voiceless palatal fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ç

|ipa number=138

|decimal1=231

|x-sampa=C

|kirshenbaum=C

|braille=235

|braille2=c

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00E7.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ç˗

|ipa symbol2=x̟

|ipa symbol3=xʲ

}}

The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ç}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.

The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla (◌̧), as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação. However, the sound represented by the symbol ç in French and Portuguese orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative; the cedilla, instead, changes the usual {{IPA|/k/}}, the voiceless velar plosive, when {{angbr IPA|c}} is employed before {{angbr IPA|a}} or {{angbr IPA|o}}, to {{IPA|/s/}}, the voiceless alveolar fricative.

Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have {{IPA|/ç/}} as a phoneme.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=167–168}} The sound further occurs as an allophone of {{IPAslink|x}} (e.g. in German or Greek), or, in other languages, of {{IPAslink|h}} in the vicinity of front vowels.

There is also the voiceless post-palatal fricativeInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ç̠}}, {{angbr IPA|ç˗}} (both symbols denote a retracted {{angbr IPA|ç}}) or {{angbr IPA|x̟}} (advanced {{angbr IPA|x}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are C_- and x_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar fricative ({{angbr IPA|xʲ}} in the IPA, x' or x_j in X-SAMPA).

Features

File:Voiceless palatal fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:

{{palatal}} The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar {{IPAblink|x}}.

