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lamiaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}

{{redirect|Mint family|the genus in this family known as "mint"|Mentha}}

{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Lamium purpureum jamestown1.jpg

|image_caption = Lamium purpureum L.

|taxon = Lamiaceae

|authority = Martinov{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P. F. |title=Lamiales (Lamiaceae Family) |publisher=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiaceae |issue=Version 12 |date=July 2012 |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=21 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321062734/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiaceae |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}

|type_genus = Lamium

|type_genus_authority = L.

|subdivision_ranks = Genera

|subdivision = {{hatnote|See {{section link||Genera}}}}

}}

The Lamiaceae ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|eɪ|m|i|ˈ|eɪ|s|i|.|iː|,_|-|ˌ|aɪ}} {{respell|LAY|mee|AY|see|ee|,_|-|eye}}){{cite web |url=https://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lamiaceae |title=Pronunciation of lamiaceae |access-date=2014-11-25 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031453/http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=lamiaceae |url-status=live}}

or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle, or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla, as well as traditional medicines such as catnip, Salvia, bee balm, wild dagga, and oriental motherwort.

Some species are shrubs, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage. Others are grown for seed, such as Salvia hispanica (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as Plectranthus edulis, P. esculentus, P. rotundifolius, and Stachys affinis (Chinese artichoke). Many are also grown ornamentally, notably coleus, Plectranthus, and many Salvia species and hybrids.

The family has a cosmopolitan distribution.{{cite book |first1=Vernon H. |last1=Heywood |first2=Richard K. |last2=Brummitt |first3=Ole |last3=Seberg |first4=Alastair |last4=Culham |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Ontario, Canada |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |year=2007}} The enlarged Lamiaceae contain about 236 genera and have been stated to contain 6,900 to 7,200 species, but the World Checklist lists 7,534.{{Cite web |url=https://apps.kew.org/wcsp/incfamilies.do |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |access-date=2022-02-21 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709174200/http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/incfamilies.do |url-status=live }} The largest genera are Salvia (900), Scutellaria (360), Stachys (300), Plectranthus (300), Hyptis (280), Teucrium (250), Vitex (250), Thymus (220), and Nepeta (200). Clerodendrum was once a genus of over 400 species, but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150.{{cite journal |first1=Yao-Wu |last1=Yuan |first2=David J. |last2=Mabberley |first3=Dorothy A. |last3=Steane |first4=Richard G. |last4=Olmstead |year=2010 |title=Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy |journal=Taxon |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=125–133|doi=10.1002/tax.591013 |bibcode=2010Taxon..59..125Y }}

The family has traditionally been considered closely related to the Verbenaceae;Harley RM, Atkins A, Budantsev AL, et al. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}} in the 1990s, phylogenetic studies suggested that many genera classified in the Verbenaceae should be classified in the LamiaceaeCantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In: Raymond M. Harley and Tom Reynolds (editors). Advances in Labiate Science. Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.{{cite journal |first1=Steven J. |last1=Wagstaff |first2=Laura |last2=Hickerson |first3=Russ |last3=Spangler |first4=Patrick A. |last4=Reeves |first5=Richard G. |last5=Olmstead |year=1998 |title=Phylogeny in Labiatae s.l., inferred from cpDNA sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=209 |issue=3–4 |pages=265–274 |doi=10.1007/bf00985232|bibcode=1998PSyEv.209..265W |s2cid=601658 }} or to other families in the order Lamiales.

The alternative family name Labiatae refers to the flowers typically having petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip ({{lang|la|labia}} in Latin). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with five united petals and five united sepals. They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section,Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}} but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.

Genera

The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004. It described and provided keys to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk (*) in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign (+). Other genera have been synonymised. These are marked with a minus sign (-). The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation."List of genera in Lamiaceae". In: "Lamiaceae". In: "List of families". In: "Families and genera in GRIN. (see External links below) Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family.

Kew Gardens provides a list of genera that includes additional information.List of Genera in Lamiaceae. At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera. At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. At: Electronic Plant Information Center. At: Website of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (see External Links below). A list at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website is frequently updated.{{Cite web |url=https://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/lamiaceaegen.html |title=APG list of Lamiaceae genera |access-date=2022-02-21 |archive-date=2022-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131084023/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/lamiaceaegen.html |url-status=live }} Plants of the World Online currently accepts 227 genera.[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000097-2 Lamiaceae Martinov]. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

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Recent changes

The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia, Paravitex, and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex.{{cite journal |last1=Bramley |first1=Gemma L.C. |last2=Forest |first2=Félix |last3=Rogier |year=2009 |title=Troublesome tropical mints: re-examining generic limits of Vitex and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia |journal=Taxon |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=500–510|doi=10.1002/tax.582014 |bibcode=2009Taxon..58..500B }} Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria. Kalaharia, Volkameria, Ovieda, and Tetraclea have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum. Rydingia has been separated from Leucas.{{cite journal |last1=Scheen |first1=Anne-Cathrine |last2=Albert |first2=Victor A. |year=2007 |title=Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes within the Leucas clade (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae) |journal=Systematics and Geography of Plants |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=229–238 |jstor=20649740 |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nbgb/sgp/2007/00000077/00000002/art00004 }} The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera.{{cite journal |last1=Scheen |first1=Anne-Cathrine |last2=Albert |first2=Victor A. |year=2009 |title=Molecular Phylogenetics of the Leucas Group (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=173–181 |doi=10.1600/036364409787602366 |bibcode=2009SysBo..34..173S |s2cid=85894904 }}

Subfamilies and tribes

In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven subfamilies, plus 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies. The unplaced genera are: Tectona, Callicarpa, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, Garrettia, Cymaria, Acrymia, Holocheila, and Ombrocharis. The subfamilies are the Symphorematoideae, Viticoideae, Ajugoideae, Prostantheroideae, Nepetoideae, Scutellarioideae, and Lamioideae. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not monophyletic. The Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into tribes. These are shown in the phylogenetic tree below.

