list of regions in the human brain
{{Short description|none}}
File:Gray727-Brodman.png of a human brain]]
{{Neuropsychology|topics}}
File:Basic structures of the brain highlighted.png
The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
{{main|Hindbrain}}
File:Brain bulbar region.svg categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.]]
=[[Myelencephalon]]=
- Medulla oblongata
- Medullary pyramids
- Arcuate nucleus
- Olivary body
- Inferior olivary nucleus
- Rostral ventrolateral medulla
- Caudal ventrolateral medulla
- Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract)
- Respiratory center-Respiratory groups
- Dorsal respiratory group
- Ventral respiratory group or Apneustic centre
- Pre-Bötzinger complex
- Botzinger complex
- Retrotrapezoid nucleus
- Nucleus retrofacialis
- Nucleus retroambiguus
- Nucleus para-ambiguus
- Paramedian reticular nucleus
- Gigantocellular reticular nucleus
- Parafacial zone
- Cuneate nucleus
- Gracile nucleus
- Perihypoglossal nuclei
- Intercalated nucleus
- Prepositus nucleus
- Sublingual nucleus
- Area postrema
- Medullary cranial nerve nuclei
- Inferior salivatory nucleus
- Nucleus ambiguus
- Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
- Hypoglossal nucleus
- Chemoreceptor trigger zone
=[[Metencephalon]]=
== [[Pons]] ==
- Pontine nuclei
- Pontine cranial nerve nuclei
- Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
- Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
- Abducens nucleus (VI)
- Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
- Superior salivatory nucleus
- Pontine tegmentum
- Pontine micturition center (Barrington's nucleus)
- Locus coeruleus
- Pedunculopontine nucleus
- Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
- Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus
- Nucleus incertus
- Parabrachial area
- Medial parabrachial nucleus
- Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus)
- Pontine respiratory group
- Superior olivary complex
- Medial superior olive
- Lateral superior olive
- Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
- Paramedian pontine reticular formation
- Parvocellular reticular nucleus
- Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
- Cerebellar peduncles
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
== [[Fourth ventricle]] ==
== [[Cerebellum]] ==
[[Mesencephalon|Midbrain]] (mesencephalon)
- Tectum
- Corpora quadrigemina
- Inferior colliculi
- Superior colliculi
- Pretectum
- Tegmentum
- Periaqueductal gray
- Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Midbrain reticular formation
- Dorsal raphe nucleus
- Red nucleus
- Ventral tegmental area
- Parabrachial pigmented nucleus
- Paranigral nucleus
- Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
- Caudal linear nucleus
- Rostral linear nucleus of the raphe
- Interfascicular nucleus
- Substantia nigra
- Pars compacta
- Pars reticulata
- Interpeduncular nucleus
- Cerebral peduncle
- Crus cerebri
- Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei
- Oculomotor nucleus (III)
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
- Trochlear nucleus (IV)
- Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)
[[Prosencephalon|Forebrain]] (prosencephalon)
=[[Diencephalon]]=
==[[Epithalamus]]==
- Pineal body (pineal gland)
- Habenular nuclei
- Stria medullaris
- Taenia thalami
==[[Third ventricle]]==
==[[Thalamus]]==
{{see also|List of thalamic nuclei}}
- Anterior nuclear group
- Anteroventral nucleus ({{aka}} ventral anterior nucleus)
- Anterodorsal nucleus
- Anteromedial nucleus
- Medial nuclear group
- Medial dorsal nucleus
- Midline nuclear group
- Paratenial nucleus
- Reuniens nucleus ({{aka}} medioventral nucleus)
- Rhomboidal nucleus
- Intralaminar nuclear group
- Centromedian nucleus
- Parafascicular nucleus
- Paracentral nucleus
- Central lateral nucleus
- Lateral nuclear group
- Lateral dorsal nucleus
- Lateral posterior nucleus
- Pulvinar
- Ventral nuclear group
- Ventral anterior nucleus
- Ventral lateral nucleus
- Ventral posterior nucleus
- Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
