Winnipeg#Early history

Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, {{Convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the city. English explorer Henry Kelsey may have been the first European to see the lake in 1690. He adopted the Cree and Ojibwe name {{lang|oj|win-nipi}} (also transcribed {{lang|oj|win-nipiy}} or {{lang|oj|ouenpig}}) meaning "murky water" or "muddy water"{{Cite book|last=Ham|first=Penny|title=Place Names of Manitoba|publisher=Western Producer Prairie Books|year=1980|isbn=9780888330673|page=138}}{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Canadian Oxford Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-19-541816-6|editor-last=Barber|editor-first=Katherine|chapter=Winnipeg, Lake}}{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Encyclopedia of Manitoba|publisher=Great Plains Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-1-894-283-71-7|editor-last=Boyens|editor-first=Ingeborg|pages=383, 744}} (modern {{Langx|cr-Latn|wīnipēk}}, {{lang|cr-Cans|ᐑᓂᐯᐠ}}). French-Canadian fur trader La Vérendrye referred to the lake as {{Lang|fr|Lac Gouinipique}} or {{Lang|fr|Ouinipigon}} when he built the first forts in the area in the 1730s.{{Cite book|last=Bellin|first=M.|title=Remarques sur la Carte de l'Amérique Septentrionale|publisher=Didot|year=1755|page=73}} Local newspaper The Nor'-Wester included the name on its masthead on 24 February 1866, and the city was incorporated by that name by the Manitoba Legislature in 1873.

{{Further|History of Winnipeg}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Winnipeg history}}

Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North, a location now known as "the Forks." This point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact.{{cite web |url = http://www.theforks.com/history |title = History |publisher = The Forks |accessdate = 4 November 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080930222840/http://www.theforks.com/history |archivedate = 30 September 2008 |url-status = dead }} Evidence provided by archaeology, petroglyphs, rock art, and oral history indicates that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping, harvesting, hunting, tool making, fishing, trading and, farther north, for agriculture.{{cite book|editor-last=Harris|editor-first=R. Cole|others=Cartography & design by Geoffrey J. Matthews|title=Historical Atlas of Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1993|volume=I: From the Beginning to 1800|isbn=0-8020-2495-5|pages=1–6}}

Estimates of the date of first settlement in the area range from 11,500 years ago for a site southwest of the present city to 6,000 years ago at the Forks.{{cite journal|date=Spring 1990|issue=19|title=Glacial Lake Agassiz|journal=Manitoba History|last=Buckner|first=Anthony|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/19/lakeagassiz.shtml|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109015030/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/19/lakeagassiz.shtml|url-status=live}} In 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions.{{cite book|title=The geography of Manitoba|year=1996|publisher=University of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-375-2|page=80|editor-last1=Welsted|editor-first1=John|editor-last2=Everitt|editor-first2=John|editor-last3=Stadel|editor-first3=Christoph}} The rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, which helped fur traders navigate the waterways of the area.{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=G Malcolm|title=Cartographic encounters: perspectives on Native American mapmaking and map use|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|page=12|isbn=9780226476940}}

Sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur-trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge.{{cite journal |last=Champagne |first=Antoine |date=1968–1969 |title=The Vérendryes and Their Successors, 1727–1760 |journal=MHS Transactions |issue=25 |series=Third Series|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/verendryes.shtml|archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116120923/http://mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/verendryes.shtml |url-status=live}} French trading continued at the site for several decades. The British Hudson's Bay Company took over when France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years' War.{{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/mb/forks/natcul/contact.aspx |author=Parks Canada |title=The Forks National Historic Site of Canada |accessdate=5 January 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103021/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/mb/forks/natcul/contact.aspx |archivedate=5 June 2011 |url-status=live }} Many French men who were trappers married First Nations women; their mixed-race children hunted, traded, and lived in the area. Their descendants are known as the Métis.{{cite journal |last=Lussier |first=AS |date=Spring 1978 |title=The Metis: Contemporary Problem of Identity |journal=Manitoba Pageant |volume=23 |issue=3 |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/23/metisidentity.shtml|archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222025221/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/23/metisidentity.shtml |url-status=live}}

File:Rindisbacher fishing 1821 large (1).png and Red rivers. Fort Gibraltar was erected in 1809.]]

Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement (known as the Red River Colony), the purchase of land from the Hudson's Bay Company, and a survey of river lots in the early 19th century.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Thomas Douglas |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Canadian Biography V |year=2000 |publisher=University of Toronto |pages=264–269 }} The North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudson's Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg.{{cite journal |title=A Brief Chronology of Events Relative to Lord Selkirk's Settlement at Red River – 1811 to 1815 |last=Brown |first=Alice E |journal=Manitoba Pageant |date=April 1962 |volume=7 |issue=3 |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/07/selkirkchronology.shtml|archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171956/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/07/selkirkchronology.shtml |url-status=live}} The two companies competed fiercely over trade.{{cite book |last=Bumstead |first=JM |title=Fur Trade Wars: the founding of Western Canada |publisher=Great Plains Publications |year=1999 |isbn=1-894283-03-1 }} The Métis and Lord Selkirk's settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies merged, ending their long rivalry.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP6CH5PA3LE.html |title=Battle at Seven Oaks |accessdate=4 March 2014 |publisher=CBC |work=Canada: A People's History |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619210110/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP6CH5PA3LE.html |archivedate=19 June 2013 |url-status=live }} Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudson's Bay Company.{{cite web |title=Manitoba Time Line |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/features/timeline.shtml |publisher=Manitoba Historical Society |accessdate=23 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526054241/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/features/timeline.shtml |archivedate=26 May 2011 |url-status=live }} A flood destroyed the fort in 1826 and it was not rebuilt until 1835. A rebuilt section of the fort, consisting of the front gate and a section of the wall, is near the modern-day corner of Main Street and Broadway in downtown Winnipeg.{{cite web |url=http://www.virtual.heritagewinnipeg.com/vignettes/vignettes_128W.htm |title=Greater Winnipeg: Upper Fort Garry Gate |publisher=Virtual Heritage Winnipeg |accessdate=16 July 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207082855/http://www.virtual.heritagewinnipeg.com/vignettes/vignettes_128W.htm |archivedate=7 December 2008 |url-status=live }}

In 1869–70, present-day Winnipeg was the site of the Red River Rebellion, a conflict between the local provisional government of Métis, led by Louis Riel, and newcomers from eastern Canada. General Garnet Wolseley was sent to suppress the uprising. The Manitoba Act of 1870 made Manitoba the fifth province of the three-year-old Canadian Confederation.{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Derek |title=Historical Atlas of Canada |publisher=D&M Adult |year=2006 |pages=213–214 |isbn=1-55365-077-8 }}{{cite book |last=Sprague |first=DN |title=Canada and the Métis, 1869–1885 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=1988 |pages=33–67, 89–129 |isbn=978-0-88920-964-0 }}{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=David |last2=Tyler |first2=Grant |title=Canadian campaigns 1860–70 |year=1992 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-85532-226-4 |pages=36–39 }} Treaty 1, which encompassed the city and much of the surrounding area, was signed on 3 August 1871 by representatives of the Crown and local Indigenous groups, comprising the Brokenhead Ojibway, Sagkeeng, Long Plain, Peguis, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sandy Bay and Swan Lake communities.{{cite web|url=https://www.winnipegvitalsigns.org/vital-information/treaty-1/|title=Treaty 1|work=Winnipeg's Vital Signs|accessdate=31 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901080453/https://www.winnipegvitalsigns.org/vital-information/treaty-1/|archivedate=1 September 2018|url-status=live}} On 8 November 1873, Winnipeg was incorporated as a city, with the Selkirk settlement as its nucleus.{{cite web |url=http://winnipeg.ca/Services/CityLife/HistoryOfWinnipeg/HistoricalProfile.stm |title=History of Winnipeg: Historical Profile |publisher=City of Winnipeg |accessdate=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819075903/http://winnipeg.ca/Services/CityLife/HistoryOfWinnipeg/HistoricalProfile.stm |archivedate=19 August 2011 }} Métis legislator and interpreter James McKay named the city.{{cite news |title=Who Named the North-Land? |work=Manitoba Free Press |date=19 August 1876 |page=3 }} Winnipeg's mandate was to govern and provide municipal services to citizens attracted to trade expansion between Upper Fort Garry / Lower Fort Garry and Saint Paul, Minnesota.{{Cite web|url=http://winnipeginfocus.winnipeg.ca/city-of-winnipeg-1874-1971-2|title=Winnipeg (Man.) |website=Winnipeg in Focus|accessdate=3 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055309/http://winnipeginfocus.winnipeg.ca/city-of-winnipeg-1874-1971-2|archivedate=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}

Winnipeg developed rapidly after the coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881.{{cite web |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/business/cpr.shtml |title=MHS Centennial Business: Canadian Pacific Railway Company |publisher=Manitoba Historical Society |accessdate=16 July 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829085939/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/business/cpr.shtml |archivedate=29 August 2009 |url-status=live }} The railway divided the North End, which housed mainly Eastern Europeans, from the richer Anglo-Saxon southern part of the city. It also contributed to a demographic shift beginning shortly after Confederation that saw the francophone population decrease from a majority to a small minority group. This shift resulted in Premier Thomas Greenway controversially ending legislative bilingualism and removing funding for French Catholic Schools in 1890.{{cite web |url=http://www.canadashistory.ca/Magazine/Online-Exclusive/Articles/Controversy-and-Compromise-over-the-Manitoba-Schoo |work=Canada's History |title=Controversy and compromise over the Manitoba Schools Question |accessdate=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213333/http://www.canadashistory.ca/Magazine/Online-Exclusive/Articles/Controversy-and-Compromise-over-the-Manitoba-Schoo |archivedate=27 May 2014 }}

File:WinnipegGeneralStrike.jpg in 1919]]

By 1911, Winnipeg was Canada's third-largest city. However, the city faced financial difficulty when the Panama Canal opened in 1914.{{cite news |title=The heart of the continent? |last=Silicz |first=Michael |date=10 September 2008 |work=The Manitoban}} The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the increase in shipping traffic helped Vancouver to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end of World War I.{{cite book |last=Hiller |first=Harry |title=Second promised land: migration to Alberta and the transformation of Canadian society |year=2009 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-3517-6 |pages=33–34}}

More than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the Winnipeg general strike.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html|work=Canada: A People's History|title=The Winnipeg General Strike|publisher=CBC|accessdate=4 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918033647/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH3PA2LE.html|archivedate=18 September 2014|url-status=live}} The strike was a product of postwar recession, labour conditions, the activity of union organizers and a large influx of returning World War I soldiers seeking work.{{cite book|last1=Bothwell|first1=Robert|last2=Drummond|first2=Ian|last3=English|first3=John|title=Canada, 1900–1945|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1990|page=165|isbn=0-8020-6801-4}} After many arrests, deportations, and incidents of violence, the strike ended on 21 June 1919 when the Riot Act was read. A group of Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers charged a group of strikers.{{cite web|url=http://curio.ca/en/bloody-saturday-the-winnipeg-general-strike/1106|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209071531/http://curio.ca/en/bloody-saturday-the-winnipeg-general-strike/1106|archivedate=9 February 2014|title=Bloody Saturday|publisher=CBC|accessdate=7 April 2012}} Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured on the day that became known as Bloody Saturday; the event polarized the population. One of the leaders of the strike, J. S. Woodsworth, went on to found Canada's first major socialist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, which later became the New Democratic Party.{{cite book|last=MacInnis|first=Grace|title=J. S. Woodsworth: A Man to Remember|year=1953|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0770511807}}

The Manitoba Legislative Building, constructed mainly of Tyndall stone, opened in 1920; its dome supports a bronze statue finished in gold leaf, titled "Eternal Youth and the Spirit of Enterprise" (commonly known as the "Golden Boy").{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legtour/legbld.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413001158/http://www.gov.mb.ca/legtour/legbld.html|archivedate=13 April 2008|title=The History|work=Legislative Tour|publisher=Province of Manitoba|accessdate=16 July 2009}} The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression resulted in widespread unemployment, worsened by drought and low agricultural prices.{{cite conference|title=The Dirty Thirties in Prairie Canada|conference=11th Western Canadian Studies Conference|editor=Francis, RD |editor2=Ganzevoort, H|publisher=Tantalus Research|year=1980|isbn=0-919478-46-8}} The Depression ended after the start of World War II in 1939.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|title=Winnipeg|date=11 September 2012|author=Artibise, Alan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224035342/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/winnipeg/|archivedate=24 February 2014|url-status=live}}

File:Wfp 1942.jpg a Nazi occupation of the city to raise war bonds.]]