Occurrence

=Palatal=

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Assamese	{{lang\|as\|সীমা}} / {{Transliteration\|as\|xima}}	{{IPA\|[ç̠ima]}}	'limit/border'	Pre Palatal
Azerbaijani{{sfnp\|Damirchizadeh\|1972\|p=96}}	Some dialects	{{lang\|az\|çörək}}	{{IPA\|[tʃœˈɾæç]}}	'bread'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.
colspan="2" \| Blackfoot	{{lang\|bla\|ᖱᑊᖽᒧᐧᖿ}} / {{Transliteration\|bla\|ihkitsika}}	{{IPA\|[içkitsika]}}	'Seven'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}}.
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Taizhou dialect	{{lang\|wuu\|嬉}}	{{IPA\|[çi]}}	'to play'	Corresponds to alveolo-palatal {{IPA\|/ɕ/}} in other Wu dialects.
Meixian dialect \|{{lang\|hak\|香}} \|{{IPA\|[çʲɔŋ˦]}} \|'fragrant'	Corresponds to palatatized fricative {{IPA\|/hj/}} in romanised as "hi-" or "hy-" Hakka dialect writing.
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=65–66}}	{{lang\|da\|pjaske}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpçæskə]}}	'splash'	May be alveolo-palatal {{IPAblink\|ɕ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=65–66}} Before {{IPA\|/j/}}, aspiration of {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} is realized as devoicing and fortition of {{IPA\|/j/}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=65–66}} Note, however, that the sequence {{IPA\|/tj/}} is normally realized as an affricate {{IPAblink\|t͡ɕ}}.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=148}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard Northern{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	{{lang\|nl\|wiegje}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʋiçjə]}}	'crib'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before {{IPA\|/j/}} for some speakers.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="3" \| English	Australian{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=159}}	rowspan="2" \| hue	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[çʉː]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'hue'	rowspan="2" \| Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA\|/hj/}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=159}}{{sfnp\|Roach\|2009\|p=43}}{{citation\|last=Wells\|first=John C\|author-link=John C. Wells\|access-date=2016-03-13\|title=A huge query\|work=John Wells's phonetic blog\|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0901.htm\|date=2009-01-29}} See Australian English phonology and English phonology
British{{sfnp\|Roach\|2009\|p=43}}
Scouse{{sfnp\|Watson\|2007\|p=353}}	like	{{IPA\|[laɪ̯ç] }}	'like'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2007\|p=353}} See English phonology
colspan="2" \|Estonian	{{lang\|et\|vihm}}	{{IPA\|[viçm]}}	'rain'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}. See Estonian phonology
colspan="2" \|Finnish	{{lang\|fi\|vihko}}	{{IPA\|[ʋiçko̞]}}	'notebook'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}. See Finnish phonology
French	Parisian{{sfnp\|Fagyal\|Moisset\|1999}}	{{lang\|fr\|merci}}	{{audio-IPA\|LL-Q150 (fra)-Marie-Sarah (Opsylac)-merci.wav\|[mɛʁ̥ˈsi̥ç]}}	'thank you'	The close vowels {{IPA\|/i, y, u/}} and the mid front {{IPA\|/e, ɛ/}} at the end of utterances can be devoiced.{{sfnp\|Fagyal\|Moisset\|1999}} See French phonology
colspan="2" \| German	{{lang\|de\|nicht}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-nicht.ogg\|[nɪçt]}}	'not'	Traditionally allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}}, or vice versa, but phonemic for some speakers who have both {{IPA\|/aːx/}} and {{IPA\|/aːç/}} (< {{IPA\|/aʁç/}}). See Standard German phonology.
colspan="2" \| Haida	{{lang\|hai-Latn\|xíl}}	{{IPA\|[çɪ́l]}}	'leaf'
rowspan="2" \| Hmong	White (Dawb)	rowspan="2" \| {{script\|Hmng\|𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰}} / {{lang\|hmn-Latn\|xya}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ça˧]}}	rowspan="2" \|'seven'	rowspan="2" \| Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect
Green (Njua)
colspan="2" \| Hungarian{{sfnp\|Siptár\|Törkenczy\|2007\|p=205}}	{{lang\|hu\|kapj}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɒpç]}}	'get' (imperative)	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|hérna}}	{{IPA\|[ˈçɛrtn̥a]}}	'here'	See Icelandic phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|a Sheáin}}	{{IPA\|[ə çaːnʲ]}}	'John' (voc.)	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Jalapa Mazatec{{sfnp\|Silverman\|Blankenship\|Kirk\|Ladefoged\|1995\|p=83}} \| {{example needed\|date=August 2016}} \| \| \| Described as an approximant. Contrasts with plain voiced {{IPA\|/j/}} and glottalized voiced {{IPA\|/ȷ̃/}}.{{sfnp\|Silverman\|Blankenship\|Kirk\|Ladefoged\|1995\|p=83}}
colspan="2" \| Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=118}}	{{lang\|ja-Hani\|人}} / {{Transliteration\|ja\|hito}}	{{IPA\|[çi̥to̞]}}	'person'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" \| Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|ḵtil}}	{{IPA\|[çtil]}}	'to measure'
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko-Hang\|힘}} / {{Transliteration\|ko\|him}}	{{IPA\|[çim]}}	'strength'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} word-initially before {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Korean phonology
Minangkabau	Mukomuko	tangih	{{IPA\|[taŋiç]}}	'cry'	Allophone of /h/ after /i/ and /j/ in coda.
colspan="2" \| Moksha	{{lang\|mdf\|шалхка}}	{{IPA\|[ʃalçka]}}	'nose'
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=23}}	{{lang\|no\|kjekk}}	{{IPA\|[çe̞kː]}}	'handsome'	Often alveolo-palatal {{IPAblink\|ɕ}} instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with {{IPAslink\|ʂ}}.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=23}} See Norwegian phonology
rowspan="2" \|Pashto	Ghilji dialect{{sfnp\|Henderson\|1983\|p=595}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|ps\|Pashto alphabet}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[pça]}}	rowspan="2"\| 'foot'	rowspan="2" \|See Pashto phonology
Wardak dialect
Romanian	Standard	{{lang\|ro\|vlahi}}	{{IPA\|[vlaç]}}	'valahians'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}}. Typically transcribed with [hʲ]. See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	{{lang\|ru\|твёрдый}} / {{Transliteration\|ru\|tvjordyj}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-твёрдый.ogg\|[ˈt̪ʋʲɵrd̪ɨ̞ç]}}	'hard'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/j/}}.{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}} See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|pp=113–4}}	{{lang\|gd\|eich}}	{{IPA\|[eç]}}	'horses'	Slender allophone of {{IPAslink\|x}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
colspan=2\| Sicilian	{{lang\|scn\|ciumi}}	{{IPA\|[ˈçuːmɪ]}}	'river'	Evolved from the Latin {{IPA\|/fl/}} nexus. Realized as {{IPAblink\|t͡ʃ}} when preceded by a consonant. See Sicilian phonology
Spanish	Chilean[http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0006662/baker_g.pdf Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123021246/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0006662/baker_g.pdf \|date=2021-11-23 }} Page 113	{{lang\|es\|mujer}}	{{IPA\|[muˈçe̞ɾ]}}	'woman'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|x}} before front vowels. See Spanish phonology
colspan=2\| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=6}}	{{lang\|tr\|hile}}	{{IPA\|[çiːʎ̟ɛ]}}	'trick'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}. See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \|Uzbek	{{lang\|uz\|maktab}}	{{IPA\|[mɑçtɑb]}}	'school'	Occurs when {{IPAslink\|k}} comes before {{IPAslink\|t}} and {{IPAslink\|b}} sounds.
colspan="2" \| Walloon	{{lang\|wa\|texhe}}	{{IPA\|[tɛç]}}	'to knit'	⟨xh⟩ spelling proper in Common Walloon, in the Feller system it would be written ⟨hy⟩
colspan="2" \| Welsh	{{lang\|cy\|hiaith}}	{{IPA\|[çaɪ̯θ]}}	'language'	Occurs in words where {{IPA\|/h/}} comes before {{IPA\|/j/}} due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e. {{IPA\|/jaɪ̯θ/}} {{lang\|cy\|iaith}} {{gloss\|language}} becomes {{lang\|cy\|ei hiaith}} {{gloss\|her language}}, resulting in {{IPA\|/j/}} {{lang\|cy\|i}} → {{IPA\|/ç/}} {{lang\|cy\|hi}}.{{sfnp\|Ball\|Watkins\|1993\|pp=300–301}} See Welsh phonology

