Voiced alveolar fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA}}

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is {{angbr IPA|z}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter {{angbr|z}} is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ({{angbr IPA|z̪}} and {{angbr IPA|z̠}} respectively).
  • The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be {{angbr IPA|ð̠}} or {{angbr IPA|ɹ̝}}.

{{TOC right}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Voiced coronal fricatives

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" | Dental

! rowspan="2" | Denti-
alveolar

! rowspan="2" | Alveolar

! colspan="4" | Post-alveolar

Retracted

! Retroflex

! Palato-
alveolar

! Alveolo-
palatal

Sibilant

! rowspan="2" | plain

| Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced dental sibilant

| Voiced dental fricative#Voiced denti-alveolar sibilant

| Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant

| Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant

| Voiced retroflex sibilant

| Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant

| Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant

rowspan="2" | Non-sibilant

| {{IPA link|ð}}

|

| {{IPA link|ð͇}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɻ̝}}

|

|

tapped

|

|

| {{IPA link|ɾ̞}}

|

|

|

|

{{Clear}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Coronal sibilants

! colspan="2" |

! IPA
symbol

! meaning

rowspan="13" | place
of articulation

! rowspan="4" | passive
(mouth)

! {{angbr IPA|z̪}}

| dental

{{angbr IPA|z̟}}

| advanced
(denti-alveolar)

{{angbr IPA|z͇}}

| alveolar

{{angbr IPA|z̠}}

| retracted
(postalveolar)

rowspan="3" | active
(tongue)

! {{angbr IPA|z̺}}

| apical

{{angbr IPA|z̻}}

| laminal

{{angbr IPA|ʐ}}

| retroflex

rowspan="6" | secondary

! {{angbr IPA|zʲ}}

| palatalized coronal

{{angbr IPA|ʑ}}

| alveolo-palatal

{{angbr IPA|ʒ}}

| palato-alveolar

{{angbr IPA|zʷ}}

| labialized coronal

{{angbr IPA|zˠ}}

| velarized coronal

{{angbr IPA|zˤ}}

| pharyngealized coronal

colspan="2" | voice-onset time

! {{angbr IPA|zʱ}}

| breathy coronal

|}

Voiced alveolar sibilant

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=z

|ipa number=133

|decimal=122

|x-sampa=z

|braille=z

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x007A.svg

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant

|ipa symbol=z̪

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant

|ipa symbol=z̟

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant

|decimal1=122

|decimal2=826

|ipa symbol=z̠

|ipa symbol2=zᶾ

}}

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of {{IPA|[z]}} are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

=Features=

{{sibilant}}

  • There are at least three specific variants of {{IPA|[z]}}:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of {{IPA|[z]}} is very strong.{{Harvcoltxt|Puppel|Nawrocka-Fisiak|Krassowska|1977|p=149}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=154}}
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to {{IPAblink|ʒ}} or laminal {{IPAblink|ʐ}}.

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

=Occurrence=

==Dentalized laminal alveolar==

class="wikitable"