In the Battle of Hong Kong, The Winnipeg Grenadiers were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japan. Battalion members who survived combat were taken prisoner and endured brutal treatment in prisoner of war camps.{{cite book|author=Vance, Jonathan|title=Objects of concern: Canadian prisoners of war through the twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L32wsAE2EcAC&pg=PA183|year=1994|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0504-9|page=183}} In 1942, the Victory Loan Campaign staged a mock Nazi invasion of Winnipeg to promote awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe.{{cite journal|journal=Maclean's|author=Burch, Ted|date=10 September 1960|title=The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg|pages=46–47|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1960/9/10/the-day-the-nazis-took-over-winnipeg|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430084636/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1960/9/10/the-day-the-nazis-took-over-winnipeg|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=If|page=1|author=Groom, Kick|date=5 January 1985}} When the war ended, pent-up demand generated a boom in housing development, although building activity was checked by the 1950 Red River flood.{{cite journal|last=Hurst|first=William D|date=1955–1956|title=The Red River Flood of 1950|journal=MHS Transactions |series =Third Series|issue=12|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/flood1950.shtml|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929052448/http://mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/flood1950.shtml|url-status=live}} The federal government estimated damage at over $26 million, although the province indicated that it was at least double that.{{cite journal|last=Bumsted|first=JM|title=The Manitoba Royal Commission on Flood Cost Benefit and the Origins of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Canada|journal=American Review of Canadian Studies|date=March 2002 |volume=32|issue=1 |pages=97–121 |doi=10.1080/02722010209481659}} The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway.{{cite journal|author=Haque, C Emdad|date=May 2000|title=Risk Assessment, Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood, Canada|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=21|issue=2|pages=226–237|doi=10.1023/a:1008108208545}}

Before 1972, Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. In 1960, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg was established to co-ordinate service delivery in the metropolitan region. A consolidated metropolitan "unicity" government incorporating Winnipeg and its surrounding municipalities was established on 27 July 1971, taking effect in 1972.{{cite journal|title=The Reform of a Metropolitan Government: The Case of Winnipeg, 1971|author=Lightbody, James|year= 1978|journal=Canadian Public Policy|volume=4|issue=4|pages=489–504|doi=10.2307/3549974|jstor=3549974}} The City of Winnipeg Act incorporated the current city. In 2003, the City of Winnipeg Act was repealed and replaced with the City of Winnipeg Charter.

Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of the early 1980s recession, during which the city incurred closures of prominent businesses, including the Winnipeg Tribune, as well as the Swift's and Canada Packers meat packing plants.{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/36th_2nd/vol32a/h032a_3.html | title= Hansard, Volume XLVI No. 32A, Oral Questions | publisher= Manitoba Legislature | date=9 May 1996}} In 1981, Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement with the provincial and federal governments to redevelop its downtown area,{{cite book|author1=Sancton, Andrew|author2=Young, Robert Andrew|title=Foundations of governance: municipal government in Canada's provinces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvURRf7mGi4C&pg=PA250|year=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9650-0|page=250}} and the three levels of government contributed over $271 million to its development.{{cite web|url=http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/298.asp|title=Urban Development Agreements|publisher=Western Economic Diversification Canada|accessdate=16 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530222137/http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/298.asp |archivedate=30 May 2009}} In 1989, the reclamation and redevelopment of the CNR rail yards turned the Forks into Winnipeg's most popular tourist attraction. The city was threatened by the 1997 Red River flood as well as further floods in 2009 and 2011.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/flooding/historical_facts.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305020905/https://www.gov.mb.ca/flooding/historical_facts.html|archivedate=5 March 2014|accessdate=4 March 2014|title=Manitoba Flood Facts|publisher=Province of Manitoba}}

{{Main|Geography and climate of Winnipeg}}

File:2005 Winnipeg Flood.JPG. The city lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a flood plain with a flat topography.]]

Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a flood plain with an extremely flat topography.{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/floods/redriver/geomorphology_e.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604201210/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/floods/redriver/geomorphology_e.php |archivedate=4 June 2011 |title=Geomorphology of the Red River|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|accessdate=9 May 2012}} It is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada and is known as the "Gateway to the West". Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, although most of the native prairie grasses have been removed for agriculture and urbanization.{{cite web |url=http://www.naturenorth.com/summer/wildlife/wildF.html |title=Manitoba's Tall Grass Prairie Preserve |work=Nature North Zine |accessdate=27 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203221253/http://www.naturenorth.com/summer/wildlife/wildF.html |archivedate=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }} It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks, as well as Lake Winnipeg (the Earth's 11th largest freshwater lake).{{cite web|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-08.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210173421/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/nam/nam-08.html|archivedate=10 February 2007 |title= Lake Winnipeg |publisher= World Lake Database|accessdate=4 March 2014}} Winnipeg has North America's largest extant mature urban elm forest.{{cite news|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/special/featured/trees-451332803.html|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|title=The City of Winnipeg's most common tree types, mapped|author=Bruce, Graeme|date=17 October 2017|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429073744/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/special/featured/trees-451332803.html|url-status=live}} The city has an area of {{convert|464.08|km2|abbr=on}}.

Winnipeg has four major rivers: the Red, Assiniboine, La Salle and Seine.{{cite web|url=http://www.iclr.org/images/Charles_-_Full.pdf|author=Boulet, Charles|title=Basement Flood Risk Reduction: City of Winnipeg|publisher=Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction|accessdate=4 March 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104639/http://www.iclr.org/images/Charles_-_Full.pdf|archivedate=2 April 2015}} The city was subject to severe flooding in the past. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in 1826. Another large flood in 1950 caused millions of dollars in damage and mass evacuations.{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/floods/redriver/historical_e.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719121057/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/floods/redriver/historical_e.php|archivedate=19 July 2010|title=Historical floods and flood disasters|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|accessdate=9 May 2012}} This flood prompted Duff Roblin's provincial government to build the Red River Floodway to protect the city. In the 1997 flood, flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags; Winnipeg suffered limited damage compared to the flood's impact on cities without such structures, such as Grand Forks, North Dakota.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/red-river-rising-manitoba-floods/topic---red-river-rising-manitoba-floods.html|accessdate=4 March 2014|publisher=CBC|title=Red River Rising: Manitoba floods|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231020409/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/red-river-rising-manitoba-floods/topic---red-river-rising-manitoba-floods.html|archivedate=31 December 2013|url-status=live}} The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley's clay-based soil also results in many mosquitoes during wetter years.{{cite web|url=https://www.fcpp.org/posts/floodway-part-of-war-on-mosquitoes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193229/https://www.fcpp.org/posts/floodway-part-of-war-on-mosquitoes|archivedate=2 April 2015|title=Floodway: part of war on mosquitoes?|date=25 September 2002|publisher=Frontier Centre for Public Policy}}

File:River River Curling.jpg

Winnipeg's location in the Canadian Prairies gives it a warm-summer humid continental climate{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=25817&cityname=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba%2C+Canada&units=|title=Winnipeg, Manitoba Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=27 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211205819/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=25817&cityname=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba%2C+Canada&units=|archivedate=11 February 2015|url-status=live}} (Köppen: Dfb),{{cite web |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |publisher=University of Melbourne |accessdate=8 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archivedate=3 February 2012 |url-status=live }} with warm, humid summers, and long, severely cold winters. Summers have a July mean average of {{convert|19.7|C|}}.{{cite web | url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=winnipeg&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=3698&dispBack=1 | title= Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data| publisher= Environment Canada | accessdate=2 April 2021| archive-date=17 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417085215/https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=winnipeg&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=3698&dispBack=1 | url-status=live}} Winters are the coldest time of year, with the January mean average around {{convert|-16.4|C}} and total winter precipitation (December through February) averaging {{convert|55.2|mm|abbr=on}}. Temperatures occasionally drop below {{convert|-40|C}}.

On average, there are 317.8 days per year with measurable sunshine, with July seeing the most.{{cite web|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=3698&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=winnipeg_&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000|publisher=Environment Canada|accessdate=1 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203111003/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=3698&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=winnipeg_&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12|archivedate=3 February 2014|url-status=live}} With 2,353 hours of sunshine per year, Winnipeg is the second-sunniest city in Canada.{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/sunniest-cities.php |title=Sunniest City in Canada – Current Results |accessdate=19 May 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510084431/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/sunniest-cities.php |archivedate=10 May 2015 |url-status=live }} Total annual precipitation (both rain and snow) is just over {{convert|521|mm|abbr=on}}. Thunderstorms are very common during summer and sometimes severe enough to produce tornadoes.{{cite web|title=Thunderstorms|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/severeweather/thunderstorms.html|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=14 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807202840/http://www.gov.mb.ca/severeweather/thunderstorms.html|archivedate=7 August 2016|url-status=live}} Low wind chill values are a common occurrence in the local climate. The wind chill has gone down as low as {{convert|−57.1|C}}, and on average twelve days of the year reach a wind chill below {{convert|−40|C}}.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Winnipeg was during the 1936 North American heat wave. The temperature reached {{convert|42.2|C}} on 11 July 1936 while the highest minimum temperature, recorded on the following day, 12 July 1936, was {{convert|28.3|C}}.{{cite web|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1938-07-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1938-12-01&StationID=3703&Prov=MB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=winnipeg+st&timeframe=2&Year=1936&Month=7#|title=July 1936|publisher=Environment Canada|accessdate=18 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609180440/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-03-01%7C1938-07-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1938-12-01&StationID=3703&Prov=MB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=winnipeg+st&timeframe=2&Year=1936&Month=7|archivedate=9 June 2016|url-status=live}} The apparent heat can be even more extreme due to bursts of humidity, and on 25 July 2007 a humidex reading of {{convert|47.3|C}} was measured.

The frost-free season is comparatively long for a location with such severe winters. The last spring frost is on average around 23 May, while the first fall frost is on 22 September.

{{Winnipeg weatherbox}}

{{See also|List of Winnipeg neighbourhoods|List of tallest buildings in Winnipeg|Subdivisions of Winnipeg}}

File:Downtown Area, Winnipeg - panoramio (1).jpg, Downtown Winnipeg is the city's central business district.]]

There are officially 236 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg.{{cite web|title=Description of Geographies Used to Produce Census Profiles|url=http://winnipeg.ca/census/includes/Geographies.stm#Neighbourhoods|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=14 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930222012/http://www.winnipeg.ca/census/includes/Geographies.stm#Neighbourhoods|archivedate=30 September 2012|url-status=live}} Downtown Winnipeg, the city's financial heart and economic core, is centred on the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street and covers about {{convert|1|sqmi||abbr=on|order=flip}}. More than 72,000 people work downtown, and over 40,000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges.{{cite web|url= http://www.downtownwinnipegbiz.com/resource/file/DBIZ_Trends_2010.pdf|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140111075234/http://www.downtownwinnipegbiz.com/resource/file/DBIZ_Trends_2010.pdf|archivedate= 11 January 2014|title= Trends 2010|date=8 July 2010|publisher= Downtown Winnipeg BIZ}}

Downtown Winnipeg's Exchange District is named after the area's original grain exchange, which operated from 1880 to 1913. The 30-block district received National Historic Site of Canada status in 1997; it includes North America's most extensive collection of early 20th-century terracotta and cut stone architecture, Stephen Juba Park, and Old Market Square. Other major downtown areas are the Forks, Central Park, Broadway-Assiniboine and Chinatown. Many of Downtown Winnipeg's major buildings are linked with the Winnipeg Walkway.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/planning/pdf_folder/dwntwnprofile.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928014925/http://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/planning/pdf_folder/dwntwnprofile.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2011|title=Downtown Winnipeg Profile|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=5 March 2014}}