- Ventral posterior medial nucleus
- Metathalamus
- Medial geniculate body
- Lateral geniculate body
- Thalamic reticular nucleus
==[[Hypothalamus]] ''([[limbic system]])'' ''([[HPA axis]])''==
- Anterior
- Medial area
- Parts of preoptic area
- Medial preoptic nucleus
- INAH 1
- INAH 2
- INAH 3
- INAH 4
- Median preoptic nucleus
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Paraventricular nucleus
- Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
- Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- Lateral area
- Parts of preoptic area
- Lateral preoptic nucleus
- Anterior part of Lateral nucleus
- Part of supraoptic nucleus
- Other nuclei of preoptic area
- Median preoptic nucleus
- Periventricular preoptic nucleus
- Tuberal
- Medial area
- Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
- Ventromedial nucleus
- Arcuate nucleus
- Lateral area
- Tuberal part of Lateral nucleus
- Lateral tuberal nuclei
- Posterior
- Medial area
- Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)
- Posterior nucleus
- Lateral area
- Posterior part of Lateral nucleus
- Surface
- Median eminence
- Mammillary bodies
- Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
- Optic chiasm
- Subfornical organ
- Periventricular nucleus
- Tuber cinereum
- Tuberal nucleus
- Tuberomammillary nucleus
- Tuberal region
- Mammillary nucleus
==[[Subthalamus]] ''([[HPA axis]])'' ==
==[[Pituitary gland]] ''([[HPA axis]])''==
- Neurohypophysis
- Pars intermedia (Intermediate Lobe)
- Adenohypophysis
= [[Telencephalon|Telencephalon ''(cerebrum)'']] [[Cerebral hemisphere]]s =
==[[White matter]]==
==Subcortical==
- Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe)
- Dentate gyrus
- Cornu ammonis (CA fields)
- Cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1)
- Cornu ammonis area 2 (CA2)
- Cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3)
- Cornu ammonis area 4 (CA4)
- Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe)
- Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system)
- Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system)
- Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system)
- Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system)
- Extended amygdala
- Stria terminalis
- Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- Claustrum
- Basal ganglia
- Striatum
- Dorsal striatum (a.k.a. neostriatum)
- Putamen
- Caudate nucleus
- Ventral striatum
- Nucleus accumbens
- Olfactory tubercle
- Globus pallidus (forms nucleus lentiformis with putamen)
- Ventral pallidum
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Basal forebrain
- Anterior perforated substance
- Substantia innominata
- Nucleus basalis
- Diagonal band of Broca
- Septal nuclei
- Medial septal nuclei
- Lamina terminalis
- Vascular organ of lamina terminalis
==[[Rhinencephalon]] ''([[paleocortex]])''==
==[[Cerebral cortex]] ''([[neocortex]])''==
- Frontal lobe
- Cortex
- Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus, M1)
- Premotor cortex
- Supplementary motor cortex
- Prefrontal cortex
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- Gyri
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Middle frontal gyrus
- Inferior frontal gyrus
- Brodmann areas: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47
- Parietal lobe
- Cortex
- Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
- Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)
- Posterior parietal cortex
- Gyri
- Postcentral gyrus (Primary somesthetic area)
- Other
- Precuneus
- Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 (Primary somesthetic area); 5, 7, 23, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40
- Occipital lobe
- Cortex
- Primary visual cortex (V1)
- V2
- V3
- V4
- Gyri
- Lateral occipital gyrus
- Other
- Cuneus
- Brodmann areas 17 (V1, primary visual cortex); 18, 19
- Temporal lobe
- Cortex
- Primary auditory cortex (A1)
- Secondary auditory cortex (A2)
- Inferior temporal cortex
- V5/MT
- Posterior inferior temporal cortex
- Gyri
- Superior temporal gyrus
- Middle temporal gyrus
- Inferior temporal gyrus