Phylogeny

Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been sampled for DNA for molecular phylogenetic studies.{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Fei |last2=Chen |first2=Ya-Ping |last3=Salmaki |first3=Yasaman |last4=Drew |first4=Bryan T. |last5=Wilson |first5=Trevor C. |last6=Scheen |first6=Anne-Cathrine |last7=Celep |first7=Ferhat |last8=Bräuchler |first8=Christian |last9=Bendiksby |first9=Mika |last10=Wang |first10=Qiang |last11=Min |first11=Dao-Zhang |last12=Peng |first12=Hua |last13=Olmstead |first13=Richard G. |last14=Li |first14=Bo |last15=Xiang |first15=Chun-Lei |title=An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics |journal=BMC Biology |date=8 January 2021 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=2 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-00931-z |pmid=33419433 |pmc=7796571 |doi-access=free }} Most of those that have been are included in the following phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny depicted below is based on seven different sources.{{cite journal |last1=Zhong |first1=Jin-Shun |last2=Li |first2=Jie |last3=Li |first3=Lang |last4=Conran |first4=John G. |last5=Hsi-wen |first5=Li |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of Isodon (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach (Lamiaceae) and Related Genera Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS, trnL-trnF Region, and rps16 Intron Sequences and Morphology |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=207–219 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862614|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..207Z |s2cid=54808462 }}{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Jay B. |last2=Sytsma |first2=Kenneth J. |year=2007 |title=Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=375–391 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcl176 |pmid=16926227 |pmc=2735309}}{{cite journal |last1=Ryding |first1=P. Olof |year=2010 |title=Pericarp structure and phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=285 |issue=3–4 |pages=165–175 |doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0270-9 |bibcode=2010PSyEv.285..165R |s2cid=24076224 }}

{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:90%

|label1=Lamiaceae

|1={{clade

|1=Callicarpa

|2=Tectona

|label3=Viticoideae (pro parte)

|3={{clade

|1=Gmelina

|2=Premna

}}

|label4=Viticoideae (pro parte)

|4=Vitex

|label5=Symphorematoideae

|5={{clade

|1=Congea

|2=Symphorema

}}

|label6=Ajugoideae

|6={{clade

|1=Rotheca

|2={{clade

|1=Teucrium

|2={{clade

|1=Ajuga

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Oxera

|2=Faradaya

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Kalaharia

|2={{clade

|1=Clerodendrum

|2={{clade

|1=Volkameria

|2={{clade

|1=Ovieda

|2=Aegiphila

|3=Tetraclea

|4=Amasonia

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label7=Prostantheroideae

|7={{clade

|label1=Chloantheae

|1=Chloanthes

|label2=Westringieae

|2={{clade

|1=Prostanthera

|2=Westringia

}}

}}

|label8=Nepetoideae

|8={{clade

|label1=Ocimeae

|1={{clade

|1=Lavandula

|2=Siphocranion

|3={{clade

|1=Isodon

|2=Hanceola

|3=Hyptis

|4={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Orthosiphon

|2=Ocimum

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Plectranthus

|2=Coleus

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2=Elsholtzieae

|2={{clade

|1=Elsholtzia

|2=Perilla

}}

|label3=Mentheae

|3={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Lepechinia

|2=Salvia

|3=Rosmarinus

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Prunella

|2={{clade

|1=Nepeta

|2=Dracocephalum

|3=Agastache

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Origanum

|2=Thymus

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Mentha

|2={{clade

|1=Satureja

|2={{clade

|1=Clinopodium

|2=Bystropogon

}}

|3={{clade

|1=Pycnanthemum

|2=Monarda

}}

|4={{clade

|1=Dicerandra

|2=Conradina

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|9={{clade

|label1=Scutellarioideae

|1={{clade

|1=Holmskioldia

|2=Scutellaria

}}

|label2=Lamioideae

|2={{clade

|1=Pogostemon

|2={{clade

|1=Phlomis

|2=Lamium

|3={{clade

|1=Stachys

|2=Sideritis

|3={{clade

|1=Haplostachys

|2={{clade

|1=Stenogyne

|2=Phyllostegia

}}

}}

}}

|4=Leonurus

|5=Marrubium

|6=Moluccella

|7={{clade

|1=Rydingia

|2={{clade

|1=Leucas

|2=Leonotis

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Gallery

{{gallery|mode=packed

|Lamium purpureum Closeup.jpg|Lamium purpureum, showing the bilaterally symmetrical flower

|Leucas aspera at Gandipet, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9054.jpg|Leucas aspera in Hyderabad, India

|Origanum vulgare - harilik pune.jpg|Oregano

|Orthosiphon pallidus (Jyoti) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8284.jpg|Orthosiphon thymiflorus flower

|Plectranthus ecklonii fence.jpg|Plectranthus ecklonii

|Salvia jurisicii in its native habitat.jpg|Salvia jurisicii

|Tetradenia_riparia_03.jpg|Tetradenia riparia

}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline}}
  • [https://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/labiatae.htm Lamiaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/https://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval]. delta-intkey.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171954/https://www.delta-intkey.com/ |date=2022-03-02 }}.

{{Angiosperm families}}

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{{Authority control}}

Category:Lamiales families