!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

ArmenianEastern{{sfnp|Kozintseva|1995|p=7}}{{lang| am|զարդ/zart}}{{Audio-IPA|zɑɾtʰ.ogg|[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]}}'decoration'
colspan=2| Azerbaijani{{sfnp|Axundov|1983|pp=115, 136, 139–142}}{{lang|az-Latn|z}}{{IPA|[z̪ɔʁ]}}'sprout'
colspan=2| Belarusian{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}}{{lang|be|база/baza}}{{IPA|[ˈbäz̪ä]}}'base'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
colspan=2| Bulgarian{{sfnp|Klagstad|1958|p=46}}{{lang|bg|езеро/ezero}}{{IPA|[ˈɛz̪ɛro]}}'lake'Contrasts with palatalized form.
colspan=2| Czech{{sfnp|Palková|1994|p=228}}{{lang|cs|zima}}{{IPA|[ˈz̪ɪmä]}}'winter'See Czech phonology
EnglishMulticultural London{{cite web|title=english speech services {{!}} Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE|date=31 December 2011|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/|access-date=2 December 2015}}zoo{{IPA|[z̪ʏˑy̯]}}'zoo'See English phonology
colspan=2| French{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1999|p=79}}{{lang|fr|zèbre}}{{Audio-IPA|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-zèbre.wav|[z̪ɛbʁ]}}'zebra'See French phonology
colspan=2| Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1999|p=104}}{{lang|hu|zálog}}{{IPA|[ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ]}}'pledge'See Hungarian phonology
colspan=2| Kashubian{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}colspan=2 align=center| {{example needed|date=November 2013}}
colspan=2| Kazakh{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}}{{lang|kk|заң/z}}rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[z̪ɑŋ]}}rowspan="2" | 'law'
colspan=2| Kyrgyz{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}{{lang|ky|заң/zań}}
colspan=2| Latvian{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}}{{lang|lv|zars}}{{IPA|[z̪ärs̪]}}'branch'See Latvian phonology
colspan=2| Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}}{{lang|mk|зошто/zošto}}{{IPA|[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]}}'why'See Macedonian phonology
colspan=2| Mirandese{{lang|mwl|daprendizaige}}{{IPA|[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]}}'learning'Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
colspan=2| Polish{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=149}}{{lang|pl|zero}}{{Audio-IPA|Pl-zero.ogg|[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]}}'zero'See Polish phonology
PortugueseMost speakers{{lang|pt|Estados Unidos}}{{IPA|[isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)]}}'United States'See Portuguese phonology
colspan=2| Romanian{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{lang|ro|zar}}{{IPA|[z̪är]}}'dice'See Romanian phonology
colspan=2| Russian{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}}{{lang|ru|заезжать / zaězžať}}{{Audio-IPA|Ru-заезжать.ogg|[z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]}}'to pick up'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
colspan=2| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}{{lang|sh-Cyrl|зајам}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|zajam}}{{IPA|[z̪ǎːjäm]}}'loan'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan=2| Slovak{{lang|sk|zima}}{{IPA|[ˈz̪imä]}}'winter'
colspan=2| Slovene{{Harvcoltxt|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}{{lang|sl|zima}}{{IPA|[ˈz̪ìːmá]}}'winter'
colspan=2| Turkish{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}}{{lang|tr|z}}{{IPA|[ɟø̞̈z̪]}}'eye'See Turkish phonology
colspan=2| Ukrainian{{Cite journal|last1=Buk|first1=Solomija|last2=Mačutek|first2=Ján|last3=Rovenchak|first3=Andrij|year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics|volume=16|issue=16|pages=63–79|arxiv=0802.4198|bibcode=2008arXiv0802.4198B}} (PDF [https://www.ram-verlag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/g16zeit.pdf#page=66 ram-verlag.eu]){{lang|uk|зуб/zub}}{{IPA|[z̪ub]}}'tooth'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
colspan=2| Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38, 39}}koza{{IPA|[ˈkɔz̪ä]}}'goat'
colspan=2| Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}}{{lang|uz-Latn|zafar}}{{IPA|[z̪äˈfäɾ]}}'victory'

|

VietnameseHanoi{{sfnp|Thompson|1987|pp=5 and 7}}{{lang|vi|da}}{{IPA|[z̪äː]}}'skin'See Vietnamese phonology

==Non-retracted alveolar==

class="wikitable"

!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes

colspan=2| Adyghe{{lang|kbd-Cyrl|зы}}{{Audio-IPA|Ady-зы.ogg|[ˈzə]}}'one'
colspan=2| Albanian{{lang|sq|zjarr|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[zjar]}}'fire'
ArabicStandard{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=37}}{{lang|ar|زائِر|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈzaːʔir]}}'visitor'See Arabic phonology
colspan=2| Assamese{{lang|as|লকীয়া}}{{IPA|[zɔlɔkija]}}'chili'
colspan=2| Assyrianܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga{{IPA|[ziɡa]}}'bell'
colspan=2| Bengali{{lang|bn|নামা}}{{IPA|[namaz]}}'Salah'Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by {{IPAblink|dʒ}}.
See Bengali phonology
colspan=2| Breton{{lang|br|iliz|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[iliz]}}'church'
colspan=2| Chechenзурма / {{lang|ce-Latn|zurma}}{{IPA|[zuɾma]}}'music'
rowspan=2 | DutchBelgian Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}}rowspan=2 | {{lang|nl|zeep}}{{Audio-IPA|Nl-zeep (Belgium).ogg|[zeːpʰ]|help=no}}rowspan=2 | ‘soap’Laminal.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} See Dutch phonology
Northern Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=145, 190}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{Audio-IPA|Nl-zeep.ogg|[zeɪpʰ]|help=no}}Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. It is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=145, 190}}
See Dutch phonology
EmilianBolognese

|raån

{{IPA|[raːz̺ʌŋ]}}'reason'

|Palatalized apical; may be {{IPAblink|ʐ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} instead.