=Post-palatal=

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|глухі}} / {{Transliteration\|be\|hluchí}}	[ɣɫuˈxʲi]	'deaf'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Belarusian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard Belgian{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|acht}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɑx̟t]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'eight'	rowspan="2" \| May be velar {{IPAblink\|x}} instead.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}} See Dutch phonology
Southern accents{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}
colspan="2" \| Greek{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=20}}	{{lang\|el\|ψυχή}} / {{Transliteration\|el\|psychí}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ell-Psychi.ogg\|[ps̠iˈç̠i]}}	'soul'	See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}}	{{lang\|li\|ich}}	{{IPA\|[ɪ̞x̟]}}	'I'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before and after front vowels.{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}} See Weert dialect phonology
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian{{sfnp\|Mathiassen\|1996\|pp=22–23)}}{{sfnp\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=36}}	{{lang\|lt\|chemija}}			Very rare;{{sfnp\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=35}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Lithuanian phonology
Russian	Standard{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	{{lang\|ru\|хинди}} / {{Transliteration\|ru\|chindi}}	{{audio-IPA\|LL-Q7737 (rus)-DomesticFrog-хинди.wav\|[ˈx̟inʲdʲɪ]}}	'Hindi'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Spanish	{{lang\|es\|mujer}}	{{IPA\|[muˈx̟e̞ɾ]}}	'woman'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp\|Canellada\|Madsen\|1987\|p=21}} See Spanish phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian	{{lang\|uk\|хід}} / {{Transliteration\|uk\|chid}}	{{IPA\|[x̟id̪]}}	'course'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Uzbek{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=11}}	{{lang\|uz\|xurmo}}	{{IPA\|[x̟urmɒ]}}	'date palm'	Weakly fricated; occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar {{IPAblink\|x̠}}.{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=11}}

= Voiceless approximant =

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless palatal approximant

|ipa symbol=j̊

|ipa number=153 402A

|decimal1=106

|decimal2=778

|x-sampa=j_0

|soundfile=Voiceless palatal approximant.wav

}}

Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative, found in a few spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA| j̊ }}, the voiceless homologue of the voiced palatal approximant.

The palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close front unrounded vowel {{IPA|[i̥]}}. The sound is essentially an Australian English {{angbr|y}} (as in year) pronounced strictly without vibration of the vocal cords.

It is found as a phoneme in Jalapa Mazatec and Washo as well as in Kildin Sami.

class="wikitable"

! Language

! Word

! IPA

! Meaning

! Notes

Breton

|Bothoa dialect

|{{example needed|date=August 2016}}

|Contrasts voiceless {{IPA|/j̊/}}, plain voiced {{IPAslink|j}} and nasal voiced {{IPA|/ȷ̃/}} approximants.{{Cite book |last=Iosad |first=Pavel |title=Representation and variation in substance-free phonology: A case study in Celtic |year=2013 |location=Universitetet i Tromso}}

rowspan="1" | Chinese

|Standard

|{{lang|cmn|票}} / {{Transliteration|cmn|Pinyin|piào}}

|{{IPA|[pj̊äʊ̯˥˩]}}

|'ticket'

|Common allophony of {{IPA|/j/}} after aspirated consonants. Normally transcribed as {{IPA|[pʰj]}}. See Standard Chinese phonology

rowspan="2" |English

|Australian

|{{example needed|date=August 2016}}

|Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}}. See Australian English phonology{{Cite book |last=Cox |first=Felicity |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Australian English |last2=Palethorpe |first2=Sallyanne |publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 |year=2007 |edition=Cambridge University Press |pages=341–350}}{{Cite book |last=Moran |first=Steven |title=English sound inventory (UZ) |last2=McCloy |first2=Daniel |publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History |year=2019}}

New Zealand

|{{example needed|date=August 2016}}

|Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}}, also can be [{{IPA|ç}}] instead. See New Zealand English phonology{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |title=Illustrations of the IPA: New Zealand English |last2=Warren |first2=Paul |publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 |year=2007 |edition=Cambridge University Press |pages=97–102}}

colspan="2" |French

|{{example needed|date=August 2016}}

|Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}}. See French phonology{{Cite book |last=Sten |first=H |title=Manuel de Phonetique Francaise |publisher=Munksgaard |year=1963 |location=Copenhagen}}

colspan="2" | Jalapa Mazatec{{sfnp|Silverman|Blankenship|Kirk|Ladefoged|1995|p=83}}

| {{example needed|date=August 2016}}

| Contrasts voiceless {{IPA|/j̊/}}, plain voiced {{IPAslink|j}} and glottalized voiced {{IPA|/ȷ̃/}} approximants.{{sfnp|Silverman|Blankenship|Kirk|Ladefoged|1995|p=83}}

colspan="2" | Japanese

| {{example needed|date=August 2016}}

| Colloquial, Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}}{{sfnp|Bloch|1950|p=86–125}}{{sfnp|Jorden|1963}}{{sfnp|Jorden|1952}}

colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic{{cite web|last1=Bauer|first1=Michael|title=Final devoicing or Why does naoidh sound like Nɯiç?|url=http://akerbeltz.org/index.php?title=Final_devoicing_or_Why_does_naoidh_sound_like_Nɯiç%3F|website=Akerbeltz|accessdate=11 December 2016}}

| {{lang|gd|a-muigh|italic=yes}}

| {{IPA|[əˈmuj̊]}}

| 'outside' (directional)

| Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/ʝ/}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology

colspan="2" | Washo

| {{lang|was|t'á:Yaŋi}}

| {{IPA|[ˈtʼaːj̊aŋi]}}

| 'he's hunting'

| Contrasts voiceless {{IPA|/j̊/}} and voiced {{IPAslink|j}} approximants.

colspan="2" |Koyukon (Denaakk'e)

|{{example needed|date=August 2016}}

|Contrasts voiceless {{IPA|/j̊/}} and voiced {{IPAslink|j}} approximants.

