overview of gun laws by nation

Firearms are not defined the same way in each country.

Some terms are used in several countries in the context of gun laws. These include the following:

• shall-issue: granting of a required license or permit is subject only to the applicant's meeting determinate criteria laid out in the law; the granting authority has no discretion in the awarding of licenses.
• may-issue: granting of a required permit or license is partially at the discretion of local authorities. Some jurisdictions may provide administrative and legal avenues for an applicant to appeal a permit denial, while others may not.
• no-issue: granting of a required permit or license is forbidden, or, at most, allowed only in certain very limited circumstances.

Gun laws might be classified by countries according to some specific common characteristics:

• Yemen does not require any permit or any license for the acquisition or selling of any types of firearms, including fully automatic firearms.
• Most U.S. states do not require any permit or any license for the acquisition or selling of most types of firearms, meaning they're sold over the counter and no license is required for buying a great number of firearms. Citizens (excluding prohibited persons in the latter case) may freely buy them from licensed and state authorized dealers or suppliers.
• Some countries including Austria, Liechtenstein, Philippines, and Switzerland are partially licensed, meaning that any non-prohibited citizen may buy repeating rifles and break-action shotguns from licensed dealers and a permit is required only for handguns and semi-automatic firearms.
• Some countries allow firearm ownership without good reason or with a simple declaration of reason. For example, in Austria, while the law requires an applicant to have good reason to acquire a license for a handgun, self-defense at home is accepted as a good reason. Canada and New Zealand do not require good reason for applicants' acquisition of most types of long guns, although they require it for restricted weapons like handguns.
• Some countries require an applicant to show good reason to secure a firearm license. In some, like Poland and Malta, the list of good reasons and conditions that must be met is explicitly stated in the law. In others, like Kenya and the United Kingdom, the law does not specify what constitutes a good reason and leaves it at the discretion of authorities, but good or legitimate reasons for obtaining a firearm are hunting, sport shooting, collecting, and self defense.
• In some countries, like China, Japan, Venezuela and Myanmar, only people that are abled and trained and are meeting narrow conditions are allowed to own firearms, and few licenses are issued.
• In some countries, including Cambodia, Eritrea, and the Solomon Islands, ownership of firearms by civilians is completely prohibited with exceptions for private security companies, militias and paramilitary groups.

File:Forside våpenkort.jpg revolver, with name and address of the owner, as well as firearm type, brand, caliber and serial number]]

File:Kleiner Waffenschein Außen.JPG

A firearms license (also known as a gun license; or licence in British English) is a license or permit issued by a government authority (typically by the police) of a jurisdiction, that allows the licensee to buy, own, possess, or carry a firearm, often subject to a number of conditions or restrictions, especially with regard to storage requirements or the completion of a firearms safety course, as well as background checks, etc. Firearms licenses are not required in all jurisdictions. Additionally, some countries or states may require by law a "permit-to-purchase" in order to buy handguns or firearms.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21739193-washington-dithers-and-argues-some-states-show-way-what-works-reduce-gun-deaths|title=What works to reduce gun deaths|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|access-date=2018-05-21|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515030203/https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21739193-washington-dithers-and-argues-some-states-show-way-what-works-reduce-gun-deaths|url-status=live}} A licence may also be required to buy ammunition.

The permit or license scope varies according to what firearm(s) or activity(s) it allows the holder to legally do with the firearm. Some jurisdictions may require a firearm license to own a firearm, to engage in hunting, target shooting or collecting, or to carry a concealed firearm, or operate a business (such as being a gun dealer or a gunsmith). Some jurisdictions may require separate licenses for rifles, shotguns or handguns.

The requirement to have a firearm license is usually in addition to a requirement for firearm registration. For example, gun laws in Australia require firearms to be registered by serial number to the owner, who holds a firearm licence.

This section uses the expressions shall issue and may issue which are partly specific to and defined by the US system of firearm regulations.

{{multiple image

| align = center

| image1 = Longgunlaws.svg

| width1 = 700

| caption1 = Possession of long guns by country:

{{Legend|#0000ff|No permit required for semi-automatic long guns}}

{{Legend|#2ad4ffff|Partially licensed – repeating long guns permitless, semi-automatic with permit}}

{{Legend|#00ff00|Allowed with permit – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason¹}}

{{Legend|#ffff00|Allowed with permit – good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life required). ¹}}

{{Legend|#ff2a2aff|Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice – few licenses are issued}}

{{Legend|#b30000ff|Prohibited – Civilians are banned from obtaining long guns}}.

{{Legend striped|#ff2a2aff|white|Different rules regarding shotguns and rifles}}

¹Some countries in these categories may place additional restrictions or ban semi-automatic long guns.

| footer = {{Underline|Notes}}:

| direction =

| total_width =

| alt1 =

}}

{{multiple image

| align = center

| image1 = Handgunlaws-2024-03-16.svg

| width1 = 700

| caption1 = Possession of handguns by country:

{{Legend|#0000ff|No permit required – Permits or licenses are not required to obtain handguns.}}

{{Legend|#00ff00|Allowed with permit – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason}}

{{Legend|#ffff00|Allowed with permit – good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required}}

{{Legend|#ff2a2aff|Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice – few licenses are issued}}

{{Legend|#b30000ff|Prohibited – Civilians are banned from obtaining handguns.}}

| footer = {{Underline|Notes}}:

| direction =

| total_width =

| alt1 =

}}

The Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the 51 member states of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).{{cite book|editor-last=Juma|editor-first=Monica Kathina|title=Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa|series=Series on peace and conflict in Africa|year=2006|publisher=Pretoria University Law Press|location=Pretoria|isbn=9780958509732|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjtcCyGjm1wC|page=39}} The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries.{{cite book| last = Parker | first = Sarah | chapter = Balancing Acts: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession | title = Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security |editor1-first = Eric G. | editor1-last = Berman | editor2-first = Keith | editor2-last = Krause | editor3-first = Emile | editor3-last = LeBrun|editor4-first = Glenn | editor4-last = McDonald | display-editors = 1 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2011 | location = Cambridge | isbn = 9780521146869 | chapter-url = http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2011/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2011-Chapter-09-EN.pdf | url = http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2011.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711032608/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2011.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 11 July 2011|page=4 }}

Botswana's law allows possession of shotguns and rifles only. The government has put a limit on the number of licenses issued every year – only 50 people can receive them, no matter how many apply, meaning that the acceptance rate is usually below 1%.{{cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805110188.html|title=Botswana: Fifty Win First Stage of Firearm Permit|date=10 May 2018|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803164959/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805110188.html|url-status=live}}

Currently there are 34,550 (or 1.5 per 100 people) registered firearms.{{cite news|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=47134&dir=2014/november/06|title=Over 34,000 registered guns in Botswana|date=6 November 2014|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309000409/https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=47134&dir=2014%2Fnovember%2F06|url-status=live}}

Officially only 143 people have a permit to own firearms in Central African Republic, mostly members of parliament. They are entitled to possess one 12-gauge shotgun and one 9mm automatic pistol.{{cite web|url=https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/defense-civile-et-militaire/bangui-autorisation-d-achat-et-de-port-d-armes.html|title=Bangui : autorisation d'achat et de port d'armes|date=29 October 2018|language=fr|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521102200/https://www.centrafriqueledefi.com/pages/defense-civile-et-militaire/bangui-autorisation-d-achat-et-de-port-d-armes.html|url-status=live}} Regardless, illegal possession and carry of firearms is widespread in Central African Republic, large parts of which are under control of different armed groups. Anti-balaka and ex-Séléka militias possess and carry home-made shotguns, automatic rifles and rocket launchers.{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/12/central-african-republic-muslims-forced-flee|title=Central African Republic: Muslims Forced to Flee|date=12 February 2014|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026041649/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/12/central-african-republic-muslims-forced-flee|url-status=live}}

A law on firearms passed in 1968 requires a permit to own a firearm in Chad which must be renewed annually. This law does not specify any conditions that must be met to obtain a license except for a tax stamp which must be paid, between 500 and 3000 CFA francs depending on the type of firearm.Chad: [http://unmondeformidable.over-blog.com/article-tchad-armes-et-munitions-et-si-on-appliquait-la-reglementation-87849398.html Ordinance No 26/PG-INT Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition], 1968 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705222714/http://unmondeformidable.over-blog.com/article-tchad-armes-et-munitions-et-si-on-appliquait-la-reglementation-87849398.html|date=5 July 2023}} Considering that in 2017 the Chadian government raised 5 million francs from issuing firearm licenses{{cite web|url=https://www.cabri-sbo.org/uploads/bia/chad_2017_approval_external_adjusted_budget_ministry_of_finance_cen-sad_eccas_french__1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521104002/https://www.cabri-sbo.org/uploads/bia/chad_2017_approval_external_adjusted_budget_ministry_of_finance_cen-sad_eccas_french__1.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-21 |url-status=live|title=PROJET DE LOT DE FINANCES RECTIFICATIVE 2017|language=fr|page=15}} it would mean that there are between 1,666 and 10,000 active firearm licenses in Chad or between 0.01 and 0.06 per 100 people.

Possession of firearms in Djibouti is generally prohibited except when special permits are granted in exceptional circumstances by the Head of State.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/djibouti Djibouti — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200410/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/djibouti |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Djibouti — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023.

Firearms in Eritrea are completely prohibited for civilian use without exceptions.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/eritrea Eritrea— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200406/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/eritrea |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Eritrea— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023.

Permitted types of firearms in Eswatini are shotguns, revolvers, pistols and rifles. To obtain a license one must get approval from the Local Chief's council, Local Station Commander, Regional Administrator, Director of Crimes at Police Headquarters, Licensing Officer/Registrar of Firearms Registry, Licensing Board and lastly the Police Station Commander. Requirements include general standing in the community. The application acceptance rate is around 57% {{As of|2002|lc=y|post=.}}

Current law states that firearm licenses are a privilege in Gambia and authorities have full discretion in issuing them.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/gambia Gambia— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200410/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/gambia |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Gambia— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023.

Firearm law in Ghana allows acquisition of shotguns and handguns (pistols and revolvers). It requires that every firearm must be reregistered every year; however, this is widely ignored. Out of 1,230,000 people who legally bought a gun only 40,000 are reregistering their weapons every year. Unlike other African countries, handguns are popular in Ghana. For example, in Greater Accra Region 74.4% of people who legally acquired guns in 2020 chose revolvers, while 21% chose shotguns. In the Ashanti region 45.5% chose shotguns, while 21.5% chose revolvers.{{cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/demand-for-firearms-increasing.html|title=Demand for firearms increasing|newspaper=Graphic Online|date=14 October 2020|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035700/https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/demand-for-firearms-increasing.html|url-status=live}}

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

Gun regulation in Kenya is established by the Firearms Act (Cap. 114) of Kenya.{{Cite web|url=http://kenyalaw.org/lex/actview.xql?actid=CAP.%20114|title=CAP. 114|website=kenyalaw.org|access-date=2017-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818063401/http://kenyalaw.org/lex/actview.xql?actid=CAP.%20114|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead}} The Act states: "No person under the age of twelve years shall have in his possession any firearm or ammunition to which Part II applies, and no person under the age of fourteen years shall have in his possession any firearm or ammunition to which Part II applies other than a miniature rifle not exceeding 0.22 calibre or a shotgun the bore of which is not larger than 20 gauge, and ammunition suitable therefor, except in circumstances where he is entitled to have possession thereof without holding a firearm certificate by virtue of subsection (8), subsection (9) or subsection (10) of section 7; and no person shall part with the possession of any such firearm or ammunition to any person whom he knows or has reason to believe to be under the age of twelve or fourteen years, as the case may be, except in circumstances where that other person is entitled to have possession thereof."

The Chief Licensing Officer (CLO) has discretion to award, deny, or revoke firearm licenses. Applicants must be 21 years of age or older,{{Cite web |last=Mutsoli |first=Vivian |date=2021-08-16 |title=How to get a gun license in Kenya 2021: Step-by-step guide |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/377823-how-a-gun-license-kenya.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news. |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704101641/https://www.tuko.co.ke/377823-how-a-gun-license-kenya.html |url-status=live }} pass a stringent background check for criminal activity, mental health and domestic violence, and state genuine reason(s) for their need to privately own and carry a firearm. Checks are regularly repeated, with failure to pass resulting in immediate revocation of the license. Once licensed to own a gun, no additional permit is required to carry a concealed firearm.

Applicants for firearm possession must obtain a reference letter from the village chief or headman and the PrincipalChief.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/lesotho Lesotho— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200409/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/lesotho |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Lesotho— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023. It is later sent to local police stations for scrutiny, then to district police for their assessment, then to the National Security Service or Criminal Intelligence for vetting of the applicant. The application then goes to the Regional Police Commissioner who will in turn pass it the Police Headquarters for approval by the Commissioner of Police (Firearms and Explosives Licensing Board).

Liberia allows only possession of single-shot shotguns and black powder long guns for hunting purposes. Private security agencies are banned from arming their employees. However, some criminals have automatic firearms, particularly AK-styled rifles. These are believed to be leftovers from the country's decade-long intermittent civil war. Automatic firearms are also likely coming across the country's porous borders with Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. These countries have more liberal gun-ownership laws.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/guinea Guinea— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Guinea— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200407/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/guinea|date=26 December 2023}}[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cote-d-ivoire Côte d'Ivoire — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826231025/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cote-d-ivoire |date=26 August 2021 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Côte d'Ivoire — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/sierra-leone Sierra Leone — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200408/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/sierra-leone |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2023. Sierra Leone— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law— Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 22 January. Accessed 26 December 2023. All of Liberia's neighbors have experienced some form of armed conflict in the last two decades leaving them awash with illegal automatic weapons. The Emergency Response Unit (ERU), the only armed unit within the Liberia National Police, responds to armed incidents, particularly armed robbery.

Liberia Firearms and Ammunition Control Act of 2015 regulates the possession and use of small arms and light weapons in the country. The illegal possession of small arms and light weapons constitutes a first-degree misdemeanor and is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than a year and seizure of the illegally possessed arm or ammunition.[https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/national-practice/firearms-and-ammunition-control-act-2015 Liberia - Firearms and Ammunition Control Act, 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200404/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/national-practice/firearms-and-ammunition-control-act-2015 |date=26 December 2023 }} International Humanitarian Law Databases. ICRC

There are no licensed firearm dealers in Mozambique, therefore any person wanting to obtain one must travel to a different country (usually South Africa), purchase guns, then return, surrender them for authorities and ask them to allow them to obtain them.

Namibia permits firearm ownership under license, which is issued on a may-issue basis. In 2017 Namibian police issued 7,647 firearm licenses from 9,239 applications, the acceptance rate therefore being around 83%.{{cite web|url=https://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/12425/nampol-approved-over-7-000-gun-license-applications-in-2017-rejected-over-1000-others/|title=NamPol approved over 7 000 gun license applications in 2017 …rejected over 1000 others|date=30 January 2018|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801174212/https://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/12425/nampol-approved-over-7-000-gun-license-applications-in-2017-rejected-over-1000-others/|url-status=dead}} Overall there are currently 200,100 registered firearms in Namibia or 9 per 100 people. Most popular types of firearms owned by civilians are pistols (46%), rifles (34%) and shotguns (24%).{{cite web|url=https://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/12009/massive-private-gun-ownership-raises-eyebrows-/|title=Massive private gun-ownership raises eyebrows|date=13 November 2017|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801174212/https://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/12009/massive-private-gun-ownership-raises-eyebrows-/|url-status=dead}} Carrying unloaded concealed firearms in public is allowed.

In 2019 Rwanda passed a new law dealing with firearm possession. It states that authorities have total discretion when determining whether persons can own firearms and can therefore deny applications without reason, even if someone met all requirements.

{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

Senegal has a strict gun legislation. Applications for firearm licenses do not need to specify a reason. An application requires: copy of identity card, criminal record, medical check-up, four photos, tax stamp and personality test. Decisions should be made after a few months.{{cite web|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/senegal|publisher=Gunpolicy.org|title=Senegal- Gun Facts, Figures, and the Law|access-date=28 April 2023|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428180553/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/senegal|url-status=dead}}

Gun ownership is very rare, however numbers are on the rise. In 2016 Senegal police issued 1000 licenses, while rejecting 250 (80% acceptance rate), compared to 456 in 2011. In 2017 it was estimated that police issued more than 7,000 total licenses (0.04 per 100 people).

In 2012, Sierra Leone legalized gun ownership after 16 years of a total ban being enforced.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2012-09.pdf |title=The Arms and Ammunition Act, 2012 |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115002054/http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2012-09.pdf |url-status=live }} According to the act, authorities have discretion in determining whether persons have good reasons to own firearms. The Arms Act of 2021 repealed the Arms Act of 2012, with little change to licensing procedures.{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/bill_files/THE%20ARMS%20AND%20AMMUNITION%20ACT,%202021.pdf |title=The Arms and Ammunition Act, 2021 |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229181324/https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/bill_files/THE%20ARMS%20AND%20AMMUNITION%20ACT,%202021.pdf |url-status=live }}

From 1992 until 2023, a UN embargo had prohibited importation of any firearms into Somalia except for security forces.{{cite web|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/somalia|title=UN arms embargo on Somalia|date=20 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032843/https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/somalia|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/un-security-council-lifts-arms-embargo-somalia-government-2023-12-01/|title=UN Security Council lifts arms embargo on Somalia government|website=Reuters|access-date=8 December 2023|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227161143/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/un-security-council-lifts-arms-embargo-somalia-government-2023-12-01/|url-status=live}}

According to 2010 gun control law residents of Somaliland are allowed to possess firearms for the purpose of defense of life and property. The law specifies pistols and AK automatic rifles as permissible while also mentioning that others can be allowed. Only one weapon of each type can be registered. Possession of more than one weapon of each type require justification and is granted only for legal persons. Permits to register a weapon are provided to people over 18 without criminal background. Permit must be renewed every year. Both citizens and residents can register firearms and they can be inherited. Sale of firearms is limited to government and licensed dealers. Weapons of war such as mortars, bombs, chemical weapons as well as suppressors are prohibited. Openly carrying firearms is prohibited.Somaliland: [http://garyaqaankaguud.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Xeerka-Xakamaynta-Hubka-Fudud-Xeer-Lr.-32.-2010.pdf Arms Control Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509061834/http://garyaqaankaguud.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Xeerka-Xakamaynta-Hubka-Fudud-Xeer-Lr.-32.-2010.pdf|date=9 May 2021}}, 2010 (in Somali). Translated: [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=pl&sl=so&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fgaryaqaankaguud.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FXeerka-Xakamaynta-Hubka-Fudud-Xeer-Lr.-32.-2010.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507193801/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=pl&sl=so&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fgaryaqaankaguud.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FXeerka-Xakamaynta-Hubka-Fudud-Xeer-Lr.-32.-2010.pdf|date=7 May 2021}} As the arms embargo on Somalia was lifted, the Somaliland government opposed the measure.[https://web.archive.org/web/20231227053918/https://mfa.govsomaliland.org/article/hargeisa-somaliland-december-2-2023-government-republic-soma PRESS RELEASE ; Somaliland Opposes Lifting of Arms Embargo on Somalia] 2 December 2023

{{Main|Firearm regulation in South Africa}}

To apply for a firearm license in South Africa applicants must pass a competency test covering the specific type of firearm that is being applied for, and a test on the South African firearm laws. Once these tests are passed one needs to apply for a competency certificate, where the South African Police Service performs a background check and an inspection of the premises where the firearm will be stored. After both tests are passed and the respective certificates are awarded, one can then apply for a firearm license in categories ranging from self-defence to professional hunting. Different license categories have different restrictions, for example the amount of ammunition owners may hold. Using guns to hunt is permitted{{Cite web | url=https://www.saps.gov.za/services/flash/firearms/faq_categories.php | title=About Us | SAPS (South African Police Service) | access-date=15 August 2018 | archive-date=30 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030124946/https://www.saps.gov.za/services/flash/firearms/faq_categories.php | url-status=live }}

Firearms in Argentina are restricted, being regulated by ANMaC (Agencia Nacional de Materiales Controlados) since October 2015. Said agency replaced RENAR (Registro Nacional de Armas de la Republica Argentina), both being a branch of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. To own a firearm in Argentina, one must be a legitimate user. Applicants must: be 21 years of age or older, provide a medical certificate that certifies they are physically and mentally fit, complete a safety course, provide a legitimate means of income, and undergo and pass a background check. A successful applicant is fingerprinted and issued a license which has to be renewed every five years. One may not legally discharge a firearm in Argentina if they are not a legitimate user, even if that gun belongs to someone else. Once a legitimate user wants to purchase a firearm, they must provide a secure location to store the firearm(s), and give an acceptable reason for wanting a firearm – such as collecting, target shooting, hunting, business, or self-defense in the home.{{cite web|title=ANMaC|url=http://www.jus.gob.ar/tramites-y-servicios/armas/credencial-de-legitimo-usuario.aspx|website=ANMaC|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627043916/http://www.jus.gob.ar/tramites-y-servicios/armas/credencial-de-legitimo-usuario.aspx|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}

Firearms must be purchased through a licensed registry registered with the ANMaC. If a firearm is inherited, a re-registering form must be filed. There is no limit on the number of firearms owned so long as they are properly stored. Ammunition sales are recorded but unlimited. Carry permits for licensed handgun owners are extremely difficult to obtain, and require appearing before the ANMaC board to make their case. Carry permits are renewed yearly to re-examine their "clear and present" danger, and the permit is usually revoked immediately if this danger is removed. Those dealing in money or valuables or in private security may be issued a business carry permit.{{cite web|title=ANMaC permits|url=https://www.renar.gov.ar/index_seccion.php?seccion=requisitos&idt=PORTA&m=1&id=2&secc=usuario_tramites|website=ANMaC|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221456/https://www.renar.gov.ar/index_seccion.php?seccion=requisitos&idt=PORTA&m=1&id=2&secc=usuario_tramites|archive-date=7 May 2018|url-status=dead}}

Handguns above .32 calibre are conditional-use; fully automatic handguns are prohibited to civilians. Bolt-action rifles above .22, long rifles and semi-automatic rifles above .22, and long rifles with a non-detachable magazine are conditional-use; fully automatic rifles and semi-automatic rifles above .22, and long rifles with detachable magazines are prohibited. Semi-automatic shotguns and shotguns with barrels between {{convert|380|and|600|mm|abbr=on}} long are conditional-use; fully automatic shotguns and shotguns with barrels under {{convert|380|mm|abbr=on}} are prohibited.{{cite web|title=Classification of firearms|url=http://www.anmac.gob.ar/index_seccion.php?seccion=clasi_armas_fuego&m=2|website=ANMaC|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710032046/http://www.anmac.gob.ar/index_seccion.php?seccion=clasi_armas_fuego&m=2|url-status=live}}{{clarify|date=July 2017|reason=How civil conditional-use differ from civil use?}}

Permanent residents or citizens of Belize are allowed to own a gun after a background check. The maximum caliber is 9mm, and one may have only 100 rounds at any given time. Licenses are available to farmers to have shotguns to protect livestock, as well as for hunting and personal protection. Firearms may be imported but must be declared before arrival. Imported guns will be impounded by the police and registered before a license is granted.{{Cite web|url=https://belize.com/gun-ownership-in-belize/|title=Gun Ownership In Belize|website=belize.com}}

{{Main|Gun control in Brazil}}

All firearms in Brazil are required to be registered. The minimum age for ownership is 25,{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4368598.stm |title=Brazilians reject gun sales ban |date=24 October 2005 |access-date=17 June 2008 |publisher=BBCNEWS |archive-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726230322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4368598.stm |url-status=live }}

and certificates of aptitude and mental health are required prior to the acquisition of a firearm and every ten years thereafter.{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2019/Decreto/D9845.htm|title=Decreto n° 9845, de 25 de Junho de 2019|website=www.planalto.gov.br|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000031/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2019/decreto/D9845.htm|url-status=live}}

It is generally illegal to carry a firearm outside one's residence, commerce/store or farm.{{cite news |url=http://www.alternet.org/story/27279/ |title=The NRA Takes on Gun Control– in Brazil |author=Hearn, Kelly |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=17 June 2008 |work=Alternet |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013142946/http://www.alternet.org/story/27279/ |url-status=live }}

Executive Order {{abbr|No.|number}} 5.123, of 1 July 2004{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5123.htm|title=D5123|website=www.planalto.gov.br|access-date=31 January 2016|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106111801/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5123.htm|url-status=live}}

allows the Federal Police to confiscate firearms which are not possessed for a valid reason;{{Cite web|url=https://jus.com.br/artigos/30201/a-ilegalidade-na-negativa-a-compra-de-arma-de-fogo|title=Negativa à compra de arma de fogo: ilegalidade da discricionariedade da Polícia Federal|website=jus.com.br – Jus Navigandi|access-date=31 January 2016|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220174315/https://jus.com.br/artigos/30201/a-ilegalidade-na-negativa-a-compra-de-arma-de-fogo|url-status=live}}

The total number of firearms in Brazil is thought to be between 14 million and 17 million{{cite web |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/brazil |title=Brazil – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law |publisher=GunPolicy.org |access-date=21 December 2012 |archive-date=20 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220084200/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/brazil |url-status=dead }}

with an estimated 9 million being unregistered.

In a 2005 referendum, Brazilians voted against a government proposal for a total ban on the sales of firearms to private citizens.{{cite web|url=https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoes-temporarias/especiais/55a-legislatura/pl-3722-12-disciplina-normas-sobre-armas-de-fogo/documentos/audiencias-publicas/apresentacao-do-coronel-paes-de-lira-ong-pela-legitima-defesa/|title=Analysis (in Portuguese) about gun control, Legislative Chamber|website=camara.leg.br|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521101952/https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoes-temporarias/especiais/55a-legislatura/pl-3722-12-disciplina-normas-sobre-armas-de-fogo/documentos/audiencias-publicas/apresentacao-do-coronel-paes-de-lira-ong-pela-legitima-defesa/|url-status=live}}

In January 2019, President Bolsonaro signed an executive order which loosened Brazil's gun laws by removing the police's discretionary power to reject license applications.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-gun-rules.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-gun-rules.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Bolsonaro Signs Decree Making It Easier for Brazilians to Buy Guns|date=2019|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Darlington|first1=Shasta}}{{cbignore}}

Currently there are more than one million guns legally registered by civilians.{{Cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/brasil/mais-de-1-milhao-de-armas-estao-em-poder-de-civis/|title=Mais de 1 milhão de armas estão em poder de civis|date=31 January 2021|website=Poder360|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183309/https://www.poder360.com.br/brasil/mais-de-1-milhao-de-armas-estao-em-poder-de-civis/|url-status=live}}

On 5 September the Minister of Supreme Court, Luiz Edson Fachin, did invalidate some decrees signed by President Bolsonaro. Those decisions, are named as ADI 6119, ADI 6139 and ADI 6466.[https://portal.stf.jus.br/noticias/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=494468&ori=1 STF mantém suspensão de decretos que flexibilizam compra e porte de armas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213090022/https://portal.stf.jus.br/noticias/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=494468&ori=1|date=13 February 2023}} The immediate action of those ADIs were the ban to purchase any firearm for home protection

and the purchase of ammunition for any civilian in the country. Those ADIs also affected the shooting sports in some degree, by forbidden the acquisition of firearms of restricted calibers.

{{Main|Firearms regulation in Canada|Canadian Firearms Program|Possession and acquisition licence}}

Canada's firearm laws are stated in the Firearms Act. The possession and acquisition licence (PAL) is distributed by the Canadian Firearms Program (a program operated within the RCMP) and requires taking firearms safety courses (for non-restricted and restricted classifications) and passing a written and practical test with 80% or higher, an enhanced background check, and interviews with conjugal partner and references. The Non-restricted PAL allows purchase of most common sporting rifles and shotguns. A Restricted-PAL (RPAL) has an additional course for restricted firearms (mostly handguns), which have additional storage and transport requirements as well as required registration.{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/information/lic-per-eng.htm |access-date=21 September 2009 |title=Licensing: Canadian Firearms Program |author=RCMP |publisher=Government of Canada |date=26 February 2004 |archive-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210011847/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/information/lic-per-eng.htm |url-status=live }}

The two main reasons for owning firearms are target shooting and hunting. Only Non-restricted firearms can be used for hunting.

Carrying firearms for self-defense against human threats is prohibited without a permit. These permits are typically only issued to police, and those in a profession that involves carrying valuable goods, such as armoured car personnel. The RCMP is also able to issue an Authorization to Carry permit to private individuals on the basis that a person's life is in imminent danger and police protection is inadequate. These permits are seldom issued. In the 1990s, Toronto City Councillor Norm Gardner was revealed to hold such a permit when he shot a man who was committing a robbery. {{As of|2018|10|post=,}} only two permits for protection of life were actively issued in the country.{{Cite web|url=https://thegunblog.ca/2018/11/08/two-canadians-have-authorization-to-carry-guns-filing-shows/|title=Two Canadians Have 'Authorization To Carry' Guns, Filing Shows | TheGunBlog.ca|date=8 November 2018|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100810/https://thegunblog.ca/2018/11/08/two-canadians-have-authorization-to-carry-guns-filing-shows/|url-status=live}}

An Authorization to Carry permit can be obtained for protection against wild animals.{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/wild-sauvage-eng.htm|title=Using a Firearm for Wilderness Protection|publisher=Government of Canada|department=Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canadian Firearms Program|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca|date=25 February 2002|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121140515/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/wild-sauvage-eng.htm|url-status=live}} However these are only issued to a licensed professional trapper, or to people in a profession that exposes them to dangerous animals in remote areas. However, the applicant must prove why carrying a rifle or shotgun is not possible, and they must choose a firearm that is appropriate for the circumstances.{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-98-207/fulltext.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Authorizations to Carry Restricted Firearms and Certain Handguns Regulations|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|date=22 March 2006|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505202515/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-98-207/fulltext.html|url-status=live}}

In Canada, firearms fall into one of three categories:{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/rp-eng.htm |title=List of Non-Restricted, Restricted, and Prohibited Firearms |author=RCMP |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=22 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211000641/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/rp-eng.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010}}

1. Non-Restricted: Long rifles and shotguns with an overall length greater than {{convert|26|in}} and semi-automatics with a barrel longer than {{convert|18.5|in}}. These can be possessed with an ordinary PAL, and are the only class of firearms which can be used for hunting.
2. Restricted: This includes handguns with barrel lengths greater than 4.1 inches (105 mm), and long guns which do not meet the length requirements for non-restricted but are not prohibited. These guns require ATTs, and registration, and they can only be discharged at ranges.
3. Prohibited: These weapons generally cannot be possessed by civilians, and include fully automatic firearms and many modern military arms, military-grade assault rifles,{{Cite web|title=PM Trudeau announces federal ban on assault-style firearms in Canada|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-trudeau-announces-federal-ban-on-assault-style-firearms-in-canada-1.4920528|last=Aiello|first=Rachel|date=2020-05-01|website=CTVNews|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501174044/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-trudeau-announces-federal-ban-on-assault-style-firearms-in-canada-1.4920528|url-status=live}} and handguns with barrel length equal to or shorter than 4.1 inches (105 mm), and those chambered for .25 and .32 cartridges. Normally, the only way to possess these is by being grandfathered in or through inheritance. Most magazines for semi-automatic long guns capable of holding more than 5 centerfire cartridges or 10 rounds for handguns are prohibited.

Restricted and Prohibited firearms can only be used at an approved shooting range, must be registered, and cannot be used for hunting. Transportation of firearms that meet these classifications are restricted by an Authorization to Transport (ATT) permit, and they can only be transported to and from approved ranges in a locked case.

Non-citizens may obtain a non-resident firearms declaration from a customs officer, for a temporary 60-day authorization to bring a non-restricted firearm into Canada.

In Chile, the 103rd article of the Constitution declares gun ownership as a privilege granted in accordance to a special law.{{Cite web|url=https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=242302|title=DTO-100 22-SEP-2005 MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA PRESIDENCIA|last=PRESIDENCIA|first=MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA|date=2005-09-22|website=Ley Chile – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional|language=es|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725080422/http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=242302|url-status=live}} Firearms are regulated by the police. Civilian gun ownership is allowed by law but discouraged by authorities, with regular press statements and campaigns denouncing the dangers of possessing firearms.

Police-issued firearm permits require applicants to be 18 years of age,{{Cite web|title=Explainer: Gun Laws in Latin America's Six Largest Economies|url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-gun-laws-latin-americas-six-largest-economies|access-date=2021-03-30|website=AS/COA|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304011914/https://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-gun-laws-latin-americas-six-largest-economies|url-status=live}} provide a mental health certificate issued by a psychiatrist, have a clean criminal record with no domestic violence accusations, and pass a written test on firearm safety and knowledge. Final approval lies in a district police commander, who can deny the permit in "justified cases" not detailed by the law. There are five types of permits:

• A defense permit allowing ownership of 2 firearms which must remain at the declared address.
• A hunting permit requiring a hunting license, and allowing up to 6 firearms.
• A sporting permit requiring membership in a registered gun club, and also allowing up to 6 firearms. It is possible for those under 18 years of age to obtain this permit.
• A collection permit allows up to 100 firearms to be owned, and does not allow the holder to possess ammunition.

Each of these permits has limits on types of firearms used, and allows for a police-issued permit to buy a specified quantity of appropriate ammunition from a specific gun shop. Transport permits are required to take firearms from the permit-holder's residence to a specified shooting range or hunting ground, and are valid for two years. Transported firearms must be unloaded and not attached to the body.

A self-defense permit allows carrying a firearm for protection against specific human threats. Such permits are valid for one year, but as the police commander can deny applications without stating a reason, they are very rarely issued. Automatic firearms are forbidden for civilian use.{{cite web |title=Guía legal sobre: Control de Armas |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leyfacil/recurso/control-de-armas |website=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile |date=27 November 2014 |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112121820/https://www.bcn.cl/leyfacil/recurso/control-de-armas |url-status=live }}

Gun control law enacted in 2008 in Cuba divides firearm licenses in to six categories:[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cuba Cuba — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200405/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cuba |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. Cuba — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 7 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.

• First self-defense permit allows possession and carry of pistols or revolvers. It is issued for people who require them due to their job in security or who are authorized by the Ministry of Interior,
• Second self-defense permit allows carry of pistols, revolvers and shotguns by employees of security companies during their duty,
• Hunting permit allows possession of shotguns,
• Sport shooting permit allows possession, carry and use in authorized places of rifles, shotguns, pistols and revolvers,
• Fifth permit allows possession, carry and use of firearms for the hunting, sport shooting and scientific purposes by legal entities.
• Collection permit allows possession of firearms with historical value.

Article 3 of Colombia's firearm law states that civilians may possess firearms only via permit issued at discretion of the competent authority.

In 1993, Colombia legislated gun ownership, effectively establishing a government licensing monopoly. In 2016, president of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos signed an executive order suspending civilians from carrying firearms, with some exceptions including security details, hunting, private defense and collection. It was extended in 2018 by newly elected president Ivan Duque, albeit with the added stipulation: "for reasons of emergency or security ... taking into consideration among other factors, the particular circumstances of each application". A legal challenge to this modification has been prepared.{{Cite web|url=https://theglobepost.com/2019/01/04/colombia-guns-politics/|title=On Guns, Politics, and Peace in Colombia|work=The Globe Post|date=4 January 2019}}

Only citizens and permanent residents of Costa Rica are allowed to possess firearms: handguns (up to three), rifles (up to three for sporting use; hunting is illegal in Costa Rica), and semi-automatic weapons between the calibers of 5.6 to 18.5 millimeters.

Foreigners wishing to bring guns into the country must apply with the Ministry of Public Security and declare it when they arrive to the customs department, who will hold it until they go through the registration process. Firearms can be purchased from a licensed gun shop or private individual. Gun owners must have a clean criminal record in Costa Rica and must pass a psychological exam.{{Cite web|url=https://costaricalaw.com/costa-rica-legal-topics/security-and-guns/new-gun-control-law-in-costa-rica/|title=New Gun Control Law in Costa Rica|date=31 May 2019}}

El Salvador's laws aim to allow and regulate civilian possession of firearms. In order to get a firearm license one must have no criminal record, be at least 21 years of age[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/el-salvador El Salvador — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226211155/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/el-salvador |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. El Salvador — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 7 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.(24 for a carry license), pay for a tax stamp, and undergo a written test.{{Cite web|url=https://panampost.com/elena-toledo/2017/08/07/el-salvador-arma-hora/|title=En El Salvador se registra un arma de fuego cada hora|date=7 August 2017}} In 2017 there were 344,587 registered firearms in El Salvador, or 5.6 per 100 people.

Possession of most long guns is allowed without a permit in Greenland, while semi- and fully-automatic firearms and handguns require a permit. In 2018, proposed amendment to firearm law would raise the minimum age to purchase guns to 16.{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=da&u=https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/aldersgrænse-våben-på-vej|title=Aldersgrænse for våben på vej|date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904214233/https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/aldersgr%C3%A6nse-v%C3%A5ben-p%C3%A5-vej|archive-date=4 September 2023}}

The constitution of Haiti provides citizens with the constitutional right to possess firearms at home. Only police and military can possess rifles. Handguns are allowed to be carried open or concealed with the correct license issued by the Haitian National Police assigned to the serial number of the firearm and with the name of the individual or organization responsible for the firearm.[http://www.sdn.mefhaiti.gouv.ht/lois/CH87/CH_P11.php Constitution de 1987: Titre XI : De la force publique (27)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007095408/http://www.sdn.mefhaiti.gouv.ht/lois/CH87/CH_P11.php#A264|date=7 October 2010}}[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/haiti Haiti — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226211600/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/haiti |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. Haiti — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 7 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.

{{Main|Firearm regulation in Honduras}}

Gun laws in Honduras are stated in the Act on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Material of 2000.{{cite web|url=http://www.juntec.org.hn/Documentos/Civiles/LEY%20DE%20CONTROL%20DE%20ARMAS%20DE%20FUEGO,%20MUNICIONES%20EXPLOSIVOS%20Y%20SI.pdf|title=Act on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Material|author=Honduras National Congress|publisher=Junta Técnica de Normas de Contabilidad y Auditoria|date=October 2004|access-date=21 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325230511/http://www.juntec.org.hn/Documentos/Civiles/LEY%20DE%20CONTROL%20DE%20ARMAS%20DE%20FUEGO,%20MUNICIONES%20EXPLOSIVOS%20Y%20SI.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2012}}

In April 2002, the National Arms Registry was formed, requiring all citizens to register their firearms with the Ministry of Defense.{{cite web|url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/citation/quotes/4619|title=National Arms Registry|author=Honduras National Congress|publisher=GunPolicy.org|date=28 April 2004|access-date=21 November 2011}}

In 2003, a ban on certain "assault rifles" was passed, restricting citizens from possessing military-style rifles such as the AK-47 and the M-16.{{cite web |url= http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/juris/Leyes/DECRETO%20101-2003%20ARMAS%20DE%20FUEGO.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703102810/http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/juris/Leyes/DECRETO%20101-2003%20ARMAS%20DE%20FUEGO.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-03 |url-status=live |title=DECRETO No. 101-2003|author=Honduras National Congress|publisher=Centro Electrónico de Documentación e Información Judicial|date=28 August 2003 |access-date=21 November 2011}}

In 2007, an additional decree suspended the right to openly carry and conceal carry a firearm in public, and limited the number of firearms a person can possess.{{cite web|url= http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/juris/Decretos/Decreto%2069%202007%20reforma%20a%20la%20ley%20de%20Control%20de%20Armas%20de%20Fuego,%20Municiones,%20Explosivos%20y%20otros%20similares.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004171147/http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/juris/Decretos/Decreto%2069%202007%20reforma%20a%20la%20ley%20de%20Control%20de%20Armas%20de%20Fuego,%20Municiones,%20Explosivos%20y%20otros%20similares.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=live |title=DECRETO No. 69-2007|author=Honduras National Congress|publisher=Poder Judicial de Honduras|date=29 August 2007|access-date=21 November 2011}}

{{Main|Gun law in Jamaica}}

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

Gun laws in Jamaica are stated in the Firearms Act and regulated by the Firearms Licensing Authority.{{cite web|url=http://www.firearmlicensingauthority.com|title=Firearm Licensing Authority|work=firearmlicensingauthority.com}}

Applicants must pass a police background check and complete a certification process to obtain a firearms license for shotguns, handguns and rifles. Shotguns and rifles for hunting or sport-shooting purposes are easier to obtain than handguns. Fully automatic weapons are prohibited. Handguns are limited to those under .45 calibre for revolvers or 10 mm for pistols. Ammunition purchases are limited to 250 rounds per year for shotguns and 50 for handguns, with applications for additional ammunition generally granted during the hunting season. A gun safe is required for storage of all firearms and ammunition.{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/26251 |title=Guns from America fuel Jamaica's gang wars |publisher=My Sinchew |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=17 March 2010}} Once licensed, no additional permit is required to carry a firearm open or concealed, unless the carrying of firearms has been temporarily prohibited under section 22 of the Act.{{cite web|url=http://www.firearmlicensingauthority.com/pdf/Firearm%20Act.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817012426/http://www.firearmlicensingauthority.com/pdf/Firearm%20Act.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-17 |url-status=live |title=Firearms Act |date=16 March 1967 |access-date=11 January 2018}}

{{Main|Firearms regulation in Mexico}}

Under the Mexican Constitution, Article 10, citizens and legal residents have the right to own and carry arms, but may only carry them in accordance with police regulations, i.e. Article 32 of the "Ley Federal de Armas de Fuego y Explosivos".{{cite web|url=http://www.insp.mx/transparencia/XIV/leyes_federales/refcns/pdfsrcs/10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119032210/http://www.insp.mx/transparencia/XIV/leyes_federales/refcns/pdfsrcs/10.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-19 |url-status=live|title=Summary of Article 10 text and purpose|author=Congress of Mexico|publisher=Public Health National Institute|date=1916-12-18|access-date=2012-10-18}}

Applicants must: have a clear criminal record; proven income and residence (i.e.: cannot be homeless); undergone compulsory military service; a clean bill of health (including drug tests); justified the weapon's use; be employed.{{cite web|url=http://www.sedena.gob.mx/index.php/tramites-y-servicios/registro-federal-de-armas-de-fuego/armas-y-cartuchos/adquisicion/7332-adquisicion-de-armas-de-fuego-y-cartuchos-para-civiles|title=Instructions for requesting special permit to purchase firearms and cartridges by civilians|author=SEDENA|publisher=SEDENA|date=2012-07-16|access-date=2012-12-22}}

New firearms are purchased through the Ministry of Defense. Prohibited weapons include: large-calibre handguns; shotguns with barrels shorter than {{convert|25|in}} or bore greater than 12 gauge; and rifles which are fully automatic or of large calibre. One handgun is permitted for home defense, but it must be registered within 30 days of purchase.{{cite book|author=Gregg Lee Carter|title=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA568|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38670-1|pages=568–}} For hunting and sport shooting, up to nine long guns and one handgun is permitted, requiring membership in a hunting or shooting club. Collectors may be authorized to possess additional and prohibited weapons.{{cite web|url=http://www.sedena.gob.mx/index.php/component/content/article/661-preguntas-frecuentes-rfafyce/2190-ique-cantidad-de-armas-puedo-tener-registradas|title=What amount of firearms can be registered?|author=SEDENA|publisher=SEDENA|date=2012-07-19|access-date=2012-12-22}}

A carry license may be issued to those employed by private security firms, and certain weapons are exclusive to the armed forces.{{cite web |title=Expedición de una licencia particular colectiva de portación de armas de fuego para empresas de seguridad privada. |url=https://www.gob.mx/sedena/documentos/expedicion-de-una-licencia-particular-colectiva-de-portacion-de-armas-de-fuego-para-empresas-de-seguridad-privada |website=Dirección General del Registro Federal de Armas de Fuego y Control de Explosivos |publisher=Gobierno de Mexico |access-date=12 October 2019}} Licenses must be renewed biennially.{{cite web |last1=Guzman |first1=Andrea |title=Cómo obtener un permiso para portar armas |url=https://news.culturacolectiva.com/mexico/como-obtener-un-permiso-para-portar-armas-mexico/ |website=CC News |date=10 February 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019}}

Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training.{{Cite web|title=Panama Firearm permit requirements (in Spanish)|url=http://appapanama.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Requisitos_para_tramites_armas_DIASP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226224251/http://appapanama.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Requisitos_para_tramites_armas_DIASP.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-26 |url-status=live|website=Asociación Panameña de Propietarios de Armas (APPA)}} The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms, unloaded and stowed, to and from a gun range. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.

Concealed carry of firearms is allowed through a Firearms Carry License (FCL). An FCL has the same requirements as an FPC, but carrier must be at least 21 years of age. Only handguns, such as pistols and revolvers, are permitted for concealed carry; however, up to two handguns may be carried loaded simultaneously. An FCL is valid for 4 years.

The Public Security Ministry handles all firearm matters. All legally owned firearms must be registered to their owners and appear on their permits. Direct or private handover of firearms is prohibited. A buyer must submit an application to the Security Ministry which, if approved, will deliver the updated permits and the firearms directly to the owner. No private owner may take out a firearm directly from a dealer. A shall-issue permit policy apply for all permits; the state must issue a permit if applicant meets all requirements. Firearm applications must be resolved in 30 business days or less.

Importation of firearms is only allowed to authorized local dealers. An individual may not privately import his/her own firearms while immigrating from another country. Firearms may temporarily be taken out of the country for sport events or repairs.

Firearms are regulated by Article 312 of the Panamanian Constitution of 1972 and the General Firearms, Ammunition and Related Materials Act (Law 57 of 2011).{{cite web|url=http://www.unlirec.org/Documents/Centroamerica/Panama/LeyGeneralArmasMunicionesMaterialesRelacionadosLeyN57_2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919001541/http://www.unlirec.org/Documents/Centroamerica/Panama/LeyGeneralArmasMunicionesMaterialesRelacionadosLeyN57_2011.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-19 |url-status=live|title=Ley Nº 57 general de armas de fuego, municiones y materiales relacionados|language=es}}

In order to get a firearm possession license one must have no criminal records, be at least 22 years of age, and obtain certificate of safely handling a firearm. Carry permit requires a good reason. Automatic weapons are prohibited.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/516/de-armas-de-fuego-sus-piezas-y-componentes-municiones-explosivos-accesorios-y-afines#:~:text=La+presente+Ley+tiene+por,y+suspensi%C3%B3n+de+permisos;+autoridades|title=Ley Nº 4036 / DE ARMAS DE FUEGO, SUS PIEZAS Y COMPONENTES, MUNICIONES, EXPLOSIVOS, ACCESORIOS Y AFINES.|website=www.bacn.gov.py}} {{As of|2014|post=,}} there are 392,000 registered firearms and 1,961 carry permits issued to civilians.{{cite web|url=https://www.ultimahora.com/sepa-quienes-pueden-portar-armas-paraguay-n832041.html|title=Sepa quiénes pueden portar armas en Paraguay|date=22 September 2014|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112194255/https://www.ultimahora.com/sepa-quienes-pueden-portar-armas-paraguay-n832041.html|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Gun law in the United States|Gun laws in the United States by state|Concealed carry in the United States|Open carry in the United States}}

{{Concealed carry permit requirements in the US}}

{{More citations needed section|date=April 2024}}

File:Open Carrying US states map.svg in the United States:

{{legend|#008000|Legal with no permit/license required}}

{{legend|#00cd00|Legal with no permit/license required; possible local restrictions}}

{{legend|#ffff00|Legal with permit/license}}

{{legend|#FF0000|Illegal}}]]

In the United States, firearms are regulated by both federal and individual state statutes. Federal firearms laws are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). State and local firearms laws, which vary greatly, are enforced by state and local authorities. The right to keep and bear arms has been protected by the Second Amendment to the Constitution since 1791,{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights.html|title=America's Founding Documents|date=30 October 2015}} and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it protects any individual's right to keep and bear arms unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home and in public, in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022). The Supreme Court affirmed in McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) that the Second Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and thereby applies to state and local laws as well as federal laws. Most state constitutions also guarantee this right, although there is some variance across the country as both federal and state laws apply to firearm possession and ownership.

Firearm ownership in the United States is by right and does not require licensure or proof of need. Federally, there is a minimum age of 18 to possess a handgun, with no minimum age for long guns.{{UnitedStatesCodeSub|18|922|x|2}} To purchase from a licensed dealer, one must be 18 for long guns and 21 for handguns.{{UnitedStatesCodeSub|18|922|b|1}} The respective age requirements apply to purchasing ammunition from a dealer, retail store or online.

Federally, new firearms must be transferred by a federally licensed dealer (FFL) with form 4473 and background check. Used firearms transferred interstate must also go through an FFL. Intrastate private party sales are not required to use an FFL under federal law, but many states require FFLs to conduct private party transfers.

Federal law does not limit the number of firearms or quantity of ammunition and reloading supplies a private citizen may keep.

Air guns, antique ignition (muzzle loading) guns and guns made prior to 1899 are not firearms under U.S. law, although they are still considered deadly weapons.

Federal law designates two classes of firearms in the United States:

Title I, GCA firearms: This includes all handguns, rifles with at least 16" barrel and 26" overall length, Shotguns with at least 18" barrel and 26" overall length, other firearms with an overall length of 26" or more which are neither handgun nor long gun. Sporting arms over .50 caliber are title I; non-sporting arms over .50 caliber fall into the Title II category below.

Title II, NFA Firearms. NFA firearms include:

• Machine guns (fully automatic firearms; those that can fire more than one shot by a single function of the trigger)
• Short Barreled Rifles (<16" rifled barrel or <26" OAL)
• Short Barreled Shotguns(<18" smoothbore barrel or <26" OAL)
• Destructive Devices (Non-sporting weapons over .50 caliber, anything with more than 1/4 ounce explosives content)
• Any Other Weapon (generally, firearms which do not look like firearms or which would be a smoothbore "other firearm" except that its overall length is too short)
• Silencers (suppressors; any device designed or redesigned and intended to reduce the report of a gunshot). Sound suppressors which are permanently attached to a non-firearm (e.g. air rifle, muzzle-loader) are not considered firearm silencers and are not regulated.

Non-prohibited persons over 21 years of age may own NFA firearms in most states, though some states prohibit some or all of this class. NFA firearms must be registered and go through a manufacturing or transfer approval by ATF before the individual may make or take possession of the weapon. This process can take months, sometimes even years. It requires fingerprinting, photo ID and a tax of $200 per application (per weapon).

Fully-automatic firearms (machine guns) are heavily restricted and can only be owned by private citizens if manufactured and registered before 18 May 1986. unless an individual is to obtain status as an SOT "Special Occupational Taxpayer" as a FFL "Federal Firearms License" holder. Since civilians without SOT status are only allowed to own machine guns manufactured before 1986, the finite supply has caused the market value of pre-1986 transferable automatic weapons to be 20 to 50 times that of their semiautomatic counterparts (2022 ex.,$500–$800 for a basic AR-15, $20,000-$25,000 for an M-16){{Cite web|url=https://rocketffl.com/who-can-own-a-full-auto-machine-gun/|title=Who Can Own a Full-Auto Machine Gun?|date=2 January 2021|website=RocketFFL}}

Law varies greatly from state to state, both in its scope and in its range.{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-news-blog/2013/jan/16/gun-laws-need-to-know|title=Gun laws in the US: seven things you need to know about the data|date=16 January 2013|website=The Guardian}}

Pursuant to {{UnitedStatesCode|18|922}} – Unlawful Acts, persons are prohibited from possessing firearms or ammunition if:{{cite web |url=https://www.atf.gov/files/forms/download/atf-f-4473-1.pdf |title=Firearms Transaction Record |website=www.atf.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215165624/https://www.atf.gov/files/forms/download/atf-f-4473-1.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2015}}

• They have been convicted of a felony, or any other crime for which they could have been sentenced to more than a year in prison, or are under indictment for such
• They are a fugitive from justice
• They have been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence
• They are an unlawful user of, or addicted to, any illegal controlled substance
• They have been adjudicated mentally defective
• They have been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions
• They have renounced their United States citizenship

The carrying of weapons, either openly or concealed, is regulated by the states, and these laws have changed rapidly beginning in the latter part of the 20th century. Some states allow residents to carry without a permit, while others only allow the public carry of firearms upon issuance of a permit or license. Under the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, current and former law enforcement officers can carry anywhere (except private property where they are subject to the rules of the owner and gun-free public places like schools) as long as they carry a photo identification from their agency and have completed yearly training from said agency.

Federal law provides protection for travellers who may find themselves going through states with more restrictive gun laws than their origin or destination. As long as the weapons are transported in accordance with FOPA and the weapon(s) are legally owned and not prohibited in the origin or destination(s), the travellers are immune from prosecution.

Being engaged in the business of importing firearms, dealing firearms, gunsmithing or manufacturing arms requires licensure in the United States. There are multiple license types, depending on the nature of the business, and some licenses have additional requirements, such as registration with Directorate of Defense Trade Controls.

Private citizens in the United States may manufacture weapons for personal use without government approval or registration for Title I GCA firearms (NFA rules still apply to home made weapons). It becomes unlawful to manufacture without a license if the intent is to distribute.

The United States federal government is prohibited by law from maintaining a registry of firearms owners, although the NFA registry which predated this prohibition has been exempted. Some states do have registration.

{{Main|Gun law in Uruguay}}

Uruguayan law allows for firearm possession on a shall-issue basis. These firearms must be of a caliber smaller than .50 BMG. Carry permits are issued on a may-issue basis, which in practice is no-issue except for people working as private security guards. Policemen and military can carry their firearms while off-duty without the need for a licence. The legal carrying of firearms must always be in a concealed manner, no open carry is allowed. In recent times, politicians from the governing coalition have expressed their intentions of allowing the issuing of concealed carry permits to civilians. With approximately 35 civilian firearms per 100 people, Uruguay is the eighth most armed country in the world and most armed in Latin America.

{{Main|Firearms regulation in Venezuela}}

During the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez, in 1914, a disarmament decree in the Federal District was enacted, and later in 1919, a disarmament law was decreed, ordering every weapon owner to give them away to the authorities; the only exceptions were machetes and hunting shotguns. The official justification offered was to diminish crime, but the law was ultimately used to disarm the population and to prevent possible uprisings.{{Cite web|title=1914 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela|url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/_custom/static/cronologia_hv/zoom/s20/1914-8.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Fundación Polar|language=es}} Historian Manuel Caballero argued that while Gómez's final intention was to prevent his enemies from obtaining weapons, the law contributed to avoid civil wars in Venezuela for the next century.{{Cite book|last=Manuel|first=Caballero|title=La peste militar: escritos polémicos 1992-2007|publisher=Alfa|year=2007|isbn=9789803542344|location=Caracas|pages=180|language=Spanish|author-link=Manuel Caballero}}

In 2012 Venezuela banned private sales of firearms and ammunition hoping to lower crime rates. The Army, police, and certain groups trusted by the government (colectivos) are exempted from the ban and can buy firearms from state-owned manufacturers.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18288430|title=Venezuela bans private gun ownership|date=1 June 2012}} In 2013 Venezuela stopped issuing new firearm licenses.{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2013/0807/Gun-control-Can-Venezuela-regulate-the-flow-of-arms|title=Gun control: Can Venezuela regulate the flow of arms?|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=7 August 2013}} In 2017 government banned carrying firearms in public places.{{cite web|url=https://www.panamatoday.com/international/venezuelan-government-bans-carrying-firearms-180-days-4240|title=Venezuelan government bans carrying firearms for 180 days|date=2 May 2017|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013100733/https://www.panamatoday.com/international/venezuelan-government-bans-carrying-firearms-180-days-4240|url-status=dead}}

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2021}}

Automatic rifles are restricted to government forces and security companies in Afghanistan. Handguns, while allowed, are mostly issued for important people. Non-automatic rifles can be obtained for sports and hunting. Rules regarding shotguns and antique firearms are most permissive with no good reason required. Shotguns including pump-action shotguns are popular in some regions as self-defense weapons.

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2021}}

Gun laws are very restrictive in Bangladesh. Only people over the age of 25 (30 for handguns) and under 60 who pay taxes can apply for firearm licence. Self-defence is only accepted reason and requires proving danger to life. Legal owners can only own one long gun (shotgun or rifle) and one handgun (pistol or revolver).{{Cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-38.html|title=The Arms Act, 1878|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd}} They cannot work as security guards.

Firearms are prohibited for citizens. Military and police personnel may apply for a licence to keep a private firearm by establishing a genuine reason, such as sport shooting or gun collecting.{{cite web |title=Guns in Brunei Darussalam |publisher=Minister of the People's Power for Interior Relations and Justice |website=GunPolicy.org |url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/brunei |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615210720/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/brunei |url-status=dead }}

Firearms are completely prohibited for civilian use without exceptions since 1999.

{{main|Gun control in China}}

Gun ownership in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is regulated by law. Generally, private citizens are not allowed to possess guns. Civilian ownership of guns is largely restricted to authorized, non-individual entities, including sporting organizations, authorized hunting reserves, and wildlife protection, management and research organizations. The chief exception to the general ban on individual firearm ownership is for the purpose of hunting.{{cite web|url=http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/qdzfw/2006-03/02/content_6359961.htm|title=中华人民共和国枪支管理法 (Firearm Administration Law of the People's Republic of China)|publisher=Sd.xinhuanet.com|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501164353/http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/qdzfw/2006-03/02/content_6359961.htm|archive-date=1 May 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nre.cn/htm/04/flfg/2004-03-25-10816.htm|title=中华人民共和国猎枪弹具管理办法 (Hunting Firearm, Ammunition and Equipment Administration Regulation of the People's Republic of China)|publisher=Nre.cn|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094243/http://www.nre.cn/htm/04/flfg/2004-03-25-10816.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}

Illegal possession or sale of firearms may result in a minimum punishment of three years in prison,{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-04/21/content_856308.htm |title=China Reiterates Stance on Gun Control|publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=18 February 2015}} and penalties for the trafficking of "arms and ammunition or other military materials to an enemy during war time" include life imprisonment.{{cite web |title=Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China |quote=arms and ammunition or other military materials to an enemy during war time |website=fmprc.gov.cn |access-date=13 October 2019|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/5375/108071/F-78796243/CHN5375%20Eng3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228092950/https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/5375/108071/F-78796243/CHN5375%20Eng3.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2022}}

In Hong Kong and Macau, gun ownership is tightly controlled and possession is mainly in the hands of law enforcement, military, and private security firms (providing protection for jewelers and banks). Under Section 13 of Cap 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance of Hong Kong, a license is required for unrestricted firearms and ammunition.{{cite web|url=http://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/04_crime_matters/cpa/cpa_at_01.html |title=Hong Kong Police Force – Advice for Tourists |publisher=Police.gov.hk |access-date=2014-04-19}} A license may be issued after a rigorous process to check for criminal records or a history of mental illness. License holders may store other firearms at home in a locked box, but ammunition must be kept at different premises.{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/238/s13.html |title=CAP 238 FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION ORDINANCE s 13 Possession of arms or ammunition without license |publisher=Hklii.org |access-date=2014-04-19}} Only fully automatic firearms appear prohibited; those found in possession without a license could be fined at level 6 of the standard scale{{cite web|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/2019/er6!en |title=Editorial Record (E.R. 6 nof 2019) – e-Legislation Public Ordinance (Cap. 614) |publisher=elegislation.gov.hk|access-date=2020-05-02}} ("Maximum fine of HKD $100,000") and face imprisonment for up to 14 years.{{cite web |title=Safe Use of Air Guns |url=https://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/11_useful_info/licences/airgun_txt.html |website=Hong Kong Police Force |access-date=13 October 2019}}

{{Main|Gun law in India}}

Guns in India are regulated by law. The Arms Act, 1959 and the Arms Rules 1962 prohibit the sale, manufacture, possession, acquisition, import, export, and transport of firearms and ammunition unless under a license, which is difficult to obtain. The Indian Government has a monopoly over the production and sale of firearms, with the exception of some breech-loading smooth-bore shotguns, of which a limited number may be produced and imported.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/31/AR2010013102079.html |title=New groups mobilize as Indians embrace the right to bear arms |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= 1 February 2010|access-date=17 March 2010 | first=Rama | last=Lakshmi}} The Arms Act classifies firearms into two categories: Prohibited Bore (PB) and Non-Prohibited Bore (NPB), where all semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms fall under the Prohibited Bore category. The Arms Act of 1962 added to the Prohibited bore category, any firearm which can chamber and fire ammunition of calibers .303, 7.62 mm, .410, .380, .455, .45 rimless, or 9 mm. Smooth-bore guns having barrels shorter than 20 Inches (508 mm) are also specified as Prohibited guns.{{cite web|url=http://delhipolicelicensing.gov.in/lists/THE-ARMS-RULES-1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901074834/http://delhipolicelicensing.gov.in/lists/THE-ARMS-RULES-1962.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-01 |url-status=live |title=The arms Rules, 1962 |publisher=Delhipolicelicensing.gov.in |access-date=18 February 2015}}

Licenses for acquisition and possession of both PB and NPB firearms could be given by a state government or district magistrate before 1987. Since that year, issuing of licenses for PB firearms became the responsibility of the central government. Licenses are valid for five years and may be renewed after the term. The sale of firearms requires both the selling and purchasing party to possess a permit.{{cite web

|url= https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ActAndRuleThe%20ArmsAct_17122019_0.pdf

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123142416/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ActAndRuleThe%20ArmsAct_17122019_0.pdf

|archive-date=23 November 2021

|title= Ministry of Law and justice - mha.gov.in/THE ARMS (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019

|date= 13 December 2020

|website= MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

|publisher= GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

|access-date= 22 November 2021

}}

The criteria considered during issuing of NPB firearm permits are whether the applicant faces a threat to their life. PB firearms criteria are more stringent, often for persons in government positions who face immediate danger or threats, those whose occupations involve open threats and danger, and their immediate family members. PB licenses were tightened since 2014, when otherwise-eligible persons started to be frequently rejected on basis of national security grounds.{{Cite web|url=http://www.uncjin.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208084652/http://www.uncjin.org/Statistics/firearms|url-status=dead|title=UNODC and Nutrisystem Can Unite In A Battle Against Addiction|archive-date=8 February 2009|website=www.uncjin.org}}{{cite web |url=http://www.iansa.org/regions/scasia/scasia.htm |title= IANSA Regions: South and Central Asia|website=www.iansa.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123105509/http://www.iansa.org/regions/scasia/scasia.htm |archive-date=23 November 2010}}{{cite web |url=http://disarmament.un.org/cab/salw-nationalreports.html |title= Small arms and light weapons|website=disarmament.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030604062803/http://disarmament.un.org/cab/salw-nationalreports.html |archive-date=4 June 2003}}Graduate Institute of International Studies, Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 59–60; 112. Williams James Arputharaj, Chamila Thushani Hemmathagama and Saradha Nanayakkara, A Comparative Study of Small Arms Legislation in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka: South Asia Partnership (SAP) International, July 2003.Niobe Thompson and Devashish Krishnan, "Small Arms in India and the Human Costs of Lingering Conflicts", in Abdel-Fatau Musah and Niobe Thompson, eds., Over a Barrel: Light Weapons and Human Rights in the Commonwealth, London and New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), November 1999, pp. 35–64.{{cite web |author=Abhijeet Singh |url=http://www.abhijeetsingh.com/arms/india/laws/forms/ |title=Indian Legal Forms |publisher=Abhijeet Singh |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2014-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016000036/http://www.abhijeetsingh.com/arms/india/laws/forms/ |archive-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead }} Exceptions are made for defense officers, who are allowed to keep firearms without licenses under the Defence Service rule, and a handful of professional shooters.

Firearm licenses are issued on a may-issue basis and approximately half of applications are accepted. For example, between April 2015 and March 2016 authorities in Mumbai rejected 169 out of 342 firearm applications.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/gun-culture-spreads-in-dombivli-legal-arms-used-to-settle-scores/articleshow/59117127.cms|title=Gun culture spreads in Dombivli: Legal arms used to settle scores |date=12 June 2017}}

In Indonesia, gun licenses are only issued to civilians employed in a profession that involves using firearms, such as in the military and law enforcement, with an exception made for politicians and businessmen.

Applicants must be over the age of 21 to obtain a firearms license, and go through a background check and mental evaluation. They must also state a genuine reason for wanting to own a firearm, which can include hunting, target shooting, collecting, security, and self-defense. All firearms must be registered. Gun permits are valid for five years and may be renewed.{{cite web|url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/indonesia |title=Guns in Indonesia – Firearms, gun law and gun control |website=Gunpolicy.org |date=2001-07-21 |access-date=2016-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713083107/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/indonesia|archive-date=13 July 2023}} Illegal gun ownership can be punished from a maximum of 20 years in prison to life in prison and death as per the provisions of Emergency Act no. 12, 1951.{{Cite web|last=WebAdm_LK2FHUI|date=2013-10-02|title=Pembatasan Kepemilikan Senjata Api oleh Masyarakat Sipil dalam Perspektif Hukum dan Sanksi Pidana atas Penyalahgunaannya|url=https://lk2fhui.law.ui.ac.id/pembatasan-kepemilikan-senjata-api-oleh-masyarakat-sipil-dalam-perspektif-hukum-dan-sanksi-pidana-atas-penyalahgunaannya/|website=LK2 FHUI|language=id|access-date=2024-05-16}}

Civilians cannot possess military weapons, but may possess long rifles. In 2012 however, it was claimed that police had been issuing permits to regular citizens.{{cite web |url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/indonesias-police-wont-stop-issuing-civilian-gun-permits/ |title=Indonesia's Police Won't Stop Issuing Civilian Gun Permits | Jakarta Globe |website=Jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com |date=2012-05-07 |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004032640/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/indonesias-police-wont-stop-issuing-civilian-gun-permits/ |archive-date=4 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}

There are 200.000 rifles registered for Nomads.{{cite web | url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/584570/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C-%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1 | title=ساماندهی ۲۰۰ هزار قبضه سلاح عشایر کشور | date=29 September 2016 }}

Iranian law had changed in 2021–22 with military, security and police having permit to access firearms use them preemptively.{{Cite news |title=تغییر در قانون اسلحه در ایران؛ "هر ماموری که مجوز سلاح دارد مجاز به استفاده از آن می‌شود" |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-61760207 |access-date=2022-06-17 |work=BBC News |language=fa}}{{Citation |title=تغییر قانون استفاده از سلاح؛ سرکوبگر راحت‌تر شلیک کند؟ |date=12 June 2022 |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/31893926.html |language=fa |access-date=2022-06-17}} Airguns, airsoft guns and hunting rifles were criminalized September 2023.[https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-23/632520-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85 دارندگان این سلاح‌های جنگی و شکاری مجرم شناخته می‌شوند] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022164128/https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-23/632520-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85|date=22 October 2023}}

In 2012, Iraq relaxed its gun laws. The "possession of one rifle or pistol per home" was allowed via simple registration at local police stations.{{cite web |last1=Mohammed |first1=Abeer |title=Shock at Iraq Gun Law |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/shock-iraq-gun-law |website=iwpr.net |access-date=13 October 2019}}

In 2017, the law was relaxed once again. The possession and carrying of handguns, semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms and other weapons for self-defense, hunting and sport shooting purposes was allowed. Firearm licenses require official authorization and identity cards.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-guns-shops/baghdad-gun-shops-thrive-after-iraqi-rethink-on-arms-control-idUSKCN1L40DL|title=Baghdad gun shops thrive after Iraqi rethink on arms control |date=19 August 2018|newspaper=Reuters}}

Gun laws in Israel are comprehensive despite soldiers being allowed to carry their service weapons on or off duty. Civilians must obtain a firearms license to lawfully acquire, possess, sell or transfer firearms and ammunition. In 2018, Israel loosened firearms restrictions, allowing all citizens who had undergone combat training and qualified in Advanced Infantry Training ('Rifleman "07"') to apply for a private handgun license.[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/248598 Israel significantly relaxes gun license regulations] Tzvi Lev, 08/07/18 15:57, Arutz 7

Prior to 2018, only a small group of people had been eligible for firearms licenses: certain retired military personnel, police officers or prison guards; Israeli residents of the occupied West Bank or those who often work there; and licensed hunters and animal-control officers. Age requirements vary: 21 for those who completed military service or civil service equivalent, 27 otherwise, and 45 for non-citizens. Firearm license applicants must have been a resident of Israel for at least three consecutive years, pass a background check (criminal, health, and mental history), establish a so-called "genuine reason" for possessing a firearm (such as self-defense, hunting, or sport), and pass a weapons-training course.{{cite web|url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/israel|title=Guns in Israel – Firearms, gun law and gun control|author=Philip Alpers|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825165658/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/israel|url-status=dead}} As many as 40% of applications for firearms permits were rejected.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/12/28/israeli-gun-laws-are-much-stricter-than-some-u-s-gun-advocates-suggest/|title=Israeli gun laws are much stricter than some U.S. gun advocates suggest|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=7 July 2017|date=28 December 2012|first=Max|last=Fisher}}

Those holding firearms licenses must renew them and pass a shooting course every three years. Security guards must pass these tests to renew their license to carry firearms belonging to their employers.{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Knesset-tightens-gun-control-with-no-opposition-368584|title=Knesset tightens gun control with no opposition|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=7 July 2017|date=23 July 2014|first=Lahav|last=Harkov}} Applicants must demonstrate that they have a safe at their residence in which to keep the firearm. Permits are given only for personal use, and holders for self-defense purposes may own only one handgun and purchase an annual supply of 50 cartridges (although more may be purchased to replace rounds used at a firing range).{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/national-news/israeli-gun-control-regulations-opposite-of-us|title=Israeli gun control regulations 'opposite of US'|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=7 July 2017|date=18 December 2012|first=Ben|last=Hartman}}

Most individuals who are licensed to possess handguns may carry them loaded in public, concealed or openly.

In 2005, there were 237,000 private citizens and 154,000 security guards licensed to carry firearms. Another 34,000 Israelis own guns illegally due to their failure to renew their firearms license.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3134459,00.html |title=Quarter of a million Israelis own firearms |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=28 August 2005 |access-date=19 April 2014|first=Doron|last=Sheffer|newspaper=Ynetnews }}{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3762760,00.html |title=Number of gun applications doubles |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |access-date=2014-04-19|last1=Levy |first1=Yael }} In 2007, there were estimated to be 500,000 licensed small arms held by civilians, in addition to 1,757,500 by the military, and 26,040 by the police.Karp, Aaron. 1 July 2006. "Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles". Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business; Chapter 2 (Appendix I), p. 61. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Karp, Aaron. 27 August 2007. "Completing the Count: Civilian firearms – Annexe online". Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City; Chapter 2 (Annexe 4), p. 67 refers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Following the outbreak of the Gaza war on 7 October 2023, Israel almost immediately reacted strongly in favor of loosening gun restrictions in favor of a more liberal access for Israeli civilians to have firearms to defend themselves and their communities. The Israeli government also called on civilians that did find a way to arm themselves to band together and form protective groups in light of the attack initiated out of Gaza.{{Cite web |last=Erb |first=Jordan Parker |title=Israeli officials are calling on armed civilians to stand guard following Hamas attacks |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-calls-on-armed-civilians-stand-guard-after-hamas-attack-2023-10 |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}} The Times of Israel reported, "The reform was unveiled by Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, who has pushed for allowing more Israelis to arm themselves as a response to terror attacks."{{Cite web |last=Bachner |first=Michael |title=Hundreds of thousands more Israelis okayed to carry guns under new rules |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-of-thousands-more-israelis-okayed-to-carry-guns-under-new-rules/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=The Times of Israel |date=20 August 2018 |language=en-US}} Left-wing party Meretz opposed the changes, with party member Tamar Zandberg saying in a statement, "...[guns] are a death machine whose civilian use needs to be reduced as much as possible...", Erdan in turn argued that, "Qualified citizens carrying firearms in public contribute to the sense of security, are an important line of defense from ‘lone-wolf’ attacks and thus strengthen public security.", and "Many citizens have saved lives during terror attacks, and in the era of ‘lone-wolf’ attacks, the more qualified gun-carrying citizens there are — the better the chance to thwart terror attacks without casualties and reduce the number of casualties."

National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir was quoted in a report from Fox News as saying:

When civilians have guns, they can defend themselves.{{Cite web |last=Halon |first=Yael |date=2023-10-11 |title=Israelis pressure government to loosen restrictive gun laws amid Hamas war: It's a 'pity' it came to this |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/israelis-pressure-government-loosen-gun-laws-amid-hamas-war-pity-came |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}

{{see also|Haitōrei Edict|Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law}}

The weapons law of Japan begins by stating "No one shall possess a firearm or firearms or a sword or swords", and very few exceptions are allowed."Law Controlling Possession, Etc. of Fire-Arms and Swords" (1978), Law No 6, Art 3, EHS Law Bulletin Series, No 3920.

Citizens are permitted to possess firearms for hunting and sport shooting, but only after submitting to a lengthy licensing procedure.D Bayley, Forces of Order: Police Behavior in Japan and the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), Art 4, 23. As part of the procedure, a shooting-range test must be passed with a "mark of at least 95%".{{cite news |last1=Low |first1=Harry |title=How Japan has almost eradicated gun crime |work=BBC News |date=6 January 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38365729 |access-date=13 October 2019}} A mental-health evaluation taking place at a hospital, and a thorough background check where one's family and friends are interviewed, are also part of the procedure.