colspan=2| Englishzoo{{Audio-IPA|zoo-pronunciation-audio-nonmulticultural.ogg|[zuː]|help=no}}'zoo'Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
colspan="2" | Esperanto{{lang|eo|kuzo|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈkuzo]}}'cousin'See Esperanto phonology
colspan=2| Georgian{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}{{lang|ka|არი}}{{IPA|[ˈzɑɾi]}}'bell'
GreekAthens dialect{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=283}}{{lang|el|ζάλη}} / záli{{IPA|[ˈz̻ali]}}'dizziness'See Modern Greek phonology
colspan=2| Hebrew{{lang|he|זאב|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[zeˈʔev]}}'wolf'See Modern Hebrew phonology
rowspan=2|Hindustani

|Hindi

|{{lang|hi|ज़मीन}}

|rowspan=2|{{IPA|[zəmiːn]}}

|rowspan=2|'land'

|rowspan=2|May be replaced in Hindi by {{IPAblink|dʒ}}. See Hindustani phonology

Urdu

|{{lang|ur|زمین|rtl=yes}}

colspan=2| Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}}{{lang|ja-Hani|全部}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|zenbu}}{{IPA|[zembɯ]}}'everything'Might be replaced with {{IPAblink|dz}}. See Japanese phonology
colspan=2| Kabardian{{lang|kbd-Cyrl|зы}}{{Audio-IPA|Ady-зы.ogg|[ˈzə]}}'one'
colspan=2| Kalaw Lagaw Ya{{lang|mwp-Latn|zilamiz}}{{IPA|[zilʌmiz]}}'go'
colspan=2| Kashmiri{{lang|hi|ज़ानुन}} / {{lang|ur|زانُن|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[zaːnun]}}'to know'
colspan="2" | Khmer{{lang|km|បែលហ្ស៊ិក}} / {{Transliteration|km|bêlhsĭk}}{{IPA|[ɓaelzɨk]}}noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'
See Khmer phonology
colspan=2| Konda{{sfnp|Emeneau|1970}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=70}}

| sunz

| {{IPA|[sunz]}}

| 'to sleep'

|

colspan=2| Malaybeza{{IPA|[bezə]}}'difference'
colspan=2| Maltese{{lang|mt|żelu|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[zelu]}}'zeal'
colspan=2| Marathi{{lang|mr|}}{{IPA|[zər]}}'if'See Marathi phonology.
colspan=2 rowspan=4| Nepali{{lang|ne|जा}}{{IPA|[ɦʌzäɾ]}}'thousand'rowspan=4| Coda and intervocalic allophone of /d͡z/ and /d͡zʱ/.{{citation|last=Pokharel|first=Madhav Prasad|year=1989|title=Experimental analysis of Nepali sound system|type=PhD|publisher=University of Pune, India}}
{{lang|ne|काग​}}{{IPA|[käɣʌz]}}'paper'
{{lang|ne|बुझाउनु}}{{IPA|[buzäu̯nu]}}'to explain'
{{lang|ne|मा}}{{IPA|[mäz]}}'middle'
OccitanLimousinjòune{{IPA|[ˈzɒwne]}}'young'See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" |Persian{{lang|fa|روز}}[ɾuːz]'day'
colspan=2| Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{lang|pt|casa|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈkazɐ]}}'house'See Portuguese phonology
rowspan=2|Punjabi

| Gurmukhi

| {{lang|pa|ਜ਼ਾ}}

|rowspan=2| {{IPA|[həˈzaːr]}}

|rowspan=2| 'thousand'

|rowspan=2|May be replaced by {{IPAblink|dʒ}} in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.

