Voiceless uvular fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨χ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=χ

|ipa number=142

|decimal1=967

|x-sampa=X

|kirshenbaum=X

|braille=46

|braille2=12346

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x03C7.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|χ}}, the Greek chi. The sound is represented by {{angbr|x̣}} (ex with underdot), or sometimes by {{Angle bracket|x̌}} (ex with caron), in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|x}} (or {{angbr IPA|r}}, if rhotic) in broad transcription.

Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous {{IPA|[χ]}} and {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}}). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."

Although they are not normally differentiated in studies, languages in which they have been (Hebrew, Wolof, as well as the northern and central varieties of European Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill.{{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}{{cite web|title=Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler|url=http://www.ipds.uni-kiel.de/kjk/pub_exx/kk2009_4/spanish/spa_madrid.html}}{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} The fricative-trill can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ʀ̝̊}} (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch: {{IPAblink|x}}) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish but excluding Ripuarian and the dialect of Bergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme {{IPA|/r/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|Van de Velde|2001}} have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with "hard G", though they do not distinguish between trilled and non-trilled fricatives in their study.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}{{sfnp|Tops|2009|pp=25, 30-32, 63, 80-88, 97-100, 105, 118, 124-127, 134-135, 137-138, 140-141}}{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|1994|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Tops|2009|pp=22, 83}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=220}} See Hard and soft G in Dutch for more details.

The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is {{angbr IPA|ʀ̝̊˖}} (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht {{IPA|[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]}} 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch {{IPA|[ɑxt]}} or {{IPA|[ax̟t]}}, which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Addedin|1999|pp=51, 53}}

For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.

Features

Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:

Occurrence

class="wikitable"

! colspan=2 | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan=2 | Afrikaans{{cite web|title=John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/12/velar-or-uvular.html|date=5 December 2011|access-date=30 April 2015}}{{Harvcoltxt|Bowerman|2004|p=939}}: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (see {{Harvcoltxt|Lass|2002|p=120}}), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}} rather than the velar."

| {{lang|af|goed}}

| {{IPA|[χut]}}

| 'good'

| Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial. See Afrikaans phonology.

colspan=2 | Arabic{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Addedin|1999|pp=51, 53}}

| {{lang|ar|خضراء|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|ar|ḵaḍrāʾ}}

| {{IPA|[χadˤraːʔ]}}

| 'green' (f.)

| Fricative trill with velar frication.{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Addedin|1999|pp=51, 53}} May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See Arabic phonology

colspan=2 | Armenian

| {{lang|hy|խաղ}} {{Transliteration|hy|xaġ}}

| {{IPA|[χɑʁ]}}

| 'game'

Azerbaijani{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

|{{lang|az|sancaq}}

|{{IPA|[sɑndʒɑχ]}}

|'pin'

|Colloquial pronunciation of word-final q.

Breton

Some speakers

'six'

colspan=2 | Chuvash

| {{lang|cv|хăна}} {{Transliteration|cv|hăna}}

| {{IPA|[χəˈna]}}

| 'guest'

Danish

| Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=62, 65–66}}

| {{lang|da|pres}}

| {{IPA|[ˈpχæs]}}

| 'pressure'

| Before {{IPA|/r/}}, aspiration of {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} is realized as devoicing of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=65–66}} Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}. See Danish phonology.

rowspan=2 | Dutch

| Standard Northern{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}

| {{lang|nl|acht}}

| {{Audio-IPA|Nl-acht.ogg|[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]}}

| 'eight'

| Fricative trill with post-velar frication. May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch

Belgian{{sfnp|Tops|2009|pp=25, 30-32, 63, 80-88, 97-100, 105, 118, 124-127, 134-135, 137-138, 140-141}}

| {{lang|nl|brood}}

| {{IPA|[bʀ̝̊oːt]}}

| 'bread'

| Voiced when following a vowel.{{sfnp|Tops|2009|p=83}} Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology

rowspan="4" | English

| rowspan="2" | Scouse{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=372–373}}

| {{lang|en|clock|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[kl̥ɒχ]}}

| 'clock'

| rowspan="2" | Possible word-final realization of {{IPA|/k/}}; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=372–373}}

neck

|[{{IPA|nɛχ}}]

|'neck'

Welsh{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=389}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=132}}

| {{lang|en|Amlwch|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[ˈamlʊχ]}}

| 'Amlwch'

| Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=389}} usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See English phonology

White South African{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=619}}

| {{lang|en|gogga|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[ˈχɒχə]}}

| 'insect'

| Less commonly velar {{IPAblink|x}}, occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisan. Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See White South African English phonology and English phonology.