A gun license expires after three years, after which license tests must be repeated. After ten years of shotgun ownership, a license-holder may apply to obtain a rifle.{{Cite web|last=Umeda|first=Sayuri|title=Firearms-Control Legislation and Policy: Japan {{!}} Law Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/japan.php|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.loc.gov}}

Japan has been described as the country with "perhaps the first ever gun buyback initiative" in 1685, and is the first nation to have imposed gun laws in the world;{{cite web |last1=Weller |first1=Chris |title=Japan has almost completely eliminated gun deaths – here's how |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/gun-control-how-japan-has-almost-completely-eliminated-gun-deaths-2017-10?r=US&IR=T |website=Business Insider |date=7 November 2017 |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130063419/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/gun-control-how-japan-has-almost-completely-eliminated-gun-deaths-2017-10?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live }} as such, gun ownership is very rare: 0.6 guns per 100 people in 2007. When mass killings occur, they are often perpetrated by assailants wielding knives or other means,{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Merrit |title=Suspected Arson At Anime Studio In Japan Kills At Least 33 People|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/18/742981029/japanese-anime-studio-hit-with-suspected-arson-killing-at-least-16 |website=NPR |date=18 July 2019}} not guns. In 2014, Japan saw six gun deaths.

Each prefecture in the country can operate a total of three gun shops. New cartridges can only be purchased after turning in expended cartridges. In turn, new magazines can be bought only by trading in old ones. If a gun owner dies, their relatives must surrender their firearms.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38365729|title=How Japan has almost eradicated gun crime|work=BBC News|date=6 January 2017}} Police officers are expected to be proficient in judo to subdue suspects without firearms; police are often armed, but rarely fire their weapons in the course of duty{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/shinzo-abe-shooting-japan-gun-control-0ab2e5afccf89fe71b8d594e4a4ad1cc|title=Japan's tight gun laws add to shock over Abe's assassination|work=Associated Press|date=8 July 2022}} and are not allowed to carry weapons when off-duty.

According to Jordanian law on gun control passed in 1952 Jordanian residents are allowed to keep rifles and handguns at their home with amount of ammunition necessary for self-defense provided they obtain a permit. Permits are denied for people under 21 and convicted of any crimes. Possession and carrying of automatic firearms require special permit.

In 2019 a law was proposed that would ban both semi- and fully-automatic firearms in Jordan.{{cite web|url=https://themedialine.org/by-region/jordan-pushes-bill-to-limit-purchases-of-firearms/|title=Jordan Pushes Bill to Limit Firearm Ownership|work=The Media Line |date=3 July 2019}}

{{main|Gun law in Kuwait}}

Firearms may be licensed to a citizen (or foreigner recommended by the Minister of Interior) who is at least 25 years old and fully capable of handling a weapon, with no criminal record, who is not a suspect or under police surveillance, and who has a source of income. Hunting shotguns are the most commonly licensed weapons. Rifles chambered for .22 long rifle are also common, with hunting rifles being more difficult to obtain. Handguns are only allowed for VIPs. Machine guns are not legally permitted for civilian possession.{{Cite web|title=Guns in Kuwait – Firearms, gun law and gun control|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/kuwait|access-date=2021-01-11|website=www.gunpolicy.org|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120085601/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/kuwait|url-status=dead}}

In the Lebanese Republic, ownership of any firearm other than handguns, hunting arms or antiques is illegal and only the latter two are permitted to leave the owner's home. Disregard for this law is prevalent. Lebanon does not officially grant the right to bear arms, but it is a firmly held cultural belief in the country. Firearm licenses are granted to certain individuals, but the test is not open to the public and requires a particular need to be demonstrated.{{cite web |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/lebanon |title=Guns in Lebanon – Firearms, gun law and gun control |website=Gunpolicy.org |date=2001-07-21 |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205171105/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/lebanon |url-status=dead }}

Gun control has been largely unsuccessful in Lebanon due to a historic context of gun availability and usage, a lack of effective central government control or authority over many parts of the country, and the tumultuous nature of the region. Although gunsmithing was once prominent in the region, it has all but ceased since the mid-1930s, yet it remains legal with a permit. Lebanon has come to be one of the largest arms markets in the Middle East.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxumsOQMxLE | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XxumsOQMxLE| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Lebanon's Illegal Arms Dealers |publisher=YouTube |date=2014-02-24 |access-date=2016-01-29}}{{cbignore}}

Lebanon ranks 58th worldwide for privately owned firearms per capita.

Firearm ownership is highly restricted in Malaysia. The Arms Act (1960){{Cite web|url=http://mides.mod.gov.my/phocadownloadpap/PDF/pekeliling/arms_act_1960_until_2006.pdf|title=Arms Act 1960|website=Malaysia Ministry of Defense Website|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203122028/http://mides.mod.gov.my/phocadownloadpap/PDF/pekeliling/arms_act_1960_until_2006.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}} requires Malaysian citizens to have a license for the manufacture, import, export, repair, or ownership of firearms. A firearm license can only be granted by the Chief Police Officer of a state. Discharging a firearm in crimes such as extortion, robbery, resisting arrest and house-breaking is punished by the death penalty. Exhibiting a firearm for any of the scheduled offences (without discharging) carries a penalty of life imprisonment and caning of not less than six strokes. Possession of unlawful firearms carries a sentence of up to fourteen years in prison and caning.{{Cite web|url=http://poskod.my/street-notes/what-you-need-to-know-about-malaysias-gun-laws/|title=What you need to know about Malaysia's gun laws|date=2013-08-20|website=Poskod Malaysia|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14|archive-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612153507/http://poskod.my/street-notes/what-you-need-to-know-about-malaysias-gun-laws|url-status=dead}}

Mongolia currently observes a law on firearms passed in 2001 which allows anyone to apply for a firearm license, which may be issued after 21 days.

There are 46,982 (or 1.6 per 100 people) registered firearms in Mongolia including 44,306 for hunting, 1,598 for security and ward use, 619 for sports training, 260 as "art" firearms and 199 for collection purposes.{{cite web |last1=Oyundari |first1=E |title=Law on firearms to be amended |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=7146 |website=The UB Post |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124172032/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=7146 |url-status=dead }}

The right to firearm ownership, which is primarily governed by the Weapons Act of 1878, is generally restricted in Myanmar.{{Cite web |last=Htoon |first=Kyaw Lin |date=2018-08-02 |title=Firearms and the law in Myanmar |url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/firearms-and-the-law-in-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en-US}} The law has been amended several times, and generally provides citizens with a right to own firearms for self-defence. Since the 1962 Burmese coup d'état, successive military regimes have restricted legal gun ownership to individuals closely connected with the regimes, including army veterans. After the 1962 coup, the government confiscated all citizen-owned firearms, which were re-distributed to Burma Socialist Programme Party members, retired civil servants, and army veterans.

After the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and ensuing Myanmar civil war (2021–present), the military regime has revisited existing gun laws as part of an effort to combat pro-democracy forces. On 31 January 2023, the Ministry of Home Affairs issued a directive enabling organisations and citizens deemed "loyal to the state," including civilians, civil servants, and army personnel, to obtain firearm licences and permits.{{Cite web |last=Aung Zay |date=2023-02-17 |title=Hundreds apply for firearms licenses days after introduction of new policy |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/hundreds-apply-for-firearms-licenses-days-after-introduction-of-new-policy |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Myanmar NOW |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Tin Htet Paing |date=2023-02-13 |title=Myanmar regime issues right to arms policy enabling easier weapons access for pro-junta individuals and militias |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/myanmar-regime-issues-right-to-arms-policy-enabling-easier-weapons-access-for-pro-junta |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Myanmar NOW |language=en}} The directive stipulates that firearm applicants must be at least 18 years old, and must demonstrate a need for firearms for "personal security." The regulatory shift has enabled the military junta to arm pro-regime paramilitary groups like the Pyusawhti militias and to suppress pro-democracy forces in the country, in light of waning military recruitment and their challenges in concurrently operating in multiple war theatres throughout the country.{{Cite web |title=Leaked document confirms Myanmar junta is arming anti-resistance militias |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/leaked-document-confirms-myanmar-junta-is-arming-anti-resistance-militias |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Myanmar NOW |language=en}}

Nepal allows firearm ownership if an applicant can provide sufficient reason, for example hunting or self-defense.

There are 34,315 (or 0.1 per 100 people) registered firearms in Nepal including 13,892 shotguns, 312 pistols and 118 revolvers.{{cite news|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/over-34-000-licensed-firearms-possessed-by-public/|title=Over 34,000 licensed firearms possessed by public|date=25 March 2017|publisher=MyRepublica}}

According to 2009 law civilian possession of firearms is prohibited in North Korea.{{cite web|last=Oh |first=Grace |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20120806002600315 |title= N. Korea enacts rules on regulating firearms |work=Yonhap News Agency |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |access-date=9 August 2013}}

{{Main|Gun law in Pakistan}}

Pakistan has permissive firearm laws compared to the rest of South Asia, and has the sixth-highest number of privately owned guns in the world. Laws regulate the carrying of weapons in public in most urban areas. Private guns are prohibited in educational institutions, hostels, boarding and lodging houses, fairs, gatherings or processions of a political, religious, ceremonial, or sectarian character, and on the premises of courts of law or public offices.{{cite web|url=http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/190.html |title=The Punjab Arms Ordinance 1965 |publisher=Punjablaws.gov.pk |access-date=2015-01-28}} The law in Pakistan does not stipulate whether gun licenses should be denied or revoked, and a license permits ownership of any number of weapons including handguns of any size and fully automatic weapons. Firearms are a traditionally important part of rural life in its North-Western areas where it is not uncommon to see people legally carrying RPGs and fully automatic weapons.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

{{Main|Gun law in the Philippines}}

Current gun laws in the Philippines are outlined in Republic Act 10591 or the "Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act", signed in 2013. In order to own a firearm, a citizen must acquire a License to Own and Possess Firearms (LTOPF). Applicants must meet the following requirements: (a) has not been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude; (b) has passed the psychiatric test administered by a PNP-accredited psychologist or psychiatrist; (c) has passed the drug test conducted by an accredited and authorized drug testing laboratory or clinic; (d) has passed a gun safety seminar which is administered by the PNP or a registered and authorized gun club; (e) has filed in writing the application to possess a registered firearm which shall state the personal circumstances of the applicant; (f) must present a police clearance from the city or municipality police office; and (g) has not been convicted or is currently an accused in a pending criminal case before any court of law for a crime that is punishable with a penalty of more than two (2) years.{{cite web| url = https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/29/republic-act-no-10591/| title = Republic Act No. 10591 {{!}} Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines| work = Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines| date = 29 May 2013}}

License holders may carry concealed handguns in public with the acquisition of a separate Permit to Carry Firearms Outside of Residence (PTCFOR), which is granted on a may-issue basis.{{cite web|last=Calica |first=Aurea |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/06/02/949166/new-law-gets-strict-gun-ownership |title=New law gets strict on gun ownership | Headlines, News, The Philippine Star |publisher=philstar.com |date=2013-06-02 |access-date=2015-02-18}} Generally, applicants must demonstrate an imminent threat of danger and secure a Threat Assessment Certificate from the police in order to be issued a PTCFOR. Exempted from this requirement are members of the national bar (lawyers, prosecutors, judges), accountants, accredited media practitioners, cashiers, bank tellers, clergymen (priests, ministers, rabbis, imams), physicians, nurses, engineers, high-risk businessmen, elected incumbent and former officials, and active and retired military and law enforcement personnel, as they are deemed to be in imminent danger due to the nature of their profession, occupation or business.

Many Filipinos own firearms for self-protection and target-shooting, which require licenses: around 2,000,000 people out of 100,000,000 have a registered firearm.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/fr/firearms/compareyears/146/number_of_registered_firearms|title=Philippines – Number of Registered Firearms|website=www.gunpolicy.org|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002047/https://www.gunpolicy.org/fr/firearms/compareyears/146/number_of_registered_firearms|url-status=dead}}

Singaporean citizens must obtain a license to lawfully possess firearms or ammunition; applicants must provide justification for the license, which is often restricted to the military, police, and private security companies. Target-shooting licenses permit ownership of a gun, provided it is securely stored in an approved and protected firing range, and is not taken out of the firing range without special permission. Self-defense permits are not allowed, unless there is an 'imminent threat' to their lives that can be justified to the government. There is no restriction on types of small arms one may own after obtaining a license. Illegal firearms and firearm-related crimes are grounds for the death penalty in Singapore.{{cite web |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/singapore |title=Small Arms in Singapore: Facts, Figures and Firearm Law |publisher=Gunpolicy.org |access-date=14 November 2011 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430045149/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/singapore |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%227659a792-18f3-43d8-a6ac-463e3ff2453a%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0#pr3-he- |title=Singapore Statutes Arms Of– fences Act |publisher=Statutes.agc.gov.sg |access-date=2014-04-19 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031931/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%227659a792-18f3-43d8-a6ac-463e3ff2453a%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0#pr3-he- |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%227659a792-18f3-43d8-a6ac-463e3ff2453a%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |title=Singapore Statutes Online Arms – Offences Act |publisher=Statutes.agc.gov.sg |access-date=2014-04-19 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031931/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%227659a792-18f3-43d8-a6ac-463e3ff2453a%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 |url-status=dead }}

Owing to its mandatory national service, nearly half the civilian population have the experience and are well-trained in operating firearms, most notably the M16 and the SAR 21.{{cite web |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/1999/sep/11sep99_nr/11sep99_fs.html |title=Factsheet - Singapore Assault Rifle 21 |publisher=Singaporean Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) |access-date=24 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121225092029/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/1999/sep/11sep99_nr/11sep99_fs.html |archive-date=25 December 2012 |url-status=live }}

Similar to Singapore, the majority of South Korean men are well-trained in the use of firearms, due to mandatory military service. Guns are also notably absent in South Korean society outside of the military, and gun ownership and gun-related deaths rank among the lowest in the world.{{cite news|last=Na|first=Jeong Ju|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2013/01/116_129474.html|newspaper=The Korea Times |access-date=23 July 2015|title=Korea Times US may learn from Korea's gun control}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wbez.org/episode-segments/2011-08-02/examining-south-korea%E2%80%99s-shockingly-low-rates-gun-ownership-89983|publisher=WBEZ|access-date=23 July 2015|title=WBEZ Examining South Korea's shockingly low rates of gun ownership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205171036/http://www.wbez.org/episode-segments/2011-08-02/examining-south-korea%E2%80%99s-shockingly-low-rates-gun-ownership-89983|archive-date=5 December 2015|url-status=dead}}

South Korea has strict gun policies. Hunting and sporting licenses are issued, but any firearm used in these circumstances must be stored at a local police station. Air rifles also have to be stored at police stations; crossbows and electric shock devices are also classified as firearms but their private retention is permitted. Tasers are prohibited, and possessing a toy gun without an orange tip is strictly prohibited. Violation of firearms laws can result in a US$18,000 fine and up to 10 years in prison.{{cite web |last=Cho |first=Johee |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/12/strict-gun-control-laws-in-south-korea/ |title=Strict Gun Control Laws in South Korea |publisher=ABC |access-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219170236/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/12/strict-gun-control-laws-in-south-korea/ |archive-date=19 December 2012}}

According to 2001 law Syrian citizens and foreign Arabs can own one revolver and two shotguns under license issued for people who can provide genuine reason such as protection of business.{{cite web|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/syria|title=Syria — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law|website=Gunpolicy.org|quote=Guiding gun control legislation in Syria includes the... Legislative Decree No. 51 of 23 September 2001|access-date=14 June 2023|archive-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615210714/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/syria|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://stj-sy.org/en/syria-questions-about-the-capacity-of-act-14-to-control-the-spread-of-arms-among-legalized-armed-militias/|title=Syria: Questions About the Capacity of Act 14 to Control the Spread of Arms Among "Legalized Armed Militias"|date=27 April 2022|publisher=Syrians for Truth and Justice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202131015/https://stj-sy.org/en/syria-questions-about-the-capacity-of-act-14-to-control-the-spread-of-arms-among-legalized-armed-militias/|archive-date=2 December 2022|quote=On 15 February 2022, Faisal Jammoul, a Syrian delegate, member of the National Security Committee, and the Syrian Parliament’s Constitutional Committee, gave a live interview on “Al Madina FM” about upcoming amendments to Syrian Arms and Ammunitions Law. During the interview, Jammoul confirmed that a draft of the law had been discussed in detail and would soon be proposed to the Syrian Parliament. He said: “The proposed amendment to the Arms and Ammunitions Law is in fact an amendment to Law No. 51of 2001 and is an urgent response to mitigate the chaotic spread of arms around Syria.”}}

All types of firearms including pistols, rifles and grenades are reportedly sold in rebel-held Idlib district without any license in shops which are mostly run by militia groups.{{cite web|url=https://npasyria.com/en/48265/|title=Indiscriminate proliferation of weapons in Syria's Idlib widespread|date=15 October 2020}} In October 2020 Idlib's Salvation Government reportedly stated it will start licensing firearms.{{cite web|url=https://www.thereference-paris.com/13771|date=18 October 2020|title=Jawlani courts the West with decision to control carrying of weapons in Idlib|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163600/https://www.thereference-paris.com/13771|url-status=dead}} Many other rebel groups expressed opposition to this and some doubted possibility of registering firearms in Idlib.{{cite web|url=https://www.syria.tv/حكومة-الإنقاذ-تبدأ-بترخيص-السلاح-الفردي-الغايات-والإمكانيات|title="حكومة الإنقاذ" تبدأ بترخيص السلاح الفردي.. الغايات والإمكانيات|language=ar|date=20 October 2020}}

Taiwan has extremely strict gun control for all persons on the island, though some carveouts used to be made for indigenous Taiwanese persons. Some argue that the strict policy endangers the homeland to potential invasion by mainland China.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=Mainland China's grip on Taiwan's arsenal seen in 'incredible' security blunder |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3206779/mainland-chinas-grip-taiwans-arsenal-revealed-incredible-security-blunder |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} An unusual feature of Taiwan's gun control scheme was a specific provision for indigenous people, allowing black powder muzzleloader-type single shot rifles for hunting, though in the pursuit of a total gun control policy, even indigenous persons of Taiwan have lost their right to use and own even these guns as of 2021.{{Cite news |date=2021-05-07 |title=Taiwan's indigenous groups lose court fight for hunting rights |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57023554 |access-date=2023-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814183922/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57023554 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Controlling Guns, Ammunition and Knives Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0080047 |access-date=31 July 2020}} There is an absolute "zero tolerance policy" for owning guns in Taiwan. The indigenous people that were allowed a carve out to the absolute-no-guns policy though are increasingly antagonistic against the mainly Han Chinese that are seen as foreign occupiers that restrict the natural right of indigenous peoples of Taiwan to own and use guns for hunting and other purposes.{{Cite web |last=Winn |first=Patrick |url=https://theworld.org/media/2021-05-18/taiwan-s-gun-control-debate|title=Taiwan's gun control debate|publisher=The World|date=18 May 2021}}

A firearm license in Thailand is only granted for the following uses: self-defense, property protection, hunting, or sporting.{{cite web|last1=Chaninat & Leeds|title=Gun Law of Thailand|url=http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/thailand-gun-law.html|website=Thailand Law Forum|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705220628/http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/thailand-gun-law.html|archive-date= 5 July 2023}}{{cite news|last1=Domínguez|first1=Gabriel|title=A look at Thailand's fervent gun culture|url=http://dw.com/p/1HyYz|access-date=20 February 2016|work=Deutsche Welle|agency=Deutsche Welle|date=2016-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615210719/https://www.dw.com/en/a-look-at-thailands-fervent-gun-culture/a-19060721|archive-date=15 June 2023}} Applicants for a firearms license must be at least 20 years of age (the age of majority under the Civil and Commercial Code), have a record of good behavior, have an occupation and receive income, and have a permanent address in Thailand with a name "listed in the house registration specifically in the area where you are applying for a license, for at least six months". A license may not be issued to anyone who is a repeat criminal offender or mentally unstable. The application fee for most firearms licenses is 1,000 Baht for each license or unit; a license for possession and use of air rifles is 200 Baht per license/unit.; carry licenses are also 1,000 Baht per license. Since October 2017 citizenship is required to purchase and use firearms.{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/thailand-amendments-to-firearms-law/|title=Thailand: Amendments to Firearms Law | Global Legal Monitor|date=23 October 2017|website=www.loc.gov}} A person is also not allowed to carry his gun without an additional permit for concealed carry.{{cite web|url=http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Thailand/TH_Firearms_Ammunition_Act.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213013607/http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Thailand/TH_Firearms_Ammunition_Act.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-13 |url-status=live |title=Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, Fireworks, and the Equivalent of Firearms Act B.E.2490 (1947), page 1 of 22 |publisher=Vertic.org |access-date=18 February 2015}} Fully automatic firearms and explosive devices are prohibited.{{cite web|last1=Alpers|first1=Philip|last2=Wilson|first2=Marcus|title=Thailand – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law|url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/thailand|website=GunPolicy.org|publisher=Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney|access-date=20 February 2016|date=2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195139/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/thailand|url-status=dead}}

The amended 2017 law will cover weapon suppressors, electric darts, and new types of fireworks including bang fai (locally-made rockets) and talai ("rocket-like fireworks with a circular wing"). The amendment further provides that anyone who creates a bomb scare may be subject to convictions of up to three years of imprisonment and/or fined up to 60,000 Baht. Another significant change is that only Thais will be permitted to register a gun with the authorities. Formerly, foreigners residing in Thailand could also apply for weapons permits. The Act already prohibits the manufacture, purchase, ownership, use, ordering, or import of firearms or ammunition, except by persons who have been granted a license from the local registrar. Violation of this provision is punishable with convictions including imprisonment for a period of between one and ten years and/or fines of between 2,000 and 20,000 Baht.

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

Under East Timorese law, only the military and police forces may possess, carry and use firearms, with few exceptions.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/timor-leste Timor-Leste — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200404/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/timor-leste |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. Timor-Leste — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 7 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.

In late June 2008, the Prime Minister, Xanana Gusmão, introduced a proposed gun law to Parliament for "urgent debate", pushing back scheduled budgetary discussions. The new law, which would allow civilians to own guns, sparked heated debates in the East Timorese parliament. The United Nations, which has a peacekeeping force deployed in the nation, also expressed concerns over the new law. The law was defeated in the Parliament.{{cite web|url=https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2008/06/new-gun-laws-in-east-timor-defeated-in.html|title=New gun laws in East Timor defeated in Parliament|date=27 June 2008}}

Turkey is semi-restrictive in terms of gun control statutes.{{cite web |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey |title=Guns in Turkey |publisher=gunpolicy.org |access-date=2016-06-29 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702123543/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey |url-status=dead }} Civilians in Turkey need to get a license from the police or gendarmerie to own and use firearms, and these licenses last for 5 years. Licenses are available for shotguns (including semi-automatic ones), rifles (bolt-action, lever-action, and some semi-automatics), and handguns. To get a license, you must:

• Be at least 21 years old,

• Be a Turkish citizen or permanent resident,

• Have a valid medical report signed by a group of doctors,

• Have no criminal record or unpaid taxes, and

• Pay the required fees.

As of 2024, fully automatic and short-barreled shotguns are banned. There are no restrictions on magazine size, caliber, or optics for handguns. Some semi-automatic rifles can be owned with a rifle permit, but they are uncommon in the market. Semi-auto rifles typically come in .22LR or 9mm calibers with magazines holding up to 15 rounds. Fully automatic rifles are not allowed for civilians, with very rare exceptions.

Shotgun licenses automatically include a permit to carry or transport the shotgun, but it must be unloaded and covered. Handgun concealed carry permits and rifle carry licenses are harder to get and require a valid reason, like personal protection or hunting. Applicants must show proof of this reason, such as a life threat (approved by the governor) or belonging to specific professions like:

• Company board members/directors (with certain criteria),

• Jewelers, gas station operators, or bank managers,

• Lawyers, commercial pilots, or ship captains,

• Herders, shooting range operators, or foreign exchange bureau owners,

• Notaries, contractors/developers, or people working with explosives,

• Beekeepers, licensed journalists, or rural landowners.

Getting a handgun concealed carry permit is expensive, and each firearm requires a separate carry license. Handgun carry licenses are legally unlimited, but obtaining multiple permits is rare. Rifles can only be carried with a hunting license and for hunting purposes; hunting with semi-automatic rifles is not allowed. Carry licenses usually need renewal every 5 years.

High-powered and tactical semi-automatic rifles are mostly banned for civilians, with very few exceptions. Spare parts for these weapons, especially barrels, are hard to find and replace.[https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.6136.pdf ATEŞLİ SİLAHLAR VE BIÇAKLAR İLE DİĞER ALETLER HAKKINDA KANUN] 10 July 1952

In Turkey, most shooting ranges are indoors and only allow handguns. People with possession licenses need to get a transportation permit from the local police for each trip to the range. However, those with concealed carry licenses do not need such permits.

Shotguns and rifles (for carry license holders) can be used for target shooting outside urban and residential areas. This must be done at least 500 meters away from homes and only with the landowner’s permission. To hunt with shotguns or rifles, a hunting license is required.

Licensed armed security personnel, such as those protecting valuable assets, VIPs, critical infrastructure, airports, banks, or high-risk events, can carry semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons, including submachine guns, but only while on duty.

In rural areas, over 50,000 civilians are authorized as “Security Guards” or “Village Guards” to protect against terrorists and looters. This role allows them to carry selective-fire firearms for this specific purpose. These weapons and equipment are usually provided by the military and remain government property.

Public servants, including police officers, military personnel, judges, public prosecutors, and senior politicians, have a lifelong right to apply for free handgun and rifle carry licenses. These licenses are issued on a guaranteed basis.[https://www.husanarms.com/en/haberler/silah-ruhsati-nasil-alinir/ How to Get a Gun License in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226211157/https://www.husanarms.com/en/haberler/silah-ruhsati-nasil-alinir/ |date=26 December 2023 }} 26 February 2023. Husan Arms.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey Turkey — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713081846/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey |date=13 July 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. Turkey — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 12 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.

All police officers can carry an unlimited number of handguns and rifles with a carry license. Military officers are allowed up to five handguns and two rifles, while generals are not limited by these rules. Mayors, deputies, ministers, and presidents automatically receive lifetime carry licenses without paying any fees. Some other government employees, such as forest rangers, village headmen, customs officers, judges, and prosecutors, also have lifetime carry licenses. Unlike civilians, public servants (active or retired) do not need to renew their medical certificates every five years.

Turkey has a large shotgun industry, and shotguns are widely available and easy to purchase. Getting a shotgun license is simpler and cheaper compared to handgun or rifle licenses. It requires a clean bill of health, a clear criminal record, and no outstanding tax debt. One shotgun license allows ownership of up to five shotguns. Spare parts are widely available, and rebarreling is both easy and legal.[https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuatNo=10666&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5 SAYILI AVDA VE SPORDA KULLANILAN TÜFEKLER, NİŞAN TABANCALARI VE AV BIÇAKLARININ YAPIMI, ALIMI, SATIMI VE BULUNDURULMASINA DAİR KANUNUN UYGULANMASINA İLİŞKİN YÖNETMELİK] Shotguns are much more affordable due to open market conditions and competition among numerous national and international brands, unlike rifles and handguns, which are sold exclusively through the government-controlled monopoly, MKEK.

In 2019, the government of the United Arab Emirates relaxed its gun laws. The minimum age to possess firearms was lowered from 25 to 21, while legal owners can now have up to three guns. People from other countries are not allowed to apply for licenses. Most popular purposes to own them include hunting and trap shooting.

Weapons can be purchased during a yearly gun show called Adihex. In 2018, more than 1,764 legal weapons were sold.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/uae-gun-rule-changes-boost-sales-at-abu-dhabi-s-adihex-1.904046|title=UAE gun rule changes boost sales at Abu Dhabi's Adihex|date=29 August 2019|website=The National}}

Firearm licenses are issued after 60 days of applications to the relevant authority. If there is no response that means that the license has been rejected.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/courts/abu-dhabi-shooting-rare-gun-incident-puts-spotlight-on-strict-licensing-laws-1.809198|title=Abu Dhabi shooting: rare gun incident puts spotlight on strict licensing laws|date=3 January 2019|website=The National}}

In 2019, the president of Uzbekistan signed a new gun law. It allows citizens to own smooth-bore firearms and firearms with rifled barrels for hunting and sport shooting purposes. Carrying in public places is prohibited and the minimum age is 21 years. Only gas and electric weapons can be used for self-defense purposes. The maximum magazine capacity is ten rounds.

Firearms in Vietnam are restricted to the military and law enforcement agencies, with possession of firearms prohibited to civilians.{{Cite web|url=https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Linh-vuc-khac/Luat-Quan-ly-su-dung-vu-khi-vat-lieu-no-cong-cu-ho-tro-2017-320097.aspx|title=Luật Quản lý sử dụng vũ khí vật liệu nổ công cụ hỗ trợ 2017|last=thuvienphapluat.vn|website=thuvienphapluat.vn|access-date=2018-05-29}} The chief exception to this is for hunting and sporting purposes, requiring users to undergo mandatory background checks to be licensed.

{{Main|Gun law in Yemen}}

Yemen has a permissive gun policy and does not require permits for firearm ownership. The 1992 Law "On Regulating Carrying Firearms and Ammunitions and Their Trade", established the right to own firearms (rifles, machine guns, revolvers and hunting rifles) for the purpose of legitimate defense. Licenses are required to carry firearms in cities, which are issued on a may-issue basis with varying restrictions depending on the city. Open and concealed carry is unrestricted in rural areas. Since the breakout of the civil war in 2011 there has been barely any state gun control, and fully-automatic rifles/assault rifles, anti-tank guided missiles or armored vehicles are available over the counter for various militias and individuals willing to buy them.{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/yemen-dangerous-regional-arms-bazaar/|title=Yemen: A Dangerous Regional Arms Bazaar|newspaper=Jamestown |date=16 June 2017}}

According to the Small Arms Survey of 2018 titled Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers, there are roughly 14.9 million civilian-held firearms in Yemen (52.8 firearms held per 100 residents), making Yemen the second most armed country in the world after the United States.{{Cite web|last=Karp|first=Aaron|date=June 2018|title=Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Civilian-Firearms-Numbers.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231909/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Civilian-Firearms-Numbers.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2018|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Small Arms Survey|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}

[[File:Concealed carry in Europe.svg|thumb|Issuing of concealed carry permit in Europe (by country, 2019):

{{legend|#0000D7|shall-issue}}

{{legend|#5599ff|may issue permissive}}

{{legend|#FFF200|may-issue}}

{{legend|#F89018|may-issue restricted (no-issue in practice)}}

{{legend|#D40000|no-issue}}

{{legend|#DCDCDC|no data}}]]

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, its two autonomous entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska have relatively strict weapon laws compared to the rest of Europe. Weapons are regulated by the Weapons and Ammunition Law. People over 21 may apply for a permit. Those with a history of criminal activity, mental disorders, alcohol or substance use will be denied a permit. There is also a thorough background check, interviewing neighbors and family, and the applicant must complete a course and pass a multiple-choice exam. Police have the last word on the matter, with an appeal possible to a police captain. Firearms must be kept in a "safe place" within a residence, and may be confiscated by police if the owner is found to be "irresponsible". Concealed carry is allowed with a permit. Pepper spray may be carried by females if registered with police.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

{{Main|Directive (EU) 2021/555}}

File:Civilian firearms ownership in the EU.png

Gun laws in the European Union vary greatly from one country to another. Nevertheless, two main strains may be recognized: Most EU countries treat firearms primarily as sporting instruments, while a select group of countries consider them to be primarily tools of individual or collective safety (i.e. Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Baltic states, Finland). This difference in primary understanding of firearms' main purpose leads to different treatment in national legislations.{{cite web

| last = Gawron

| first = Tomáš

| title = Srovnání české zbraňové legislativy s jinými evropskými zeměmi [Comparison of Czech Gun Laws with other European Countries]

| work = zbrojnice.com

| date = 15 January 2024

| url = https://zbrojnice.com/2024/01/15/srovnani-ceske-zbranove-legislativy-s-jinymi-evropskymi-zememi/

| access-date = 7 November 2024

| language = cs

| archive-date =

| archive-url =

| url-status =

}}

All EU and EFTA countries are bound to implement Directive (EU) 2021/555 into their own legal systems. The Directive sets certain gun control standards that the countries must meet; at the same time national legislators may chose to adopt more stringent rules.

Under the directive, firearms are defined as any portable barrelled weapon that expels, is designed to expel or may be converted to expel a shot, bullet or projectile by the action of a combustible propellant.{{Citation

| author = European Parliament and the Council

| date = 21 May 2008

| title = Directive 2008/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons

| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32008L0051

}}, recital.

Since 2017 EU directive amendment, arms are classified in three EU categories:

• Category A – Prohibited firearms: including for instance explosive military missiles and launchers, automatic firearms, firearms disguised as other objects, or ammunition with penetrating, explosive or incendiary projectiles, and the projectiles for such ammunition, or semi-automatic firearms;
• Category B – Firearms subject to authorisation, including for instance various kind of repeating and semi-automatic long firearms, but excluding those which belongs to category A
• Category C – Firearms and weapons subject to declaration, including various kind of long firearms with, but excluding those which belongs to category A or B{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A01991L0477-20170613|title=EUR-Lex – 01991L0477-20170613 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}

Under article 5 of the directive:

{{blockquote|Without prejudice to Article 3, Member States shall permit the acquisition and possession of firearms only by persons who have good cause and who:

• (a) are at least 18 years of age, (...)
• (b) are not likely to be a danger to themselves or others, to public order or to public safety; the fact of having been convicted of a violent intentional crime shall be considered as indicative of such danger.

(...)}}

{{Main|Gun law in Austria}}

Austria is the only country in the European Union where firearms are only partially licensed; the Waffengesetz (Weapons Act) provides the legal terms for all types of weapons, including firearms.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=1000601+Gesamte+Rechtsvorschrift+f%C3%BCr+Waffengesetz+1996|title=RIS – 1000601 Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Waffengesetz 1996 – Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 01.03.2021|website=www.ris.bka.gv.at|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521101830/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=1000601+Gesamte+Rechtsvorschrift+f%C3%BCr+Waffengesetz+1996|url-status=dead}} § 1 of the law defines Weapons as objects that are designed to directly eliminate or reduce the ability of people to attack or defend themselves (e.g. knives, pepper spray, gas pistols, etc.) or for firing projectiles during hunting or sport shooting (e.g. crossbows, bows, etc.). § 2 further defines Firearms as weapons where projectiles can be fired from a barrel in a predefined direction. Most common firearms and some other weapons fall into three different categories, which come with different restrictions:

Category A is divided into two subcategories "war material" and "restricted weapons". "War material" includes for example tanks, fully automatic weapons and armour-piercing weapons; "restricted weapons" includes weapons disguised as other objects, firearms which can be disassembled in a faster than usual fashion for hunting and sport, shotguns with an overall length of less than 90 cm (35 in) or barrel length shorter than 45 cm (18 in), pump action shotguns, suppressors and firearms with suppressors, knuckledusters, blackjacks, steel rods. Category B covers all handguns, repeating shotguns and semi-automatic weapons which are not category A (e.g. pistols, revolvers, semi-automatic rifles and semi-automatic shotguns). Category C includes most other firearms that are not category A or B (e.g. repeating rifles, revolving rifles, break-action rifles and break-action shotguns).

All firearms of category A, B, and C are registered in the central weapon register (Zentrales Waffenregister, or short ZWR). Firearms of category C are the least restricted; all citizens over 18 may purchase them at licensed sellers, even without a firearms licence (barring a 3-day waiting period to check for a weapon ban on the buyer). Category B weapons have further restrictions; buyers must have a firearms license or a carry permit, and be 21, unless granted an exception for the age of 18. Category A weapons typically require further exceptions to be granted for holders, except in the case of suppressors and suppressed weapons, which may be held by those with valid hunting licences without an additional permit. "War material" requires a further special federal permit, which is in practice only granted to approved collectors and experts.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10006016&FassungVom=2019-02-14&Artikel=&Paragraf=18&Anlage=&Uebergangsrecht=|title=RIS – Waffengesetz 1996 § 18 – Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 14.02.2019|website=www.ris.bka.gv.at}} In general, ammunition sales are unrestricted, though handgun ammunition and some rifle ammunition requires a permit. Antique firearms made before 1871, many black powder firearms and some other "less effective weapons" also require no licence or registration.

In addition, § 11a defines further restrictions on the purchase, possession and carrying of all weapons and ammunition for asylum seekers and many third-country nationals. Owning weapons without a permit for them is strictly prohibited and controlled by the police.{{Cite web|url=https://www.heute.at/s/generelles-waffenverbot-fur-auslander-beschlossen-52346200|title=Totales Waffenverbot für Ausländer in Österreich|website=Heute.at|date=21 November 2018 }}

Carrying firearms in public generally requires a carry permit (or "Waffenpass"). Carry permits are issued by the authorities on a shall issue or may issue basis, depending on reason and applicant. Austrian law makes no distinction between concealed or open carry; with a carry permit, the holder may carry their weapon(s) freely throughout the whole country and even in certain "weapon free zones".{{Cite web|url=https://www.meinbezirk.at/wieden/c-lokales/waffen-in-wien-10235-personen-duerfen-eine-pistole-tragen_a1681292|title=Waffen in Wien: 10.235 Personen dürfen eine Pistole tragen|website=meinbezirk.at|date=24 March 2016 }}{{cite web| url = https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/PR/JAHR_2018/PK0832/| title = Parlament Österreich}} However, holders must carry their weapons in a way that does not constitute a public nuisance; for example, openly displaying a handgun in one's belt at the cinema while wearing civil clothing would be considered unusual and could be considered a public nuisance if the police were called.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nachrichten.at/nachrichten/ticker/Bewaffneter-Beamter-loeste-Grosseinsatz-in-Kino-aus;art449,2186488|title=Bewaffneter Beamter löste Großeinsatz in Kino aus|website=nachrichten.at}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

Possessing or carrying firearms is generally illegal in Belgium with very limited exemptions. Gun laws in Belgium are among the strictest in the world. An exception is made for people who have a valid firearms license. Since 2006, after a shooting incident in Antwerp, there are very strict conditions and rules for gun owners to obtain such a licence. The legal reasons to get a license include sport shooting, hunting, collecting and self-defense, although self-defense licenses are almost never approved. The granting of gun permits is the responsibility of the governor of the province in which the applicant resides. Applicants must always pass a theoretical and practical exam, have a clean criminal record and be able to present a medical certificate proving that they are competent to handle weapons.

When purchasing a gun, in most cases a permit called 'Model 4' has to be requested first, even when you already have a license, in order to register the firearm. The requisition of such a permit has a cost of around €140 (as of February 2025) and is increased every year, as well as a waiting period of up to 4 months. There are exceptions to this rule however, but these are different depending on the reason for the possession of the firearm. I.e.: a .22LR semi automatic pistol is exempt from a model 4 permit for sport shooters, but not for hunters. All revolvers, centerfire pistols, semi-automatic rifles and pump action shotguns always require a Model 4 permit. When requesting a Model 4 you have to be able to prove that you passed the forementioned theoretical and practical exam, have a clean criminal record, present a medical certificate, provide proof that you are a member of a licensed shooting range, and get written permission by every adult person whom you share a house with that they do not object to you having the firearms.{{cite web |last1=Demeyere |first1=Nico |title=Aankoop vergunningsplichtig wapen |url=https://www.wapenwet.be/portaal/wapenbezitters/aankoopvergunning |website=Wapenunie Online |access-date=20 February 2025}}

However, the laws and regulations concerning the carrying and possession of firearms for hunters, sport shooters, collectors and also for the import and export of guns, differs slightly from area to area in Belgium; a valid licence is almost always required. Airsoft guns, paintball guns and some blank guns do not need a permit or licence and are free to purchase. Deactivated guns also need a license as of 2019. The only firearms that can be bought without a license in Belgium are those which are manufactured before 1890, or those that only use black powder and were patented before 1895 and manufactured before 1945. The possession of ammunition is always restricted to people who have a valid license. Belgium is the only country in the EU where magazines are also subject to license and registration.{{cite web |last1=Demeyere |first1=Nico |title=Laders |url=https://www.wapenwet.be/portaal/wapenbezitters/laders |website=Wapenunie Online |access-date=20 February 2025}}

Gun laws in Belgium do not apply (or at least applies differently) for the military and law enforcement services such as the police. Until its abolition in 2019, the security units of Belgian courts and prison transport (Corps de securité Justice/Veiligheidskorps Justitie) were also permitted to carry handguns.

Because of the very strict laws, and the long and expensive process of obtaining licenses, Belgian law allows for people over the age of 18 without a license to shoot once per year and only under strict supervision in a licensed shooting range.

Croatia issues firearms permits for self-defense, hunting, sport shooting:

• Hunting permits require a certificate indicating successfully passing the hunting exam;
• Sporting permits require a certificate issued by a target shooting organization on active membership;
• Self-defense permits require a proof of danger to life.

Every permit also requires an applicant to be at least 18 years old, not be convicted of crimes, there being no other circumstances indicating that the weapon may be abused (for example by a history of alcoholism) and passing medical examinations.

{{As of|2020|10}} there 99,829 legal gun owners in Croatia. 14,711 people can own and carry firearms for the purpose of personal safety.{{cite web|url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/vijesti/crna-kronika/pola-milijuna-nelegalnih-pistolja-i-pusaka-jos-uvijek-se-krije-po-kucama-u-zadnjih-13-godina-gradani-su-dobrovoljno-predali-cak-343-000-komada-oruzja-1052624|title=Pola milijuna nelegalnih pištolja i pušaka još uvijek se krije po kućama? U zadnjih 13 godina građani su dobrovoljno predali čak 343.000 komada oružja|date=22 October 2020}}

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

The Republic of Cyprus has strict gun control. Private citizens are completely forbidden from owning handguns and rifles in any calibre, including .22 rimfire ammunition. Shotguns limited to two rounds are allowed with a license, issued by provincial police. Shotguns must be for hunting purposes, and a licensed citizen may own up to ten shotguns, typically double-barrelled. A firearm license is required to buy ammunition, of up to 250 shells per purchase, with sales being recorded. Cyprus also controls airguns, and airgun owners require a license. Even though purchasing automatic weapons is illegal, the military issues their reserves an automatic weapon, therefore the majority of the male population has one due to military conscription.Grupp, Larry (2011). The Worldwide Gun Owner's Guide. Scottsdale, Arizona: Bloomfield Press, 365pp.

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| width = 300

| header = Gun safes for visitors at a Czech courthouse

| image1 = Gun safes for visitors firearms at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic.jpg

| alt1 = Gun safes for visitors at a courthouse in Prague

| caption1 = Gun safes for civilian firearms at a courthouse in Prague. It is forbidden to carry any weapons within a courthouse. Visitors can leave their firearms at gun safes upon entry, before undergoing airport-style security check.

| image2 = Interior of a gun safe for visitors at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic.jpg

| alt2 = CZ 75 D, magazine, chamber round and a pepper spray within a visitor's gun safe at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic.

| caption2 = Visitor's unloaded pistol and a pepper spray within a courthouse gun safe

}}

{{Main|Gun law in the Czech Republic}}

{{See also|History of Czech civilian firearms possession}}

Gun laws in the Czech Republic adhere to the European Firearms Directive.{{cite news|last=Gawron|first=Tomáš|url=https://advokatnidenik.cz/2020/10/23/od-smernice-k-implementaci-co-prinasi-a-co-znamena-poslaneckou-snemovnou-pcr-schvalena-novela-zakona-o-zbranich/|title=Od směrnice k implementaci: co přináší a co znamená Poslaneckou sněmovnou PČR schválená novela zákona o zbraních|language=cs|date=23 October 2020|newspaper=Advokátní Deník|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152550/https://advokatnidenik.cz/2020/10/23/od-smernice-k-implementaci-co-prinasi-a-co-znamena-poslaneckou-snemovnou-pcr-schvalena-novela-zakona-o-zbranich/|url-status=live}} Legal accessibility is comparable to those EU countries which consider firearms to be primarily tools of individual or collective safety (i.e. Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Baltic states, Finland) and not just sporting instruments (see Gun laws in the European Union).{{Cite news|date=2023-12-22|last=Sanlaville|first=Tanguy|title=Examens, contrôles des antécédents : après l'attaque de Prague, au coeur de la loi tchèque sur les armes à feu|url=https://www.marianne.net/monde/europe/examens-controles-des-antecedents-apres-l-attaque-de-prague-au-coeur-de-la-loi-tcheque-sur-les-armes-a-feu|website=marianne.net|language=fr|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224234820/https://www.marianne.net/monde/europe/examens-controles-des-antecedents-apres-l-attaque-de-prague-au-coeur-de-la-loi-tcheque-sur-les-armes-a-feu|url-status=live}}{{cite web

| last = Gawron

| first = Tomáš

| title = Srovnání české zbraňové legislativy s jinými evropskými zeměmi [Comparison of Czech Gun Laws with other European Countries]

| work = zbrojnice.com

| date = 15 January 2024

| url = https://zbrojnice.com/2024/01/15/srovnani-ceske-zbranove-legislativy-s-jinymi-evropskymi-zememi/

| access-date = 7 November 2024

| language = cs

| archive-date =

| archive-url =

| url-status =

}}

Right to keep and bear arms is considered to be an attribute of liberty in the country. It is explicitly recognized in the first Article of the Firearms Act. At the constitutional level, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms protects the "right to defend one's own life or life of another person also with arms under conditions stipulated by law" (see Self-defence law in the Czech Republic).

Firearms are available to any resident subject to acquiring a firearms license. Firearm licenses may be obtained in a way similar to a driving license; by passing a proficiency exam (in Czech language only), medical examination and having no criminal record. Unlike in most other European countries, Czech firearms legislation also permits citizens to carry concealed weapons for self-defense; 260,027 out of 316,859 gun license holders have a concealed carry license (31 December 2023).{{cite web

| last = Gawron

| first = Tomáš

| title = Zbraňové statistiky 2023: Růst počtu držitelů zbrojních průkazů zpomalil, setrvalý nárůst registrovaných zbraní [Firearms statistics 2023: Increase of number of license holders slowed down, gradual increase of registered firearms]

| work = zbrojnice.com

| date = 8 January 2024

| url = https://zbrojnice.com/2024/01/08/zbranove-statistiky-2023-rust-poctu-drzitelu-zbrojnich-prukazu-zpomalil-setrvaly-narust-registrovanych-zbrani/

| access-date = 8 January 2024

| language = cs

| archive-date =

| archive-url =

| url-status =

}} The most common reason for firearm possession by Czech gun owners is protection, with hunting and sport shooting being less common.{{Citation

| last = Eurobarometer

| first = Directorate General for Communication

| year = 2013

| title = Flash Barometer 383: Firearms in the European Union – Report

| location = Brusselss

| url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_383_en.pdf

| access-date = 26 March 2017

| archive-date = 21 March 2017

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170321132451/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_383_en.pdf

| url-status = live

}} Additionally, people can join government endorsed advanced shooting training courses with their privately owned firearms and become members of the militia-style Designated Reserves.{{cite web | url=https://www.czdefence.cz/clanek/ozbrojeni-civiliste-a-budouci-bezpecnostni-krize | title=Ozbrojení civilisté a budoucí bezpečnostní krize }}

The beginnings of Czech civilian firearms possession date back to 1421, with the first use of firearms as the primary weapons of Hussite militia (see History of Czech civilian firearms possession). Firearms became indispensable tools for the mostly-commoner militia in a war for religious freedom and political independence. Firearms possession became common throughout and after the Hussite wars. The universal right to keep arms for "all people of all standing" was formally affirmed in the 1517 {{Interlanguage link|St. Wenceslaus Agreement|cs|Svatováclavská smlouva}}. Throughout its 600-year history, Czech firearms legislation remained permissive, with the exception of the periods of German Nazi occupation and of the Communist regime.

The English term pistol originated in 15th-century Czech language.{{cite book|title=Ohlasy husitského válečnictví v Evropě|year=1922|publisher=Československý vědecký ústav vojenský|first=Karel|last=Titz}} Mariánská skála in Ústí nad Labem is Europe's oldest continually-open shooting range, established in 1617.{{Citation

| last = Kindlová

| first = Veronika

| year = 2015

| title = Nejstarší střelnici v Evropě najdete na Mariánské skále v Ústí nad Labem

| url = http://www.rozhlas.cz/sever/expres/_zprava/nejstarsi-strelnici-v-evrope-najdete-na-marianske-skale-v-usti-nad-labem--1553992

| access-date = 1 October 2017

| archive-date = 1 October 2017

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214516/http://www.rozhlas.cz/sever/expres/_zprava/nejstarsi-strelnici-v-evrope-najdete-na-marianske-skale-v-usti-nad-labem--1553992

| url-status = live

}}{{cite book

| last = Rudoplh

| first = Richard L.

| title = Banking and Industrialization in Austria-Hungary: The Role of Banks in the Industrialization of the Czech Crownlands, 1873–1914

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| year = 2008

| page = 39

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfGg0bn1JUAC&pg=PA39

| isbn = 978-0-521-08847-3

| access-date = 6 January 2019

| archive-date = 5 November 2021

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105225044/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfGg0bn1JUAC&pg=PA39

| url-status = live

}}

Civilians in Denmark aged 16 and above can acquire gun licenses for hunting or sport shooting. This requires passing a written multiple-choice test and a practical test, after which a certified hunting license instructor determines if the applicant is suitable to own a weapon. A license is usually provided if the applicant has no or only minor marks on their criminal record.