Residential neighbourhoods surround the downtown in all directions; expansion is greatest to the south and west, although several areas remain underdeveloped.{{cite web|url=http://www.inura.org/NMM_Posters_PDF/INURA11_Winnipeg.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504164811/http://www.inura.org/NMM_Posters_PDF/INURA11_Winnipeg.pdf|archivedate=4 May 2015|accessdate=4 March 2014|title=Winnipeg, Manitoba|publisher=International Network for Urban Research and Action}} The city's largest park, Assiniboine Park, houses the Assiniboine Park Zoo and the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden.{{cite web|url=http://www.assiniboinepark.ca/about/park-story.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216034718/http://www.assiniboinepark.ca/about/park-story.php|archivedate=16 February 2012|title=Assiniboine Park's Story|publisher=Assiniboine Park|accessdate=5 March 2014}} Other large city parks include Kildonan Park and St. Vital Park. The city's major commercial areas are Polo Park, Kildonan Crossing, South St. Vital, Garden City (West Kildonan), Pembina Strip, Kenaston Smart Centre, Osborne Village, and the Corydon strip.{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismwinnipeg.com/things-to-do/shopping|accessdate=4 March 2014|publisher=Tourism Winnipeg|title=Shopping|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194845/http://www.tourismwinnipeg.com/things-to-do/shopping|archivedate=20 October 2013|url-status=live}} The main cultural and nightlife areas are the Exchange District, the Forks, Osborne Village and Corydon Village (both in Fort Rouge), Sargent and Ellice Avenues (West End) and Old St. Boniface.{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismwinnipeg.com/things-to-do/night-life|accessdate=4 March 2014|publisher=Tourism Winnipeg|title=Nightlife|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194857/http://www.tourismwinnipeg.com/things-to-do/night-life|archivedate=20 October 2013|url-status=dead}} Osborne Village is Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhood{{cite web|title=Neighbourhoods: The Village Pilgrimage|url=http://www.where.ca/winnipeg/article_feature.cfm?listing_id=14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807034934/http://www.where.ca/winnipeg/article_feature.cfm?listing_id=14|archivedate=7 August 2011|website=Where|accessdate=23 May 2011}} and one of the most densely populated neighbourhoods in Western Canada.{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ca/clkdmis/documents/c/2006/a6621/pd%2009%2019%20no.%2015%20att.pdf|title=Osborne Village Neighbourhood Plan|publisher=City of Winnipeg|date=June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050455/http://winnipeg.ca/clkdmis/documents/c/2006/a6621/pd%2009%2019%20no.%2015%20att.pdf|archivedate=20 January 2013|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Demographics of Winnipeg}}

{{historical populations

| style="text-align:center;"|percentages=on

| title = Population growth since 1871

| 1871|241

| 1881|7,995

| 1891|26,529

| 1901|42,540

| 1911|136,035

| 1921|179,097

| 1931|218,785

| 1941|221,969

| 1951|235,710

| 1961|265,420

| 1971|246,246

| 1981|564,373

| 1991|616,790

| 2001|619,544

| 2011|663,617

| 2021|749,607

| footnote = The drastic population increase between 1971 and 1981 was due in part to Winnipeg's amalgamation in 1972.

| source ={{cite web|url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1932-eng.aspx?opt=/eng/1932/193201410103_p.%20103.pdf|title=Censuses 1871–1931|work=Canada Year Book 1932|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019190112/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1932-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1932%2F193201410103_p.%20103.pdf|archivedate=19 October 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1955-eng.aspx?opt=/eng/1955/195501710145_p.%20145.pdf|title=Census 1941–1951|work=Canada Year Book 1955|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209035552/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1955-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1955%2F195501710145_p.%20145.pdf|archivedate=9 December 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1967-eng.aspx?opt=/eng/1967/196702210189_p.%20189.pdf|title=Census 1961|work=Canada Year Book 1967|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223151220/http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1967-eng.aspx?opt=%2Feng%2F1967%2F196702210189_p.%20189.pdf|archivedate=23 December 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Canada Year Book 1974|chapter=Censuses 1966, 1971|publisher=Statistics Canada|url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1974-eng.htm|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713034746/https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1974-eng.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Canada Year Book 1988|chapter=Censuses 1981, 1986|publisher=Statistics Canada}}{{cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/statcan/rh-hc/CS96-304-1994-eng.pdf|page=9|date=28 April 1992|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Twenty-five largest municipalities|work=The Daily|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324174505/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/statcan/rh-hc/CS96-304-1994-eng.pdf|archivedate=24 March 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4611040&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&Data=Count&SearchText=Winnipeg&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=30 August 2014|title=2001 Community Profiles: Winnipeg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209064155/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4611040&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&Data=Count&SearchText=winnipeg&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|archivedate=9 December 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-310-x/98-310-x2011001-eng.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=The Canadian Population in 2011|page=19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702225851/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-310-x/98-310-x2011001-eng.pdf|archivedate=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}

}}

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Winnipeg had a population of 749,607 living in 300,431 of its 315,465 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:749607-705244}}|705244|1}} from its 2016 population of 705,244. With a land area of {{cvt|461.78|km2}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|749607|461.78|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000246 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Manitoba | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=9 February 2022| archive-date=9 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209154534/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000246 | url-status=live}} As of the 2021 census, 16.6 percent of residents were 14 years old or younger, 66.4 percent were between 15 and 64 years old, and 17.0 percent were 65 or over. The average age of a Winnipegger was 40.3.

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Winnipeg CMA had a population of {{val|834678|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|330326|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|347144|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:834678-783099}}|783099|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|783099|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|5285.46|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|834678|5285.46|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=9 February 2022 | archive-date=27 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085922/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | url-status=live}}

Winnipeg represents 54.9% of the population of the province of Manitoba, the highest population concentration in one city of any province in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312215907/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A|archivedate=12 March 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525001350/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D|archivedate=25 May 2013|url-status=live}} Apart from the city of Winnipeg, the Winnipeg CMA includes the rural municipalities of Springfield, St. Clements, Taché, East St. Paul, Macdonald, Ritchot, West St. Paul, Headingley, the Brokenhead 4 reserve, Rosser and St. François Xavier.{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=602&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&Data=Count&SearchText=Winnipeg&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Census profile: Winnipeg (census metropolitan area)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305052713/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=602&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&Data=Count&SearchText=Winnipeg&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}} Statistics Canada's estimate of the Winnipeg CMA population as of 1 July 2020 is 850,056, making it the 7th largest CMA in Canada.{{cite web|title=Population estimates, July 1, by census metropolitan area and census agglomeration, 2016 boundaries1|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710013501|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=13 June 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114222549/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710013501|url-status=live}}

Winnipeg has a significant and increasing Indigenous population, with both the highest percentage of Indigenous peoples (12.4%) for any major Canadian city, and the highest total number of Indigenous peoples (90,995) for any single non-reserve municipality. The Indigenous population grew by 22% between 2001 and 2006, compared to an increase of 3% for the city as a whole; this population tends to be younger and less wealthy than non-Indigenous residents. Winnipeg also has the highest Métis population in both percentage (6.5%) and numbers (47,915); the growth rate for this population between 2001 and 2006 was 30%.{{cite web|url=http://www.uaps.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/UAPS-Winnipeg-report_FINAL.pdf|work=Urban Aboriginal Peoples Study|title=Winnipeg Report|publisher=Environics Institute|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207041046/http://uaps.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/UAPS-Winnipeg-report_FINAL.pdf|archivedate=7 December 2013|url-status=live}}

The 2021 census reported that immigrants comprise 201,040 persons or 27.3% of the total population of Winnipeg. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were the Philippines (62,100 persons or 30.9%), India (27,605 persons or 13.7%), and China (8,900 persons or 4.4%).{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Winnipeg, City (CY) Manitoba [Census subdivision] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Winnipeg&DGUIDlist=2021A00054611040&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0|publisher=Statistics Canada|archive-date=15 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515213859/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00054611040&SearchText=winnipeg|url-status=live}} The city receives over 10,000 net international immigrants per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/cao/pdfs/TheCommunityTrendsReportOctober2013.pdf|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=Community Trends Report|date=October 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326080309/http://www.winnipeg.ca/cao/pdfs/TheCommunityTrendsReportOctober2013.pdf|archivedate=26 March 2014}} Winnipeg has the greatest percentage of Filipino residents (11.3%) of any major Canadian city, although Toronto has more Filipinos by total population. As of 2021, 34% of residents were of a visible minority.

More than a hundred languages are spoken in Winnipeg, of which the most common is English: 65 percent of Winnipeggers speak English as their native language (of Canada's official languages, English and French, 95 percent learned English first), and 2.8 percent have a first language of French. Other languages spoken as a mother tongue in Winnipeg include Tagalog (6.0%), Punjabi (4.1%), and Mandarin (1.5%). Several Indigenous languages are also spoken, such as Ojibwe (0.2%) and Cree (0.1%).

The 2021 Census reported the religious make-up of Winnipeg as: 50.4% Christian, including 24.0% Catholic, 4.0% United Church, and 2.7% Anglican; 4.4% Sikh; 3.3% Muslim; 2.0% Hindu; 1.5% Jewish; 0.9% Buddhist; 0.4% traditional (aboriginal) spirituality; 0.7% other; and 36.4% no religious affiliation.

{{See also|List of corporations based in Winnipeg}}

File:Manitoba hydro place May 2022.jpg

Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre. It has a diversified economy, with major employment in the health care and social assistance (14%), retail (11%), manufacturing (8%), and public administration (8%) sectors.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/jec/lmi/pdfs/winnipeg/winnipeg_ep_2021.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702110935/https://www.gov.mb.ca/jec/lmi/pdfs/winnipeg/winnipeg_ep_2021.pdf |archivedate=2 July 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=Government of Manitoba|title=Winnipeg Economic Profile|accessdate=30 July 2023}} There were approximately 450,500 jobs in the city as of 2019. Some of Winnipeg's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including the Province of Manitoba, the University of Manitoba, the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba Hydro, and Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation. Major private-sector employers include Canad Corporation of Manitoba, Canada Life Assurance Company, StandardAero, and SkipTheDishes.{{cite web|title=Largest Employers, All Sectors, Winnipeg, Manitoba|publisher=Economic Development Winnipeg|accessdate=2 April 2021|url=https://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/site-selection/data-tables|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308033421/https://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/site-selection/data-tables|url-status=live}}

According to the Conference Board of Canada, Winnipeg was projected to experience a real GDP growth of 1.9 percent in 2019. Gross Domestic Product was $43.3 billion in 2018.{{cite web |url=https://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/ |title=Economic Indicators |work=Economic Development Winnipeg |accessdate=30 December 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231002242/https://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/ |url-status=live}}

The city had an unemployment rate of 5.3% in 2019, compared to a national rate of 5.7%. Household income per capita was $47,824, compared to $49,744 nationally.{{cite web|url=https://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/choose-winnipeg/locate-expand-here/economic-indicators|publisher=Economic Development Winnipeg|title=Economic Indicators|accessdate=2 April 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304205829/https://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/choose-winnipeg/locate-expand-here/economic-indicators|url-status=dead}}

The Royal Canadian Mint, established in 1976, produces all circulating coinage in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/visit-the-mint-1200026|title=Visit the Mint|publisher=Royal Canadian Mint|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620064544/http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/visit-the-mint-1200026|archivedate=20 June 2009|url-status=live}} The facility, located in southeastern Winnipeg, also produces coins for many other countries.{{cite web|url=http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/our-services-1200030|title=Our Services|publisher=Royal Canadian Mint|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620064539/http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/our-services-1200030|archivedate=20 June 2009|url-status=live}}

In 2012, Winnipeg was ranked by KPMG as the least expensive location to do business in western Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.kpmg.com/ca/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/press-releases/pages/competitive-alternatives-release-winnipeg.aspx|title=Winnipeg the most cost competitive in western Canada|publisher=KPMG|date=22 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006001647/http://www.kpmg.com/Ca/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Press-Releases/Pages/Competitive-Alternatives-Release-Winnipeg.aspx |archivedate=6 October 2012}} Like many prairie cities, Winnipeg has a relatively low cost of living.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis02a-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Consumer price index, by city (monthly)|accessdate=3 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228042531/http://statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis02a-eng.htm|archivedate=28 February 2014|url-status=live}} The average house price in Winnipeg was $301,518 as of 2018. As of May 2014, the Consumer Price Index was 125.8 relative to 2002 prices, reflecting consumer costs at the Canadian average.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis02a-eng.htm|accessdate=4 July 2014|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Consumer Price Index, by city (monthly)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228042531/http://statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis02a-eng.htm|archivedate=28 February 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly)|accessdate=5 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221903/http://statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm|archivedate=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Winnipeg arts and culture}}

{{See also|List of people from Winnipeg|Category:Museums in Winnipeg|Category:Theatre companies in Manitoba|List of TV and films shot in Winnipeg|List of Winnipeg musicians}}

File:Esplanderiel.jpg is a landmark and pedestrian bridge in the city. It connects downtown Winnipeg with the St. Boniface neighbourhood.]]

Winnipeg was named the Cultural Capital of Canada in 2010 by Canadian Heritage.{{cite web |url=http://www.artsforall.ca/ |title=Arts for All |publisher=Winnipeg Arts Council |accessdate=27 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516215755/http://artsforall.ca/ |archivedate=16 May 2014 |url-status=live }} As of 2021, there are 26 National Historic Sites of Canada in Winnipeg.{{cite web|title=Winnipeg |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/results-resultats_eng.aspx?p=1&m=10&ctl00%24Main%24PageSearch1%24txtKeyword=&desCheck=NHS&c=Winnipeg&ctl00%24Main%24PageSearch1%24ddlProvince=100069&dey=&ctl00%24Main%24PageSearch1%24ddlCustodian= |work=Directory of Federal Heritage Designations |publisher=Parks Canada |accessdate=2 April 2021 }} See also: [https://archive.today/20130101115246/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/results-resultats_eng.aspx?p=1&m=10&ctl00$Main$PageSearch1$txtKeyword=&desCheck=NHS&c=Boniface&ctl00$Main$PageSearch1$ddlProvince=100069&dey=&ctl00$Main$PageSearch1$ddlCustodian= St. Boniface]. One of these, the Forks, attracts four million visitors a year.{{cite web|url=http://www.theforks.com/forks|title=The Forks|publisher=The Forks|accessdate=4 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704072710/http://www.theforks.com/forks|archivedate=4 July 2010|url-status=dead}} It is home to the City television studio, Manitoba Theatre for Young People, the Winnipeg International Children's Festival, and the Manitoba Children's Museum. It also features a {{convert|30000|sqft|abbr=on|order=flip}} skate plaza, a {{convert|8500|sqft|abbr=on|order=flip}} bowl complex, which features a mural of Winnipeg skateboarding pioneer Jai Pereira, the Esplanade Riel bridge,{{cite web|url=http://www.theforks.com/28|title=Attractions|publisher=The Forks|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703055042/http://www.theforks.com/28|archivedate=3 July 2009|url-status=dead}} a river walkway, Shaw Park, and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights. The Winnipeg Public Library is a public library network with 20 branches throughout the city, including the main Millennium Library.{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ca/interhom/guide/all/Library.stm|title=Library Services|work=Newcomers Pocket Guide to Winnipeg|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713162941/http://www.winnipeg.ca/interhom/guide/all/Library.stm|archivedate=13 July 2009|url-status=live}}

Winnipeg the Bear, which would become the inspiration for part of the name of Winnie-the-Pooh, was purchased in Ontario by Lieutenant Harry Colebourn of the Fort Garry Horse. He named the bear after the regiment's hometown of Winnipeg.{{cite web|url=http://www.just-pooh.com/history.html|title=History of Winnie the Pooh|publisher=Disney|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728094121/http://www.just-pooh.com/history.html|archivedate=28 July 2009|url-status=live}} A. A. Milne later wrote a series of books featuring the fictional Winnie-the-Pooh. The series' illustrator, Ernest H. Shepard created the only known oil painting of Winnipeg's adopted fictional bear, which is displayed in Assiniboine Park.{{cite web|url=http://www.poohcorner.com/Ernest-H.-Shepard-Illustrator.html|title=Ernest H. Shepard, Illustrator|work=Pooh Corner|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828100636/http://www.poohcorner.com/Ernest-H.-Shepard-Illustrator.html|archivedate=28 August 2008|url-status=live}}

The city has developed many distinct dishes and cooking styles, notably in the areas of confectionery and hot-smoked fish. Both the First Nations and more recent Eastern Canadian, European, and Asian immigrants have helped shape Winnipeg's dining scene, giving birth to dishes such as the desserts schmoo torte and wafer pie.{{cite news|last=Kives|first=Bartley|date=3 July 2011|title=The road to our signature dish: Interesting fusion creation a contender|work=Winnipeg Free Press|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/the-road-to-our-signature-dish-124935189.html|archivedate=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621053803/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/food/2011/07/03/the-road-to-our-signature-dish|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Gillmor|first=Alison|date=7 November 2012|title=Wafer? Flapper? Open Wide and Say 'Sals'|work=Winnipeg Free Press|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/food/wafer-flapper-open-wide-and-say-sals-177603771.html|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712234020/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/food/wafer-flapper-open-wide-and-say-sals-177603771.html|url-status=live}}

The Winnipeg Art Gallery is Western Canada's oldest public art gallery, founded in 1912. It is the sixth-largest in the country{{cite web|url=http://wag.ca/about/facts/history|title=The Winnipeg Art Gallery|publisher=The Winnipeg Art Gallery|accessdate=9 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519162913/http://wag.ca/about/facts/history|archivedate=19 May 2012|url-status=live}} and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art.{{cite web|url=http://wag.ca/art/collections|title=Collection of The Winnipeg Art Gallery|publisher=The Winnipeg Art Gallery|accessdate=9 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143524/http://wag.ca/art/collections|archivedate=21 April 2012|url-status=live}} Since the late 1970s Winnipeg has also had an active artist run centre culture.{{cite web|url=http://www.marcc.ca/about-marcc.html|title=Artist run centre members|publisher=MARCC|accessdate=17 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222046/http://www.marcc.ca/about-marcc.html|archivedate=18 November 2017|url-status=live}}

File:Centennial Concert Hall, Winnipeg Manitoba 02.JPG is a performing arts centre that is home to the Manitoba Opera, Royal Winnipeg Ballet, and the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra.]]

Winnipeg's three largest performing arts venues, the Centennial Concert Hall, Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre and the Pantages Playhouse Theatre, are downtown. The Royal Manitoba is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre, with over 250 performances yearly.{{cite web|url=http://www.mtc.mb.ca/about.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628175017/http://www.mtc.mb.ca/about.aspx|archivedate=28 June 2008|title=About MTC|year=2010|publisher=Manitoba Theatre Centre|accessdate=14 July 2010}} The Pantages Playhouse Theatre opened as a vaudeville house in 1913.{{cite web |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7397 |title=Historic Places |publisher=Parks Canada|accessdate=19 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521142800/http://historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7397 |archivedate=21 May 2011 |url-status=live }} Other city theatres include the Burton Cummings Theatre (a National Historic Site of Canada built in 1906{{cite web|url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7747|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Parks Canada|title=Walker Theatre National Historic Site of Canada|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309120514/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7747|archivedate=9 March 2014|url-status=live}}) and Prairie Theatre Exchange. Le Cercle Molière, based in St Boniface, is Canada's oldest theatre company, founded in 1925.{{cite web|url=http://cerclemoliere.com/la-compagnie|title=La Compagnie|year=2008|publisher=Cercle Molière|language=French|accessdate=5 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305110221/http://cerclemoliere.com/la-compagnie|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}} Rainbow Stage is a musical theatre production company based in Kildonan Park that produces professional, live Broadway musical shows and is Canada's longest-surviving outdoor theatre.{{cite web|url=http://www.rainbowstage.net/htmldocs/About.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822125049/http://www.rainbowstage.net/htmldocs/About.html|archivedate=22 August 2008|title=About Rainbow Stage|year=1993|publisher=Rainbow Stage|accessdate=17 July 2009}} The Manitoba Theatre for Young People at the Forks is one of only two Theatres for Young Audiences in Canada with a permanent residence and the only Theatre for Young Audiences that offers a full season of plays for teenagers.{{cite web|url=http://www.mtyp.ca/|title=MTYP|publisher=Manitoba Theatre for Young People|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218162225/http://mtyp.ca/|archivedate=18 February 2009|url-status=live}} The Winnipeg Jewish Theatre is the only professional theatre in Canada dedicated to Jewish themes.{{cite web|url=http://www.wjt.ca/about.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325142859/http://www.wjt.ca/about.html|archivedate=25 March 2010|title=About Us|publisher=Winnipeg Jewish Theatre|accessdate=17 July 2009}} Shakespeare in the Ruins (SIR) presents adaptations of Shakespeare plays.{{cite web|url=http://www.shakespeareintheruins.com/about-sir/|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Shakespeare in the Ruins|title=About|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305112224/http://www.shakespeareintheruins.com/about-sir/|archivedate=5 March 2014}}

Winnipeg has hosted numerous Hollywood productions: Shall We Dance? (2004), Capote (2005), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), and A Dog's Purpose (2017), among others were filmed in the city.{{cite news|work=Metro|title=Five flicks filmed in Winnipeg|url=http://metronews.ca/features/high-five-winnipeg/354635/five-flicks-filmed-in-winnipeg/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309184850/http://metronews.ca/features/high-five-winnipeg/354635/five-flicks-filmed-in-winnipeg/|archivedate=9 March 2014|date=31 August 2012}}{{cite web|title=Filmed-in-Winnipeg|newspaper=Winnipeg Sun|date=30 August 2016|url=https://winnipegsun.com/2016/08/30/filmed-in-winnipeg-a-dogs-purpose-has-plenty-of-puppy-love-star-power|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514031910/https://winnipegsun.com/2016/08/30/filmed-in-winnipeg-a-dogs-purpose-has-plenty-of-puppy-love-star-power|url-status=live}} The Winnipeg Film Group has produced numerous award-winning films.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/film/prairie-visionaries-guy-maddin-and-the-winnipeg-film-group/why-winnipeg.html|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=CBC|title=Why make movies in Winnipeg?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316230333/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/film/prairie-visionaries-guy-maddin-and-the-winnipeg-film-group/why-winnipeg.html|archivedate=16 March 2014|url-status=live}} There are several TV and film production companies in Winnipeg: the most prominent are Farpoint Films, Frantic Films, Buffalo Gal Pictures, and Les Productions Rivard.{{cite web|url=http://getonsetmanitoba.ca/industry/awards/|accessdate=5 March 2014|title=Awards & Nominations|publisher=Get on Set Manitoba|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309200803/http://getonsetmanitoba.ca/industry/awards/|archivedate=9 March 2014|url-status=live}} Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg, an independent film released in 2008, is a comedic rumination on the city's history.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tiff/features/tiffmaddin.html|title=Home truths|last=Gillmor|first=Alison|date=7 September 2007|publisher=CBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318090717/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tiff/features/tiffmaddin.html|archivedate=18 March 2009|url-status=live}}

File:Canadian Museum for Human Rights, Winnipeg, Manitoba (29035323837).jpg is a national museum of Canada.]]

The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra is the largest and oldest professional musical ensemble in Winnipeg.{{cite web|url=http://www.wso.mb.ca/history.asp|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504203455/http://www.wso.mb.ca/history.asp|archivedate=4 May 2008|title=More About the WSO|publisher=WSO|accessdate=17 July 2009}} The Manitoba Chamber Orchestra runs a series of chamber orchestral concerts each year.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/manitoba-chamber-orchestra-emc/|title=Manitoba Chamber Orchestra|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada|accessdate=5 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309200957/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/manitoba-chamber-orchestra-emc/|archivedate=9 March 2014|url-status=live}} Manitoba Opera is Manitoba's only full-time professional opera company.{{cite web|url=http://www.manitobaopera.mb.ca/about/index.html|title=Did You Know?|work=About Manitoba Opera|publisher=Manitoba Opera|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626184637/http://www.manitobaopera.mb.ca/about/index.html|archivedate=26 June 2009|url-status=dead}} Among the most notable musical acts associated with Winnipeg are Bachman–Turner Overdrive, The Guess Who,{{cite web|url=http://www.manitobamusicmuseum.com/theguesswho.htm|accessdate=21 May 2014|title=The Guess Who|publisher=Manitoba Music Museum|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125075428/http://www.manitobamusicmuseum.com/theguesswho.htm|archivedate=25 January 2012|url-status=live}} Neil Young,{{cite news|work=Winnipeg Free Press|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/neil-young-a-typical-winnipegger-240709051.html|author=Kives, Bartley|title=Neil Young a typical Winnipegger|date=17 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309201122/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/neil-young-a-typical-winnipegger-240709051.html|archivedate=9 March 2014|url-status=live}} The Weakerthans,{{cite web|title=City Still Breathing|work=Geist|url=https://www.geist.com/fact/essays/city-still-breathing-listening-weakerthans/|accessdate=5 January 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106004023/https://www.geist.com/fact/essays/city-still-breathing-listening-weakerthans/|url-status=live}} the Crash Test Dummies,{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crash-test-dummies/|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|title=Crash Test Dummies|author=Bateman, Jeff|date=15 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523011200/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crash-test-dummies/|archivedate=23 May 2014|url-status=live}} Propagandhi,{{cite news|title=In-depth US podcast covers Winnipeg's Propagandhi|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/music/more-talk-less-rock-574596792.html|date=9 June 2021|author=Wasney, Eva|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106004024/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/music/more-talk-less-rock-574596792.html|url-status=live}} Bif Naked,{{cite web|title=Bif Naked remembers early days in Winnipeg|publisher=CBC|author=Gibson, Shane|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/bif-naked-red-river-ex-1.5177500|date=16 June 2019|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106004021/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/bif-naked-red-river-ex-1.5177500|url-status=live}} and The Watchmen{{cite web|title=Two members of the Watchmen reunite|publisher=CTV|url=https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/happy-surprise-two-members-of-the-watchmen-reunite-for-new-album-1.5406103|author=Rosen, Kayla|date=28 April 2021|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621053804/https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/happy-surprise-two-members-of-the-watchmen-reunite-for-new-album-1.5406103|url-status=live}} among many others.{{cite web|url=http://junoawards.ca/press/2014-juno-awards/|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=CARAS|title=2014 JUNO Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304193444/http://junoawards.ca/press/2014-juno-awards/|archivedate=4 March 2014|url-status=live}} Winnipeg also has a significant place in Canadian jazz history, being the location of Canada's first jazz concert in 1914 at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre.{{cite web|title=Such Melodious Racket|work=Quill and Quire|url=https://quillandquire.com/review/such-melodious-racket-the-lost-history-of-jazz-in-canada-1914-1949/|author=Mason, Roger|accessdate=5 January 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206233536/https://quillandquire.com/review/such-melodious-racket-the-lost-history-of-jazz-in-canada-1914-1949/|url-status=live}}

The Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB) is Canada's oldest ballet company and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America. It was the first organization to be granted a royal title by Queen Elizabeth II and has included notable dancers such as Evelyn Hart and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The RWB also runs a full-time classical dance school.{{cite web|url=http://www.rwb.org/history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729205146/http://www.rwb.org/history|archivedate=29 July 2010|title=History|publisher=Royal Winnipeg Ballet|accessdate=28 December 2009}}

The Manitoba Museum, the city's largest museum, depicts the history of the city and province. The full-size replica of the ship Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.{{cite web|url=http://www.manitobamuseum.ca/main/museum/|title=Museum Info|publisher=Manitoba Museum|accessdate=7 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307152729/http://www.manitobamuseum.ca/main/museum/|archivedate=7 March 2012|url-status=live}} The Manitoba Children's Museum is a nonprofit children's museum at the Forks that features twelve permanent galleries.{{cite web|title=About the Children's Museum|url=http://childrensmuseum.com/about-us/history|publisher=Manitoba Children's Museum|accessdate=6 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826140904/http://childrensmuseum.com/about-us/history|archivedate=26 August 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Children's Museum Now Open to the Public|url=http://childrensmuseum.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Media_Release.Jun_.05.11.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201015523/http://childrensmuseum.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Media_Release.Jun_.05.11.pdf|archivedate=1 December 2011|publisher=Manitoba Children's Museum|accessdate=5 March 2014|date=6 June 2011}} The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is the only Canadian national museum for human rights and the only national museum west of Ottawa.{{cite web|url=http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/building-museum/construction-faq|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628033558/http://humanrightsmuseum.ca/building-museum/construction-faq|archivedate=28 June 2010|title=Construction FAQ|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Museum for Human Rights|accessdate=4 July 2010}} The federal government contributed $100 million towards the estimated $311 million project.{{cite web|url=http://www.friendsofcmhr.com|title=Friends of Canadian Museum For Human Rights|publisher=The Friends of Canadian Museum For Human Rights|accessdate=4 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209055023/http://www.friendsofcmhr.com/|archivedate=9 February 2010|url-status=live}} Construction of the museum began on 1 April 2008,{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/breakingnews/Rights-museum-build-begins-April-1-39320602.html|title=Rights museum build begins April 1|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=9 February 2009|author=McNeill, Murray|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413021422/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/breakingnews/Rights-museum-build-begins-April-1-39320602.html|archivedate=13 April 2009|url-status=live}} and the museum opened to the public 27 September 2014.{{cite web|publisher=Canadian Museum for Human Rights|title="Canada's new national museum opens, devoted entirely to human rights," press release|url=https://humanrights.ca/about-museum/news/canadas-new-national-museum-opens-devoted-entirely-human-rights|accessdate=12 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110224719/https://humanrights.ca/about-museum/news/canadas-new-national-museum-opens-devoted-entirely-human-rights|archivedate=10 November 2014|url-status=live}}

The Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada, near Winnipeg's James Richardson International Airport, features military jets, commercial aircraft, Canada's first helicopter, the "flying saucer" Avrocar, flight simulators, and a Black Brant rocket built in Manitoba by Bristol Aerospace.{{cite book|author=McCaffery, Dan|title=Canada's Warplanes: Unique Aircraft in Canada's Aviation Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwZkh0HBC7YC&pg=PA3|year=2000|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-1-55028-699-1|page=3}} The Winnipeg Railway Museum at Via Rail Station has a variety of locomotives, notably the Countess of Dufferin, the first steam locomotive in Western Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.wpgrailwaymuseum.com/locomotives.html|publisher=The Winnipeg Railway Museum|title=The Winnipeg Railway Museum locomotives|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603200041/http://www.wpgrailwaymuseum.com/locomotives.html|archivedate=3 June 2009|url-status=live}}

{{See also|List of festivals in Winnipeg}}

File:Korean Pavilion.jpg]]

Festival du Voyageur, Western Canada's largest winter festival, celebrates the early French explorers of the Red River Valley.{{cite web|url=http://festivalvoyageur.mb.ca/fdv-inc-fr/a-propos/historique/|title=Historique|publisher=Festival du Voyageur|language=French|accessdate=5 March 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305115934/http://festivalvoyageur.mb.ca/fdv-inc-fr/a-propos/historique/|archivedate=5 March 2014}} Folklorama is the largest and longest-running cultural celebration festival in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.folklorama.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=53#24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811070804/http://www.folklorama.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=53#24|archivedate=11 August 2010|title=FAQs|publisher=Folklorama|accessdate=17 July 2009}} The Jazz Winnipeg Festival and the Winnipeg Folk Festival both celebrate Winnipeg's music community. The Winnipeg Music Festival offers a competition venue for amateur musicians. The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is the second-largest alternative theatre festival in North America.{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-fringe-festival-breaks-attendance-record-1.701117|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729043158/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-fringe-festival-breaks-attendance-record-1.701117|archivedate=29 July 2008 |title=Winnipeg Fringe Festival breaks attendance record|publisher=CBC | date=28 July 2008}} The Winnipeg International Writers Festival (also called THIN AIR) brings writers to Winnipeg for workshops and readings.{{cite web|url=http://www.creativemanitoba.ca/membership/past-featured-members/display,601/18/thin-air|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=ACI Manitoba|title=THIN AIR|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309183654/http://www.creativemanitoba.ca/membership/past-featured-members/display,601/18/thin-air|archivedate=9 March 2014}} The LGBT community in the city is served by Pride Winnipeg, an annual gay pride festival and parade, and Reel Pride, a film festival of LGBT-themed films.{{cite web|url=http://www.outwords.ca/content/secret-lives-volunteers|date=April 2011|title=The secret lives of volunteers|work=Outwords|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309185258/http://www.outwords.ca/content/secret-lives-volunteers|archivedate=9 March 2014}}

{{Main|Sport in Winnipeg}}

Winnipeg has been home to several professional hockey teams. The Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL) have called the city home since 2011.{{cite book|last=Buma|first=Michael|title=Refereeing identity: the cultural work of Canadian hockey novels|year=2012|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-3987-7|pages=284–285}} The original Winnipeg Jets, the city's former NHL team, left for Phoenix, Arizona, after the 1995–96 season due to mounting financial troubles, despite a campaign effort to "Save the Jets."{{cite news|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/topics/1639-11352/|title=Hockey Flight in Canada|publisher=CBC|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602105409/http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/topics/1639-11352/|archivedate=2 June 2008|url-status=live}} The Jets play at Canada Life Centre, which is ranked the world's 19th-busiest arena among non-sporting touring events, 13th-busiest among facilities in North America, and 3rd-busiest in Canada as of 2009.{{cite news|work=Winnipeg Free Press|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/mts_centre_19th-busiest_showbiz_venue_in_world38266214.html|date=24 January 2009|title=MTS Centre 19th-busiest showbiz venue in the world|author=Maclean, Cameron|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021154151/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/mts_centre_19th-busiest_showbiz_venue_in_world38266214.html|archivedate=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}

File:MTS_CENTRE_b.jpg is an indoor arena in downtown Winnipeg. It is the home arena of the NHL's Winnipeg Jets and the AHL's Manitoba Moose.]]

Past hockey teams based in Winnipeg include the Winnipeg Maroons, Winnipeg Warriors, three-time Stanley Cup Champion Winnipeg Victorias and the Winnipeg Falcons, who were the gold medalists representing Canada at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. Another professional ice hockey team in Winnipeg is the Manitoba Moose, the American Hockey League primary affiliate of the Winnipeg Jets that the same group owns.{{cite book|editor=Welsted, John|title=The geography of Manitoba: its land and its people|year=1996|publisher=University of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-375-2|page=307}}{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2011/10/18/work-finally-getting-underway-on-old-arena-site|title=Work finally getting underway on old arena site|date=18 October 2011|work=Winnipeg Sun|author=Romaniuk, Ross|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518143713/http://www.winnipegsun.com/2011/10/18/work-finally-getting-underway-on-old-arena-site|archivedate=18 May 2015|url-status=live}} On the international stage, Winnipeg has hosted national and world hockey championships on a number of occasions, most notably the 1999 World Junior Hockey Championship and 2007 Women's World Hockey Championship.{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeycanada.ca/en-ca/Team-Canada/Men/Junior/1999/Home|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Hockey Canada|title=1999 IIHF World Junior Championship|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305085626/http://www.hockeycanada.ca/en-ca/Team-Canada/Men/Junior/1999/Home|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeycanada.ca/en-ca/Team-Canada/Women/World-Championship/2007/Home|title=2007 IIHF Women's World Championship|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Hockey Canada|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305084348/http://www.hockeycanada.ca/en-ca/Team-Canada/Women/World-Championship/2007/Home|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}} The city is also home to the Manitoba Herd National Ringette League team.{{Cite news |author=Rasche, Teagan |date=12 March 2023 |title='We want to grow the sport': Manitoba Herd ringette team host top talent |work=Global News |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/sports/golf/we-want-to-grow-the-sport-manitoba-herd-ringette-team-host-top-talent/ar-AA18xwg4 |via=MSN|archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621052603/https://www.msn.com/en-ca |url-status=live}}

The Winnipeg Blue Bombers play in the Canadian Football League. They are twelve-time Grey Cup champions, their last championship in 2021.{{cite web|url=http://www.bluebombers.com/page/grey_cups|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320053941/http://www.bluebombers.com/page/grey_cups|archivedate=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 March 2014|title=Grey Cups|publisher=Winnipeg Blue Bombers}} From 1953 to 2012, the Blue Bombers called Canad Inns Stadium home; they have since moved to Princess Auto Stadium, which opened in 2013. The $200 million facility is also the home to U Sports' University of Manitoba Bisons and the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League.{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2013/06/28/bombers-greats-called-out-for-opening-ceremonies-at-investors-group-field|work=Winnipeg Sun|author=Penton, Kirk|date=28 June 2013|title=Bombers greats called out for opening ceremonies at Investors Group Field|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112132700/http://www.winnipegsun.com/2013/06/28/bombers-greats-called-out-for-opening-ceremonies-at-investors-group-field|archivedate=12 November 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/football/marsch-finds-comfort-zone-with-rifles-220776691.html|title=Marsch finds comfort zone with Rifles|author=Jahns, Kyle|date=23 August 2013|work=Winnipeg Free Press|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305084136/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/football/marsch-finds-comfort-zone-with-rifles-220776691.html|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}} Winnipeg is the only city with two women's football teams in the Western Women's Canadian Football League: the Manitoba Fearless and the Winnipeg Wolfpack.{{Cite news |author=Lunney, Doug |date=26 March 2012 |title=Women eager to tackle new football challenge |work=Winnipeg Sun |url=https://winnipegsun.com/2012/03/26/women-eager-to-tackle-new-football-challenge |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621052601/https://winnipegsun.com/2012/03/26/women-eager-to-tackle-new-football-challenge |url-status=live}}

The University of Manitoba Bisons and the University of Winnipeg Wesmen represent the city in university-level sports.{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/amateur/bisons-wesmen-get-their-mojo-back-138550984.html|author=Prest, Ashley|date=2 February 2012|work=Winnipeg Free Press|title=Bisons, Wesmen get their mojo back|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305081817/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/amateur/bisons-wesmen-get-their-mojo-back-138550984.html|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}} In soccer, it is represented by both Valour FC in the new Canadian Premier League{{Cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4209973/wininpeg-soccer-executive-hopes-new-club-will-score-with-local-youth/ |title=Winnipeg soccer executive hopes new club will score with local youth |website= Globalnews.ca |accessdate=2 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610151522/https://globalnews.ca/news/4209973/wininpeg-soccer-executive-hopes-new-club-will-score-with-local-youth/ |archivedate=10 June 2018 |url-status=live }} and FC Manitoba in the USL League Two.{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/other/new-soccer-squad-in-town-122645338.html|author=Prest, Ashley|date=26 May 2011|work=Winnipeg Free Press|title=New soccer squad in town|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305082807/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/other/new-soccer-squad-in-town-122645338.html|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}}

Winnipeg has been home to several professional baseball teams, most recently the Winnipeg Goldeyes since 1994. The Goldeyes play at Shaw Park, which was completed in 1999. The team had led the Northern League for ten straight years in average attendance through 2010, with more than 300,000 annual fan visits, until the league collapsed and merged into the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball.{{cite web|url=http://www.goldeyes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=34|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711104903/http://www.goldeyes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=34|archivedate=11 July 2011|title=Winnipeg Goldeyes History|publisher=Winnipeg Goldeyes|accessdate=15 July 2010}}

Winnipeg was the first Canadian city to host the Pan American Games, and the second city to host the event twice, in 1967 and again in 1999.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pan-american-games/|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|title=Pan American Games|author=Redmond, Gerald|date=6 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311010246/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pan-american-games/|archivedate=11 March 2016|url-status=live}} The Pan Am Pool, built for the 1967 Pan Am Games, hosts aquatic events, including diving, speed swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/cms/recreation/facilities/pools/indoor_pools/pan_am.stm|author=City of Winnipeg|title=Pan Am Pool|accessdate=21 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730013010/http://www.winnipeg.ca/cms/recreation/facilities/pools/indoor_pools/pan_am.stm|archivedate=30 July 2010|url-status=live}} Other notable sporting events hosted by Winnipeg include the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup (co-hosted with Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Moncton){{cite news |author =Tait, Ed |title =Winnipeg to host FIFA Women's World Cup |work =Winnipeg Free Press |date =5 May 2012 |url =http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/soccer/Winnipeg-to-host-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup-150207165.html |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20121208160422/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/soccer/Winnipeg-to-host-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup-150207165.html |archivedate =8 December 2012 |url-status =live }} the 2017 Canada Summer Games{{cite web |author=Owen, Judy |title=Prime Minister Justin Trudeau kicks off 2017 Canada Summer Games |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/prime-minister-justin-trudeau-kicks-off-2017-canada-summer-games-1.3524222 |publisher=CTV|date=28 July 2017|archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730142338/https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/prime-minister-justin-trudeau-kicks-off-2017-canada-summer-games-1.3524222 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |author=Poitras, Cameron |title=Millions generated from 2017 Canada Summer Games in Winnipeg |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4231545/millions-generated-from-2017-canada-summer-games-in-winnipeg/ |publisher=Global |date=25 May 2018|archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730142338/https://globalnews.ca/news/4231545/millions-generated-from-2017-canada-summer-games-in-winnipeg/ |url-status=live}} and the 2023 World Police and Fire Games.{{cite web |author=Ferstl, Rachel |title=First responders across the globe flock to downtown Winnipeg for World Police and Fire Games' opening ceremony |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/world-police-and-fire-games-winnipeg-opening-ceremony-1.6922111 |publisher=CBC|date=28 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730042426/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/world-police-and-fire-games-winnipeg-opening-ceremony-1.6922111 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |author=Dawkins, Glen |title=World Police and Fire Games take centre stage in Winnipeg |url=https://winnipegsun.com/news/local-news/world-police-and-fire-games-take-centre-stage-in-winnipeg |work=Winnipeg Sun |date=27 July 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825022450/https://winnipegsun.com/news/local-news/world-police-and-fire-games-take-centre-stage-in-winnipeg |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Media in Winnipeg}}

File:Cbcwinnipeg building2010.png is one of five English-language television broadcasters in Winnipeg and ICI Manitoba is the French-language station.]]

Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press and the Winnipeg Sun.{{cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/free-press-rules-latest-readership-survey-228889651.html|date=23 October 2013|work=Winnipeg Free Press|title=Free Press rules latest readership survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305105543/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/free-press-rules-latest-readership-survey-228889651.html|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}} There are also several ethnic weekly newspapers.{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/8/16/r16-205-e.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107093413/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/8/16/r16-205-e.html|archivedate=7 January 2008|title=Canadian Ethnic Newspapers Currently Received|publisher=Collections Canada|accessdate=5 March 2014}}

Radio broadcasting in Winnipeg began in 1922;{{cite book|first=Garry |last=Moir|title=On the Air: the golden age of Manitoba radio|publisher=Great Plains Publications|year= 2015|isbn=978-1-927855-26-3|pages=16–17}} by 1923, government-owned CKY held a monopoly position that lasted until after the Second World War. Winnipeg is home to 33 AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.{{cite web|url=http://tunein.com/radio/Winnipeg-r100595/|title=Winnipeg Radio Stations|publisher=tunein|accessdate=5 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015014/http://tunein.com/radio/Winnipeg-r100595/|archivedate=27 March 2014|url-status=live}} CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 broadcast local and national programming in the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/explore/facilities/mb/|title=Manitoba|publisher=CBC|accessdate=5 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114095051/http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/explore/facilities/mb/|archivedate=14 January 2014|url-status=live}} NCI is devoted to Indigenous programming.{{cite web|url=http://www.ncifm.com/about-us/|accessdate=5 March 2014|title=About us|publisher=NCI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305094344/http://www.ncifm.com/about-us/|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=live}}

Television broadcasting in Winnipeg started in 1954. The federal government refused to license any private broadcaster until the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had created a national network. In May 1954, CBWT went on the air broadcasting four hours daily.{{cite book|title=Manitoba 125 – A History|volume=3|editor=Shilliday, Greg|publisher=Great Plains Publications|year=1995|isbn=0-9697804-1-9}} There are now five English-language stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. Additionally, some American network affiliates are available over-the-air.{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canadian-over-the-air-tv-following-u-s-down-digital-path-1.855127|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129120724/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/06/01/f-digital-tv-transition.html|archive-date=29 January 2013|title=Canadian over-the-air TV following U.S. down digital path|last=Bowman|first=John|date=12 June 2009|url-status=live|publisher=CBC}}

{{Main|Law, government, and crime in Winnipeg}}

File:Winnipeg's City Hall building.JPG.]]

Since 1992, the city of Winnipeg has been represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor, both elected every four years.{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ca/Services/CityLife/HistoryOfWinnipeg/CityGovernment.stm|title=City Government|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225130848/http://winnipeg.ca/Services/CityLife/HistoryOfWinnipeg/CityGovernment.stm|archivedate=25 December 2008}} The present mayor, Scott Gillingham, was first elected to office in 2022.{{cite news|url=https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/scott-gillingham-elected-as-winnipeg-s-next-mayor-1.6126958|work=CTV News Winnipeg|date=26 October 2022|accessdate=26 October 2022|author=Danton Unger|title=Scott Gillingham elected as Winnipeg's next mayor|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027031509/https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/scott-gillingham-elected-as-winnipeg-s-next-mayor-1.6126958|url-status=live}} The city is a single-tier municipality, governed by a mayor-council system. The structure of the municipal government is set by the provincial legislature in the City of Winnipeg Charter Act, which replaced the old City of Winnipeg Act in 2003.[http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/2002/c03902e.php The City of Winnipeg Charter Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416205310/http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/2002/c03902e.php |date=16 April 2009 }}. S.M. 2002, c. 39. Bill 39, 3rd Session, 37th Legislature. Manitoba Laws. The mayor is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city.{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ca/clerks/docs/election_services/defaultES.stm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106030104/http://winnipeg.ca/clerks/docs/election_services/defaultES.stm|archivedate=6 January 2010|title=Election Services|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=17 July 2009}} At Council meetings, the mayor has one of 16 votes. The city governance functions off the "strong-mayor" model, which allows for a "two-tiered system" or voting block between the councillors who are on or not on the Executive Policy Committee.{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Glen |date=31 October 2017 |title=No more 'strong mayor,' report advises |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/local-news/no-more-strong-mayor-report-advises |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621052603/https://nationalpost.com/news/local-news/no-more-strong-mayor-report-advises |url-status=live}} The City Council is a unicameral legislative body, representing geographical wards throughout the city.

In provincial politics, Winnipeg is represented by 32 of the 57 provincial Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the 43rd Manitoba Legislature. As of 2023, Winnipeg districts are represented by 28 members of the New Democratic Party (NDP), three by the Progressive Conservative Party, and one by the Liberal Party.{{cite web|url=https://results.electionsmanitoba.ca/election-map/en|accessdate=23 October 2023|publisher=Elections Manitoba|title=Manitoba's 43rd General Election: Official Results|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018023819/https://results.electionsmanitoba.ca/election-map/en|url-status=live}}

In federal politics, as of 2025, Winnipeg is represented by eight Members of Parliament: five Liberals, two Conservatives and one New Democrat.{{cite web|url=https://winnipeg.citynews.ca/2025/04/28/canada-election-results-2025-winnipeg-interactive-map/|publisher=CityNews|date=29 April 2025|title=Canada election real-time results across Winnipeg with interactive map}} There are six Senators representing Manitoba in Ottawa.{{cite web|url=https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/|title=Senators |accessdate=11 May 2025|publisher=Canadian Parliament}}

{{Main|Law, government, and crime in Winnipeg}}

File:Lesislaturemb.jpg, which houses the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.]]

From 2007 to 2011, Winnipeg was the "murder capital" of Canada, with the highest per-capita rate of homicides; as of 2022, with a homicide rate of 7.2 per 100,000, it is in second place, behind Thunder Bay (13.7 per 100,000).{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/manitoba-murder-capital-of-canada-for-fifth-year-in-a-row-1.890828|publisher=CTV|date=24 July 2012|title=Manitoba murder capital of Canada for fifth year in a row|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728224428/http://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/manitoba-murder-capital-of-canada-for-fifth-year-in-a-row-1.890828|archivedate=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510007101&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.2&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2015&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2019&referencePeriods=20150101%2C20190101|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Number and rate of homicide victims, by Census Metropolitan Areas|accessdate=2 April 2021|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113151350/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510007101&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.2&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2015&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2019&referencePeriods=20150101%2C20190101|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Winnipeg Homicide - 2022 |url=http://www.winnipeghomicide.org/2022/2022.html |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=winnipeghomicide.org|archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020050145/http://www.winnipeghomicide.org/2022/2022.html |url-status=live}} In 2019, Winnipeg had the 13th-highest violent crime index in Canada, and the highest robbery rate.{{cite news|work=Macleans|title=Canada's Most Dangerous Places 2020|url=https://www.macleans.ca/canadas-most-dangerous-places-2020/|date=19 November 2019|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410210512/https://www.macleans.ca/canadas-most-dangerous-places-2020/|url-status=live}} Winnipeg was the "violent crime capital" of Canada in 2020 according to the Statistics Canada police-reported violent crime severity index.{{Cite news |title=VIOLENT CRIME CAPITAL: Winnipeg tops national list for all the wrong reasons |url=https://winnipegsun.com/news/crime/violent-crime-capital-winnipeg-tops-national-list-for-all-the-wrong-reasons |last=Snell|first=James|date=3 November 2021 |newspaper=The Winnipeg Sun|archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924231059/https://winnipegsun.com/news/crime/violent-crime-capital-winnipeg-tops-national-list-for-all-the-wrong-reasons |url-status=live}} Despite high overall violent crime rates, crime in Winnipeg is mostly concentrated in the inner city, which makes up only 19% of the population{{cite web |url=http://winnipeg.ca/Census/2006/City%20of%20Winnipeg/Inner%20City/Inner%20City.pdf |title=Inner City |publisher=City of Winnipeg |accessdate=27 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052512/http://winnipeg.ca/Census/2006/City%20of%20Winnipeg/Inner%20City/Inner%20City.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }} but was the site of 86.4% of the city's shootings, 66.5% of the robberies, 63.3% of the homicides and 59.5% of the sexual assaults in 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/crimestat/|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=CrimStat|accessdate=28 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407133918/http://www.winnipeg.ca/CrimeStat/|archivedate=7 April 2013|url-status=live}}

From the early 1990s to the mid-2000s, Winnipeg had a significant auto-theft problem, with the rate peaking at 2,165.0 per 100,000 residents in 2006{{cite web|title=Every Annual Crime Report|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/police/AnnualReports/annualreports.stm|accessdate=28 November 2013|publisher=Winnipeg Police Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101230434/http://www.winnipeg.ca/police/AnnualReports/annualreports.stm|archivedate=1 November 2013|url-status=live}} compared to 487 auto-thefts per 100,000 residents for Canada as a whole.{{cite web|title=Crimes Rates in Canada 2006|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/85-002-x2007005-eng.pdf|date=28 November 2013|publisher=Statistics Canada|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623064340/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/85-002-x2007005-eng.pdf|archivedate=23 June 2013|url-status=live}} To combat auto theft, Manitoba Public Insurance established financial incentives for motor vehicle owners to install ignition immobilizers in their vehicles, and now requires owners of high-risk vehicles to install immobilizers.{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/immobilizers-to-be-mandatory-on-high-risk-used-cars-in-manitoba-1.575771|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225142834/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/immobilizers-to-be-mandatory-on-high-risk-used-cars-in-manitoba-1.575771|archivedate=25 February 2008|title=Immobilizers to be mandatory on high-risk used cars in Manitoba|date=23 August 2006|publisher=CBC}} These initiatives resulted in an 80% decrease in auto thefts between 2006 and 2011.{{cite book|chapter=Auto Theft in Winnipeg, Manitoba|last=Linden|first=Rick|title=Problem-Oriented Policing|year=2020|pages=266–278|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429457357-29|isbn=9780429457357|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429457357-29/auto-theft-winnipeg-manitoba-1-rick-linden}}

As of 2018, the Winnipeg Police Service had 1,914 police officers, which is one officer per 551 city residents, and cost taxpayers $290,564,015.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2018 Annual Statistical Report|url=https://www.winnipeg.ca/police/AnnualReports/2018/2018_wps_annual_report_english.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2020|publisher=Winnipeg Police Service|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013859/https://www.winnipeg.ca/police/AnnualReports/2018/2018_wps_annual_report_english.pdf|url-status=live}} In November 2013, the national police union reviewed the Winnipeg Police Force and found high average response times for several categories of calls.{{cite web |last=Santin |first=Aldo |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/help-on-way-in-77-minutes-231109501.html |title=Police help on way ... in 77 minutes |work=Winnipeg Free Press |date=8 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111145108/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/help-on-way-in-77-minutes-231109501.html |archivedate=11 November 2013 |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-police-slow-on-domestic-violence-calls-report-says-1.2420006|title=Winnipeg police slow on domestic violence calls, report says|publisher=CBC|date=8 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110080145/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-police-slow-on-domestic-violence-calls-report-says-1.2420006|archivedate=10 November 2013|url-status=live}} In 2017, the city started to deal with an increasingly large methamphetamine problem, fuelling violent crime.{{cite news |last1=Coubrough |first1=Jill |title=Winnipeg: A city wide awake on crystal meth |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-a-city-wide-awake-on-crystal-meth-1.4357577 |publisher=CBC|date=22 October 2017|archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930172309/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-a-city-wide-awake-on-crystal-meth-1.4357577 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Malone |first1=Kelly Geraldine |title=Winnipeg mayor talks meth crisis, safety during meeting with Trudeau |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/01/20/winnipeg-mayor-talks-meth-crisis-safety-during-meeting-with-trudeau.html |agency=The Canadian Press |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422101741/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/01/20/winnipeg-mayor-talks-meth-crisis-safety-during-meeting-with-trudeau.html |url-status=live}}

{{See also|List of schools of Winnipeg}}

File:UManitoba_Administration_Building.jpg is the largest post-secondary institution in the province.]]

Winnipeg has seven school divisions: Winnipeg School Division, St. James-Assiniboia School Division, Pembina Trails School Division, Seven Oaks School Division, Division Scolaire Franco-Manitobaine, River East Transcona School Division, and Louis Riel School Division.{{cite web|url=http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/schooldivmap.html|title=Manitoba School Divisions and Districts|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413022129/http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/schooldivmap.html|archivedate=13 April 2018|url-status=live}} Winnipeg also has several religious and secular private schools.{{cite web|url=http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/ind/funded/index.html|title=Funded Independent Schools|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=10 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331145435/http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/ind/funded/index.html|archivedate=31 March 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/ind/non_fund_ind.html|title=Non-Funded Independent Schools|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824012219/http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/ind/non_fund_ind.html|archivedate=24 August 2011|url-status=live}}

The University of Manitoba is the largest university in Manitoba.{{cite web|url=http://umanitoba.ca/about/numbers_notes/|title=Quick Facts|publisher=University of Manitoba|accessdate=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605000606/http://umanitoba.ca/about/numbers_notes/|archivedate=5 June 2009}} It was founded in 1877, making it Western Canada's first university. In a typical year, the university has 26,500 undergraduate students and 3,800 graduate students.{{cite web|url=http://umanitoba.ca/about/quick_facts/by_the_numbers.html|title=By the numbers|publisher=University of Manitoba|accessdate=2 April 2021|archive-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409184214/http://umanitoba.ca/about/quick_facts/by_the_numbers.html|url-status=live}} Université de Saint-Boniface is the city's French-language university.{{cite web|url=http://www.ustboniface.mb.ca/|title=Université de Saint-Boniface|publisher=Université de Saint-Boniface|accessdate=27 February 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103165904/http://www.ustboniface.mb.ca/|archivedate=3 January 2014}} The University of Winnipeg received its charter in 1967.{{cite web|url=http://uwinnipeg.ca/index/future-about-history|title=The History of the University of Winnipeg|date=21 February 2006|publisher=University of Winnipeg|accessdate=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901101238/http://www.uwinnipeg.ca/index/future-about-history|archivedate=1 September 2009}} Until 2007, it was an undergraduate institution that offered some joint graduate studies programs; it now offers independent graduate programs. The Canadian Mennonite University is a private Mennonite undergraduate university established in 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.cmu.ca/about.php?s=cmu&p=mission|title=About CMU|publisher=Canadian Mennonite University|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094233/http://www.cmu.ca/about.php?s=cmu&p=mission|archivedate=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}

Winnipeg also has three independent colleges: Red River College Polytechnic, Manitoba Institute of Trades and Technology, and Booth University College. Red River College offers diploma, certificate, and apprenticeship programs and, starting in 2009, began offering some degree programs.{{cite web|url=http://www.rrc.mb.ca/files/file/researchplan/annual/20092010AcademicAnnRptcolourforWeb_FINAL_Feb242011.pdf|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Red River College|title=Academic Annual Report|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305093843/http://www.rrc.mb.ca/files/file/researchplan/annual/20092010AcademicAnnRptcolourforWeb_FINAL_Feb242011.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2014|url-status=dead}} Booth University College is a private Christian Salvation Army university college established in 1982. It offers mostly arts and seminary training.{{cite web|url=https://www.boothuc.ca/about/|accessdate=28 April 2018|publisher=Booth University College|title=Our Story|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428104138/https://www.boothuc.ca/about/|archivedate=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.boothuc.ca/academics|title=Academics|publisher=Booth University College|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122152105/https://www.boothuc.ca/academics/|archivedate=22 November 2018|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Transport in Winnipeg}}

Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882, starting with horse-drawn streetcars.{{cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Walter|date=1958–1959|title=A History of Transportation in Winnipeg|journal=MHS Transactions |series=Third Series|issue=15|url=http://mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/transportation.shtml|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001052418/http://mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/transportation.shtml|url-status=live}} They were replaced by electric trolley cars. The trolley cars ran from 1892 to 1955, supplemented by motor buses after 1918, and electric trolleybuses from 1938 to 1970. Winnipeg Transit now runs diesel buses on its routes.{{cite web|url=http://myride.winnipegtransit.com/en/inside-transit/interestingtransitfacts/|title=Interesting Transit Facts|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310023357/http://winnipegtransit.com/en/about-us/interestingtransitfacts|archivedate=10 March 2015}}

File:Union Station Winnipeg - Main St entrance.jpg is the inter-city railway station for the city.]]

Winnipeg is a railway hub and is served by Via Rail at Union Station for passenger rail, and Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, and the Central Manitoba Railway for freight rail. It is the only major city between Vancouver and Thunder Bay with direct US connections by rail (freight).{{cite web|url=http://www.destinationwinnipeg.ca/uploads/document_file/rail-transportation_147.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827123009/http://www.destinationwinnipeg.ca/uploads/document_file/rail-transportation_147.pdf|archivedate=27 August 2010|title=Rail transportation|publisher=Destination Winnipeg|accessdate=5 March 2014}}

Winnipeg is the largest and best-connected city in Manitoba and has highways leading in all directions from the city. To the south, Winnipeg is connected to the United States via Provincial Trunk Highway 75 (PTH 75) (a continuation of I-29 and US 75, known as Pembina Highway or Route 42 within Winnipeg). The highway runs {{convert|107|km|abbr=on}} to Emerson, Manitoba, and is the busiest Canada–United States border crossing on the Prairies.{{cite web|url=http://www.nascocorridor.com/naipn/pages/win_infra.html |title = North American Inland Ports |publisher = NAIPN |accessdate=24 February 2007 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061121153421/http://www.nascocorridor.com/naipn/pages/win_infra.html |archivedate = 21 November 2006}} The four-lane Perimeter Highway, built in 1969, serves as a Ring Road, with at-grade intersections and a few interchanges. It allows travellers on the Trans-Canada Highway to bypass the city.{{cite web|url=http://archive.fcpp.org/posts/winnipegs-perimeter-highway-disaster-by-design|format=PDF|title=Winnipeg's perimeter highway: "Disaster by design"|publisher=FCPP|accessdate=8 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310213006/http://archive.fcpp.org/posts/winnipegs-perimeter-highway-disaster-by-design|archivedate=10 March 2016|url-status=live}} The Trans-Canada Highway runs east to west through the city (city route), or circles around the city on the Perimeter Highway (beltway). Some of the city's major arterial roads include Route 80 (Waverley St.), Route 155 (McGillivray Blvd), Route 165 (Bishop Grandin Blvd.), Route 17 (Chief Peguis Trail), and Route 90 (Brookside Blvd., Oak Point Hwy., King Edward St., Century St., Kenaston Blvd.).{{cite web|url=http://transportation.speakupwinnipeg.com/files/2011/11/2011-11-01-TMPConsultationPanels.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120201710/http://transportation.speakupwinnipeg.com/files/2011/11/2011-11-01-TMPConsultationPanels.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=20 January 2012|date=2 November 2011|title=Winnipeg Transportation Master Plan|publisher=City of Winnipeg}}

File:Winnipeg_International_Airport_arrivals_hall.jpg is the only commercial international airport in the province.]]

The Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport completed a $585 million redevelopment in October 2011. The development brought a new terminal, a four-level parking facility, and other infrastructure improvements.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/2011/10/28/winnipegs-james-a-richardson-international-airport-ready-for-takeoff|work=Winnipeg Sun|author=Halstead, Jason|date=28 October 2011|title=Winnipeg's James A. Richardson International Airport ready for takeoff|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121214342/http://www.winnipegsun.com/2011/10/28/winnipegs-james-a-richardson-international-airport-ready-for-takeoff|archivedate=21 November 2015|url-status=live}} Winnipeg Bus Terminal, at Winnipeg International Airport, was previously served by Greyhound Canada.{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id28183|title=Greyhound Canada plans move into new Winnipeg facility|date=9 June 2008|work=Daily Commercial News|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221529/http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id28183|archivedate=8 July 2011}}

Approximately {{convert|20000|acre|abbr=on|order=flip}} of land to the north and west of the airport has been designated as an inland port, CentrePort Canada, and is Canada's first Foreign Trade Zone. It is a private sector initiative to develop the infrastructure for Manitoba's trucking, air, rail and sea industries.{{cite web|url= http://www.centreportcanada.ca/abouthtml.html|title = CentrePort Canada |publisher=CentrePort Canada Inc|accessdate=4 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628065308/http://www.centreportcanada.ca/abouthtml.html |archivedate=28 June 2010}} In 2009, construction began on a $212 million four-lane freeway to connect CentrePort with the Perimeter Highway.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/inland-ports-potential-touted-44578912.html|title=Inland port's potential touted|work=Winnipeg Free Press|author=Cash, Martin|date=8 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215113200/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/inland-ports-potential-touted-44578912.html|archivedate=15 December 2009|url-status=live}} Named CentrePort Canada Way, it opened in November 2013.{{cite web|last=Cash|first=Martin|date=22 November 2013|title=PM Harper officially opens CentrePort Canada Way highway|work=Winnipeg Free Press|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/PM-Harper-officially-opens-CentrePort-Canada-Way-highway--233022471.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105063859/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/PM-Harper-officially-opens-CentrePort-Canada-Way-highway--233022471.html|archivedate=5 November 2014}}

Several taxi companies serve Winnipeg, the largest being Unicity, Duffy's Taxi and Spring Taxi. Ride-sharing was legalized in March 2018 and services including Uber operate in Winnipeg.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ride-hailing-apps-1.4559921|publisher=CBC|title=Two rides and a missing cowboy: CBC tries out new ride-hailing apps|date=2 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724191325/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ride-hailing-apps-1.4559921|archivedate=24 July 2018|url-status=live}} Cycling is popular in Winnipeg, and there are many bicycle trails and lanes around the city. Winnipeg holds an annual Bike-to-Work Day{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwinnipeg.com/bike+to+work+day+hits+winnipeg+streets/6442666475/story.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050235/http://www.globalwinnipeg.com/bike%2Bto%2Bwork%2Bday%2Bhits%2Bwinnipeg%2Bstreets/6442666475/story.html |archivedate=20 January 2013 |title=Bike to Work Day hits Winnipeg streets |publisher=Global Winnipeg |date=22 June 2012 |author=Batchelor, Megan |url-status=dead }} and Cyclovia,{{cite web |last=Kives |first=Bartley |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/cyclovia-coming-to-downtown-53929922.html |title=Cyclovia coming to downtown |work=Winnipeg Free Press |date=21 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303060119/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/cyclovia-coming-to-downtown-53929922.html |archivedate=3 March 2012 |url-status=live }} and bicycle commuters may be seen year-round, even in the winter. Active living infrastructure in Winnipeg includes bike lanes{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/MajorProjects/ActiveTransportation/bike-lanes.stm|title=Bike Lanes|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=30 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050306/http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/MajorProjects/ActiveTransportation/bike-lanes.stm|archivedate=20 January 2013|url-status=live}} and sharrows.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/MajorProjects/ActiveTransportation/sharrows-usage-guidelines.stm|title=Sharrows Usage Guidelines|publisher=City of Winnipeg|accessdate=30 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050356/http://www.winnipeg.ca/publicworks/MajorProjects/ActiveTransportation/sharrows-usage-guidelines.stm|archivedate=20 January 2013|url-status=live}}

{{See also|List of hospitals in Manitoba}}

Winnipeg has multiple major hospitals: Health Sciences Centre (including HSC Winnipeg Children's Hospital), Concordia Hospital, Deer Lodge Centre, Grace Hospital, Saint Boniface General Hospital, Seven Oaks General Hospital, Victoria General Hospital.{{cite web|url=http://www.wrha.mb.ca/hospitals/index.php|title=WRHA Hospitals & Facilities|publisher=Winnipeg Regional Health Authority|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503071113/http://www.wrha.mb.ca/hospitals/index.php|archivedate=3 May 2009}}

The National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg is one of only a handful of biosafety level 4 microbiology laboratories in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.nml-lnm.gc.ca/overview-apercu-eng.htm|title=NML Overview|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|accessdate=17 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612232528/http://www.nml-lnm.gc.ca/overview-apercu-eng.htm|archivedate=12 June 2009|url-status=dead}} The NML houses laboratories of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, in the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease collocated in the same facility. Research facilities are also operated through hospitals and private biotechnology companies in the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/uploads/document_file/life_sciences_profile.pdf|accessdate=5 March 2014|publisher=Economic Development Winnipeg|title=Winnipeg Life Sciences|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022557/http://www.economicdevelopmentwinnipeg.com/uploads/document_file/life_sciences_profile.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://mhrc.mb.ca/partnerships/working-together/|publisher=Manitoba Health Research Council|title=Working together|accessdate=5 March 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629213042/http://mhrc.mb.ca/partnerships/working-together/|archivedate=29 June 2014}}

Water and sewage services are provided by the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/|accessdate=3 March 2014|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=Water and Waste Department|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228173928/http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/|archivedate=28 February 2014|url-status=live}} The city draws its water via an aqueduct from Shoal Lake, treating and fluoridating it at the Deacon Reservoir just outside the city prior to pumping it into the Winnipeg system.{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/treatment/default.stm|accessdate=3 March 2014|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=Water treatment program|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303075800/http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/treatment/default.stm|archivedate=3 March 2014|url-status=live}} The city's system has over {{convert|2500|km|abbr=on}} of underground water mains, which are subject to breakage due to corrosion and pressure from extreme dry, wet, or cold soil conditions.{{cite web|url=http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/mainbreaks.stm|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=Water main breaks|accessdate=3 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303080332/http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/water/mainbreaks.stm|archivedate=3 March 2014|url-status=live}}

Electricity and natural gas are provided by Manitoba Hydro, a provincial crown corporation headquartered in the city; it uses primarily hydroelectric power.{{cite web|url=https://www.hydro.mb.ca/corporate/about_us.shtml?WT.mc_id=2102|accessdate=3 March 2014|publisher=Manitoba Hydro|title=About Us|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303075516/https://www.hydro.mb.ca/corporate/about_us.shtml?WT.mc_id=2102|archivedate=3 March 2014|url-status=live}} The primary telecommunications carrier is Bell MTS, although other corporations offer telephone, cellular, television and internet services.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/bce-buys-manitoba-telecom-1.3561982|publisher=CBC News|title=BCE to buy Manitoba Telecom in friendly deal work $3.9B|last=Evans|first=Pete|date=2 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318044524/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/bce-buys-manitoba-telecom-1.3561982|url-status=live}}

Winnipeg contracts out several services to private companies, including garbage and recycling collection, street plowing and snow removal. This practice represents a significant budget expenditure. The services have faced numerous complaints from residents about missed service.{{cite web|url=https://winnipegsun.com/2016/10/12/epc-approves-new-garbage-contracts|newspaper=Winnipeg Sun|title=EPC approves new garbage contracts|last=Pursaga|first=Joyanne|date=12 October 2016|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429043741/https://winnipegsun.com/2016/10/12/epc-approves-new-garbage-contracts|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://fcpp.org/2017/11/30/winnipeg-must-scrap-recycling-rfp/|publisher=Frontier Centre for Public Policy|title=Winnipeg Should Scrap Recycling RFP|last=Harding|first=Lee|date=30 November 2017|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429072903/https://fcpp.org/2017/11/30/winnipeg-must-scrap-recycling-rfp/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/city-could-save-3m-if-public-employees-removed-snow-cupe-1.3286005|publisher=CBC News|date=23 October 2015|title=City could save $3M if public employees removed snow: CUPE|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804194024/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/city-could-save-3m-if-public-employees-removed-snow-cupe-1.3286005|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://data.winnipeg.ca/w/58m2-dsq9/_variation_?cur=oEgt4p1Hh0O&from=root|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=Visualized 311 Service Requests|accessdate=2 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430183837/https://data.winnipeg.ca/w/58m2-dsq9/_variation_?cur=oEgt4p1Hh0O&from=root|url-status=live}}

{{See also|CFB Winnipeg}}

File:CFB Winnipeg 17 Wing sign.jpg. CFB Winnipeg is the home garrison for a number of Royal Canadian Air Force units.]]

Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, co-located at the airport, is home to many flight operations support divisions and several training schools. It is also the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division and the Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region,{{cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=121|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609192508/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=121|archivedate=9 June 2011|title=NORAD|date=23 March 2000|publisher=Department of Defence|accessdate=5 March 2014}} as well as the home base of 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces. The Wing comprises three squadrons and six schools; it also provides support to the Central Flying School.{{cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=1141|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609150038/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=1141|archivedate=9 June 2011|title=17 Wing Consolidation Project at CFB Winnipeg|date=11 July 2003|publisher=Department of Defence}} Excluding the three levels of government, 17 Wing is the fourth largest employer in the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/page-eng.asp?id=208|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611183400/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/page-eng.asp?id=208|archivedate=11 June 2011|title=Community|publisher=National Defence|accessdate=5 March 2014}} The Wing supports 113 units, stretching from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel to the high Arctic. 17 Wing also acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter-bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.

There are two squadrons based in the city. The 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron flies the Canadian-designed and produced de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer.{{cite web|url=http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/page-eng.asp?id=205|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135049/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/page-eng.asp?id=205|archivedate=15 March 2012|title=History|publisher=National Defence|accessdate=5 March 2014}} The 435 "Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron flies the Lockheed CC-130 Hercules in airlift search and rescue roles.{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=412|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206151431/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=412|archivedate=6 December 2010|title=General Information|publisher=National Defence|accessdate=5 March 2014}} In addition, 435 Squadron is the only Royal Canadian Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct tactical air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft.

There are several units of the Canadian Army Primary Reserve based in Winnipeg. These include The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 38 Service Battalion, 38 Combat Engineer Regiment, 38 Signal Regiment, and The Fort Garry Horse.{{cite web|url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/reserve/index.page|title=Canadian Army Reserve|publisher=Canadian Army|accessdate=14 February 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305041154/https://army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/reserve/index.page|url-status=live}} HMCS Chippawa is a Royal Canadian Navy reserve division in Winnipeg.{{cite web|url=https://forces.ca/en/units/182/|title=HMCS Chippawa|publisher=The Canadian Armed Forces|accessdate=14 February 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724132547/https://forces.ca/en/units/182/|url-status=live}}

For many years, Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks, now the location of the Rady Jewish Community Centre.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/hrb/prov/p089.html|title=Explore Our Heritage – Provincial Heritage Sites|publisher=Government of Manitoba|accessdate=5 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222001323/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/hrb/prov/p089.html|archivedate=22 February 2014|url-status=live}} They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks between River Heights and Tuxedo. Since 2004, the battalion has operated out of CFB Shilo near Brandon.{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-mayor-wants-negotiations-in-kapyong-barracks-dispute-1.2516058|publisher=CBC|title=Winnipeg mayor wants negotiations in Kapyong Barracks dispute|date=29 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309015903/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-mayor-wants-negotiations-in-kapyong-barracks-dispute-1.2516058|archivedate=9 March 2014|url-status=live}}

{{Portal|border=no|Canada}}

• List of people from Winnipeg
• Municipal waste management in Winnipeg
• Winnipeg (automobile)

{{Reflist}}

{{Notelist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/books/mrs05.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027083350/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/books/mrs05.pdf |archivedate=27 October 2007 |url-status=live|title=Gateway City: Documents on the City of Winnipeg 1873–1913|last=Artibise|first=Alan F. J.|publisher=Manitoba Record Society Publications|volume=V|year=1979|ref=none}}
• {{cite book |last = Hamilton |first =John David |year =1998 |title =A Winnipeg album: glimpses of the way we were|publisher=Hounslow Press |isbn=0-88882-204-9|ref=non}}
• {{cite book |last = Friesen |first =Gerald |year =2009 |title =Prairie metropolis: new essays on Winnipeg social history |publisher= University of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-713-2|ref=none}}

{{refend}}

• {{Official website}}
• {{commons-inline}}
• {{wikivoyage inline}}

{{Winnipeg}}

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{{Geographic location

| Centre = Winnipeg

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| East = Springfield

| Southeast = Ritchot

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Category:Cities in Manitoba

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