Voiced uvular plosive

{{distinguish|text= the Latin letter G or the Cyrillic Komi letter Ԍ}}

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɢ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɢ

|ipa number=112

|decimal1=610

|x-sampa=G\

|braille=*

|braille2=g

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0262.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɢ}}, a small capital version of the Latin letter g, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\.

{{IPA|[ɢ]}} is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars.{{sfnp|Vaux|1999}} Vaux proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative {{IPA|[ʁ]}} instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; as well as several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush.

There is also the voiced pre-uvular plosiveInstead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɢ̟}} (advanced {{angbr IPA|ɢ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɡ̠}} or {{angbr IPA|ɡ˗}} (both symbols denote a retracted {{angbr IPA|ɡ}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are G\_+ and g_-, respectively.

Features

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Features of the voiced uvular stop:

Occurrence

class="wikitable" ! Family !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan=2\| Semitic \|rowspan=2\| Arabic	Sudanese	{{lang\|apd\|بقرة\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[bɑɢɑrɑ]}}	'cow'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/q/}} in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
Yemeni{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|p=13}}	{{lang\|ar\|قات\|rtl=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Qgat.ogg\|[ɢɑːt]}}	'Khat'	Some dialects.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|p=13}} Corresponds to {{IPA\|/q/}} in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
rowspan=2\|Germanic \| English	Australian{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}}	gaudy	{{IPA\|[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]}}	'gaudy'	Pre-uvular; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} before {{IPA\|/ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/}}.{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}} See Australian English phonology
Low German	Rügen dialect	{{lang\|nds\|lang}}	{{IPA\|[la̱ɴɢ̥]}}	'long'
Yeniseian \|colspan=2\| Ket{{sfnp\|Georg\|2007\|pp=49, 67 and 77}}	{{lang\|ket-Latn\|báŋquk}}	{{IPA\|[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]}}	'cave in the ground'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}} after {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp\|Georg\|2007\|pp=49, 67 and 77}}
Wakashan \|colspan=2\| Kwak'wala	{{lang\|kwk\|ǥilakas'la}}	{{IPA\|[ɢilakasʔla]}}	'thank you'
Semitic \|Lishan Didan \|Urmi Dialect \|בקא‎/baqqa \|{{IPA\|[baɢːɑ]}} \|'frog' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}} when between a vowel/sonorant and a vowel.
Dravidian \|colspan=2\| Malto	{{lang\|mjt\|तेंग़े}}	{{IPA\|[t̪eɴɢe]}}	'to tell'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} after {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA\|/ʁ, ŋʁ/}} is {{IPA\|/h/}} in Southern and Western dialects.
Mongolic \|colspan=2\| Mongolian	{{lang\|mn-Cyrl\|Монгол}} {{lang\|mn-Mong\|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}}	{{IPA\|[mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ]}}	'Mongolian'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}} before back vowels, phonemic word-finally.
Isolate \|colspan=2\| Nivkh	{{lang\|niv-Cyrl\|ньыӈ ӷан}}	{{IPA\|[ɲɤŋ ɢæn]}}	'our dog'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}}
Indo-Iranian \| Persian \|Iranian	{{lang\|fa\|قهوه}}	{{IPA\|[ɢæhˈve]}}	'coffee'	See Persian phonology.
Cushitic \|colspan=2\| Somali	{{lang\|so\|Muqdisho}}	{{IPA\|[muɢdiʃɔ]}}	'Mogadishu'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}}. See Somali phonology
Northeast Caucasian \|colspan=2\| Tabasaran	{{lang\|tab\|дугу}}	{{IPA\|[d̪uɢu]}}	'he' (ergative)
Na-Dene \|colspan=2\| Tlingit	{{lang\|tli\|ghooch}}	{{IPA\|[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]}}	'hill'	Among some younger speakers, for standard {{IPA\|[quːt͡ʃʰ]}}. See Tlingit phonology
Northeast Caucasian \|colspan=2\| Tsakhur	{{lang\|tkr-Cyrl\|къгяйэ}}	{{IPA\|[ɢajɛ]}}	'stone'
Turkic \|colspan=2\| Turkmen	{{lang\|tkm\|gar}}	{{IPA\|[ɢɑɾ]}}	'snow'	An allophone of /ɡ/ next to back vowels
Qiangic \| Xumi	Lower{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|p=365}}	colspan=2 align=center \| {{IPA\|[ɢʶo˩˥]}}	'to stew'	Slightly affricated; occurs only in a few words.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=365–366}} Corresponds to the cluster {{IPA\|/Nɡ/}} in Upper Xumi.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=383, 387}}
Pama-Nyungan \| colspan="2" \| Yanyuwa{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|pp=34-35}}	colspan="1" align="center" \| kuykurlu	colspan="1" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]}}	'sacred'	Pre-uvular.{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|pp=34-35}} Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions

Notes

References

{{cite journal |last1=Chirkova |first1=Katia |last2=Chen |first2=Yiya |year=2013 |title=Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=363–379 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000157 |doi-access=free |jstor=26347850 |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-07}}
{{cite journal |last1=Chirkova |first1=Katia |last2=Chen |first2=Yiya |last3=Kocjančič Antolík |first3=Tanja |year=2013 |title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=381–396 |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-23 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169 |doi-access=free}}
{{cite book |last=Georg |first=Stefan |title=A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-21350-0 |page=78 |doi=10.1163/ej.9781901903584.i-328 |series=Languages of Asia |volume=1}}
{{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
{{cite web |last1=Mannell |first1=R. |last2=Cox |first2=F. |last3=Harrington |first3=J. |year=2009 |website=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology |title=Phonetic (Narrow) Transcription of Australian English |publisher=Macquarie University |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325021215/http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html |archive-date=2012-03-25}}
{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Janet C. E. |year=2002 |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |series= The Phonology of the World's Languages |isbn=9780199257591}}
{{cite report |last=Vaux |first=Bert |title=A Note on Pharyngeal Features |orig-year=orig. pub. 1999, Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 7 |date=December 2001 |version=Version 2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/300575}}

External links

{{phoible|ɢ}}

Category:Uvular consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! Family !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan=2\| Semitic \|rowspan=2\| Arabic	Sudanese	{{lang\|apd\|بقرة\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[bɑɢɑrɑ]}}	'cow'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/q/}} in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
Yemeni{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|p=13}}	{{lang\|ar\|قات\|rtl=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Qgat.ogg\|[ɢɑːt]}}	'Khat'	Some dialects.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|p=13}} Corresponds to {{IPA\|/q/}} in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
rowspan=2\|Germanic \| English	Australian{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}}	gaudy	{{IPA\|[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]}}	'gaudy'	Pre-uvular; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} before {{IPA\|/ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/}}.{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}} See Australian English phonology
Low German	Rügen dialect	{{lang\|nds\|lang}}	{{IPA\|[la̱ɴɢ̥]}}	'long'
Yeniseian \|colspan=2\| Ket{{sfnp\|Georg\|2007\|pp=49, 67 and 77}}	{{lang\|ket-Latn\|báŋquk}}	{{IPA\|[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]}}	'cave in the ground'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}} after {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp\|Georg\|2007\|pp=49, 67 and 77}}
Wakashan \|colspan=2\| Kwak'wala	{{lang\|kwk\|ǥilakas'la}}	{{IPA\|[ɢilakasʔla]}}	'thank you'
Semitic \|Lishan Didan \|Urmi Dialect \|בקא‎/baqqa \|{{IPA\|[baɢːɑ]}} \|'frog' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}} when between a vowel/sonorant and a vowel.
Dravidian \|colspan=2\| Malto	{{lang\|mjt\|तेंग़े}}	{{IPA\|[t̪eɴɢe]}}	'to tell'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} after {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA\|/ʁ, ŋʁ/}} is {{IPA\|/h/}} in Southern and Western dialects.
Mongolic \|colspan=2\| Mongolian	{{lang\|mn-Cyrl\|Монгол}} {{lang\|mn-Mong\|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}}	{{IPA\|[mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ]}}	'Mongolian'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}} before back vowels, phonemic word-finally.
Isolate \|colspan=2\| Nivkh	{{lang\|niv-Cyrl\|ньыӈ ӷан}}	{{IPA\|[ɲɤŋ ɢæn]}}	'our dog'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}}
Indo-Iranian \| Persian \|Iranian	{{lang\|fa\|قهوه}}	{{IPA\|[ɢæhˈve]}}	'coffee'	See Persian phonology.
Cushitic \|colspan=2\| Somali	{{lang\|so\|Muqdisho}}	{{IPA\|[muɢdiʃɔ]}}	'Mogadishu'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/q/}}. See Somali phonology
Northeast Caucasian \|colspan=2\| Tabasaran	{{lang\|tab\|дугу}}	{{IPA\|[d̪uɢu]}}	'he' (ergative)
Na-Dene \|colspan=2\| Tlingit	{{lang\|tli\|ghooch}}	{{IPA\|[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]}}	'hill'	Among some younger speakers, for standard {{IPA\|[quːt͡ʃʰ]}}. See Tlingit phonology
Northeast Caucasian \|colspan=2\| Tsakhur	{{lang\|tkr-Cyrl\|къгяйэ}}	{{IPA\|[ɢajɛ]}}	'stone'
Turkic \|colspan=2\| Turkmen	{{lang\|tkm\|gar}}	{{IPA\|[ɢɑɾ]}}	'snow'	An allophone of /ɡ/ next to back vowels
Qiangic \| Xumi	Lower{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|p=365}}	colspan=2 align=center \| {{IPA\|[ɢʶo˩˥]}}	'to stew'	Slightly affricated; occurs only in a few words.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|2013\|pp=365–366}} Corresponds to the cluster {{IPA\|/Nɡ/}} in Upper Xumi.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|pp=383, 387}}
Pama-Nyungan \| colspan="2" \| Yanyuwa{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|pp=34-35}}	colspan="1" align="center" \| kuykurlu	colspan="1" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]}}	'sacred'	Pre-uvular.{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|pp=34-35}} Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions