en:Changchun#Manchukuo and World War II

Changchun was initially established on imperial decree as a small trading post and frontier village during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Trading activities mainly involved furs and other natural products during this period. In 1800, the Jiaqing Emperor selected a small village on the east bank of the Yitong River and named it "Changchun Ting".{{Nihongo2|新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』12–13頁、新京商工公会刊『新京の概況 建国十周年記念發刊』1–7頁、『満洲年鑑』昭和20年（康徳12年）版 389–390頁、他を参照。}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2019}}

At the end of the 18th century peasants from overpopulated provinces such as Shandong and Hebei began to settle in the region. In 1889, the village was promoted into a city known as "Changchun Fu".{{cite web|url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/ls/ |title=History |publisher=Changchun Municipal Government |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512084320/http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/ls/ |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}

In May 1898, Changchun got its first railway station, located in Kuancheng, part of the railway from Harbin to Lüshun (the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway), constructed by the Russian Empire.{{cite web|last1=Zhiting|first1=Li|title=Changchun II- Le chemin de fer de Changchun|url=http://www.cctv.com/program/lachine/20050628/101794.shtml|website=cctv.com-Francais|access-date=17 October 2014|language=fr|date=28 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225931/http://www.cctv.com/program/lachine/20050628/101794.shtml|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}

File:The SMR office of Changchun.jpg

After Russia's loss of the southernmost section of this branch as a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Kuancheng station (Kuanchengtze, in contemporary spelling) became the last Russian station on this branch. The next station just a short distance to the south—the new "Japanese" Changchun station—became the first station of the South Manchuria Railway,

"Provisional Convention ... concerning the junction of the Japanese and Russian Railways in Manchuria" – 13 June 1907. {{cite book

|author=Endowment for International Peace

|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC

|year=2009

|isbn=978-1-113-11167-8

|title=Manchuria: Treaties and Agreements

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-FhmJ-DXcC

|page=108

|access-date=15 December 2015

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519030943/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-FhmJ-DXcC

|archive-date=19 May 2016

|url-status=live}}

which now owned all the tracks running farther south, to Lüshun, which they re-gauged to the standard gauge (after a short period of using the narrow Japanese {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge during the war).

Luis Jackson, Industrial Commissioner of the Erie Railroad. "Rambles in Japan and China". In [https://archive.org/details/railwaylocomotiv26newyuoft Railway and Locomotive Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214153245/https://archive.org/details/railwaylocomotiv26newyuoft |date=14 December 2013 }}, vol. 26 (March 1913), pp. 91–92

A special Russo-Japanese agreement of 1907 provided that Russian gauge tracks would continue from the "Russian" Kuancheng Station to the "Japanese" Changchun Station, and vice versa, tracks on the "gauge adapted by the South Manchuria Railway" (i.e. the standard gauge) would continue from Changchun Station to Kuancheng Station.

An epidemic of pneumonic plague occurred in surrounding Manchuria from 1910 to 1911, known as the Manchurian plague.{{cite book|last1=Nishiura|first1=Hiroshi|title=Epidemiology of a primary pneumonic plague in Kantoshu, Manchuria, from 1910 to 1911: statistical analysis of individual records collected by the Japanese Empire|date=9 May 2006|publisher=Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association|url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/1059.full.pdf|access-date=13 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163151/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/1059.full.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}} It was the worst-ever recorded outbreak of pneumonic plague which was spread through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of Manzhouli.{{cite web|last1=Jing-tao|first1=Wang|title=Analysis of the Rat Plague of Northeast China and the Sanitary and Antiepidemic Condition of Yanbian in the Early 20th Century|url=http://www.fabiao.net/content-41-56742-1.html|access-date=15 October 2014|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170717/http://www.fabiao.net/content-41-56742-1.html|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=live}} This turned out to be the beginning of the large pneumonic plague pandemic of Manchuria and Mongolia which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims.{{cite journal|last1=Gamsa|first1=M.|title=The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910–1911|journal=Past & Present|date=1 February 2006|issue=190|pages=147–183|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtj001|s2cid=161797143}}

File:Changchun 1932 - Plan 2.jpg

The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and saw the transfer and assignment to the Empire of Japan in 1906 the railway between Changchun and Port Arthur, and all its branches.Akira Koshizawa, Manchukuo Capital Planning (Jiangsu: Social Sciences Academic Press,2011), 26–97.

Having realized the strategic importance of Changchun's location with respect to Japan, China and Russia, the Japanese Government sent a group of planners and engineers to Changchun to determine the best site for a new railway station.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Without the consent of the Chinese Government, Japan purchased or seized from local farmers the land on which the Changchun Railway Station was to be constructed as the centre of the South Manchuria Railway Affiliated Areas (SMRAA).Yishi Liu, "A Pictorial History of Changchun, 1898–1962," Cross Current 5, (2012): 191–217. In order to turn Changchun into the centre for extracting the agricultural and mineral resources of Manchuria, Japan developed a blueprint for Changchun and invested heavily in the construction of the city.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

At the beginning of 1907, as the prelude to, and preparation for, the invasion and occupation of China, Japan initiated the planning programme of the SMRAA, which embodied distinctive colonial characteristics. The guiding ideology of the overall design was to build a high standard colonial city with sophisticated facilities, multiple functions and a large scale.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Accordingly, nearly ¥7 million on average was allocated on a year-by-year basis for urban planning and construction during the period 1907 to 1931.Akira Koshizawa, Manchukuo Capital Planning (Jiangsu: Social Sciences Academic Press,2011), 26–97

The comprehensive plan was to ensure the comfort required by Japanese employees on Manchurian Railways, build up Changchun into a base for Japanese control of the whole Manchuria in order to provide an effective counterweight to Russia in this area of China.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The city's role as a rail hub was underlined in its planning and construction, the main design concepts of which read as follows: under conventional grid pattern terms, two geoplagiotropic boulevards were newly carved eastward and westward from the grand square of the new railway station. The two helped form two intersections with the gridded prototypes, which led to two circles of South and West. The two sub-civic centres served as axes on which eight radial roads were blazed that took the shape of a sectoral structure.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

At that time, the radial circles and the design concept of urban roads were quite advanced and scientific. It activated to great extent the serious urban landscapes as well as clearly identifying the traditional gridded pattern.{{By whom|date=January 2021}}

With the new Changchun railway station as its centre, the urban plan divided the SMRAA into various specified areas: residential quarters 15%, commerce 33%, grain depot 19%, factories 12%, public entertainment 9%, and administrative organs (including a Japanese garrison) 12%. Each block provided the railway station with supporting and systematic services dependent on its own functions.

In the meantime, a comprehensive system of judiciary and military police was established which was totally independent of China. That accounted for the widespread nature of military facilities within the urban construction area of {{convert|3.967|km2|abbr=on}}, such as the railway garrison, the gendarmerie and the police department, with its 18 local police stations.

Perceiving Changchun as a tabula rasa upon which to construct new and sweeping conceptions of the built environment, the Japanese used the city as a practical laboratory to create two distinct and idealized urban milieus, each appropriate to a particular era. From 1906 to 1931, Changchun served as a key railway town through which the Japanese orchestrated an informal empire. Between 1932 and 1945, the city became home to a grandiose new Asian capital. Yet, while the façades in the city and later the capital contrasted markedly, along with the attitudes of the state they upheld, the shifting styles of planning and architecture consistently attempted to represent Japanese rule as progressive, beneficent, and modern.{{By whom|date=January 2021}}

The development of Changchun, in addition to being driven by the railway system, suggested an important period of the Northeast modern architectural culture, reflecting Japanese urban design endeavours and revealing that county's ambition to invade and occupy China. Japanese architecture and culture had been widely applied to Manchukuo to highlight the special status of the Japanese puppet. Urban planning clearly stems from a culture, be it aggressive or creative. Changchun's planning and construction process serves as a good example.{{By whom|date=January 2021}}

Changchun expanded rapidly as the junction between of the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway and the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, remaining the break of gauge point between the Russian and standard gauges into the 1930s,{{cite web|title=YESTERDAY AND TO-DAY|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov06_08Rail-t1-body-d8-d6.html|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|access-date=17 October 2014|page=30|date=1 April 1932|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528014039/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov06_08Rail-t1-body-d8-d6.html|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=live}}

On 10 March 1932 the capital of Manchukuo, a Japan-controlled puppet state in Manchuria, was established in Changchun.{{Nihongo2|大同元年4月1日国務院佈告第1号「満洲国国都ヲ長春ニ奠ム」（大同元年3月10日）}} The city was then renamed Hsinking ({{lang-zh|c=新京|hp=Xīnjīng|w=Hsin-ching}}; Japanese:{{Nihongo|||Shinkyō|lead=yes}}; literally "New Capital") on 13 March.{{Nihongo2|大同元年4月1日国務院佈告第2号「国都長春ヲ新京ト命名ス」（大同元年3月14日）}} The Emperor Puyi resided in the Imperial Palace ({{lang-zh|c=帝宮|hp=Dì gōng|links=no}}) which is now the Museum of the Manchu State Imperial Palace. During the Manchukuo period, the region experienced harsh suppression, brutal warfare on the civilian population,{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} forced conscription and labor and other Japanese sponsored government brutalities; at the same time a rapid industrialisation and militarisation took place. Hsinking was a well-planned city with broad avenues and modern public works. The city underwent rapid expansion in both its economy and infrastructure. Many of buildings built during the Japanese colonial era still stand today, including those of the Eight Major Bureaus of Manchukuo ({{lang-zh|c=八大部|八大部|hp=Bādà bù|links=no}}) as well as the Headquarters of the Japanese Kwantung Army.

{{clear left}}

File:Hsinking master plan.jpg

File:Manchukuo Railmap en.png

Hsinking was the only Direct-controlled municipality ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|特别市}}}}) in Manchukuo after Harbin was incorporated into the jurisdiction of Binjiang Province.{{Nihongo2|「特別市指定ニ関スル件廃止ニ関スル件」（康徳4年6月27日勅令第142号）}} In March 1932, the Inspection Division of South Manchuria Railway started to draw up the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking ({{lang-zh|s=大新京都市计画|t=大新京都市計畫|hp=Dà xīn jīngdū shì jìhuà|links=no}}). The Bureau of capital construction ({{lang-zh|s=国都建设局|t=國都建設局|hp=Guódū jiànshè jú |labels=no}}) which was directly under the control of State Council of Manchukuo was established to take complete responsibility of the formulation and the implementation of the plan. Kuniaki Koiso, the Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army, and Yasuji Okamura, the Vice Chief-of-Staff, finalized the plan of a {{convert|200|km2|abbr=on}} construction area. The Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking was influenced by the renovation plan of Paris in the 19th century, the garden city movement, and theories of American cities' planning and design in the 1920s. The city development plan included extensive tree planting. By 1934 Hsinking was known as the Forest Capital with Jingyuetan Park built, which is now China's largest Plantation and a AAAA-rated recreational area.{{cite web|script-title=ja:長春浄月潭|url=http://j.people.com.cn/94475/6932072.html|website=j.people.com.cn|publisher={{Nihongo2|人民網日本株式会社事業案内}}|access-date=17 October 2014|language=ja|date=26 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105105754/http://j.people.com.cn/94475/6932072.html|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}

In accordance with the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking, the area of publicly shared land (including the Imperial Palace, government offices, roads, parks and athletic grounds) in Hsinking was {{convert|47|km2|abbr=on}}, whilst the area of residential, commercial and industrial developments was planned to be {{convert|53|km2|abbr=on}}.{{Nihongo2|新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』6頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} However, Hsinking's population exceeded the prediction of 500,000 by 1940. In 1941, the Capital Construction Bureau modified the original plan, which expanded the urban area to {{convert|160|km2|abbr=on}}. The new plan also focused on the construction of satellite towns around the city with a planning of {{convert|200|m2|abbr=on}} land per capita.{{Nihongo2|国務院国都建設局『國都大新京』（日譯）16頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} Because the effects of war, the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking remained unfinished. By 1944, the built up urban area of Hsinking reached {{convert|80|km2|abbr=on}}, while the area used for greening reached {{convert|70.7|km2|abbr=on}}. As Hsinking's city orientation was the administrative center and military commanding center, land for military use exceeded the originally planned figure of 9 percent, while only light manufacturing including packing industry, cigarette industry and paper-making had been developed during this period. Japanese force also controlled Hsinking's police system, instead of Manchukuo government.{{Nihongo2|首都警察廳正式成立ノ件（大同元年10月18日民政部訓令第286号）}} Major officers of Hsinking police were all ethnic Japanese.{{Nihongo2|後に「首都警察廳官制中改正ノ件」（康徳4年9月30日勅令第282号）により、新京特別市のみを管轄とした。}}

The population of Hsinking also experienced rapid growth after being established as the capital of Manchukuo. According to the census in 1934 taken by the police agency, the city's municipal area had 141,712 inhabitants.{{lang|zh-hant|新京特別市公署『新京市政概要』7頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} By 1944 the city's population had risen to 863,607,{{lang|zh-hant|『満洲年鑑』昭和20年（康徳12年）版、1944年、389頁}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} with 153,614 Japanese settlers. This population made Hsinking the third largest metropolitan city in Manchukuo after Mukden and Harbin, as the metropolitan mainly focused on military and political function.{{Nihongo2|『満洲年鑑』等では「新京市政公署」の記述も見られる。}}

{{clear left}}

{{gallery

|File:Special City Government office of Hsinking.jpg|Special City Government office of Hsinking

|File:Manchukuo Hsinking avenue.jpg|Datong Avenue in Hsinking (1939)

|File:Department of Mongolia politics of Manchukuo.jpg|Manchukuo ministry building (built. 1935)

|File:The building of combination courts.jpg|Manchukuo supreme court (built 1938)

}}

{{clear left}}

{{center|{{Further|Eight Grand Ministries}}}}

{{Main|Unit 100}}

In 1936, the Imperial Japanese Army established Unit 100 to develop plague biological weapons, although the declared purpose of Unit 100 was to conduct research about diseases originating from animals.{{cite web | url=http://japan.people.com.cn/GB/35467/35498/3474600.html | script-title=zh:侵华日军使用细菌武器述略 | publisher=人民日报社 | date=2005-06-16 | access-date=28 January 2013 | language=zh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513102417/http://japan.people.com.cn/GB/35467/35498/3474600.html | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=live}} During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II the headquarters of Unit 100 ("Wakamatsu Unit") was located in downtown Hsinking, under command of veterinarian Yujiro Wakamatsu.Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–45 , and the American Cover-Up. London: Routledge, 1994. This facility was involved in research of animal vaccines to protect Japanese resources, and, especially, biological-warfare. Diseases were tested for use against Soviet and Chinese horses and other livestock. In addition to these tests, Unit 100 ran a bacteria factory to produce the pathogens needed by other units. Biological sabotage testing was also handled at this facility: everything from poisons to chemical crop destruction.

File:PLA at the end of the Siege of Changchun.jpg

{{Main|Siege of Changchun}}

On 20 August 1945 the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army and renamed Changchun.LTC David M. Glantz, [http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082515/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp|date=23 July 2011}}. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas. The Russians maintained a presence in the city during the Soviet occupation of Manchuria until 1946.

National Revolutionary Army forces under Zheng Dongguo occupied the city in 1946, but were unable to hold the countryside against Lin Biao's People's Liberation Army forces during the Chinese Civil War. The city fell to the Chinese Communist Party in 1948 after the five-month Siege of Changchun, and the communist victory was a turning point which allowed an offensive to capture the remainder of Mainland China.{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank. |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=3–8}} Between 10 and 30 percent[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108230926/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html |date=8 January 2017 }}, Andrew Jacobs, New York Times, 1 October 2009 of the civilian population starved to death under the siege; estimates range from 150,000{{cite news |last1=Pomfret |first1=John |title=Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians |date=2009-10-02 |work=The Seattle Times |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19901122/1105487/red-army-starved-150000-chinese-civilians-books-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025143728/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19901122&slug=1105487 |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=live}} to 330,000.Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Vintage Books. p383. {{As of|2015}} the PRC government avoids all mention of the siege.{{cite news |title=China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html |work=The New York Times|access-date=2 October 2009 |first=Andrew |last=Jacobs |date=2009-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101032010/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/world/asia/02anniversary.html |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=live}}

File:长春南湖·纪念碑广场.jpg

Renamed Changchun by the People's Republic of China government, it became the capital of Jilin in 1954. The Changchun Film Studio is also one of the remaining film studios of the era. Changchun Film Festival has become a unique gala for film industries since 1992.

From the 1950s, Changchun was designated to become a center for China's automotive industry. Construction of the First Automobile Works (FAW) began in 1953[http://www.faw.com/news/dzjy_jybj/jyzb/20070327133200039.htm FAW Group Steps up Global Expansion] FAW Official Site, 27 March 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719104030/http://www.faw.com/news/dzjy_jybj/jyzb/20070327133200039.htm |date=19 July 2011 }} and production of the Jiefang CA-10 truck, based on the Soviet ZIS-150 started in 1956.[http://www.faw.com/webcontent/aboutfaw.jsp?pros=history_KeyEvent2_6.jsp&phight=2050&about=Key%20Events About FAW > Key Events] FAW Official Site {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304060115/http://www.faw.com/webcontent/aboutfaw.jsp?pros=history_KeyEvent2_6.jsp&phight=2050&about=Key%20Events |date=4 March 2009 }} The Soviet Union lent assistance during these early years, providing technical support, tooling, and production machinery. In 1958, FAW introduced the famous Hongqi (Red Flag) limousines This series of cars are billed as "the official car for minister-level officials".{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-26/mao-s-red-flag-limo-returns-for-chinese-officials-in-threat-to-audi-cars.html | title=Mao's Red Flag Returning To Drive China Leaders From Audi: Cars | work=bloomberg.com | date=27 February 2012 | agency=Bloomberg LP | access-date=22 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003600/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-26/mao-s-red-flag-limo-returns-for-chinese-officials-in-threat-to-audi-cars.html | archive-date=2 May 2014 | url-status=live}}

In 2002, the local television broadcast was hijacked by a small group of Falun Gong practitioners. These events were depicted in the documentary Eternal Spring.

Changchun hosted the 2007 Winter Asian Games.{{cite news |title=Asian Winter Games open in northeastern city Changchun |url=http://www.cctv.com/english/20070129/101952.shtml |access-date=17 October 2014 |website=CCTV.com |date=29 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201718/http://www.cctv.com/english/20070129/101952.shtml |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}

File:Changchun 125.32286E 43.87998N.jpg

Changchun lies in the middle portion of the Northeast China Plain. Its municipality area is located at latitude 43° 05′−45° 15′ N and longitude 124° 18′−127° 02' E. The total area of Changchun municipality is {{convert|20571|km2|abbr=on}}, including metro areas of {{convert|2583|km2}}, and a city proper area of {{convert|159|km2|abbr=on}}. The city is situated at a moderate elevation, ranging from {{convert|250|to|350|m|ft}} within its administrative region.{{cite web|url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/dl/ |title=Geographic Location |publisher=Changchun Municipal Government |access-date=4 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902181753/http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/dl/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 }} In the eastern portion of the city, there lies a small area of low mountains, with the Laodaodong Mountain, which has an altitude of 711 meters, being the highest. The city is also situated at the crisscross point of the third east–westward "Europe-Asia Continental Bridge".{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Changchun prefecture is dotted with 222 rivers and lakes. The Yitong River, a small tributary of the Songhua River, runs through the city proper.

Changchun has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa, Trewartha Dcac). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of the Siberian anticyclone, with a January mean temperature of {{convert|-14.3|°C|1}}. Spring and autumn are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages {{convert|23.7|°C|1}}.{{cite web

|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps

|script-title=zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)

|publisher=China Meteorological Administration

|lang=zh |access-date=2023-04-11

|title = Experience Template

}} Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall is heavily concentrated from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49 percent in July to 69 percent in February, a typical year will see around 2,597 hours of sunshine, and a frost-free period of 140 to 150 days. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|-36.5|°C|0}} to {{convert|38.0|°C|0}}.{{cite web|script-title=zh:长春城市介绍|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101060101.shtml?|website=Weather China|access-date=17 October 2014|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017083121/http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101060101.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}

{{Weather box

| location = Changchun, elevation {{convert|237|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020)

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed =

| Jan high C = −9.3

| Feb high C = −3.9

| Mar high C = 4.5

| Apr high C = 14.8

| May high C = 22.0

| Jun high C = 26.5

| Jul high C = 28.1

| Aug high C = 26.9

| Sep high C = 22.3

| Oct high C = 13.7

| Nov high C = 2.0

| Dec high C = −7.1

| Jan mean C = −14.3

| Feb mean C = −9.3

| Mar mean C = −1.0

| Apr mean C = 8.8

| May mean C = 16.2

| Jun mean C = 21.3

| Jul mean C = 23.7

| Aug mean C = 22.3

| Sep mean C = 16.5

| Oct mean C = 7.9

| Nov mean C = −2.8

| Dec mean C = −11.8

| Jan low C = -18.6

| Feb low C = −14.3

| Mar low C = −6.1

| Apr low C = 3.0

| May low C = 10.5

| Jun low C = 16.3

| Jul low C = 19.7

| Aug low C = 18.2

| Sep low C = 11.2

| Oct low C = 2.8

| Nov low C = −7.1

| Dec low C = −15.9

| Jan record high C = 4.6

| Feb record high C = 14.5

| Mar record high C = 23.4

| Apr record high C = 31.9

| May record high C = 35.7

| Jun record high C = 36.7

| Jul record high C = 38.0

| Aug record high C = 35.6

| Sep record high C = 30.6

| Oct record high C = 28.2

| Nov record high C = 20.7

| Dec record high C = 11.7

| Jan record low C = −36.5

| Feb record low C = −31.9

| Mar record low C = −27.7

| Apr record low C = −12.2

| May record low C = −3.4

| Jun record low C = 4.5

| Jul record low C = 10.6

| Aug record low C = 3.9

| Sep record low C = −3.7

| Oct record low C = −13.4

| Nov record low C = −24.7

| Dec record low C = −33.2

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 4.4

| Feb precipitation mm = 6.1

| Mar precipitation mm = 13.4

| Apr precipitation mm = 22.0

| May precipitation mm = 62.6

| Jun precipitation mm = 122.1

| Jul precipitation mm = 167.5

| Aug precipitation mm = 131.6

| Sep precipitation mm = 54.9

| Oct precipitation mm = 24.6

| Nov precipitation mm = 16.9

| Dec precipitation mm = 8.2

| Jan humidity = 66

| Feb humidity = 57

| Mar humidity = 51

| Apr humidity = 44

| May humidity = 50

| Jun humidity = 63

| Jul humidity = 75

| Aug humidity = 76

| Sep humidity = 65

| Oct humidity = 59

| Nov humidity = 62

| Dec humidity = 67

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 5.1

| Feb precipitation days = 4.4

| Mar precipitation days = 5.6

| Apr precipitation days = 6.5

| May precipitation days = 11.0

| Jun precipitation days = 13.5

| Jul precipitation days = 13.4

| Aug precipitation days = 12.3

| Sep precipitation days = 8.1

| Oct precipitation days = 6.8

| Nov precipitation days = 6.1

| Dec precipitation days = 6.5

| Jan sun = 180.9

| Jan percentsun = 62

| Feb sun = 203.7

| Feb percentsun = 69

| Mar sun = 236.9

| Mar percentsun = 64

| Apr sun = 238.1

| Apr percentsun = 59

| May sun = 253.5

| May percentsun = 55

| Jun sun = 245.4

| Jun percentsun = 53

| Jul sun = 229.0

| Jul percentsun = 49

| Aug sun = 235.3

| Aug percentsun = 55

| Sep sun = 236.8

| Sep percentsun = 64

| Oct sun = 210.4

| Oct percentsun = 62

| Nov sun = 167.7

| Nov percentsun = 59

| Dec sun = 159.1

| Dec percentsun = 58

| year percentsun = 59

| Jan snow days = 7.5

| Feb snow days = 5.9

| Mar snow days = 6.4

| Apr snow days = 2.4

| May snow days = 0.1

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 1.9

| Nov snow days = 6.1

| Dec snow days = 8.2

| year snow days =

| Jan uv = 1

| Feb uv = 2

| Mar uv = 3

| Apr uv = 5

| May uv = 6

| Jun uv = 7

| Jul uv = 8

| Aug uv = 8

| Sep uv = 5

| Oct uv = 3

| Nov uv = 1

| Dec uv = 1

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |lang=zh-cn |access-date=2020-04-15}}

{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21

}} Weather ChinaNOAA{{cite web

|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/CHANGCHUN_54161.csv

|title=Changchun Climate Normals 1991-2020

|publisher=NOAA

|lang=en-us}}

| source 2 = Weather Atlas{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/changchun-climate|title=Changchun, China – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185900/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/changchun-climate|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}

| source =

}}

File:长春市人民政府大楼2017.jpg

File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-3.jpg, 1956)]]

File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-3a.jpg

The sub-provincial city of Changchun has direct jurisdiction over 7 districts, 3 county-level cities and 1 County:

{{Historical populations

|type=China

|1932|104305

|1934|160381

|1939|415473

|1944|863607

|1953|855197

|1964|4221445

|1982|5744769

|1990|6421956

|2000|7135439

|2010|7677089

|footnote = Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. In 1958, 5 counties were put under Changchun's jurisdiction, increasing the total population to over 4 million.

}}

According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Changchun reached 7.677 million in 2010.

{{cite web

|url=http://www.cc.jl.gov.cn/wcss/cczf/info/2011-08-16/1408/149776.html

|title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census

|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China

|date=20 July 2011

|access-date=28 May 2014

|language=zh

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309025234/http://www.cc.jl.gov.cn/wcss/cczf/info/2011-08-16/1408/149776.html

|archive-date=9 March 2012}} The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 7.59 million. The birth rate was 6.08 per thousand and the death rate was 5.51 per thousand. The urban area had a population of 3.53 million people. In 2010 the sex ratio of the city population was 102.10 males to 100 females.

As in most of Northeastern China the ethnic makeup of Changchun is predominantly Han nationality (96.57 percent), with several other minority nationalities.{{Cite web |title=Exploring the Ethnic Groups of China {{!}} Cusef Blog |url=https://www.cusef.org.hk/en/cusef-blog/exploring-the-ethnic-groups-of-china |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=China-United States Exchange Foundation |language=en}}

The most commonly spoken dialect in Changchun is the Northeastern Mandarin, which is originated from the mix of several languages spoken by immigrants from Hebei and Shandong. Then, after the PRC was established, the rapid economic growth in Changchun attracted a huge number of immigrants from various places, so the northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas of Changchun is closer to the Mandarin Chinese than in rural areas because the immigrants had a great impact on the northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas.{{cite web |script-title=zh:走进长春 长春特色 |url=http://www.changchun.gov.cn/zjzc/ccts/ |publisher=Changchun People's Government |language=zh-cn |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112200806/http://www.changchun.gov.cn/zjzc/ccts/ |url-status=dead }}

Changchun has four major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam. There are 396 government-approved places for religious activities and worship services.

The temples in Changchun include Changchun Wanshou Temple, Baoguo Prajna Temple, Baiguo Xinglong Temple, Pumen Temple, Big Buddha Temple, Changchun Temple, Changchun Catholic Church, Changchun West Wuma Road Christian Church, and Changchun City Mosque.{{cite news |script-title=zh:长春原来有这么多的寺庙楼堂 值得收藏拜访 |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/28985969_233764 |work=Sohu News |language=zh-cn |access-date=21 November 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Shamanism had been circulated in Northeast China during ancient times and was believed by many Manchus. Now the shamanism and the study of it have become an important cultural heritage of the region.{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Fusheng |title=Culture blossoms in Jilin |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/2012-08/27/content_15720308.htm |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=China Daily|date=27 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004105325/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/2012-08/27/content_15720308.htm |archive-date=4 October 2019 |url-status=live }}

Jilin Provincial Museum, a national first-grade museum, is located in Changchun. The museum was moved to Changchun from Jilin City after the transfer of the provincial government seat.{{cite web|script-title=zh:吉林省博物院|language=zh-cn|date=16 November 2005|publisher=Jilin Province Department of Culture and Tourism|url=http://whhlyt.jl.gov.cn/stgk/zsdw/201405/t20140526_2595205.html|access-date=12 May 2020}} It was originally located in the centre of the old town, but, after nine years of construction, a new building for the museum's collections was completed in 2016 on the city's outskirts in Nanguan District near Jingyuetan Park.{{cite news|last=Wang|first=Zhen|title=Seven highlights from the new Jilin provincial museum|work=China Daily|date=29 September 2016|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/2016jilin/2016-09/29/content_26937852.htm|access-date=12 May 2020}} Badabu is a group of buildings of the former eight Manchukuo ministries which are Ministry of Public Safety, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture and Education, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Civil Affairs Tucker, D. (1999). Building "Our manchukuo" : Japanese city planning, architecture, and nation-building in occupied Northeast China, 1931-1945. that has recently become a sightseeing highlight because of their unique combined Chinese, Japanese and Manchurian architecture.

Jingyuetan National Forest Park is located to the southeast of the city, and is one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China.{{cite web |title=Jingyuetan National Forest Park, Changchun |url=https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/201812/17/WS5c1710e7498ee2f0291e3e6e/jingyuetan-national-forest-park-changchun.html |website=govt.chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=China Daily |access-date=25 November 2023}} The park hosts Vasaloppet China annually.{{cite web |title=The Vasaloppet China Changchun Jingyuetan International Ski Festival 2023 Kicks Off Grandly |url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/wthd/202301/t20230117_3105346.html |website=en.changchun.gov.cn |access-date=25 November 2023}}{{cite web |title=Vasaloppet ski festival plays it cool to attract crowds |url=https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202201/06/WS61d6475b498e6a12c121c799/vasaloppet-ski-festival-plays-it-cool-to-attract-crowds.html |website=govt.chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=China Daily |access-date=25 November 2023}}

Changchun achieved a gross domestic product (GDP) of RMB332.9 billion in 2010, representing a rise of 15.3 percent year on year. Primary industry output increased by 3.3 percent to RMB25.27 billion. Secondary industry output experienced an increase of 19.0 percent, reaching RMB171.99 billion, while the tertiary industry output increased 12.6 percent to RMB135.64 billion. The GDP per capita of Changchun was ¥58,691 in 2012, which equates to $9338. The GDP of Changchun in 2012 was RMB445.66 billion and increased 12.0 percent compared with 2011. The primary industry grew 4.3 percent to RMB31.71 billion. Secondary industry increased by RMB229.19 billion, which is a rise of 13.1 percent year on year. Tertiary industry of Changchun in 2012 grew 11.8 percent and increased by RMB184.76 billion.

{{cite news

|url=http://roll.sohu.com/20110608/n309557534.shtml

|script-title=zh:2010年长春市国民经济和社会发展统计公报

|trans-title=Statistics Communique on National Economy and Social Development of Changchun, 2010

|language=zh

|date=5 June 2011

|access-date=17 February 2012

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728002728/http://roll.sohu.com/20110608/n309557534.shtml

|archive-date=28 July 2011

|url-status=live }}

File:FAW Hongqi Audi 100.jpg]]

The city's leading industries are production of automobiles, agricultural product processing, biopharmaceuticals, photo electronics, construction materials, and the energy industry. Changchun is the largest automobile manufacturing, research and development centre in China, producing 9 percent of the country's automobiles in 2009. Changchun is home to China's biggest vehicle producer FAW (First Automotive Works) Group, which manufactured the first Chinese truck in 1956 and car in 1958. The automaker's factories and associated housing and services occupy a substantial portion of the city's southwest end. Specific brands produced in Changchun include the Red Flag luxury brand, as well as joint ventures with Audi, Volkswagen, and Toyota. In 2012, FAW sold 2.65 million units of auto. The sales revenue of FAW amounted to RMB 408.46 billion, representing a rise of 10.8% on year. As cradle of the auto industry, one of Changchun's better known nicknames is "China's Detroit".{{cite web |title=Spacing: Understanding the Urban Landscape |url=http://spacingtoronto.ca/2008/09/30/changchun-chinas-detroit/ |publisher=SpacingToronto |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041045/http://spacingtoronto.ca/2008/09/30/changchun-chinas-detroit/ |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}

Manufacturing of transportation facilities and machinery is also among Changchun's main industries. 50 percent of China's passenger trains, and 10 percent of tractors are produced in Changchun. Changchun Railway Vehicles, one of the main branches of China CNR Corporation, has a joint venture established with Bombardier Transportation to build Movia metro cars for the Guangzhou Metro and Shanghai Metro,{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//bombardier-to-supply-246-movia-cars-for-shanghai-line-12.html|title=Bombardier to supply 246 Movia cars for Shanghai Line 12|date=2009-12-18|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616034610/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//bombardier-to-supply-246-movia-cars-for-shanghai-line-12.html|archive-date=16 June 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=Railway Gazette International}} and the Tianjin Metro.

Foreign direct investment in the city was US$3.68 billion in 2012, up 19.6% year on year. In 2004 Coca-Cola set up a bottling plant in the city's ETDZ with an investment of US$20 million.{{cite web|title=China Briefing Business Reports |url=http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200803_EN.pdf |publisher=Asia Briefing |year=2008 |access-date=8 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122044144/http://www.china-briefing.com/download.php?download_file=ChinaBriefing_200803_EN.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2009 }}

Changchun hosts the yearly Changchun International Automobile Fair, Changchun Film Festival, Changchun Agricultural Fair, Education Exhibition and the Sculpture Exhibition.

CRRC manufactures most of its bullet train carriages at its factory in Changchun. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world with sleeper berths, thus extending their use for overnight passages across China. They would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed Panda, the new bullet trains are capable of running at 250 km/h, operate at −40 degrees Celsius, have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.{{cite news|title=China develops bullet train with fold-up beds|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-11/14/content_27370974.htm|access-date=15 November 2016|agency=Xinhua|work=China Daily|date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133735/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-11/14/content_27370974.htm|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live}}

Other large companies in Changchun include:

• Yatai Group, established in 1993 and listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1995. It has developed into a major conglomerate involved in a wide range of industries including property development, cement manufacturing, securities, coal mining, pharmaceuticals and trading.{{Cite web|url=http://www.yatai.com/english/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004043146/http://www.yatai.com/english/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Jilin Yatai Group Company Limited|archivedate=4 October 2011}}
• Jilin Grain Group, a major processor of grains.{{cite web|url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com|title=Changchun|year=2014|publisher=China Economy @ China Perspective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029054105/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/city/changchun/|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 October 2014}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2018}}

File:Hannover-Messe 2012 by-RaBoe 032.jpg

Founded in 1993, the Changchun Automotive Trade Center was re-established as the Changchun Automotive Economic Trade and Development Zone in 1996. The development zone is situated in the southwest of the city and is adjacent to the China First Automobile Works Group Corporation and the Changchun Film ThemeCity. It covers a total area of approximately {{convert|300000|m2|0|abbr=off}}. Within the development zone lies an exhibition center and five specially demarcated industrial centers. The [http://www.cinaautoparts.com Changchun Automobile Wholesale Center] began operations in 1994 and is the largest auto-vehicle and spare parts wholesale center in China. The other centers include a resale center for used auto-vehicles, a specialized center for industrial/commercial vehicles, and a tire wholesale center.

The zone is one of the first 27 state-level advanced technology development zones and is situated in the southern part of the city, covering a total area of {{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}}. There are 18 full-time universities and colleges, 39 state and provincial-level scientific research institutions, and 11 key national laboratories. The zone is mainly focusing on developing five main industries, namely bio-engineering, automobile engineering, new material fabrication, photo-electricity, and information technology.

Established in April 1993, the zone enjoys all the preferential policies stipulated for economic and technological development zones of coastal open cities. The total area of CETDZ is {{convert|112.72|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}, of which {{convert|30|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} has been set aside for development and utilization.{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changchun-economic-technology-development-zone|title=Changchun Economic and Technology Development Zone {{!}} China Industrial Space|website=Rightsite.asia|publisher=RightSite Website Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025221756/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changchun-economic-technology-development-zone|archive-date=25 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 October 2014}}

It is located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=off}} from downtown Changchun, {{convert|2|km|1|abbr=on}} from the freight railway station and {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} from the Changchun international airport. The zone is devoted to developing five leading industries: namely automotive parts and components, photoelectric information, bio-pharmaceutical, fine processing of foods, and new building materials. In particular, high-tech and high value added projects account for over 80 percent of total output. In 2006 the zone's total fixed assets investment rose to RMB38.4 billion. Among the total of 1656 enterprises registered, 179 are foreign-funded. The zone also witnessed a total industrial output of RMB 277 billion in 2007.

Changchun is a very compact city, planned by the Japanese with a layout of open avenues and public squares. The city is developing its layout in a long-term bid to alleviate pressure on limited land, aid economic development, and absorb a rising population. According to a draft plan up until 2020, the downtown area will expand southwards to form a new city center around Changchun World Sculpture Park, Weixing Square and their outskirts, and the new development zone. For the north of the city, there is a new development zone called "Changchun New Area", locate near the North Lake Park.

File:Changchun Railway STation.jpg]]

Changchun has two passenger rail stations, all conventional trains and some high-speed trains stop at the central Changchun railway station ({{lang-zh|s=长春站|t=長春站|links=no}}), which is connected by Beijing-Harbin Railway, Changchun-Hunchun intercity railway and several railway lines. The station has multiple daily departures to other cities in the province and northeast area, such as Jilin City, Yanji, Harbin, Shenyang, and Dalian, as well as other major cities throughout the country such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018|reason=Statement was modified from 4 to 3. Need a citation with information about the current system.}} The new Changchun West railway station, situated in the western end of urbanized area, is the station mainly for the high-speed trains of the Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway.{{Cite news | title=World's fastest railway in frigid regions starts operation | newspaper=English.news.cn | date=2012-12-01 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2012-12/01/c_132011647.htm | access-date=1 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204035906/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2012-12/01/c_132011647.htm | archive-date=4 December 2012 | url-status=dead}}{{cite news | url=http://english.jl.gov.cn/News/GeneralNews/201211/t20121127_1319324.html | work=Website of Jilin Province Government | title=Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail went into operation on December 1 | date=2012-11-27 | access-date=26 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515180906/http://english.jl.gov.cn/News/GeneralNews/201211/t20121127_1319324.html | archive-date=15 May 2013 | url-status=dead}}

Changchun is served by a comprehensive bus system, which having more than 250 bus route, most buses charge 1-2 yuan per ride.

Changchun is one of the few cities preserving the historic tram system in China. The tram system first opened in 1941, having 6 lines covering almost 53 km at its peak. But after several route adjustments, there is only one line left since the 2000s. A new branch line is opened in 2014, which links the new Changchun West Railway Station. The whole system is now operated under the bus system of Changchun.

{{main|Changchun Rail Transit}}

Changchun Rail Transit is a rapid transit system of Changchun, combining light rail lines and metro lines. Its first line was opened on 30 October 2002, making Changchun the fifth metropolitan city in China to open rail transit.

Till November 2018, there are 5 lines in Changchun, including Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, and Line 8. Changchun railway covers about 100.17 kilometers.

Till September 2019, there are 4 lines of Changchun Rail Transit under construction, including Line 6 and Line 9, as well as Line 2 West Extension and Line 3 East Extension. By 2025, the Changchun rail transit line network will consist of 10 lines with a total length of 341.62 kilometers.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In September 2019, the average daily passenger volume of Changchun Rail Transit reached 680,400 person, and the maximum daily passenger volume of its line network was 830,500 person on 13 November 2019. The total estimated passenger volume in 2019 is about 168 million person.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Changchun is linked to the national highway network through the Beijing – Harbin Expressway (G1), the Ulanhot – Changchun – Jilin – Hunchun Expressway (G12), the Changchun – Shenzhen Expressway (G25), the Changchun – Changbaishan Expressway (S1) and the busiest section in the province, the Changchun–Jilin North Highway. This section connects the two biggest cities in Jilin and is the trunk line for the social and economic communication of the two cities.

Private automobiles are becoming very common on the city's congested streets. Bicycles are relatively rare compared to other northeastern Chinese cities, but mopeds, as well as pedal are relatively common.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

{{Main|Changchun Longjia International Airport}}

Changchun Longjia International Airport is located {{convert|31.2|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} north-east of Changchun urban area. The airport's construction began in 1998, and was intended to replace the older Changchun Dafangshen Airport, which was a joint-use airport built in 1941. The airport opened for passenger service on 27 August 2005.{{cite news|script-title=zh:长春龙嘉国际机场本月27日零时将正式启用|url=http://www.seabay.cn/news/20050825/8192984.shtml|access-date=17 October 2014|date=25 August 2005|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080218/http://www.seabay.cn/news/20050825/8192984.shtml|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}} The operation of the airport is shared by both Changchun and nearby Jilin City.{{Cite web|url=http://www.changchun.gov.cn/yingwenban/ctjr_detail.jsp?ID=120709000000000000,1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050102/http://www.changchun.gov.cn/yingwenban/ctjr_detail.jsp?ID=120709000000000000%2C1|url-status=dead|title=Information about Changchun Airports|archivedate=28 September 2007}}

File:Jilinuniversity laboratory.jpg

Changchun is ranked one of the top 30 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to the Nature Index 2024 Science Cities. The city has 27 regular institutions of full-time tertiary education with a total enrollment of approximate 160,000 students. Jilin University and Northeast Normal University are two key universities in China.{{cite web|url=http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/sh/ |title=Society |publisher=Changchun Municipal Government |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820224052/http://en.changchun.gov.cn/sq/sh/ |archive-date=20 August 2012 }} Jilin University is also one of the largest universities in China, with more than 60,000 students.