- Entorhinal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Fusiform gyrus
- Brodmann areas: 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42
- Other
- Medial superior temporal area (MST)
- Insular cortex
- Cingulate cortex
- Anterior cingulate
- Posterior cingulate
- Retrosplenial cortex
- Indusium griseum
- Subgenual area 25
- Brodmann areas 23, 24; 26, 29, 30 (retrosplenial areas); 31, 32
[[Neural pathway]]s
- Superior longitudinal fasciculus
- Arcuate fasciculus
- Uncinate fasciculus
- Perforant pathway
- Thalamocortical radiations
- Corpus callosum
- Anterior commissure
- Amygdalofugal pathway
- Interthalamic adhesion
- Posterior commissure
- Habenular commissure
- Fornix
- Mammillotegmental fasciculus
- Incertohypothalamic pathway
- Cerebral peduncle
- Medial forebrain bundle
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Myoclonic triangle
- Solitary tract
- Major dopaminergic pathways from dopaminergic cell groups
- Mesocortical pathway
- Mesolimbic pathway
- Nigrostriatal pathway
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway
- Serotonergic pathways
- Raphe Nuclei
- Norepinephrine Pathways
- Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups
- Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups
- Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei
=[[Motor system]]s / Descending fibers=
- Extrapyramidal system
- Pyramidal tract
- Corticospinal tract or Cerebrospinal fibers
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Anterior corticospinal tract
- Corticopontine fibers
- Frontopontine fibers
- Temporopontine fibers
- Corticobulbar tract
- Corticomesencephalic tract
- Tectospinal tract
- Interstitiospinal tract
- Rubrospinal tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Olivospinal tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Lateral vestibulospinal tract
- Medial vestibulospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
- Lateral raphespinal tract
- Alpha system
- Gamma system
=[[Somatosensory system]]=
=[[Visual system]]=
=[[Auditory system]]=
=[[Nerves]]=
[[Neuroendocrine system]]s
[[Neuron|Neuro]] [[circulatory system|vascular systems]]
[[Neurotransmitter pathways]]
{{see also|Neuromodulation}}
Dural meningeal system
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
- Meningeal coverings
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
- Epidural space
- Subdural space
- Subarachnoid space
- Arachnoid septum
- Superior cistern
- Cistern of lamina terminalis
- Chiasmatic cistern
- Interpeduncular cistern
- Pontine cistern
- Cisterna magna
- Spinal subarachnoid space
- Ventricular system
- Lateral ventricles
- Angular bundle
- Anterior horn
- Body of lateral ventricle
- Inferior horn
- Posterior horn
- Calcar avis
- Subventricular zone
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Foramina
- Interventricular Foramina
- Cerebral Aqueduct
- Foramina of Luschka
- Foramen of Magendie
[[Limbic system]]
- Cortical areas:
- Limbic lobe
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Piriform cortex part of the olfactory system
- Entorhinal cortex
- Hippocampus and associated structures
- Fornix and septal nuclei
- Subcortical areas:
- Septal nuclei
- Amygdala
- Nucleus accumbens
- Diencephalic structures:
- Hypothalamus
- Mammillary bodies
- Anterior nuclei of thalamus
Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:
- Stria medullaris
- Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden
Related topics
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{MeSH name|Brain}} (view tree for regions of the brain)
- [https://brainmaps.org/ BrainMaps.org]
- [http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/ BrainInfo] (University of Washington)
- {{Cite web |title=Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain |website=Johns Hopkins Medicine|date=14 July 2021 }}
- {{Cite web |title=Brain Map |url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/brain |website=Queensland Health|date=12 July 2022 }}
{{Spinal cord}}
{{Medulla}}
{{Pons}}
{{Mesencephalon}}
{{Neural tracts}}
{{Somatosensory system}}