A hunting license permits the over-the-counter-purchase and ownership of an unlimited number of shotguns of up to 12 gauge and two-round capacity. From there, the police has to be notified of new weapon purchases through an online form. Bolt-action rifles can also be bought over-the-counter, although they require a rifle license which is obtained through the police. The allowed calibers range from the smallest possible, up to .50 BMG, with .50 BMG not included. Semi-automatic rifles are allowed if the rifle is limited to two rounds (hunting in Denmark), or without limitation on capacity (hunting outside of Denmark). Currently, only larger calibers (.308, 6.5{{times}}55, .300wm etc.) are issued as semi-auto rifles for hunting abroad. .223/5.56{{times}}45 and similar caliber rifles are generally not approved. The hunter must pass a shotgun or rifle shooting test before being allowed to hunt.

For sport-shooting purposes, shotguns can also be used, as can bolt-action rifles of almost any caliber (.50 BMG as one of the exceptions). Sporting rifles are often chambered in .22 LR and 6.5{{times}}55 mm.

Semi-automatic rifles are not allowed for sports shooting.

Handguns: After two years of active membership in a shooting club, one can apply for a handgun permit which is then subject to background checks and approval by the police, and one has to be 21 years old.

Approved calibers: All calibers under 9mm (9{{times}}19, .38 special, .357 magnum, .32 ACP, etc.), plus a limited number of larger calibers; .40 S&W, .45 ACP, .44 special. The maximum number of handguns are six in .22 caliber. When applying for a third gun, a special permit from the department of justice is required. Large caliber guns, i.e. bigger than .22 caliber, are restricted to a maximum of two in the same caliber. Therefore, one can only own two handguns in 9 mm at any given time. However, it is legal to own an additional two handguns in 9 mm, if these are revolvers. For all handguns, the overall length must be at least {{convert|210|mm|in}}, regardless of caliber, measured without orthopedic grips or removal parts.

A weapon permit for sporting purposes (both long and short firearms) has to be renewed every five years. Rifle permits for hunting rifles have to be renewed every 10 years. Shotguns are not held on individual permits; holders are allowed to own these as long as they have a valid hunting license – and they can keep it for up to 10 years after the hunting license expires – albeit they are not allowed to keep ammunition without a valid license.

Carrying a firearm in public is strictly prohibited, however, a notion of proportional self-defense exists. This means that if someone is attacked with a firearm, they are legally allowed to defend themselves proportionally – e.g. with a firearm of their own.

Fully automatic weapons are prohibited for civilian use, unless a special permit is issued by the Ministry of Justice. These permits are extremely rare, and are normally only issued to people or companies working for, or supplying the police or military.

Illegal possession of a firearm may be punished with imprisonment of no less than one year. Civilians may keep privately owned weapons including pistols, revolvers, shotguns and rifles at their residences.{{cite web| url = https://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/vaabentilladelse/blankvaaben.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163655/https://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/vaabentilladelse/blankvaaben.htm| archive-date = 3 February 2017| title = www.politi.dk - Blankvåben mv.}} These, together with its ammunition have to be stored in an approved gun cabinet (EN1143-1 grade 0 or better).https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=158805 §22 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705220645/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=158805|date=5 July 2023}} The police may inspect a shooting club's weapons at their discretion, but require a court order to inspect privately held firearms.{{Cite web|url=http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/arbejdsomr%C3%A5der/v%C3%A5ben/lovgivning|title=Ministry of Justice – Weapons|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513093150/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/arbejdsomr%C3%A5der/v%C3%A5ben/lovgivning|url-status=dead}}

Estonia is a shall-issue nation. Background checks, doctor's approval, written and practical exam and a firearms course are required. The courses are only offered by private parties (not law enforcement) and must be performed in Estonian as must be the national exam given by law enforcement.{{cite web |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/103072020005?leiaKehtiv |website=Weapon's law|title=Relvaseadus–Riigi Teataja }} Earlier, a translator was permitted, but it was changed as a consequence of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to the large number of ethnic Russians applying for licenses.{{cite web |url=https://www.politsei.ee/et/relvaeksam |website=Weapon's exam|title=Relvaeksam }} After the national exam is passed, the taking of which already requires passing the previous requisites, a license must be issued on request with law enforcement having no final say afterwards unless a later cause (like committing a felony) invalidates a license.

{{Main|Firearms regulation in Finland}}

The ownership and use of firearms in Finland is regulated by the country's Firearms Act of 1998. Weapons are individually licensed by local police, with no limit on the number of licenses an individual may hold. Licenses are granted for recreational uses, exhibition or (under certain circumstances) professional use. No type of weapon is explicitly prohibited, but licenses are granted only for a reason. Self-defense is not accepted as a valid reason for licensing. In general, this excludes all but hunting and sports guns from non-professional use. Fully automatic weapons are generally not permitted. With the exception of law enforcement, only specially trained security guards may carry loaded weapons in public.

In 2007, Finland had the third largest gun-ownership rate globally (behind the US and Yemen),{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Nick |title=Finland school shooting: Gunman planned massacre for six years |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/3071235/Finland-school-shooting-Gunman-planned-massacre-for-six-years.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/3071235/Finland-school-shooting-Gunman-planned-massacre-for-six-years.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |date=24 September 2008 |access-date=16 November 2019}}{{cbignore}} and the first in Europe.{{cite news |title=Vote to tighten Europe gun laws |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7117042.stm |website=BBC |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=16 November 2019}} Finns practices hunting, and {{As of|2007|lc=y|post=,}} there were 1.6 million registered weapons and 650,000 people with firearm permits in the country, i.e. 12% of the population. In November that year, Finland updated their gun laws after two school shootings that left 20 people dead,{{cite web |last1=Byron |first1=Katy |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |last3=Schmidt |first3=Nadine |last4=Watson |first4=Ivan |last5=Magnay |first5=Diana |title=German rampage victims mostly female |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/11/germany.school.shooting/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116042955/https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/11/germany.school.shooting/index.html |url-status=dead }} and to comply with an EU directive by removing the ability of 15-18-year-olds to have their own permit. The possibility of creating a dual-license for an already licensed weapon with permission of the license holder was allowed (e.g. parental permission). In 2011, a constitutional law committee concluded that people over the age of 20 can receive a permit for semi-automatic handguns; individuals must demonstrate continuous activity in handgun sporting group for two years prior.{{cite web |last1=Tsai |first1=Michelle |title=Packing Heat in Helsinki |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/12/why-are-there-so-many-guns-in-finland.html |website=Slate |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=16 November 2019}}

{{Main|Firearms regulation in France}}

In 1563, Charles IX of France had an address to the Rouen parliament about forbidding firearms in which he made the following statement:

In France, a hunting license or a sport-shooting license is needed to purchase any smokeless powder firearm. In September 2015, firearms were divided into four categories that determine the regulations that apply to their possession and use.{{cite web|url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/N287|title=Armes|trans-title=Arms|access-date=2016-09-06|language=fr|publisher=Direction de l'information légale et administrative}} Category D arms include black powder firearms designed before 1900 and compressed air arms developing between 2 and 20 joules, they can be purchased by any citizen over the age of 18. Category C firearms can be obtained with a hunting license, or sport-shooting license with a medical certificate. Category C includes mainly single-shot-per-barrel shotguns and single-shot or manual repeating rifles (including centre-fire rifles, for hunting or target shooting). Once legally purchased these category C arms may be kept, without using them, even when no longer licensed for hunting or sport-shooting.

Category B firearms are only available to sport-shooters licensed for at least 6 months, with a medical certificate, without any felony convictions, and additionally requires at least three shooting sessions with an instructor each separated by 2 months. Specific authorisations for purchase and possession may then be sought from a local police administration, are valid for 5 years, and are renewable. Such weapons may then only be used for sport-shooting at shooting ranges, never for hunting. Category B includes all assault type rifles, such as AK-47/AKM, AK-74 or AR-15/M16/M4, and any look-alike weapons even when chambered for rimfire cartridges (.22 LR). These must be semi-automatic only. All handguns, including those using rimfire ammunition, are classed as category B. It is illegal to possess these category B weapons after expiry of a non-renewed specific authorisation: the arms must be disposed of (sold to a gun shop or else destroyed, for example). Authorisations can also be revoked at any time by any of the parties involved in the authorisations delivery (Government, Prefecture, Police).

Air-guns including pistols are freely available to adults, as category D arms, provided that their energy level does not exceed 20 J (previously 10 J).{{clarify|date=November 2019}} Typical energy levels are 6 J for a target pistol and 7.5 J for a target rifle. A scoped Field Target rifle might produce 15 or 16 J (maximum authorised in FT competition). Air-soft arms, firing non-metallic pellets and not exceeding 2 J energy, are considered to be toys, rather than weapons, and so are excluded from firearm regulations.

Also freely available are category D defensive pepper sprays up to a maximum 75 g capacity. Bigger capacity sprays are considered offensive weapons, not defensive, and so are classed in category B, and require specific authorisation.

A person cannot own more than 12 centerfire firearms, and cannot own more than 10 magazines and 1,000 rounds of ammunition per firearm. A one-year carry license may be issued for persons "exposed to exceptional risks to their life" allowing them to carry a handgun with a maximum of 50 rounds. Such authorizations are extremely rare, however, as the state would normally insist on providing police protection in such cases. Since November 2015, police officers are authorised to carry their service weapons whilst off-duty.

{{Main|Gun control in Germany}}

Gun ownership in Germany is restrictive, being regulated by the Federal Weapons Act (German: Waffengesetz) of 1972.{{cite web|work=International Firearms Injury Prevention & Policy|url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/germany|title=Germany – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law|date=27 June 2012|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705032101/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/germany|url-status=dead}}

The laws apply to weapons with a fire energy exceeding 7.5 J. A firearms license may be granted to those over the age of 18 who have no criminal convictions or mental disability, who are deemed reliable and can justify a reason for owning a firearm. A separate license is required for each firearm owned. Target-shooters must have been a member of a shooting club with 18 recorded visits in the previous 12 months. A firearms carry permit is a second-tier license which allows concealed carrying in public, and is only issued to those with a particular need.

Several weapons and special ammunitions are completely prohibited, such as automatic firearms. Buying, possessing, lending, using, carrying, crafting, altering and the trading of these weapons is illegal and punishable by up to five years imprisonment, confiscation of the weapon and a fine of up to €10,000. Using an illegal weapon for crimes of any kind is punishable by 1–10 years imprisonment.

Germany's National Gun Registry, introduced at the end of 2012, counted 5.5 million firearms legally owned by 1.4 million people.{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/new-german-firearms-registry-shows-5-5-million-guns-legally-owned-in-country|title=New German firearms registry shows 5.5 millions guns legally owned in country|publisher=Associated Press/Fox News|access-date=28 December 2012|date=28 December 2012}}

Greece has gun regulations in place. Shotguns (limited to a 3-round capacity), rifles and handguns require a license issued by Police Headquarters. A license may be issued to a Greek citizen over the age of 18 if: a) there are serious fears about his or her personal security along with a positive recommendation by the Prosecutor and b) it is required for the safety of shops, banks, other financial institutions, etc. To purchase handguns and rifles, citizens must either have a concealed-carry permit or a target-shooting permit (for rifles and pistols). Semi auto rifles are not prohibited since the beginning of 2023. Hunters can own up to 10 shotguns and rifles (with no gun barrel rifling) and sport shooters can own up to 8 guns. There is no license-check or record kept for ammunition purchases for shotguns but target shooters can only own 1000 rounds per weapon but 3500 in total tops.{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-nomothesia.gr/kat-opla-ekrektika-puromakhika/n-3944-2011.html|title=Νόμος 3944/2011 - ΦΕΚ 67/Α/5-4-2011|website=e-nomothesia.gr | Τράπεζα Πληροφοριών Νομοθεσίας|date=18 September 2018 }}

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

Gun laws in Hungary are relatively strict, regulated by Code 24/2004,{{cite web|author=Complex Kiadó Kft. |url=http://www.complex.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A0400024.TV#lbj9param |title=Hungarian gun law, 24/2004 (Hungarian) |publisher=Complex.hu |access-date=2014-04-19}} governmental decision [https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=A0400253.KOR&celpara= 253/2004. (VIII. 31.)] and directive of the Minister of Internal Affairs 49/2004. The law defines a firearm as having muzzle energy that exceeds {{convert|7.5|J|ftlbf}}. A firearms license may be granted to those over the age of 18 who have no criminal convictions or mental disability, and have passed a basic firearms theory/practical examination. Three categories of firearms ownership are allowed: Hunting (Firearms restricted to bolt action rifles and double barrel shotguns), Sports shooting (only restriction is no fully automatic firearms), Self defense (special permission from the Police, very rarely granted in special cases e.g. gun shop owners). Sports shooting has in recent years gained popularity with the number of sports category licenses being issued steadily climbing. Government initiatives to popularize shooting sports such as building shooting ranges and introducing shooting as a sport in the schooling system has slowly begun. It is generally expected that obtaining (and keeping) a firearms permit is a slow and somewhat costly process, but once a permit is granted and the necessary yearly memberships are paid, yearly doctors certificates are obtained and the mandatory 2–3 sporting events are attended (for sports shooter) ownership is fairly liberal as to the type of firearm one can own.

In 2010, there were 129,000 registered gun owners (1.3% of the population) in Hungary with 235,000 firearms. The majority of these were hunting rifles. Gun violence is very rare in Hungary. Crime with firearms are very rare and this statistic usually includes crimes committed with non-lethal "pepper spray" guns. Police use lethal force with a firearm less than 10 times per year, on average.{{cite web|author=Független Hírügynökség |url=http://index.hu/belfold/2011/04/17/fegyverbe_magyar/ |title=Fegyverbe magyar? |publisher=Index.hu |date=2011-04-17 |access-date=2014-04-19}}

{{Main|Firearms policy in the Republic of Ireland}}

Gun laws in Ireland are strict, requiring all firearms to be licensed individually through the Gardaí (police). Applicants must be 16 years of age and have a good reason for ownership, a secure location to store firearms, proof of competency with the firearm or arrangements to achieve such, provide access to medical records and two character references, and be of sound mind and temperate habits. Applicants convicted of certain specified offenses will be denied a firearms certificate. Personal protection is not a valid reason for ownership.

Irish firearms law is based on the Firearms Act 1925,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1925/en/act/pub/0017/print.html|title=Firearms Act, 1925|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} which was amended by several following acts in 1964,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1964/en/act/pub/0001/index.html|title=Firearms Act, 1964|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} 1968,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1968/en/act/pub/0020/index.html|title=Firearms (Proofing) Act, 1968|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} 1971,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1971/en/act/pub/0013/index.html|title=Firearms Act, 1971|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} 1990,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1990/en/act/pub/0012/index.html|title=Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act, 1990|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} 1998{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1998/en/act/pub/0032/index.html|title=Firearms (temporary Provisions) Act, 1998|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} and 2000.{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0020/index.html|title=Firearms (Firearm Certificates for Non-Residents) Act, 2000|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} The cumulative effect of these modifications, along with modifications in other acts and confusion over which amendments applied, resulted in a 2006 Irish Law Reform Commission recommendation that all extant legislation be restated (written in a single document with all prior Acts repealed).{{cite web|url=http://www.lawreform.ie/news/report-on-legislation-directory-and-consultation-paper-on-classified-list-of-legislation-in-ireland.339.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207172508/http://www.lawreform.ie/news/report-on-legislation-directory-and-consultation-paper-on-classified-list-of-legislation-in-ireland.339.html |archive-date=7 February 2011|title=Report on Legislation Directory and Consultation Paper on Classified List of Legislation in Ireland|date=14 January 2011|publisher=Law Reform Commission of Ireland}} However, the Criminal Justice Act 2006,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2006/en/act/pub/0026/index.html|title=Criminal Justice Act 2006|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} contained a rewriting almost 80% of the Firearms Act. It was quickly followed by amendments in 2007{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2007/en/act/pub/0029/index.html|title=Criminal Justice Act 2007|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} and further major amendments in 2009,{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0028/index.html|title=Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2009|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Ireland}} exacerbating the legislative confusion. {{As of|2014|post=,}} the Law Reform Commission recommendation has not as yet been fully enacted; the Firearms Act consists of the initial 1925 Act amended by approximately twenty separate Acts and is well understood by only a handful of those directly involved in its drafting, amendment or usage. Extensive complaints have arisen over the application of the legislation, with several hundred judicial review cases won in the High Court and Supreme Court by firearms owners, all relating to licensing decisions which had not adhered to the Firearms Act.

{{Main|Gun control in Italy}}

In Italy, national police issue gun licenses to those over the age of 18 without criminal records, who are not mentally ill or known to use illicit substances, and who can prove competence with firearm safety. A shooting sports license permits transporting unloaded firearms and firing them in designated shooting ranges. A hunting license allows holders to engage in hunting with firearms. A concealed carry license permits a person to carry a loaded firearm in public, and requires proving a "valid reason" to do so (e.g. a security guard or a jeweller at risk of robbery). All weapons must be registered within 72 hours from the moment of purchase. The number of firearms an individual may own and retain at the place declared during registration is limited to:

• Unlimited weapons suitable for hunting. These are defined as smoothbore or rifled firearms having a barrel length of at least 30 centimetres and a total length of at least 60 centimetres. In the case of smoothbores the caliber must not be greater than 12 gauge, while in the case of rifles it must not be smaller than 5.6 millimetres measured between the lands, with a casing length no shorter than 40 millimetres if the caliber is exactly equal to 5.6 millimetres.{{cite web | url=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1992/02/25/092G0211/sg | title=Gazzetta Ufficiale }}
• Twelve long or short firearms classified as suited for shooting sports by the Italian national proof house at the request of a sport association federated with the Italian Olympic Committee (CONI).
• Three weapons whose characteristics do not make them suitable for hunting and that have not been classified as suitable for sporting.
• Eight antiques firearms (manufactured before 1890).
• An unlimited quantity of single shot muzzle-loading functioning replicas of firearms built before 1890.
• Unlimited quantity of Moderate Offensive Capacity (<7,5 Joule) air guns.

The last two can be purchased in an authorized firearm shop by anyone who can prove to be at least 18 years old, without the need for a license. The carrying of such weapons is forbidden without a licence and no registration is required (Art. 7 c.4 DM 362/2001).{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2001/10/04/001G0420/sg|title=Gazzetta Ufficiale|website=www.gazzettaufficiale.it}} These limits can be exceeded with a collector license.

Ammunition: any licence allows the owner to keep 200 rounds of handgun and 1500 rounds of hunting ammunition or up to 5 kg of gunpowder (smokeless or black) to handload cartridges. Registration is required within 72 hours from acquisition for all ammunition and powder. Registration is not to be repeated if ammunition and powder are used and then bought again, unless the original quantity registered is being exceeded with the new purchase. Smoothbore cartridges not loaded with slugs but instead with shot (regardless of its size) can be owned without registration if the number possessed is inferior to one thousand.

{{Main|Gun laws in Lithuania}}

In Luxembourg, anyone wishing to purchase, possess or use a firearm must hold a permit issued by the Minister of Justice in person.{{Cite web|url=https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/loisirs-benevolat/permis-licences/detention-armes/autorisation-armes.html|title=Applying for a weapons licence |department=Arms and Security Service, Ministry of Justice |publisher=Government of Luxembourg |website=guichet.public.lu|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}

The most common reasons for applying for a permit are hunting, recreational shooting, weapons collecting, and inheriting a firearm. Anyone who inherits a firearm must have a permit even if they have no intention to ever touch or use the gun.

Self-defence is not a valid reason for owning a firearm. However, the Ministry of Justice is concerned that some permit holders falsely cite another reason (such as recreational shooting) as a justification for acquiring their permit when their sole actual motivation is self-defence.{{Cite web|url=https://luxtimes.lu/archives/10171-87-322-registered-guns-in-luxembourg|title=87,322 registered guns in Luxembourg|website=luxtimes.lu|date=11 December 2017|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}

{{Main|Gun laws in Malta}}

Firearms are allowed in Malta for sport shooting, collection and hunting purposes. To get firearm license one must join a shooting or collectors club for training, which will issue a recommendation letter for the police, after which applicant must pass knowledge of firearm safety and the Arms Act. After successfully completing every step one will get license.

There are 102,610 registered firearms (or 22 per 100 people), including 56,000 shotguns, 10,553 pistols, 7,856 rifles, 5,369 revolvers, 501 machine guns, 477 sub-machine guns, 633 combat shotguns, 22 cannons, 7 humane killers and 2 rocket launchers.

Law allow carrying firearms while hunting, with 10,544 licensed to do so on land and 247 on sea. Carrying loaded firearms outside of hunting grounds or shooting range is illegal. Automatic firearms are allowed only if they were produced before 1946.

In the Netherlands, gun ownership is restricted to hunters, collectors and target shooters.[https://business.gov.nl/regulation/permit-weapons-and-ammunition/ Licence for weapons and ammunition] A hunting license requires passing a hunters safety course and an exam. To own a gun for target shooting, the applicant must have been a member of a shooting club for a year.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} People with felonies, drug addictions, and mental illnesses may not possess firearms.{{Cite web |last1=Stoker |first1=Elsbeth |last2=Thijssen |first2=Wil |date=2014-12-08 |title=De wapenvergunning die er niet had mogen komen |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b1354b95 |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=de Volkskrant |language=nl-NL}} To be a collector one has to limit oneself to a specific area of expertise and demonstrate a serious and thorough knowledge of that area, for instance through publications or lectures.

Once obtained, firearms must be stored in a safe and are annually inspected by police (every 3 years when over 25). Legally owned firearms may only be used in self-defense as a last resort.[https://mymaastricht.nl/housing/safety-in-maastricht/personal-safety/ Personal Safety in Maastricht][https://opiniojuris.org/2019/04/29/soldier-self-defense-symposium-netherlands-views-on-self-defence-for-military-personnel%EF%BB%BF/ Soldier Self-Defense Symposium: Netherlands Views on Self-Defence for Military Personnel] Hans Boddens Hosang and Terry Gill. 29 April 2019. Amsterdam Center for International Law Fully automatic firearms are only allowed on a special permit (usually issued to collectors), but there are otherwise few restrictions: semi-automatics, handguns, and magazines of all sizes{{Citation needed|reason=How was the EU Gun Ban implemented?|date=May 2022}} are legal, as are all types of non-armourpiercing, non-incendiary or non-explosive ammunition. Silencers require special permission. A licensed target shooter may only have five firearms registered to his or her license at one time (hunters seven, collectors unlimited) but exceptions are possible. Antique firearms (not replicas or center fire cartridge revolvers) are free to own when originally designed and produced for black powder and not at any time officially proofed and stamped for nitro powder.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

{{Main|Gun laws in Poland}}

Gun ownership in Poland is regulated by the Weapons and Munitions Act of 1999 as further amended.{{cite act|type = Act|title = Ustawa z dnia 21 maja 1999 r. o broni i amunicji (tekst jednolity)|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20220002516/U/D20222516Lj.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = Weapons and Munitions Act of 21 May 1999 (full text with amendments)|date = 20 October 2022|publication-date = 2022-12-07|access-date = 2023-06-14|legislature = Sejm|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}} A permit is required to own or possess firearms. Permits are granted for specific purposes, such as self-defense, sport, hunting, collecting etc. and are {{em|shall issue}} except the ones for self-defense, which are {{em|may issue}}. Institutional permits allow for firearm ownership by private security companies, shooting ranges, sport clubs etc.

Permits are issued to permanent residents over 21, not addicted to alcohol or other substances, having no criminal record, being in good physical and mental health, who passed an exam before sporting association, hunting association or the Police. Permits specify the purposes, categories and quantities of allowed guns; categories depend on permit purpose while quantities are assigned at the discretion of the Police, based on documentation provided. Quantities can be increased when one uses up all available slots.

Carrying loaded guns is allowed on all types of permits except permits for collecting and memorial purposes. Hunters can carry loaded only on hunting grounds. Guns shall be carried concealed in a holster close to the body.{{cite act|type = Regulation|title = Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 26 sierpnia 2014 r. w sprawie przechowywania, noszenia oraz ewidencjonowania broni i amunicji|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20140001224/O/D20141224.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = Regulation of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration of 26 August 2014 regarding storage, carrying and filing of firearms and ammunition|date = 26 August 2014|publication-date = 2014-09-16|access-date = 2022-02-11|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}} Carrying in public transport is limited only to self-defense permit holders.{{cite act|type = Regulation|title = Rozporządzenie Ministrów Transportu i Gospodarki Morskiej oraz Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji z dnia 10 kwietnia 2000 r. w sprawie przewożenia broni i amunicji środkami transportu publicznego|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20000310390/O/D20000390.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = Regulation of the Ministers of Transport and Maritime Economy and of Internal Affairs and Administration of 10 April 2000 regarding transporting firearms and ammunition in public transport|date = 10 April 2000|publication-date = 2000-04-21|access-date = 2022-03-03|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}} It is prohibited to carry while intoxicated, and when attending public gatherings or mass events.

Everyone, including foreigners, is allowed to use legal guns at registered shooting ranges, regardless of actual gun's ownership, e.g. rented from the range or shared by a legal owner present. Discharging a firearm for training or leisure out of a registered shooting range (even on a large private property) is prohibited.

Full-auto or select-fire firearms are permitted only on institutional and training permits. Since 2020 the Police can issue permits for firearms with suppressors for hunting, but only to be used for sanitary shootings, see main article for details. Armor-piercing, incendiary, tracer and other special ammunition is banned. Only valid permit holders are allowed to buy or possess live ammunition, and only of the types exactly matching the guns they legally own. The quantity of matching ammunition in possession is not limited. Hunters, collectors and sport shooters are allowed to manufacture (reload) ammunition, but strictly for their own use. There are further limits regarding allowed types and calibers depending on the purpose of the permit – see main article for details. There are no limits of magazine capacity, except when hunting.

Replicas of cartridgeless black powder firearms designed before 1885 require no permit to own. However, a separate bill of law allows businesses to sell black powder to licensed customers only.{{cite act|type = Act|title = Ustawa z dnia 13 czerwca 2019 r. o wykonywaniu działalności gospodarczej w zakresie wytwarzania i obrotu materiałami wybuchowymi, bronią, amunicją oraz wyrobami i technologią o przeznaczeniu wojskowym lub policyjnym|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190001214/U/D20191214Lj.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = An Act on Conducting Business in Production and Trade of Explosives, Firearms, Ammunition and Goods and Technology of Military and Police Purposes|date = 13 June 2019|publication-date = 2019-07-01|access-date = 2022-01-04|legislature = Sejm|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}} This is often circumvented by obtaining a European Firearms Pass for a black powder firearm, asking a licensed colleague (there are no restrictions of private sale or just giving out of black powder) or by buying powder in neighboring countries, mostly the Czech Republic.

Air guns up to 17 Joules of muzzle energy are unregulated. Air guns above that limit are considered pneumatic weapons, no permit is required but the owner has to be 18 and has to pass medical and psychological evaluation as for firearms permit; guns must be registered with the Police and may be used only on registered shooting ranges. Use of pneumatic weapons outside of shooting range is considered the same kind of offense as using firearms.

Some other weapons are restricted and require a permit, such as electroshock weapons with mean current greater than 10 mA, large pepper spray dispensers, crossbows, specific kinds of batons, brass knuckles and nunchakus, however ban on nuchakus is not enforced.

Gun ownership in Romania is regulated by [http://legeaz.net/legea-295-2004-armelor-munitiilor/ Law 295/2004]. Romania has one of the toughest gun ownership laws in the world.{{cite web|author=de Andrei Luca POPESCU |url=http://www.gandul.info/reportaj/exclusiv-20-000-de-romani-s-au-inarmat-in-2011-fostul-sef-de-la-arme-din-politie-stii-cat-e-valabil-avizul-psihologic-pana-iesi-pe-usa-cabinetului-9375494 |title=EXCLUSIV. 20.000 de români s-au înarmat în 2011. Fostul şef de la Arme din Poliţie: "Ştii cât e valabil avizul psihologic? Până ieşi pe uşa cabinetului!" |date=23 April 2012 |publisher=Gandul.info |access-date=2014-04-19}} In order for citizens to obtain a weapon, they must obtain a permit from the police, and must register their weapon once they purchase it. There are several categories of permits, with different requirements and rights, including hunting permits, self-defense permits, sports shooting permits and collectors permits. The only categories of people who are legally entitled to carry a weapon are owners of self-defense permits, magistrates, MPs, military forces and certain categories of diplomats. A psychological evaluation is required beforehand in all cases.

Furthermore, knives and daggers may in certain conditions (blade longer than 15 cm and at least 0.4 cm in width, double edge along the whole blade, etc.) be considered weapons and have a similar regime to those of firearms.

In order for a hunter to obtain a hunting/gun ownership license, he must spend a certain "practice time" with a professional hunter. To obtain a self-defense permit, one must be under witness protection. Sporting and collectors licenses require membership in a sport shooting club or collectors' association, respectively.

The amount of ammunition that can be owned is regulated by permit type. Sporting permits allow the ownership of 1,000 matching cartridges per gun; hunting permits allow 300 matching cartridges per gun; self-defense permits allow 50 bullet cartridges and 50 blanks per gun; Collectors permits do not allow for private ownership of ammunition.{{cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=Legea 319 din 2015 |url=http://legeaz.net/monitorul-oficial-929-2015/legea-319-2015-modificarea-legii-295-2004-regim-arme-munitii |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=Legeaz.net}}

Explosive weapons and ammunitions, fully automatic weapons, weapons camouflaged in the shape of another object, armor-piercing ammunition and lethal weapons that do not fit in any category defined by the law are prohibited.

The type of gun is also regulated by permit. Below is a shortened version of the table detailing the restrictions by type of lethal weapon and permit, for civilian owners. Note that for collectors, short weapons designed after 1945 are forbidden, while only non-lethal weapons are allowed for self-defense permits.{{cite web |date=2004-12-30 |title=Legea 295 din 2004 |url=http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gm4tsmbuhe/legea-nr-295-2004-privind-regimul-armelor-si-al-munitiilor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321095647/https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gm4tsmbuhe/legea-nr-295-2004-privind-regimul-armelor-si-al-munitiilor |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=lege5.ro}}

It is illegal to use or carry weapons with a muzzle velocity of over 10 kJ if "the barrel is fitted with devices conceived or adapted to reduce recoil"{{cite web |date=2005-02-24 |title=Norme de Aplicare a Legii 295 din 2004 |url=https://www.juridice.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Norme-metodologice-legea-295.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016180350/https://www.juridice.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Norme-metodologice-legea-295.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-16 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-10-16 |publisher=juridice.ro}}

:Note that there are other restrictions for obtaining weapons under a sports-shooting license.

:Minors (14 and older) may also use a weapon, provided that they are under the supervision of someone who has a gun license. However, they cannot own or carry one until the age of 18.{{cite web |date=2006-11-22 |title=Legea 407 din 2006 a vânătorii, actualizată în 2011 |url=http://legeaz.net/legea-407-2006-vanatorii/ |access-date=2014-04-19 |publisher=Legeaz.net}}

:The use of guns for self-defense is only allowed if the gun is a last resort option.{{cite web |url=http://www.just.ro/Portals/0/Coduri/Proiect%20-%20Codul%20penal%20-%2025%20februarie%202009.doc |title=LEGE PRIVIND CODUL PENAL |publisher=Just.ro |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916091848/http://www.just.ro/Portals/0/Coduri/Proiect%20-%20Codul%20penal%20-%2025%20februarie%202009.doc |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}

Gun ownership in Slovakia is regulated principally by law 190/2003 (law of weapons and ammunition).{{cite web|url=http://www.legistelum.sk/platne-zakony |title=Platné zákony a nariadenia |publisher=Legistelum.sk |access-date=2014-04-19}}

A firearms license may be issued to an applicant at least 21 years of age (18 years for category D if they own a valid hunting permit, 15 years for state representative in sport-shooting), with no criminal history, and of sound health and mind, who has a valid reason for owning a gun, passes an oral exam covering aspects of gun law, safe handling, and first aid.{{cite web |url=https://www.minv.sk/?vydanie-zbrojneho-preukazu |title=Vydanie zbrojného preukazu |publisher= Ministry of Interior |access-date=2018-08-31}}

Licenses are issued in 6 categories:

• Category A: Concealed carry for self-defense
• Category B: Home self-defense
• Category C: Possession for work purposes
• Category D: Long guns for hunting
• Category E: Possession for sport shooting
• Category F: Collecting

A concealed carry license is only issued if the police deem a sufficient justification. Because of that issue of this license is may-issue in practice, and vary across Slovakia by stance of individual police department issuing licence. It is kind of similar to California, some department is almost shall-issue, another need true sufficient reason (like a constant more than average threat, previous assaults on applicant, transports of money, former service in army or law enforcement, legal awareness of applicant, clientelism). Only about 2% of the adult population holds this license.{{cite web|url=http://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/policia/op/zdroje_statistky_op_zbrane/statistika%20zbrane%20za%20rok%202011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134120/http://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/policia/op/zdroje_statistky_op_zbrane/statistika%20zbrane%20za%20rok%202011.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-02 |url-status=live |title=Data |publisher=Minv.sk |access-date=18 February 2015}}{{cite web|author=Miloslav Brunn |url=https://gunlex.cz/domu/48-zbrane-a-legislativa/legislativa/680-slovensko-udery-zbrklych-novely |title=Slovensko: Údery zbrklých novel |publisher=Gunlex.cz |access-date=2018-08-31}}{{cite web |url=http://legistelum.sk/postup-ziskania-zp-skupiny-a/ |title=Postup získania ZP skupiny A |publisher=Legistelum.sk |access-date=2018-08-31}}

There is an exception for non-repeating muzzle-loaded firearms, which may be purchased without a license.

Gun ownership in Slovenia is regulated under the "Weapons Law" (Zakon o orožju) which is harmonised with the directives of the EU. Gun permits are issued to applicants at least 18 years old, reliable, without criminal history and who has not been a conscientious objector, who passes a medical exam and a test on firearm safety. A specific reason must be given for gun ownership: for hunting or target shooting, the applicant must provide proof of membership in a hunting or sports shooting organization; for collection, the applicant must arrange safe storage with a level of security dependent on the type of weapons; for self-defense, the applicant must prove a risk to personal safety to such an extent that a weapon is needed.

As in most EU member states, the ownership of Category A firearms is prohibited; however these can be owned by weapon collectors, providing that requirements are met. Suppressors are legal and unregulated since 2021. Firearms must be stored in a locked cabinet with ammunition stored separately. Concealed carry is allowed in special circumstances. A gun permit is also required for airguns with muzzle velocity greater than {{convert|200|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} or energy of {{convert|20|J|ftlbf}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=200523&stevilka=777 |title=Uradni list Republike Slovenije |publisher=Uradni-list.si |access-date=2014-04-19}}

Firearm regulation in Spain is restrictive, enacted in Citizen Security Protection Organic Act of 2015 and the Weapons Regulation (Royal Decree 137/1993). Both laws are covered by article 149.1.26.ª of the Spanish Constitution, which attributes to the State the exclusive competence in terms of the "regime of production, trade, possession and use of weapons and explosives".

A firearm license may be obtained from the Guardia Civil after passing a police background check, a physiological and medical test, and a practical and theoretical exam. Shotgun, rifle and sporting licenses must be renewed after 5 years, subject to firearm inspection. Sporting licence requires to present proof of sporting activity of at least one competition each year. A minimum score may be required for some categories. Police may inspect firearms at any time. A self-defense and concealed carry license must be renewed every year, and is only available under special conditions.

A license-holder may own up to 6 shotguns, and unlimited rifles. With a sporting license, valid for 5 years, 1 to 10 handguns may be owned, depending on sports-shooting level. Magazine capacity for semi-automatic centerfire rifles and semi-automatic shotguns is limited to 10 rounds for sports shooting and 2 rounds for hunting. Handgun magazines are limited to 20 round capacity. Rimfire rifles, regardless of type have no magazine limit. Rifles chambered for certain cartridges with military origins are prohibited, such as .223/5.56 NATO and .50 BMG. The .308 Winchester and 7.62x39 mm (AK round) cartridges are only permitted in bolt-action, repetition or single-shot firearms. Proof of ownership of an approved safe is required for all centerfire rifles and handguns, and the owner is responsible for firearm thefts. Ammunition must be stored separately. Rifle and handgun ammunition may only be possessed for legally owned firearms, and purchases and possession is limited to 200 rounds rifle and 100 rounds for handguns. In addition, there are yearly limits in quantity (1000 for rifles,100 for handguns); however additional quantities can be petitioned, mainly for sporting use. For shotgun Ammunition, adults with a valid ID can purchase/possess up to 5,000 shells and there are no yearly limits in quantity. License-holders are only allowed to transport their unloaded firearms from their residence to the shooting range or hunting field and back, with no detours. Firearms may only be discharged at approved shooting ranges or hunting grounds (in season).

There are firearm license for private security for handguns and rifles. These cannot be used outside of work and must be stored in the workplace premises (with approved safe).

In addition there are handgun license for self-defense in concealed carry. However, this is granted on a "may issue" basis with several standards of necessity to be met and very few are granted. This license must be renewed annually and is not automatic.

Members of police forces and officers and non-commissioned officers of the armed forces have a special firearms license which encompasses all of the others. There are additional licenses for collectors and muzzle-loading firearms.{{cite web|url=http://www.guardiacivil.es/es/servicios/armasyexplosivo/controldearmas|title= El control de las armas|language=es}}

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2014}}

Gun ownership in Sweden is regulated by Vapenlagen 1996:67 (literally, The Weapon Law),{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Vapenlag-199667_sfs-1996-67/ |title=Svensk författningssamling 1996:67 Vapenlag (1996:67) |publisher=riksdagen.se |access-date=2014-04-19}}

modified by weapon decree Vapenförordningen 1996:70{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/_sfs-1996-70/ |title=Svensk författningssamling 1996:70 Vapenförordning (1996:70) |publisher=riksdagen.se |access-date=2014-04-19}} and FAP 551-3 / RPSFS 2009:13.{{cite web|url=http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/FAP/FAP551_3_RPSFS2009_13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807023907/http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/FAP/FAP551_3_RPSFS2009_13.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-07 |url-status=live |title=Rikspolisstyrelsens forfattnings-samling |publisher=Polisen.se |access-date=18 February 2015}} The police issue licenses to persons older than 18 years in good standing on the "need to have" basis, which generally implies either hunting or sport shooting. Passing a hunting examination or membership in an approved sport shooting club for six months is required. Sport shooting licenses must be renewed every 5 years, whereas hunting licenses are valid for the lifetime of the holder. License-holders may lend a weapon to a person at least 15 years of age for supervised use.

A separate license is required for each particular firearm or caliber conversion kit. There's no codified limit on the number of licenses a person can hold, but in practice a license-holder may own up to six hunting rifles, ten handguns, or a mix of eight rifles and handguns. Firearms must be stored in an approved safe. A firearm registered for hunting may be used for sport shooting, but not vice versa. In 2023, previous restrictions on hunting licenses for semi-automatic firearms based on appearance or military origin were lifted, and as a result the only remaining restrictions specific to hunting are a minimum total weapon length exceeding 60 cm and magazine size on semi-automatic rifles and magazine-fed shotguns.{{cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Nu är AR-vapen tillåtna för jakt |url=https://www.jaktojagare.se/utrustning/nu-ar-ar-vapen-tillatna-for-jakt/ |website=Jakt & Jägare}} Licenses for fully automatic weapons are not generally issued, with limited exceptions for collection and sport shooting using the WWII era m/45 submachine gun.

Starting 1 July 2022, suppressors no longer require a separate license and can be freely acquired by anyone with a valid gun license and can be legally used both for hunting and target shooting.{{cite web|url=https://polisen.se/tjanster-tillstand/vapen-regler-och-tillstand/ljuddampare/ | title=Från och med den 1 juli 2022 gäller nya regler för ljuddämpare.| publisher=polisen.se |access-date=2022-07-10}}

Self-defense with firearms, as well as carry, is generally prohibited. Carry permits can be issued by the police under very special circumstances like an immediate and demonstrable threat to life. Transportation of unloaded firearms is allowed to and from approved shooting ranges or hunting grounds. Sweden is notorious for having even pepper spray and other nonlethal self-defence methods under its weapons law with similar legal punishments for misuse.{{Cite web|url=https://mace-europe.com/eu-pepper-spray-laws/|title=PEPPER SPRAY LAWS|website=mace-europe.com|access-date=26 May 2022|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527060521/https://mace-europe.com/eu-pepper-spray-laws/|url-status=dead}}

Firearm collectors must have a clearly stated demarcation of their interest in collecting (e.g.: pre-World War II British handguns). The police may demand security measures on keeping the collection. Collectors may request a time-limited permit to discharge their weapons. Firearms manufactured before 1890 and not using sealed cartridges are exempt from the weapon law.{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Vapenlag-199667_sfs-1996-67/#K1 |title=Svensk författningssamling 1996:67 Vapenlag (1996:67) |publisher=riksdagen.se |access-date=2014-04-19}}

In Georgia, civilians above 18 years of age may obtain a firearm permit from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, allowing them to purchase and keep firearms for hunting and sports (pump-action shotguns, hunting rifles, carbines, combined hunting firearms), self-defense (handguns, air guns, sprays, electric tranquilizers) or collections. Permits are denied to persons who are mentally ill, use illicit substances or alcohol recreationally, and those who have criminal records.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230521092044/https://www.police.ge/files/pdf/sakanonmdeblo%20baza/6.Law_on_Arms.pdf Law of Georgia: About Weapons]

In Iceland, a license is required to own or possess firearms. A national government safety course must be passed before applying for a license. A special license is required to own a handgun, which may only be used for target shooting at a licensed range. Semi-automatic firearms have caliber restrictions, while fully automatic firearms are only permitted for collectors.

Applicants must sit through a mandatory four-hour lecture on the "history and physics of the firearm". Paperwork must be filed in the police, magistrate, and the Environment Agency of Iceland. Applicants need to prove clean criminal records, need to be evaluated by a doctor to prove they "are of sound mind" and have "good enough eyesight". Two books referring to guns must be bought and read, a three-day course must be attended, and the applicant should score at least 75% on exams concerning gun safety, management, "what animals are allowed to be hunted and when. Finally, a practical exam must be taken. After Icelanders have their license, they need to own a gun safe to store the weapons in, plus a separate place to store the ammunition".{{cite web |last1=Fontaine |first1=Andie |title=Firearms in Iceland |url=https://grapevine.is/news/2019/09/17/police-count-about-70000-registered-firearms-in-iceland/ |website=The Reykjavik Grapevine |date=17 September 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019}}

Approximately one gun is owned for every three people in the country, being used mostly for hunting and competitive shooting.{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |last2=Banic |first2=Vladimir |title=Iceland is a gun-loving country with no shooting murders since 2007 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iceland-gun-loving-country-no-shooting-murders-2007-n872726 |website=NBC News |date=28 May 2018 |access-date=28 October 2019}} From January to July 2019, 394 shotguns, 785 rifles, and 208 handguns were registered in Iceland. In total, police counts for guns in Iceland include about 40,000 shotguns, 25,000 rifles, and 3,600 handguns as of July that year.

{{main|Gun law in Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan has strict gun laws, heavily regulating civilian firearm ownership. Only shotguns and hunting rifles are generally permitted for civilians, while handguns and automatic weapons are prohibited. To own a firearm, individuals must be at least 18 years old (21 for some weapons), pass a background check, undergo medical and psychological evaluations, and complete firearm safety training. Guns must be stored securely, and carrying them in public is restricted. Self-defense firearms, such as non-lethal weapons (e.g., rubber-bullet guns), are allowed under specific conditions. The government maintains strict oversight, with periodic license renewals and inspections.

As of 2016, there were about 284,000 (or 1.6 per 100 people) registered firearms in Kazakhstan according to the government data.{{Cite web |last=Bogatik |first=Alexander |date=2016-08-25 |title=Kazakhstan strengthens restrictions on gun ownership |url=https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2016/08/25/feature-01#:~:text=The%20operation%20was%20part%20of,July,%20according%20to%20the%20government. |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Caravanserai |language=en-GB}}

Law in Monaco divides firearms into two categories:[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/monaco Monaco — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200406/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/monaco |date=26 December 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. Monaco — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 7 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.

• Category "A" weapons including hand guns, semi-automatic firearms and those firing centerfire ammunition require membership in the Monaco Rifle Club, a certificate of aptitude and handling for the requested weapon, and no past history of treatment in a psychiatric unit;
• Category "B" weapons are hunting weapons that do not require licensing unless they are imported.

{{Main|Gun law in North Macedonia}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

To obtain a firearm license in North Macedonia one must be at least 18 years old, able-bodied, healthy, not representing danger to public order, have permanent residency, possess technical knowledge of weapons and regulations related to them and have a justified reason for acquiring the weapon. Justified reasons include:

• Proving one's life or property is in danger;
• Being an active member of hunting or archery associations and passing a specific hunting exam;
• Being a weapons collector;
• Legally inheriting a weapon;
• Weapons having been granted as awards by the state or during archery competitions.

Fully automatic firearms are prohibited. Carrying firearms in public places is prohibited.

North Macedonia has its own defense industry with ATS Group,{{cite web |url=https://ats.com.mk/macedonias-leading-defense-industry-company-ats-group-among-the-biggest-exhibitors-at-idex-2023/ |title=MACEDONIA'S LEADING DEFENSE INDUSTRY COMPANY – ATS GROUP – AMONG THE BIGGEST EXHIBITORS AT IDEX 2023 | publisher=ATS Group | date= 23 February 2023 |website= www.ats.com.mk}} Eurokompozit Prilep

{{Main|Firearms regulation in Norway}}

Firearm ownership in Norway is controlled by laws passed by the Norwegian Parlament,{{Cite web |date=2018-04-20 |title=Lov om våpen, skytevåpen, våpendelar og ammunisjon (våpenlova) - Lovdata |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2018-04-20-7 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=lovdata.no}} with further regulations passed by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security.{{Cite web |date=2021-05-11 |title=Forskrift om våpen, skytevåpen, våpendelar og ammunisjon (våpenforskrifta) - Lovdata |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2021-05-07-1452 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=lovdata.no}} The National Police Directorate can issue government circulars with further in depth definition of how the firearm regulations should be interpreted (by the police).

The Norwegian police can issue firearms licenses to those with a hunting license or members of a sports shooting club. They can also issue licenses to Norwegian historical weapons society collectors,{{Cite web |title=Norsk Våpenhistorisk Selskap {{!}} |url=https://www.vapenhistorisk.no/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |language=nb-NO}} museums, international ship and port facility security and more.

Hunters can own up to 8 firearms, and sports shooters can own up to two firearms per approved shooting disciplines as defined by The National Police Directorate.{{Cite web |title=Lover og regler om våpen |url=https://www.politiet.no/tjenester/vapen/lover-og-regler-om-vapen/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Politiet |language=nb}} The purchase of ammunition is restricted to those with a valid firearms license for any given calibre.

Long guns must have a minimum barrel length of 40 centimetres and an overall length of 84 centimetres when operable. Rifles are restricted to 10-round magazines, shotguns to 5 rounds, and pistols to 20 rounds per default. Detachable box magazines for semi-automatic shotguns are prohibited.

Hunters can own semi-automatic and manually loaded rifles and shotguns. Semi-automatic rifles for hunting shall only accept detachable 10-round magazines or smaller ones. They must also have the visual appearance of a "hunting rifle" (i.e. no detachable pistol-grip, or handguard that covers the top half of the barrel).

Sports shooters can own semi-automatic and manually loaded rifles, shotguns and pistols. Sports shooters can apply for unrestricted magazine capacity for each firearm used in an approved sports shooting discipline. However, in practice, it is only approved for rifles and pistols.

Civilians are not permitted to transport/carry firearms loaded or in a manner that allows for easy access in public places, effectively prohibiting any form of concealed or open-carrying of firearms. Moreover, self-defence is not a valid reason for having a firearms licence issued. Firearms licences are only issued for hunting and sporting (or other speciality purposes not generally applicable to ordinary civilians).

{{main|Gun control in Russia}}

Russian citizens over 21 years of age can obtain a firearms license after attending gun safety classes and passing a federal test and background check. Firearms may be acquired for self-defense, hunting, or sports activities. Carry permits may be issued for hunting firearms licensed for hunting purposes. Initially, purchases are limited to long smooth-bore firearms and pneumatic weapons with a muzzle energy of up to {{convert|25|J|ftlbf}}. After five years of shotgun ownership, rifles may be purchased. Handguns are generally not allowed (except traumatic handguns which are allowed for self-defense but can fire only cartridges with rubber bulletsФедеральный закон от 13.12.1996 N 150-ФЗ (ред. от 08.12.2020) "Об оружии", статья 13), but with the growing popularity of practical shooting events and competitions in Russia in recent years (e.g. IPSC), handgun ownership has now been allowed and the handguns have to be stored at a shooting club. Rifles and shotguns with barrels shorter than {{convert|500|mm|abbr=on}} are prohibited, as are firearms which shoot in bursts or have more than a 10-cartridge capacity. Suppressors are prohibited.{{cite web|title=Firearms-Control Legislation and Policy: Russian Federation|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/russia.php|publisher=Law.gov|access-date=15 August 2013}}{{See also|Gun laws in the Soviet Union}}

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

Serbia has weapon laws and ranks third in guns per capita with a strong gun culture, especially in rural areas, with about one million guns in legal circulation. Weapons are regulated by the Weapons and Ammunition Law (Zakon o oružju i municiji).{{cite web |url=http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms/resursi.nsf/Zakon%20O%20ORUZJU%20I%20MUNICIJI-lat.pdf |title=Zakon o Oruzju i Municiji |publisher=Serbian Interior Ministry |access-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060306/http://www.mup.gov.rs/cms/resursi.nsf/Zakon%20O%20ORUZJU%20I%20MUNICIJI-lat.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}

People over age 18 may own firearms with a permit, which is denied to those with a criminal history, mental disorder, or history of alcohol or illegal substance use. There is a thorough background check with police having the final decision. Firearms must be stored in a designated gun cabinet, and may be confiscated by police if the owner is found irresponsible.

Rifles, shotguns and handguns may be owned with an appropriate permit. Having a permit to own a firearm does not itself allow the bearer to carry the firearm anywhere outside the home, regardless of whether it is concealed or not. The owner may transport their firearms at any time provided they are unloaded. Concealed carry permits for handguns require proving an imminent threat, with the police making a final decision. Therefore, concealed carry permits are hard to obtain. There is no limit on the number of firearms one may own, though every gun transaction is recorded by the police. There is no caliber restriction. Fully automatic firearms and suppressors are prohibited for civilians. Automatic long firearms are allowed to be obtained and used by legal entities under special circumstances. People over 18 years of age can buy and carry stun guns and electric tranquilizers with no permit needed. People over 16 can carry OC sprays.{{Cite web |url=http://nsp-policija.org.rs/zakon-o-oruzju-i-municiji/ |title=ЗАКОН О ОРУЖЈУ И МУНИЦИЈИ | Закони - Независни синдикат полиције |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318141056/http://nsp-policija.org.rs/zakon-o-oruzju-i-municiji/ |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=dead }} There is no restriction regarding the number of rounds that may be purchased. Ammunition may be bought only for the caliber in which an owned firearm is chambered. Reloading is allowed only to those who have passed an exam in handling explosive materials. Old firearms (produced before 1900), historically significant firearms, as well as black powder firearms (all category C items) may be bought without any permit.

Serbia has its own civilian gun and ammunition industry: Zastava Arms,{{cite web |url=http://www.zastava-arms.rs/cms/index.php?id=176 |title= ZASTAVA ARMS Kragujevac | English|website=www.zastava-arms.rs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712223630/http://www.zastava-arms.rs/cms/index.php?id=176 |archive-date=12 July 2012}} Prvi Partizan,{{cite web|url=http://www.prvipartizan.com/ |title=Prvi Partizan Ammunition |publisher=Prvipartizan.com |access-date=2014-04-19}} and Krušik.{{cite web |url=http://www.krusik-flm.co.rs/ENGLESKI/flm.htm |title=flm |publisher=Krusik-flm.co.rs |access-date=2014-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528150116/http://www.krusik-flm.co.rs/ENGLESKI/flm.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Firearms regulation in Switzerland}}

Firearm regulations in Switzerland are comparatively liberal.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/swiss-guns/553448/|title=The Swiss Have Liberal Gun Laws, Too|first=Krishnadev|last=Calamur|date=16 February 2018|website=The Atlantic}} Swiss gun laws are primarily about the acquisition of arms, and not ownership. As such a license is not required to own a gun by itself, but a shall-issue permit is required to purchase most types of firearms. Bolt-action rifles do not require an acquisition permit, and can be acquired with just a background check.{{Cite web|url=https://www.fedpol.admin.ch/fedpol/en/home/sicherheit/waffen/waffenerwerb.html|title=Acquiring a weapon as a private individual|first=Federal Office of|last=Police|website=www.fedpol.admin.ch}}

The Swiss have male conscription for military service.{{cite web|last=Imboden |first=Durant |url=http://europeforvisitors.com/switzaustria/articles/swiss_army.htm |title=Swiss Army – Switzerland for Visitors |publisher=Europeforvisitors.com |access-date=2015-02-18}} A 2011 referendum to force military weapons to be kept at military sites was defeated.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12441834 |title=Switzerland rejects tighter gun controls |date=13 February 2011 |newspaper=BBC News Online |access-date=2015-02-18}} Weapons may voluntarily be kept in the local armory and there is no longer an obligation to keep the weapon at home.

The Swiss "Federal Law on Arms, Arms Accessories and Ammunitions" (WG, LArm) of 20 June 1997 has as its objectives (Article 1) to combat the wrongful use of arms, their accessories, parts and ammunition. It governs the acquisition of arms, their introduction into Swiss territory, export, storage, possession, carrying, transport, and brokerage. It regulates the manufacture and trade in arms, and seeks to prevent the wrongful carrying of ammunition and dangerous objects. Article 3 states that "The right to acquire, possess and carry arms is guaranteed in the framework of this law".{{cite web |title=Federal Law on Arms, Arms Accessories and Ammunitions of 20 June 1997 (Status as on 1 January 2013); Chapter 1 (Section 1). Geneva: Federal Assembly of the Swiss Confederation / Translation for the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/citation/quotes/1535 |website=gunpolicy.org |publisher=University of Sydney |access-date=2015-08-17}}{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19983208/index.html |title=SR 514.54 Bundesgesetz über Waffen, Waffenzubehör und Munition (Waffengesetz WG) |publisher=The Swiss Federal Council |location=Berne, Switzerland |language=de, it, fr |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=2015-08-17}}

Turkey is semi-restrictive in terms of gun control statutes.{{cite web |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey |title=Guns in Turkey |publisher=gunpolicy.org |access-date=2016-06-29 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702123543/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey |url-status=dead }} Civilians in Turkey need to get a license from the police or gendarmerie to own and use firearms, and these licenses last for 5 years. Licenses are available for shotguns (including semi-automatic ones), rifles (bolt-action, lever-action, and some semi-automatics), and handguns. To get a license, you must:

• Be at least 21 years old,

• Be a Turkish citizen or permanent resident,

• Have a valid medical report signed by a group of doctors,

• Have no criminal record or unpaid taxes, and

• Pay the required fees.

As of 2024, fully automatic and short-barreled shotguns are banned. There are no restrictions on magazine size, caliber, or optics for handguns. Some semi-automatic rifles can be owned with a rifle permit, but they are uncommon in the market. Semi-auto rifles typically come in .22LR or 9mm calibers with magazines holding up to 15 rounds. Fully automatic rifles are not allowed for civilians, with very rare exceptions.

Shotgun licenses automatically include a permit to carry or transport the shotgun, but it must be unloaded and covered. Handgun concealed carry permits and rifle carry licenses are harder to get and require a valid reason, like personal protection or hunting. Applicants must show proof of this reason, such as a life threat (approved by the governor) or belonging to specific professions like:

• Company board members/directors (with certain criteria),

• Jewelers, gas station operators, or bank managers,

• Lawyers, commercial pilots, or ship captains,

• Herders, shooting range operators, or foreign exchange bureau owners,

• Notaries, contractors/developers, or people working with explosives,

• Beekeepers, licensed journalists, or rural landowners.

Getting a handgun concealed carry permit is expensive, and each firearm requires a separate carry license. Handgun carry licenses are legally unlimited, but obtaining multiple permits is rare. Rifles can only be carried with a hunting license and for hunting purposes; hunting with semi-automatic rifles is not allowed. Carry licenses usually need renewal every 5 years.

High-powered and tactical semi-automatic rifles are mostly banned for civilians, with very few exceptions. Spare parts for these weapons, especially barrels, are hard to find and replace.[https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.6136.pdf ATEŞLİ SİLAHLAR VE BIÇAKLAR İLE DİĞER ALETLER HAKKINDA KANUN] 10 July 1952

In Turkey, most shooting ranges are indoors and only allow handguns. People with possession licenses need to get a transportation permit from the local police for each trip to the range. However, those with concealed carry licenses do not need such permits.

Shotguns and rifles (for carry license holders) can be used for target shooting outside urban and residential areas. This must be done at least 500 meters away from homes and only with the landowner’s permission. To hunt with shotguns or rifles, a hunting license is required.

Licensed armed security personnel, such as those protecting valuable assets, VIPs, critical infrastructure, airports, banks, or high-risk events, can carry semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons, including submachine guns, but only while on duty.

In rural areas, over 50,000 civilians are authorized as “Security Guards” or “Village Guards” to protect against terrorists and looters. This role allows them to carry selective-fire firearms for this specific purpose. These weapons and equipment are usually provided by the military and remain government property.

Public servants, including police officers, military personnel, judges, public prosecutors, and senior politicians, have a lifelong right to apply for free handgun and rifle carry licenses. These licenses are issued on a guaranteed basis.[https://www.husanarms.com/en/haberler/silah-ruhsati-nasil-alinir/ How to Get a Gun License in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226211157/https://www.husanarms.com/en/haberler/silah-ruhsati-nasil-alinir/ |date=26 December 2023 }} 26 February 2023. Husan Arms.[https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey Turkey — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713081846/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/turkey |date=13 July 2023 }} Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2022. Turkey — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 12 December. Accessed 26 December 2023.

All police officers can carry an unlimited number of handguns and rifles with a carry license. Military officers are allowed up to five handguns and two rifles, while generals are not limited by these rules. Mayors, deputies, ministers, and presidents automatically receive lifetime carry licenses without paying any fees. Some other government employees, such as forest rangers, village headmen, customs officers, judges, and prosecutors, also have lifetime carry licenses. Unlike civilians, public servants (active or retired) do not need to renew their medical certificates every five years.

Turkey has a large shotgun industry, and shotguns are widely available and easy to purchase. Getting a shotgun license is simpler and cheaper compared to handgun or rifle licenses. It requires a clean bill of health, a clear criminal record, and no outstanding tax debt. One shotgun license allows ownership of up to five shotguns. Spare parts are widely available, and rebarreling is both easy and legal.[https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/File/GeneratePdf?mevzuatNo=10666&mevzuatTur=KurumVeKurulusYonetmeligi&mevzuatTertip=5 SAYILI AVDA VE SPORDA KULLANILAN TÜFEKLER, NİŞAN TABANCALARI VE AV BIÇAKLARININ YAPIMI, ALIMI, SATIMI VE BULUNDURULMASINA DAİR KANUNUN UYGULANMASINA İLİŞKİN YÖNETMELİK] Shotguns are much more affordable due to open market conditions and competition among numerous national and international brands, unlike rifles and handguns, which are sold exclusively through the government-controlled monopoly, MKEK.

In 2019, the government of the United Arab Emirates relaxed its gun laws. The minimum age to possess firearms was lowered from 25 to 21, while legal owners can now have up to three guns. People from other countries are not allowed to apply for licenses. Most popular purposes to own them include hunting and trap shooting.

Weapons can be purchased during a yearly gun show called Adihex. In 2018, more than 1,764 legal weapons were sold.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/uae-gun-rule-changes-boost-sales-at-abu-dhabi-s-adihex-1.904046|title=UAE gun rule changes boost sales at Abu Dhabi's Adihex|date=29 August 2019|website=The National}}

Firearm licenses are issued after 60 days of applications to the relevant authority. If there is no response that means that the license has been rejected.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/courts/abu-dhabi-shooting-rare-gun-incident-puts-spotlight-on-strict-licensing-laws-1.809198|title=Abu Dhabi shooting: rare gun incident puts spotlight on strict licensing laws|date=3 January 2019|website=The National}}

{{main|Gun law in Ukraine}}

{{As of|2022|02|27}} there are no restrictions on ownership of any types of weapons, in fact the Ukrainian government has given out thousands of military grade weapons to its populace. This is due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war.

Ukraine is the only European country without firearms legislation. Regulation is by executive fiat; specifically, Order No. 622 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A firearm license may be issued to citizens who meet an age requirement (21 for shotguns, 18 for shotguns for hunting purposes, and 25 for rifles), have no criminal record or history of domestic violence or mental illness and have a specific reason such as target shooting, hunting or collecting. Handguns of .22, 9 mm, .357 magnum and .38 caliber are permitted only for target shooting and those who can prove a threat against their lives (who are typically also given concealed carry permits).{{cite web |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cp/ukraine |title=Guns in Ukraine: Firearms, armed violence and gun law |publisher=Gunpolicy.org |date=2001-05-07 |access-date=2014-04-19 |archive-date=4 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504143301/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cp/Ukraine |url-status=dead }} All firearms must be stored unloaded in a safe.

Citizens wishing to purchase weapons must complete courses on the fundamentals of Ukrainian legislation on weapons, their technical design and rules for the safe handling of weapons, as well as practical shooting. The organization of relevant courses is assigned to the internal affairs bodies. In order to obtain a weapon permit, citizens submit an application in the prescribed form, a certificate of completion of relevant courses, undergo a medical examination, an inspection of the internal affairs agencies and pass a test on the fundamentals of current legislation and rules for handling weapons and their application skills.{{Cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/z0637-98|title=Про затвердження Інструкції про порядок виготовлення, придбання, зберігання, обліку, перевезення та використання вогнепальної, пневматичної, холодної і охолощеної зброї, пристроїв вітчизняного виробництва для відстрілу патронів, споряджених гумовими чи аналогічними за своїми властивостями метальними снарядами несмертельної дії, та патронів до них, а також боєприпасів до зброї, основних частин зброї та вибухових матеріалів|website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України}}

Article 263 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code says that for illegal carrying, storing and selling firearms, explosives and ammunition a person faces from 3 to 7 years in prison.{{Cite web|url=https://podrobnosti.ua/2225265-kto-v-ukraine-imeet-pravo-na-noshenie-oruzhija.html|title=Оружие в Украине: кто и как может получить разрешение|first=Кристина|last=Голомах-Меир|date=9 February 2018|website=podrobnosti}}

Weapon permits are not issued, and issued ones are canceled if there are:{{Cite web|url=http://www.guns.ua/blog/news/zakon-ukrainy-ob-oruzhii|title=Закон Украины об оружии: применение, ношение и перевозка оружия|website=www.guns.ua|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123053248/http://www.guns.ua/blog/news/zakon-ukrainy-ob-oruzhii|url-status=dead}}

• Certificates (conclusions) of the medical institution that a person cannot own a weapon for health reasons;
• The court's decision to declare him incompetent, partially capable, or to lead missing;
• Information about the systematic violations by the person of the rules of arms trafficking, public order, being registered and treated for alcohol use disorder, use of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances without a doctor's prescription;
• Court verdict on conviction of a person to imprisonment;
• Outstanding or not removed in the prescribed manner of conviction for serious crimes, as well as crimes committed with the use of weapons or explosive devices;
• Court rulings on the direction to serve deprivation of liberty, conditionally convicted with a delay in the execution of the sentence, or a court ruling on the replacement of the unmerited term of correctional labor with a sentence of imprisonment.

The list of diseases and physical defects, in the presence of which a weapon permit is not issued, is approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

Foreigners have the right to purchase civilian weapons of ammunition and ammunition for permits issued by the internal affairs bodies on the basis of petitions from diplomatic missions or consular offices of the states of which they are citizens, as well as ministries and other central executive authorities of Ukraine, subject to the export of such weapons from Ukraine later than 5 days after purchase. Foreigners who have received certificates of permanent residence in Ukraine have the right to purchase weapons in the manner established for citizens of Ukraine. Hunting and sporting weapons can be imported by foreigners into Ukraine with the appropriate permission of the internal affairs bodies and hunting agreements made with hunting farms or inviting ministries and other central executive authorities to participate in sports competitions.

{{Main|Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom}}

The UK increased firearm regulation through several Firearms Acts,{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970005_en_1 |title=Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |access-date=2015-02-18}} leading to an outright ban on automatic firearms and many semi-automatic firearms. Breech-loading handguns are also tightly controlled.{{cite web |url=http://www.nio.gov.uk/draft_northern_ireland_firearms_order_2004.pdf |title=Article 3 |page=75 |publisher=Nio.gov.uk |access-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313113221/http://www.nio.gov.uk/draft_northern_ireland_firearms_order_2004.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}

There are three main types of firearm that require different licences:

• Section 1 firearms require a firearms certificate (FAC), and includes any article that can be defined as a firearm but which is not covered under some other section. Section 1 most commonly includes bolt-action rifles, semi-automatic rifles in rimfire only, long-barrelled pistols, and all shotguns that do not conform to section 2 requirements. There are additional requirements for both sections, such as length and ammunition type, and some accessories such as suppressors are also subject to licensing restrictions.
• Section 2 firearms are shotguns with a maximum magazine capacity of two cartridges, excluding those in the chamber, and require a Shotgun Certificate (SGC); unlike the other licences, the onus is on the police to find good reason not to grant applicants a licence.
• Section 5 firearms are generally prohibited from private ownership. A S.5 permit may be obtained under certain circumstances, but from the Home Office, rather than local Police.{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/518193/Guidance_on_Firearms_Licensing_Law_April_2016_v20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414121718/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/518193/Guidance_on_Firearms_Licensing_Law_April_2016_v20.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-14 |url-status=live|title=Guide on Firearms Licensing Law|last=Home Office|date=1 April 2016|website=Gov.UK|access-date=6 April 2020}} Section 5 firearms include fully automatic firearms; semi-automatic rifles in centre-fire calibres; "short firearms" (most handguns); rocket launchers and mortars (other than for line throwing or pyrotechnic use); firearms disguised as another object; ammunition designed to explode on impact.{{cite web |title=Firearms Act 1968 - Section 5 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/27/section/5 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804013458/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/27/section/5 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}
• Section 7(3) permits bona-fide collectors to obtain Section 5 firearms "of particular rarity, aesthetic quality or technical interest" or "of historical importance" on the authority of local Police, rather than with Home Office.{{cite web |title=Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 - Section 7 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/5/section/7 |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101081416/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/5/section/7 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |language=en |url-status=live}} Section 7(3) permits are typically granted only to those with a demonstrable academic background in firearm or military history, such as members of the Historical Breechloading Smallarms Association (HBSA) or institutions such as the Royal Armouries Museum or Imperial War Museum. Section 7(3) firearms are subject to enhanced conditions of storage, being kept at Designated Sites.{{cite web |title=Heritage Pistol (Section 7.1 & 7.3) |url=https://hbsa-uk.org/hbsa-what-we-do/hbsa-what-we-do-heritage-pistol-section-7-1-7-3/ |website=Historical Breechloading Smallarms Association |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020093524/https://hbsa-uk.org/hbsa-what-we-do/hbsa-what-we-do-heritage-pistol-section-7-1-7-3/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}

An SGC allows the holder to purchase and own any number of shotguns, so long as they can be securely stored, and does not restrict purchase or storage of ammunition; additionally they may legally give shotgun ammunition to non-licence holders. Section 1 and 5 firearms require individual permission for each firearm or accessory, and there are restrictions as to the type and quantity of ammunition held.{{cite web |url=http://www.met.police.uk/firearms-enquiries/ |title=SC&O19 Firearms Licensing – Metropolitan Police Service |publisher=Met.police.uk |access-date=2015-02-18 |archive-date=18 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618072230/http://www.met.police.uk/firearms-enquiries/ |url-status=dead }} Aside from Northern Ireland, private ownership of most handguns was banned in 1997, with exception for section 5 firearms licences, which are only generally issued to maritime security personnel, and those under police protection. In the run up to the 2012 Olympic Games, British Shooting reached agreement with the Home Office to nominate a small number of elite athletes who could keep and train with Section 5 pistols in the UK at designated ranges.

There are several factors that may disqualify applicants. A custodial sentence of between three months and three years disqualifies applicants for five years from release; three years or greater disqualifies applicants for life. "Intemperate habits", such as substance use, may disqualify applicants. Being of "unsound mind", meaning a history of mental illness, or other relevant medical conditions may disqualify applicants, however there are no conditions that "make them automatically unsuitable to possess a firearm", and police will contact the applicant's general practitioner, who place a flag on the records of all licence holders. Applicants must also have suitable measures for storing firearms and ammunition, such as a gun safe. The FAC additionally requires demonstrating a good reason for each firearm the applicant wishes to own (such as hunting, pest control, collecting, or target shooting). Self-defence is only accepted as a good reason in Northern Ireland.

Firearms are completely prohibited for civilian use without exceptions in Nauru, Palau and Marshall Islands. Fiji suspended all firearm licenses in 2000, Cook Islands and Solomon Islands did the same respectively in 1999 and 1992. Papua New Guinea does not issue new licenses since 2000, but former are still valid. Kiribati effectively made it impossible to obtain new firearms by banning import of them.

{{Main|Gun laws of Australia}}

Gun laws in Australia are under the jurisdiction of the state governments, with the importation of guns regulated by the federal government. Gun laws were largely aligned in 1996 by the National Firearms Agreement. In two federally funded gun buybacks and voluntary surrenders and state governments' gun amnesties before and after the Port Arthur Massacre, more than a million firearms were collected and destroyed, possibly one third of the national stock.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/16/opinion/australia-gun-laws/index.html|title=Gun control: Change is possible – and fast|first= Philip |last=Alpers|website=CNN|date=16 December 2012|access-date=2020-01-30}}

A person must have a firearm licence to possess or use a firearm. Licence holders must demonstrate a "genuine reason" (which does not include self-defence) for holding a firearm licence and must not be a "prohibited person".{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/online_services/firearms/licences/frequently_asked_questions#gr12|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Licences – NSW Police Public Site|website=www.police.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2020-01-30}} All firearms must be registered by serial number to the owner, who must also hold a firearms licence.{{Cite web|url=https://ablis.business.gov.au/|title=ABLIS|last=corporateName=Department of Industry|first=Innovation and Science|date=2017-09-13|website=ablis.business.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}

{{Main|Gun law in New Zealand}}

New Zealand's gun laws focus mainly on vetting firearm owners. A firearms licence may be issued by police to applicants who attend a safety lecture, pass a written test on safety and the Arms Code, and have secure storage for firearms and ammunition; the police will also interview the applicant and two references to be certain the applicant is "fit and proper" to own a firearm. Having criminal associations, a history of domestic violence, mental instability, or alcohol or drug use almost always result in the application being denied. Misbehavior involving firearms commonly leads to a firearms licence being revoked by police. Even when licensed, a person may only be in possession of a firearm for a particular lawful, proper and sufficient purpose,[http://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publication/arms-code/your-duties-and-legal-requirements "Arms Code Section 5: Your duties and legal requirements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203093025/http://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publication/arms-code/your-duties-and-legal-requirements |date=3 February 2017 }}, NZ Police

for which the NZ Police policy is to exclude self-defense, however this is not written in the Arms Act or supporting regulations.[http://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publication/arms-code/firearms-licensing "The law does not permit the possession of firearms 'in anticipation' that a firearm may need to be used in self-defence."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029173445/http://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publication/arms-code/firearms-licensing |date=29 October 2015 }} NZ Police

Machine carbines, sub-machine guns, and firearms capable of full automatic fire are all classified as restricted weapons, requiring a special procurement permit issued by the Police.{{cite web |title=Arms (Restricted Weapons and Specially Dangerous Airguns) Order 1984 |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1984/0122/latest/DLM95646.html |website=New Zealand Legislation |access-date=27 March 2024}} Additionally, pistols intended for use outside of Commissioner-approved shooting ranges are subject to specific regulations and may require special permits beyond those for shooting club use.

After the Christchurch mosque shootings in 2019, legislation to restrict semi-automatic firearms and magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds, and provide an amnesty and buyback of such weapons was introduced and passed by the New Zealand parliament.

• Arms Trade Treaty
• Concealed carry
• Defensive gun use
• Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country
• Global gun cultures
• Glossary of firearms terms
• Gun control
• Gun ownership
• Gun violence
• Index of gun politics articles
• Laws on crossbows
• List of countries by firearm-related death rate
• Percent of households with guns by country
• Right to arms

{{reflist|group=N}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{reflist|group=law}}

• [https://www.gunpolicy.org/ GunPolicy.org] – University of Sydney hosted database on armed violence, firearm law and gun control {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210185453/https://www.gunpolicy.org/|date=10 December 2023}}
• [https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/ Small Arms Survey] with [https://web.archive.org/web/20110409010929/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2007/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2007-Chapter-02-annexe-4-EN.pdf 2007 survey of 178 countries]
• [https://www.theawarenews.com/2022/06/25/us-supreme-court-strikes-down-new-york-handgun-law/ New York handgun law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629055258/https://www.theawarenews.com/2022/06/25/us-supreme-court-strikes-down-new-york-handgun-law/ |date=29 June 2022 }} The Aware News. Retrieved 24 June 2022
• [http://archive.ipu.org/PDF/publications/missing_en.pdf Missing Pieces: A Guide for Reducing Gun Violence through parliamentary action] Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2007
• [https://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/seventh_survey/InstrumentE.pdf Questionnaire for the Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, covering the period 1998––2000]

{{Gun laws by country}}

{{Americas topic|Gun laws in}}

{{Europe topic|Gun politics in}}

{{Law country lists}}

{{Firearms}}

{{Hunting topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Overview of gun laws by nation}}

Gun Politics

Category:Minimum ages