Notes

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|isbn=978-0-19-823765-5

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|author-link2=Ian Maddieson

|year=1996

|title=The sounds of the World's Languages

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{{Citation

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|editor=International Phonetic Association

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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{{Citation

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|title=English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course

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|last4=Ladefoged

|first4=Peter

|authorlink4=Peter Ladefoged

|year=1995

|title=Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec

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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=37

|issue=3

|pages=351–360

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|first1=Irena

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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=45

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|pages=221–228

|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395

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}}

External links

{{phoible|ç}}
{{phoible|j̊}}
{{phoible|j̥}}
{{phoible|ç̟}}

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Central consonants

Category:Palatal consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless approximants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Assamese	{{lang\|as\|সীমা}} / {{Transliteration\|as\|xima}}	{{IPA\|[ç̠ima]}}	'limit/border'	Pre Palatal
Azerbaijani{{sfnp\|Damirchizadeh\|1972\|p=96}}	Some dialects	{{lang\|az\|çörək}}	{{IPA\|[tʃœˈɾæç]}}	'bread'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}.
colspan="2" \| Blackfoot	{{lang\|bla\|ᖱᑊᖽᒧᐧᖿ}} / {{Transliteration\|bla\|ihkitsika}}	{{IPA\|[içkitsika]}}	'Seven'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}}.
rowspan="2" \| Chinese	Taizhou dialect	{{lang\|wuu\|嬉}}	{{IPA\|[çi]}}	'to play'	Corresponds to alveolo-palatal {{IPA\|/ɕ/}} in other Wu dialects.
Meixian dialect \|{{lang\|hak\|香}} \|{{IPA\|[çʲɔŋ˦]}} \|'fragrant'	Corresponds to palatatized fricative {{IPA\|/hj/}} in romanised as "hi-" or "hy-" Hakka dialect writing.
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=65–66}}	{{lang\|da\|pjaske}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpçæskə]}}	'splash'	May be alveolo-palatal {{IPAblink\|ɕ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=65–66}} Before {{IPA\|/j/}}, aspiration of {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} is realized as devoicing and fortition of {{IPA\|/j/}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=65–66}} Note, however, that the sequence {{IPA\|/tj/}} is normally realized as an affricate {{IPAblink\|t͡ɕ}}.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=148}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard Northern{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	{{lang\|nl\|wiegje}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʋiçjə]}}	'crib'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before {{IPA\|/j/}} for some speakers.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="3" \| English	Australian{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=159}}	rowspan="2" \| hue	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[çʉː]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'hue'	rowspan="2" \| Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA\|/hj/}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Fletcher\|2017\|p=159}}{{sfnp\|Roach\|2009\|p=43}}{{citation\|last=Wells\|first=John C\|author-link=John C. Wells\|access-date=2016-03-13\|title=A huge query\|work=John Wells's phonetic blog\|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0901.htm\|date=2009-01-29}} See Australian English phonology and English phonology
British{{sfnp\|Roach\|2009\|p=43}}
Scouse{{sfnp\|Watson\|2007\|p=353}}	like	{{IPA\|[laɪ̯ç] }}	'like'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2007\|p=353}} See English phonology
colspan="2" \|Estonian	{{lang\|et\|vihm}}	{{IPA\|[viçm]}}	'rain'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}. See Estonian phonology
colspan="2" \|Finnish	{{lang\|fi\|vihko}}	{{IPA\|[ʋiçko̞]}}	'notebook'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}. See Finnish phonology
French	Parisian{{sfnp\|Fagyal\|Moisset\|1999}}	{{lang\|fr\|merci}}	{{audio-IPA\|LL-Q150 (fra)-Marie-Sarah (Opsylac)-merci.wav\|[mɛʁ̥ˈsi̥ç]}}	'thank you'	The close vowels {{IPA\|/i, y, u/}} and the mid front {{IPA\|/e, ɛ/}} at the end of utterances can be devoiced.{{sfnp\|Fagyal\|Moisset\|1999}} See French phonology