Shahmukhi

| {{lang|pa|ہزار|rtl=yes}}

rowspan="3" | SpanishAndalusianrowspan=3| {{lang|es|comunismo|italic=yes}}rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]}}rowspan=3| 'Communism'rowspan=3| Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|h}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Present in dialects which realize {{IPA|/s/}} as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is dental {{IPA|[z̪]}}.
Latin American
Filipino
colspan=2| Swahili{{lang|sw|lazima|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[lɑzimɑ]}}'must'
Tamil

| Jaffna Tamil

| {{lang|sq|கடுதாசி}}

| {{IPA|[kɐɖuðaːzi]}}

| 'letter'

| Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.{{cite book

|first=Kamil

|last=Zvelebil

|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil

|series=Indo-Iranian Journal

|year=1965

|volume=9

|issue=2

|pages=113–138

|publisher=JSTOR

|jstor=24650188

|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650188

}}

colspan=2| West Frisian{{sfnp|Sipma|1913|p=16}}{{lang|fy|sizze|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈsɪzə]}}'to say'It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
colspan=2| Yi{{lang|ii|}} / {{lang|ii|ssy|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[zɹ̩˧]}}'generation'
colspan=2| Yiddish{{lang|yi|זון}} / {{lang|yi-Latn|zien|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[zin]}}'son'
ZapotecTilquiapan{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}}guanaz{{IPA|[ɡʷanaz]}}'went to grab'

{{anchor|Voiced alveolar retracted fricative|Voiced apico-alveolar fricative|Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant}}

==Retracted alveolar==

class="wikitable"
colspan=2| LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
colspan=2| Catalan{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}}{{sfnp|Torreblanca|1988|p=347}}{{lang|ca|zel|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈz̺ɛɫ]}}'zeal'Apical. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" |Dutch{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}

|zat

|{{Audio-IPA|Nl-zat.ogg|[ˈz̺ɑtʰ]|help=no}}

|'full', 'fed (up)'

|

colspan=2| Galicianmesmo{{IPA|[ˈme̞z̺mo̞]}}'same'Apical. Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is pronounced dentally {{IPA|[z̪]}}.
colspan=2| Greek{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=12}}{{lang|el|μάζα}} / {{Transliteration|el|ISO|za}}{{IPA|[ˈmɐz̠ɐ]}}'mass'See Modern Greek phonology
rowspan=3| ItalianCentral Italy{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}rowspan=3| {{lang|it|caso}}rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ˈkäːz̠o]}}rowspan=3| 'case'Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} most of Umbria{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} (save Perugia and the extreme south){{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} and Le Marche south of the Potenza.{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
Northern Italy{{sfnp|Adams|1975|pp=285–286}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71-72}}Apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71}}{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=285}} See Italian phonology
Sicily{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
colspan=2| Low German{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=289}}{{example needed|date=June 2014}}
colspan=2| Maldivianzaraafaa{{IPA|[z̺aˈraːfaː]}}'giraffe'
colspan=2| Mirandese{{lang|mwl|eisistir|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ]}}'to exist'Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: {{angbr|ch}} {{IPAslink|tʃ}}, {{angbr|x}} {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, {{angbr|g}}/{{angbr|j}} {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, {{angbr|c}}/{{angbr|ç}} {{IPAslink|s̪}}, {{angbr|z}} {{IPA|/z̪/}}, {{angbr|s}}/-{{angbr|ss}}- {{IPAslink|s̺}}, -{{angbr|s}}- {{IPA|/z̺/}}
rowspan=2| OccitanGasconcasèrna{{IPA|[kaz̺ɛrno]}}'barracks'rowspan="2" | See Occitan phonology
Languedocienser{{IPA|[bez̺e]}}'to see'
colspan=2| Piedmonteseamis{{IPA|[aˈmiz̠]}}'friend'Apical. See Piemontese phonology
rowspan=2| PortugueseCoastal Northern European{{example needed|date=November 2012}}Merges with non-retracted {{IPA|/z/}}. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European{{example needed|date=November 2012}}Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted {{IPA|/z/}}. See Portuguese phonology
rowspan=3| SpanishAndeanrowspan=3| mismorowspan=3| {{IPA|[ˈmiz̺mo̞]}}rowspan=3| 'same'rowspan=3| Apical. Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is pronounced dentally {{IPA|[z̪]}}. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

==Variable==

class="wikitable"
colspan=2| LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
GermanStandard{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=50}}{{lang|de|sauber|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈzäʊ̯bɐ]}}'clean'Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=50}} See Standard German phonology
rowspan=2| ItalianStandard{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=68}}rowspan=2| {{lang|it|caso|italic=yes}}rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[ˈkäːzo]}}rowspan=2 | 'case'Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=68}} See Italian phonology
Ticino{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}}Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=68 and 72}} Both variants may be labiodentalized.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