colspan=2 | French

| {{lang|fr|très}}

| {{IPA|[t̪χɛ]}}

| 'very'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in contact with voiceless consonants. See French phonology

rowspan=3 | German

| Standard{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1993|p=100}}, footnote 7, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1990}}

| {{lang|de|Dach}}

| {{IPA|[daχ]}}

| 'roof'

| Appears only after certain back vowels. See Standard German phonology

Chemnitz dialect{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=235}}

| {{lang|de|Rock}}

| {{IPA|[χɔkʰ]}}

| 'skirt'

| In free variation with {{IPAblink|ʁ|ʁ̞}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}} and {{IPAblink|q}}.{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=235}} Does not occur in coda.{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=235}}

Lower Rhine{{sfnp|Hall|1993|p=89}}

| {{lang|de|Wirte}}

| {{IPA|[ˈvɪχtə]}}

| 'hosts'

| In free variation with {{IPAblink|ɐ}} between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant.

colspan=2 | Hebrew{{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}}

| {{lang|he|מֶלֶךְ|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|he|mélekh}}

| {{IPA|[ˈme̞le̞χ]}}

| 'king'

| Usually a fricative trill.{{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}} See Modern Hebrew phonology.

Limburgish

| Some dialects{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=220}}

| {{lang|li|waor}}

| {{IPA|[β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊]}}

| 'was'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} and word-final.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=220}} May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar.{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch

colspan=2 | Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}}

| {{lang|lb|Zuch}}

| {{IPA|[t͡suχ]}}

| 'train'

| See Luxembourgish phonology.

Low German

| Dutch Low Saxon{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}

| {{lang|nds|acht}}

| {{IPA|[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]}}

| 'eight'

| Fricative trill with post-velar frication; voiceless counterpart of {{IPAslink|ɣ}}. May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See Hard and soft G in Dutch

Portuguese

| General Brazilian{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}

| {{lang|pt|rompimento}}

| {{IPA|[χõpiˈmẽtʊ]}}

| 'rupture' (noun)

| Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. See Portuguese phonology.

colspan="2" | Ripuarian{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=17}}{{sfnp|Bodelier|2011|p=19}}

| {{lang|ksh|ach}}

| {{IPA|[ɑχ]}}

| 'eight'

| Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} after back vowels. Fronted to {{IPAblink|ç}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} after front vowels and consonants.{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=17}}{{sfnp|Bodelier|2011|p=19}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See Colognian phonology, Kerkrade dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch

rowspan="2" | Spanish

| European{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}

| {{lang|es|ojo}}

| {{Audio-IPA|Ojo spanish J.wav|[ˈo̞ʀ̝̊o̞]}}

| 'eye'

| Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties.{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} Most often, it is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|x}} in IPA. See Spanish phonology.

Ponce dialect{{cite web|title=ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis|url=http://gradworks.umi.com/34/24/3424164.html}}

| {{lang|es|perro}}

| {{IPA|[ˈpe̞χo̞]}}

| 'dog'

| This and {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}} are the primary realizations of {{IPA|/r/}} in this dialect. See Spanish phonology.

colspan=2 | Tlingit

| {{lang|tli|Tlingit alphabet

dáx̱}}

| {{IPA|[dáχ]}}

| 'from, out of'

| Occurs plain, labialised, ejective, and labialised ejective.

colspan=2 | Turkmen

| {{lang|tk|gahar}}

| {{IPA|[ɢɑχɑɾ]}}

| 'snow'

colspan=2 | Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Howson|2017|p=362}}

| {{lang|hsb|brach}}

| {{IPA|[bʁ̞äʀ̝̊]}}

| 'fault'

| Fricative trill.{{sfnp|Howson|2017|p=362}}

colspan=2 |Welsh

| {{lang|cy|chwech}}

| {{Audio-IPA|Welsh Chwech CH.wav|[χweːχ]}}

| 'six'

| See Welsh phonology.

colspan=2 | West Frisian{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}

| {{lang|fy|berch}}

| {{IPA|[bɛrʀ̝̊˖]}}

| 'mountain'

| Fricative trill with post-velar frication; voiceless counterpart of {{IPAslink|ɣ}}. Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See West Frisian phonology

colspan=2 | Wolof{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}

| sax

|{{IPA|[sax]}}

| Fricative trill.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}

colspan=2 | Yiddish

| {{lang|yi|איך|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|yi|ikh}}

| {{IPA|[iχ]}}

| 'I'

| See Yiddish phonology.

Notes

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|issue=2

|pages=219–225

|doi=10.1017/S0025100307002940

|doi-access=free

}}

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External links

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Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Uvular consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

Voiceless uvular fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links