• Changchun Normal University
• Changchun University
• Changchun University of Science and Technology
• Changchun University of Chinese Medicine{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccucm.edu.cn/ |title=Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Homepage |access-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604155006/http://www.ccucm.edu.cn/ |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live}}
• Jilin College of the Arts
• Jilin Huaqiao Foreign Languages Institute, a private college offering bachelor study programs in foreign languages, international trade management and didactics{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214338/http://www.huabridge.com/ Jilin Huaqiao Foreign Languages Institute]}}
• Jilin University
• Jilin University of Finance and Economics
• Jilin Agricultural University
• Northeast Normal University
• Jilin Engineering Normal University
• Changchun Institute of Technology{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccit.edu.cn/index.htm/ |title=Changchun Institute of Technology Homepage |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414151317/http://www.ccit.edu.cn/index.htm |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live}}

• High School Attached to Northeast Normal University
• Affiliated Middle School to Jilin University
• No.72 Middle School of Changchun
• Second experimental school of Jilin Province
• No.11 High School of Changchun
• Changchun No.6 middle school
• Changchun Foreign Languages School

International schools include:

• Changchun American International School
• Deutsche Internationale Schule Changchun
• St John's College Changchun{{Cite web|url=http://www.stjohnschangchun.com/|title=长春圣约翰公学|website=www.stjohnschangchun.com|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527011449/http://www.stjohnschangchun.com/|url-status=dead}}
• Changchun Experimental High School International Department{{Cite web |url=http://star-edu.info/ENWeb/hz.aspx?id=18|title=Changchun Experimental High School - Star International Education |access-date=31 December 2024}}

File:长春体育中心2017-2.jpg

As a major Chinese city, Changchun is home to many professional sports teams:

• Jilin Northeast Tigers (Basketball), is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting in China top-level league, CBA.
• Changchun Yatai, who have played home soccer matches at the Development Area Stadium since 2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.chinajilin.com.cn/content/2009-03/30/content_1539893.htm |script-title=zh:亚泰主场迁至经开体育场 |website=chinajilin.com.cn |language=zh-cn |date=2009-03-30 |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024033431/http://www.chinajilin.com.cn/content/2009-03/30/content_1539893.htm |url-status=dead }} In 2007 they won the Chinese Super League.{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/china07.html |title=China League Tables 2007 |publisher=Rsssf.com |date=18 April 2008 |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017135851/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/china07.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=live}}

There are two major multi-purpose stadiums in Changchun, including Changchun City Stadium and Development Area Stadium.

• Changchun Wuhuan Gymnasium, the main venue of the 2007 Asian Winter Games.
• It has an indoor speed skating arena, Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink,{{Cite web |url=http://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHCH/ |title=Rink card of: Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink Changchun |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321160242/http://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHCH/ |archive-date=21 March 2016 |url-status=live}} as one of five in China.{{Cite web|url=http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/2007-01/10/xinsrc_540104100909786114363.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017163152/http://chinaneast.xinhuanet.com/2007-01/10/xinsrc_540104100909786114363.jpg|url-status=dead|title=image|archivedate=17 October 2015}}

Jinlin Tseng Tou are a professional ice hockey team based in the city, and compete in the Russian-based Supreme Hockey League.{{Cite web |url=http://www.vhlru.ru/teams/ |title=Высшая хоккейная лига - Команды |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920033810/http://www.vhlru.ru/teams/ |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=live}} They are one of two Chinese-based teams to enter the league during the 2017–18 season, the other being based in Harbin.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

• Changchun Film Group Corporation
• Changchun Film Festival
• Locale of The Farewell

• {{Nihongo|Ei-ichi Negishi|根岸 英一}}, 2010 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, was born in Changchun
• Liu Xiaobo ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=刘晓波}}), 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner, was born in Changchun
• Cheng Yonghua (born 1954), diplomat who served as Ambassador to Japan from 2010 to 2019.

• {{flagicon|GRL}} Nuuk, Sermersooq, Greenland
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
• {{flagicon|KOR}} Ulsan, Yeongnam, South Korea
• {{flagicon|USA}} Flint, Michigan, United States
• {{flagicon|USA}} Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
• {{flagicon|CAN}} Windsor, Ontario, Canada
• {{flagicon|RUS}} Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia
• {{flagicon|BLR}} Minsk, Belarus
• {{flagicon|PRK}} Chongjin, North Hamgyong, North Korea
• {{flagicon|GBR}} Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
• {{flagicon|GER}} Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany
• {{flagicon|SVK}} Žilina, Slovakia
• {{flagicon|SER}} Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
• {{flagicon|NZL}} Masterton, Wellington Region, New Zealand

{{Portal|China}}

• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• Changchun smog
• Changchun Confucius Temple
• :Category:People from Changchun
• Chinese ship Changchun

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

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• [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105545/Changchun Changchun (China)—Britannica Online Encyclopedia]

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{{Commons category|Changchun}}

• {{Wikivoyage inline|Changchun}}
• [http://en.changchun.gov.cn/ Changchun Government website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080629143945/http://www.ccfao.com.cn/ Changchun Foreign Affairs Information Portal]

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{{Changchun}}

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Category:Cities in Jilin

Category:Provincial capitals in China

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Category:Planned communities in China

Category:National Civilized City