colspan="2" \| German	{{lang\|de\|nicht}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-nicht.ogg\|[nɪçt]}}	'not'	Traditionally allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}}, or vice versa, but phonemic for some speakers who have both {{IPA\|/aːx/}} and {{IPA\|/aːç/}} (< {{IPA\|/aʁç/}}). See Standard German phonology.
colspan="2" \| Haida	{{lang\|hai-Latn\|xíl}}	{{IPA\|[çɪ́l]}}	'leaf'
rowspan="2" \| Hmong	White (Dawb)	rowspan="2" \| {{script\|Hmng\|𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰}} / {{lang\|hmn-Latn\|xya}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ça˧]}}	rowspan="2" \|'seven'	rowspan="2" \| Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect
Green (Njua)
colspan="2" \| Hungarian{{sfnp\|Siptár\|Törkenczy\|2007\|p=205}}	{{lang\|hu\|kapj}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkɒpç]}}	'get' (imperative)	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|hérna}}	{{IPA\|[ˈçɛrtn̥a]}}	'here'	See Icelandic phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|a Sheáin}}	{{IPA\|[ə çaːnʲ]}}	'John' (voc.)	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Jalapa Mazatec{{sfnp\|Silverman\|Blankenship\|Kirk\|Ladefoged\|1995\|p=83}} \| {{example needed\|date=August 2016}} \| \| \| Described as an approximant. Contrasts with plain voiced {{IPA\|/j/}} and glottalized voiced {{IPA\|/ȷ̃/}}.{{sfnp\|Silverman\|Blankenship\|Kirk\|Ladefoged\|1995\|p=83}}
colspan="2" \| Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=118}}	{{lang\|ja-Hani\|人}} / {{Transliteration\|ja\|hito}}	{{IPA\|[çi̥to̞]}}	'person'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" \| Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|ḵtil}}	{{IPA\|[çtil]}}	'to measure'
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko-Hang\|힘}} / {{Transliteration\|ko\|him}}	{{IPA\|[çim]}}	'strength'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} word-initially before {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Korean phonology
Minangkabau	Mukomuko	tangih	{{IPA\|[taŋiç]}}	'cry'	Allophone of /h/ after /i/ and /j/ in coda.
colspan="2" \| Moksha	{{lang\|mdf\|шалхка}}	{{IPA\|[ʃalçka]}}	'nose'
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=23}}	{{lang\|no\|kjekk}}	{{IPA\|[çe̞kː]}}	'handsome'	Often alveolo-palatal {{IPAblink\|ɕ}} instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with {{IPAslink\|ʂ}}.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=23}} See Norwegian phonology
rowspan="2" \|Pashto	Ghilji dialect{{sfnp\|Henderson\|1983\|p=595}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|ps\|Pashto alphabet}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[pça]}}	rowspan="2"\| 'foot'	rowspan="2" \|See Pashto phonology
Wardak dialect
Romanian	Standard	{{lang\|ro\|vlahi}}	{{IPA\|[vlaç]}}	'valahians'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}}. Typically transcribed with [hʲ]. See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	{{lang\|ru\|твёрдый}} / {{Transliteration\|ru\|tvjordyj}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-твёрдый.ogg\|[ˈt̪ʋʲɵrd̪ɨ̞ç]}}	'hard'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/j/}}.{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}} See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|pp=113–4}}	{{lang\|gd\|eich}}	{{IPA\|[eç]}}	'horses'	Slender allophone of {{IPAslink\|x}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
colspan=2\| Sicilian	{{lang\|scn\|ciumi}}	{{IPA\|[ˈçuːmɪ]}}	'river'	Evolved from the Latin {{IPA\|/fl/}} nexus. Realized as {{IPAblink\|t͡ʃ}} when preceded by a consonant. See Sicilian phonology
Spanish	Chilean[http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0006662/baker_g.pdf Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123021246/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0006662/baker_g.pdf \|date=2021-11-23 }} Page 113	{{lang\|es\|mujer}}	{{IPA\|[muˈçe̞ɾ]}}	'woman'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|x}} before front vowels. See Spanish phonology
colspan=2\| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=6}}	{{lang\|tr\|hile}}	{{IPA\|[çiːʎ̟ɛ]}}	'trick'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}. See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \|Uzbek	{{lang\|uz\|maktab}}	{{IPA\|[mɑçtɑb]}}	'school'	Occurs when {{IPAslink\|k}} comes before {{IPAslink\|t}} and {{IPAslink\|b}} sounds.
colspan="2" \| Walloon	{{lang\|wa\|texhe}}	{{IPA\|[tɛç]}}	'to knit'	⟨xh⟩ spelling proper in Common Walloon, in the Feller system it would be written ⟨hy⟩
colspan="2" \| Welsh	{{lang\|cy\|hiaith}}	{{IPA\|[çaɪ̯θ]}}	'language'	Occurs in words where {{IPA\|/h/}} comes before {{IPA\|/j/}} due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e. {{IPA\|/jaɪ̯θ/}} {{lang\|cy\|iaith}} {{gloss\|language}} becomes {{lang\|cy\|ei hiaith}} {{gloss\|her language}}, resulting in {{IPA\|/j/}} {{lang\|cy\|i}} → {{IPA\|/ç/}} {{lang\|cy\|hi}}.{{sfnp\|Ball\|Watkins\|1993\|pp=300–301}} See Welsh phonology

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|глухі}} / {{Transliteration\|be\|hluchí}}	[ɣɫuˈxʲi]	'deaf'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Belarusian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard Belgian{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|acht}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɑx̟t]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'eight'	rowspan="2" \| May be velar {{IPAblink\|x}} instead.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}} See Dutch phonology
Southern accents{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}
colspan="2" \| Greek{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=20}}	{{lang\|el\|ψυχή}} / {{Transliteration\|el\|psychí}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ell-Psychi.ogg\|[ps̠iˈç̠i]}}	'soul'	See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}}	{{lang\|li\|ich}}	{{IPA\|[ɪ̞x̟]}}	'I'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before and after front vowels.{{sfnp\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}} See Weert dialect phonology
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian{{sfnp\|Mathiassen\|1996\|pp=22–23)}}{{sfnp\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=36}}	{{lang\|lt\|chemija}}			Very rare;{{sfnp\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=35}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Lithuanian phonology
Russian	Standard{{sfnp\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	{{lang\|ru\|хинди}} / {{Transliteration\|ru\|chindi}}	{{audio-IPA\|LL-Q7737 (rus)-DomesticFrog-хинди.wav\|[ˈx̟inʲdʲɪ]}}	'Hindi'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Spanish	{{lang\|es\|mujer}}	{{IPA\|[muˈx̟e̞ɾ]}}	'woman'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp\|Canellada\|Madsen\|1987\|p=21}} See Spanish phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian	{{lang\|uk\|хід}} / {{Transliteration\|uk\|chid}}	{{IPA\|[x̟id̪]}}	'course'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|xʲ}}. See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Uzbek{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=11}}	{{lang\|uz\|xurmo}}	{{IPA\|[x̟urmɒ]}}	'date palm'	Weakly fricated; occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar {{IPAblink\|x̠}}.{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=11}}

voiceless palatal fricative

Features

Occurrence

=Palatal=

=Post-palatal=

= Voiceless approximant =

See also

Notes

References

External links