0027-8424}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Sister project links|Psychology}}

  • [http://allpsych.com/timeline.html AllPsyc Online]
  • [http://www.feministvoices.com/past-timeline/ Timeline of women and psychology: 1848–1950]
  • [http://www.feministvoices.com/presence-timeline/ Timeline of women and psychology: 1950–present]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Psychology}}

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Psychology

Category:Cognitive science lists