{{Infobox IPA

|above = Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

|decimal1 = 240

|decimal2 = 800

|ipa symbol = ð̠

|ipa symbol2 = ð͇

|ipa symbol3 = ɹ̝

|ipa symbol4 = d̞

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced alveolar tapped fricative

|ipa symbol=ɾ̞

|ipa symbol2=ɹ̝̆

|ipa number=124 430

}}

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including {{angbr IPA|ð̠}} or {{angbr IPA|ð͇}} (retracted or alveolarized {{IPA|[ð]}}, respectively), {{angbr IPA|ɹ̝}} (constricted {{IPA|[ɹ]}}), or {{angbr IPA|d̞}} (lowered {{IPA|[d]}}).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}

=Features=

{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

{{alveolar}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

AragoneseChistabino{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}}{{lang|an|aire|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}}'air'Tapped; common realization of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}}
colspan="2" | Czech{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}}{{lang|cs|čtyři|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]}}'four'May be a fricative trill{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} or a tap fricative instead.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}} It contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. See Czech phonology
colspan="2" | Dahalo{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[káð̠i]}}'work'Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d̠/}}, and may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ð̠˕}} or simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d}} instead.{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=28, 34}}
colspan="2" | Dutch{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=199}}. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.{{lang|nl|voor|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[vöːɹ̝]}}'for'One of many possible realizations of {{IPA|/r/}}; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian

|Bolognese

|{{lang|egl|chè}}

|{{IPA|[ˈkɛːð̠]}}

|'case'

|Laminal

rowspan="2" | EnglishScouse{{sfnp|Watson|2007|pp=352–353}}maid{{IPA|[meɪð̠] }}'maid'Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See English phonology
South African{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}}round{{IPA|[ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]}}'round'Apical,{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} present in some urban dialects.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}} See South African English phonology
colspan="2" | Icelandic{{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=139}}{{lang|is|bróðir}}{{IPA|[ˈpro͡uːð̠ɪr]}}'brother'Usually apical, may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
ItalianSicily{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}}{{lang|it|terra|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]}}'earth'Apical; corresponds to {{IPA|/rr/}} in standard Italian.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}} See Italian phonology
colspan="2" | Manx{{sfnp|Broderick|1986|p=17}}{{lang|gv|mooar|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[muːɹ̝]}}'big'Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of {{IPA|/r/}}, in free variation with other allophones.
Spanish{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}}Aragonese{{lang|es|aire|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}}'air'Tapped; possible realization of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}} See Spanish phonology
SwedishCentral Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=141}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}}{{lang|sv|vandrare|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]}}'wanderer'Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" | Tacana{{cite web|title=UPSID r[F|url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0777.html|access-date=24 January 2016}}colspan="2" | {{example needed|date=January 2016}}Tapped.
colspan="2" | Turkish{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}}{{lang|tr|rüya|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈɾ̞yːjɑ]}}'dream'Tapped; word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} See Turkish phonology

Voiced lateral-median fricative

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʫ

|ipa symbol2=ð̠ˡ

|ipa symbol3=ɮ͡ð̠

|ipa symbol4=ɮ͡z

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02AB.svg

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative

|ipa symbol=ʫ̪

|ipa symbol2=ðˡ

|ipa symbol3=ɮ̪͡ð

|ipa symbol4=ɮ̪͡z̪

}}

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

=Features=

{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

{{alveolar}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" |Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

ArabicHeselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/8283145|title=Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri|author=Janet Watson|work=academia.edu|date=January 2011 }}{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/8283071 | title=Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence | journal=Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold | date=January 2013 | last1=Watson | first1=Janet }}

| Rijal Almaʽa

| {{lang|ar|ضبع}}

| {{IPA|[ðˡˤabʕ]}}

| 'hyena'

| Classical Arabic {{IPA|*ɮˁ}} and Modern Standard Arabic {{IPA|[dˤ]}}

colspan=2| Mehri

| {{lang|gdq|ذوفر}}

| {{IPA|[ðˡˤoːfar]}}

| 'plait'

|

See also

Notes

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